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i OFFICIAL I COMPREHENSIVE PbAN i I i DERRY TO WNSHIrlz) I MIFFLIN COUNTY, PA I I ADOPTED: JUNE, I 1997 I I I PREPARED BY: i GEHRINGER-ROTH ASSOCIATES i J I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I ! I I DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL DIRECTORY

Board of Suwrvisors Planning Commission James F. Ripka, Chairman Maxwell Hook, Chairman John E. McCullough, Vice-chairman Edith Bartha, Secretary Gene W. Gilbert Donald Corbm Margaret M. Stewart, Appointed Secretary Ralph Kearns I Dave Richards

I TownshiD Manager Margaret M. Stewart Eneineer Buchart-Horn, Inc. I1 1200 West College Avenue State College, PA 16801-2824 ZoninP Officer Telephone: (814) 237-7111 James L. Treaster

Sewape Enforcement Oflicer I Solicitor Robert R. Rosenberry David W. Molek, Esquire 248-3795 P. 0. Box 42 I Burnham,PA 17009 Telephone: 248-%56 I

DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL OFFICE I P. 0. Box M Yeagertown, PA 17099

I Telephone: (717) 248-8151 FAX: (717) 248-0063

Hours: 8 A.M.- 12 P.M. & 1 P.M. - 5 P.M. (Monday - Friday) I I A I Gehringer-Roth Associates COMMUNITY PUNNING CONSULTAN'IS

Eden Road. Lsaerter. PA 17601 I (717) X&XL?2. I I .I TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 ~I A. Purpose ofthe Plan ...... 1 B . HowtoUseThisPlan ...... 2 I C. Regional Context ...... 3 D . HistoricSketch ...... 3 I

I1 . COMMUNITY PLANNING GOALS AND I ATLlTUDINAL SURVEY RESULTS ...... 5 Goalsand Objectives ...... 5 I LandUse ...... 5 Transportation ...... 6 I PublicUtilties ...... 7 PublicFacilities ...... 7 Attitudinal Survey Results ...... 7 I Summary ...... 17 I I11. NATURAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES ...... 18 . I A . SoilsAnalysis ...... 18 SoilAssociations ...... 18 I PrimeFarmland ...... 21 Development Constraints ...... 22 B. Geology/Groundwater ...... 25 I Topography ...... 25 GeologicFormations ...... 25 I Unstable Geology ...... 26 Characteristics of Geologic Formations ...... 26 I Groundwater Quantity and Quality ...... 29 C. Surfacewaters ...... 32 Watersheds ...... 32 I Floodplain Protection ...... 33 Storm Water Management ...... 33 I Jacks Creek Watershed Planning ...... 34 D . Wetlands and Natural Habitats ...... 34 I Important Wildlife Habitat ...... 35 woodlands ...... 36

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Table of Contents .i E. Caves ...... 36 F. Historicsit es ...... 37 G . Archaeological Resources ...... 39 H . Other Significant Natural Features ...... 40 I IV . DEMOGRAPHIC. HOUSING AND ECONOMIC STUDIES ...... 41 A . Historic Population Growth ...... 41 B . SodoeconomicData ...... 45 I PopulationbyAge ...... 45 C. Population Projections ...... 48 D . HousingAnalysis ...... 51 Housingstock ...... 51 HousingAffordabili ty ...... 52 RentalHousing ...... 54 Fair ShareHousing ...... 55 I Vacancy Rates ...... 56 Housingcondition ...... 56 I Housing Projections ...... 57 Summary of Housing Needs ...... 58 E. Economichalysis ...... 58 Basic vs . Non-Basic Industries ...... 58 EconomicSectors ...... 59 Major Employers ...... 62 Labor Force Characteristics ...... 63 IndustrialLandSit ing ...... 64 Commercial Land Siting ...... 64 Market Accessibility ...... 65 Future Options ...... 65 FundingPrograms ...... 66 Summary of Economic Development Needs ...... 67

V. EXISTING LAND USE ...... 68 A . Agriculture ...... 69 B . Single-Family Residential ...... 69 C. Multi-Family Residential ...... 70 D . Commercial ...... 70 E. Industrial ...... 70 ii .Table of Contents Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I F. Quarry ...... 71 I G . Conservation ...... 71 ~I H. Public ...... 71 ~I VI . ADJACENT AND REGIONAL PLANNING ...... 72 A . LewistownBorough ...... 72 B . BurnhamBorough ...... 72 ~I C . Fermanagh Township. Juniata County ...... 73 D . M.Co.ty ...... 73 ~I E. Pennsylvania Agricultural Security Area ...... ?3 I VI1 . PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES ...... 75 A. Schools ...... 75 I B . ParksandRecreation ...... 78

