Natural Resources Surface Water
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NATURAL RESOURCES SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER planning areas for stormwater management and watershed planning, i.e., a watershed plan4. Surface water is defined as Runoff from rain or snow melt in these basins water on the earth’s surface will flow from higher elevations downward into exposed to the atmosphere streams. Streams may be classified as such as rivers, lakes, and ephemeral, intermittent and perennial. creeks.1 Ephemeral streams only carry water during rainstorms. Downstream from ephemeral These resources are part of a system commonly streams are intermittent streams. These stream known as a watershed. Watersheds are land channels carry water during wet periods of the areas, or drainage areas, which collect year. Perennial streams which are further precipitation and contribute runoff to a receiving downstream carry water year-round.5 body of water or point along a watercourse.2 Surface water is integrally related to wetlands Centre County’s land area is part of the and floodplains. Streams are the floodways of Susquehanna River Watershed which drains to our floodplains, and the majority of Centre the Chesapeake Bay. Three out of the six County’s wetlands are found in the floodplain subbasins of the Susquehanna River Basin are areas of streams and lakes. Figure 1 illustrates found in Centre County. These subbasins, a Natural Floodplain and stream channel. A shown on the map in Appendix A-1, are the more specific example of this inter-relationship is West Branch Susquehanna Subbasin, Juniata Black Moshannon Lake which is surrounded by Subbasin and the Lower Susquehanna the Black Moshannon Wetlands, a moderately Subbasin. significant Natural Heritage Inventory Site. The Lake and Wetlands are fed by clear springs and The Susquehanna River Basin Commission small streams. The clear water turns to a tannic (SRBC) was established as part of a Federal color as it flows through the sphagnum moss Compact to oversee the water resources for this and plants in overlapping wetlands giving the watershed which encompasses the Lake its name, Black Moshannon. Susquehanna River and its tributaries. The mission of the Commission is to enhance public welfare through comprehensive planning, water supply allocation, and management of the water resources of the Susquehanna River Basin.3 Centre County tributaries of the Susquehanna River include six smaller watersheds. These basins, shown on the map in Appendix A-2, are Upper and Lower Bald Eagle Creek, Beech Creek, Moshannon Creek, Penns Creek, and Directions Spring Creek. It is important to note that Centre County is the headwaters to all of these streams Figure 1 : The Natural Floodplain (Source: and smaller streams with the exception of Beech Directions for the Future: Guidelines for Decision Creek. There are also smaller watersheds Making, Centre County Planning Commission, situated at the edges of the County. Each of 1979) these watersheds is divided yet into smaller watersheds. These geographical areas delineated by natural drainage also serve as 4 1 A Glossary of Zoning, Development, and Planning Terms, A watershed plan is a comprehensive document American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service, which includes an assessment of the watershed as 491/492, December 1999 well as plans for the future of a specific watershed. 2 Ibid 5 Watersheds: An Integrated Water Resources 3 Source: Susquehanna River Basin Commission’s Management Plan for Chester County, Pennsylvania Website and Its Watershed, Review Draft-May 2002 2 Surface Water in Centre County-Streams Centre County is home to many high quality streams with some being nationally recognized by anglers as premier wild trout streams. The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC) maintains a list of the state’s Class A Wild Trout Streams. These are streams which, “support a population of naturally produced trout of sufficient size and abundance to support a 6 long-term and rewarding sport fishery.” In Centre County, 37 sections of streams for a total of 117.8 miles are classified as Class A Wild Trout Streams by the Commission. The Figure 2: Native Brook Trout (Above) naturally producing trout include Wild Brook and Wild Brown Trout (Figure 2). A third member of Salvelinus fontinalis, Pennsylvania’s Official Fish; Brown Trout (Below) Salmo trutta, Brown the Trout Family commonly found in Centre County’s streams is the Rainbow Trout. This Trout are not native to Pennsylvania, but have trout was introduced to Pennsylvania’s streams naturalized in the wild. (Source:PFBC’s Website) during the turn of the century in an effort to restore the state’s degraded trout fishery. streams with this classification are: Benner Run, Hayes Run, Panther Run, Roaring Run, Another category of streams in Pennsylvania