Facilities Inventory ...... ; ...... 79 I 1. Regional Parks ...... 79 2. Community Parks ...... 85 I 3. NelghborhoodParks ...... 88 4 . Linear Parks ...... 90 I Mandatory Dedication (or Fee-in-Lieu Thereof) of Recreation Land ...... 92 C. PoliceProtection ...... 95 D . FireProtection ...... 97 I E. Ambulanceservice ...... 103 I VI11 . PUBLIC UTILITIES ...... 108 I A . SewageDisposal ...... 108 Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant/ Derry Township Sewer Authority ...... 108 I Burnham Borough Sewage Treatment Plant/ ... Burnham.Borou&Sewer Authority ...... 109 I Future Publicsewer Needs ...... 109 Alternative Wastewater Systems ...... 112 Analysis of On-Lot Disposal Systems ...... 114 I B. Watersupply ...... 116 Future Public Water Needs ...... 118 I C . Other Utilities ...... '...... 121 D . Solid Waste Management and Recycling ...... 122

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Table of Contents - iii 1 Solid WasteDisposal ...... 123 Recycling ...... 124 I

IX . TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ...... 127 A . Roadway Classifications and Design Standards ...... 127 B. Trafficsafety ...... 132 C. Regional Traffic Impact ...... 135 Proposed Improvements ...... 1% I D . Alternative Modes of Transportation ...... 137 Pedestrian Transit ...... 137 1 BikeTransit ...... 138 PublicTransit ...... 138 Paratransit ...... 139 Rail and Air Transit ...... 139 E . Recommendations ...... 139 Road Design Standards ...... 139 Access Management ...... 141 I Land Use Planning ...... 142 Alternative Modes of Transport ...... 143 1 F. Project Funding ...... 143

FUTURE LAND USE PLAN ...... 146 A . Agriculture ...... 147 B. Residential ...... 148 Rural(R) ...... 150 Low-Density Residential (LDR) ...... 151 Medium-Density Residential (MDR) ...... 151 High-Density Residential (HDR) ...... 152 C. Commercial ...... 152 Village Commercial (VC) ...... 152 General Commercial (GC) ...... 153 D . Healthcare ...... 154 E . Industrial ...... 154 Light Industrial (LI) ...... 155 Heavy Industrial (HI) ...... 156 F. Quarry ...... 156 G . Forest ...... 157 iv .Table of Contents Deny Township Comprehensive Plan H. Public/Civic ...... 157

XI. IMPLEMENTATION ...... 158

APPENDIX A ...... 161

~1 NOTE: The following maps are available for review at the Township’s Municipal Ofice: I I Soils and Geology Map Natural Features Map

I Historic. and Cultural Features Map

1 Existing Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map I Parks and Recreation Map 1 Public Facilities and Services Map Public Sewer System Map 1 Public Water System Map

1 Other Utilities Map

I Existing Road Network Map 1 Traffic Accidents Map 1 Future Land Use Map I

I Table of Contents - v Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 1 I I. INTRODUCI'ION I I I A. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN I Like any business, local governments need to chart future plans so that they can assure the efficient use of resources. Local governments are in the business of assuring public welfare and delivering public services. The preparation of a I comprehensive plan provides a deliberate framework of information that can be used to make future decisions regarding local government functions. The comprehensive plan further provides a sound legal basis for specific implementing measures, such as 1 zoning and subdivision regulations, designed to carry out the intent of the comprehensive plan. I One definition of comprehensive planning is 'the allocation of municipal resources towards municipal goals and objectives"; this definition embodies the essence of this I Study. This Comprehensive Plan first sets forth a set of Community Planning Goals. These goals can include general health and safety-type objectives, like the provision of I adequate housing and employment opportunities, or the protection of the environment. More specific objectives can seek to improve the local balance of public services, or can recommend the conservation of prime agricultural land. Finally, problem-solving 1 goals seek to correct existing or foreseeable deficiencies or problems, such as improving the design of a particular road intersection or reducing localized flooding I through improved storm water management. Next, this study inventories, maps and describes the Township's resources over several chapters. These resources include many things, such as land, streams, roads, utilities, I parks, housing, schools, police and fire service, businesses and so on. Third, analyses are performed within each Plan chapter to determine the capabilities I of these resources to serve projected future population growth. I Fourth, the community goals and objectives are applied to the analyses of resources, yielding a future land use scheme. In addition, guidelines are offered regarding the future delivery of public services. The time frame for this Comprehensive Plan is to I the year 2010; all recommendations made within this Plan are structured around a 2(F year time frame. -I Finally, implementation strategies are discussed and recommended that will enable the Township to set in motion the analyses and information presented in the Plan. In II Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I. Introduction - 1 the end, any planning process is meaningless unless its recommendations find application as part of the Township's busine-the protection of public welfare and I the delivery of public services. I B. HOW TO USE THIS PLAN This Comprehensive Plan has been developed to selve several important purposes. I Principally, the Plan is intended to assist the Township in the administration of land use planning programs. In addition to the Community Planning Goals embodied at the outset of the Plan, many action-oriented recommendations have been expressed I throughout the Plan text; these recommendations have been it- and printed in bold letters so that the decision-maker's attention is immediately drawn to them Many of these recommendations tie in to specific implementation strategies discussed I in the final Plan chapter. The several maps within the Plan have been carefully prepared and colored so that I the information can be easily visualized. The many analyses utilized throughout the study were devised to maximhe the utility of the findings. Stepby-step descriptions of these methodologies have been furnished to enable the reader to gain a better i understanding of the issues and their planning implications. Finally, a detailed table of contents appears at the beginning of the text which provides quick reference to the appropriate sections of the Plan. All of these features will aid local decision-makers 1 in their evaluation of future planning proposals. A second important function of this Plan is its collection of important information. 1 The term 'Comprehensive Plan" accurately describes the composition of this report; its contents are quite comprehensive. Accordingly, the Plan provides convenient access to a wealth of uptodate factual information concerning the Township's resources. I This information will sewe not only local officials, but also service agencies, property owners, residents, business leaders, and prospective developers. The inventories of 1 existing conditions will also provide the groundwork upon which future Plan updates can be more easily accomplished. 1 Finally, the Plan provides a future land use scheme which can be useful to many landowners. For example, residents can get an idea of the land uses that are projected around their homes. Farmers can continue to farm with relative assurance 1 that their agricultural setting will not be disrupted. Prospective developers can use the Plan to package development proposals that conform to the Township's collective goals, thereby ensuring a smooth development review process. Business leaders can 1 glean a sense of secure investment-climate from the Township's-organized government administration and future land use scheme. In all, the Plan considers many competing interests and devises a strategy to assure their relative harmonious coexistence. I I I