is Rock Run, Wallace Run and Yost Run. the Wilderness Trout Waters. These streams The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission are not only native trout fisheries but are special has also identified other segments of the protected waters with ecological requirements County’s stream network as Special Regulation necessary for the natural production of trout and Areas for Trout Streams which are noted in wilderness aesthetics. Wilderness Trout Figure 3. Appendix A-3 lists the regulations for Waters may be found in the more remote areas these classifications and a map of streams. of the County. Sections of Centre County’s SPECIAL REGULATION AREAS FOR TROUT STREAMS BLACK MOSHANNON Delayed Harvest 1.3 Miles: From Dry Hollow downstream to 0.3 CREEK Artificial Lures Only miles downstream of Huckleberry Road bridge LICK RUN Trophy Trout 2.5 miles; From headwaters to mouth 7 miles from the confluence with Elk Creek PENNS CREEK All Tackle Trophy Trout downstream to the Catch and Release Area Miscellaneous Special From SR 3010 Bridge at Oak Hall above the HRI SPRING CREEK Regulations Quarry to the mouth 1 mile: Lower boundary of Spring Creek Fish Culture Station to a point adjacent to the Stack SPRING CREEK Heritage Trout Angling house School Pistol Range. (No species may be killed or had in possession. Figure 3: Special Regulation Areas for Trout Streams (Source PFBC’s Website) 6 Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Pennsylvania Class A Wild Trout Streams, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Website 3 Streams are also classified by the Pennsylvania water quality standards established for these Department of Environmental Protection classifications. The difference between the two (PADEP) based on an ‘existing use’ of a is Exceptional Value is a higher level of waterbody as defined by Title 25, Environmental protection since High Quality classification Protection, Chapter 93. Each state was provides for anti-degradation based on specific required by the Federal government to develop criteria. water quality standards for streams in order to comply with the Federal Clean Water Act. Chapter 93 streams are shown on the map in Appendix A-4. Existing use is defined as, “those uses actually attained in the water body on or after November Anti-degradation requirements, “1) apply to new 28, 1975, whether or not they are included in the or increased point and non-point source water quality standards.”7 All water uses are discharges to specifically designated protected as existing uses. In the majority of waterbodies and 2) are more stringent than the stream classifications, the protected use other water quality standards adopted under the applies to the basin drainage area for a authority of the Pennsylvania Clean Streams particular stream. These classifications are Law.”10 Degradation of a High Quality stream based on on-going stream evaluations may be permitted in order to accommodate conducted by the PADEP. ‘important economic or social development’. Chapter 93 stream classifications for Centre County streams include: Trout Stocking (TSF), Surface Water in Centre County-Lakes, Dams Cold Water Fishes (CWF), High Quality Waters and Ponds (HQ) and Exceptional Value Waters (EV). Trout Stocking and Cold Water Fishes classifications are based on maintenance or propagation of fish species or both and the flora and fauna which are native to their habitat. The Special Protection waters, High Quality8 and Exceptional Value9 classifications, are to be maintained and protected based on the 7 Pennsylvania Statewide Existing Use Classifications, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), Bureau of Water Management, November 7, 2002 (Source: PADEP Website) 8 High Quality Waters is a stream or watershed which has excellent quality waters and environmental or other features that require special water quality protection. (Source: Special Protection Waters Implementation Handbook, Commonwealth of Figure 4: Bald Eagle State Park-Foster Joseph Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Sayers Dam (Source: Pennsylvania Department Resources, First Edition, November 1992) 9 of Conservation and Natural Resources’ Exceptional Value Waters is a stream or watershed Website) which constitutes an outstanding national, state, regional or local resource, such as waters of national, state or county parks or forests; or waters which are Waters Implementation Handbook, Commonwealth of used as a source of unfiltered potable water supply, Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental or waters of wildlife refuges or state game lands, or Resources, First Edition, November 1992) water which have been characterized by the Fish and 10 Special Protection Waters Implementation Boat Commission as ‘Wilderness Trout Streams,’ and Handbook, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, other waters