2 - I. Introduction Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I I

I C. REGIONAL CONTEXT Deny Township is situated in the southcentral portion of MB3.n County in central I Pennsylvania. The Township lies adjacent to Lewktown Borough, which serves as the County seat of government, and it completely encompasses Burnham Borough. Deny Township contains a total land area of 31.1 square miles. Two of the Township’s I boundaries are formed by mountain ridges, including Jacks Mountain to the northwest and Shade Mountain to the southeast. The Township is bounded to the north by Brown and Annagh Townships, to the east by Decatur Township, to the west by I Granville Township, and the south by Lewktown Borough and the Juniata River.

Deny Township has a primary geographic and economic link with neighboring I Lewistown and Burnham Boroughs. It also has significant secondary links with State College and Harrisburg. US 322 and US 22 are the primary transportation links 1 connecting Deny Township with these areas. The Regional Location Map located on page 4 illustrates the location of Deny Township within Miftlin County and the surrounding area.

I D. HISTORIC SKETCH Deny Township possesses a rich historical heritage. Originally inhabited by the Shawnee and Delaware Indians, the Juniata Valley was opened to settlers with the Albany Purchase of 1754. Deny Township was established in 1767 in what was then Northumberland County, and successive waves of Scotch-Irish and German immigrants settled in the area. In 1789, Mifflin County was created out of the western part of Northumberland County. The Township’s early economy centered on logging and trapping, soon expanding to include agriculture and distilling. Beginning in the late I 170Os, iron production, and later, limestone quarrying became major area industries, the former remaining to this day the County‘s single largest employer. Early commerce took advantage of the Pennsylvania Canal along the Juniata River as the I major means of area transport of goods, later replaced by the railroad. Hurricane Agnes dealt a devastating blow to the area’s economy in 1972, when 2,500 jobs were lost. Only recently has the County fully recovered and begun to actively pursue the I diversification of its economic base.

The Township’s largest villages are Yeagertown and Highland Park. Other, smaller, I villages include Maitland and Vira. Lewistown Heights, Glenwood, Ort Valley and Pleasant Acres are neighborhoods lying adjacent to Lewistown and Burnham i Boroughs.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I. Introduction - 3 I REGIONAL LOCATION MAP I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I 4 - I. Introduction Deny Township Comprehensive Plan II. COMMUNITY PLANNING GOALS AND ATITI'UDINAL SURVEY RESULTS

ike any effective planning effort, the preparation of the Deny Township Comprehensive L Plan must seek to achieve desired goals. These goals range from universal human and societal needs to the resolution of particular problems. Essentially, the Township's goals formulate an agenda or list of priorities that are used in allocating municipal resources.

To derive these goals, local officials were asked to complete a 35question survey that helped to identify priority planning issues. These priority issues were then discussed at a workshop meeting held on October 20, 1992. In addition, an attitudinal survey was distributed to each household in the Township in August, 1993, to gauge public opinion on a variety of planning issues. The results of this survey were used to further iden@ priority planning issues. This chapter identifies the community's expressed goals and objectives based on these two surveys, separating them into several functional categories. Following the goals and objectives are the specific findings of the attitudinal survey.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

LAND USE

1. Provide a loose framework of kmed growth in areas suihle for such growth, rather than staged amounts of planned growth areas based upon projected needs.

2. Encourage more residential development in suitable areas with improved design and on-site facility improvement installation.

3. Improve storm water management regulations to prevent future localized flooding I problems. I 4. Strictly control the siting of large commercial farming operations within the Township. 5. Encourage the development of a high quality industrial park with accommodations for both manufacturing and light industry.

6. Provide for limited neighborhood commercial uses in areas planned for residential growth as a means of enhancing convenience, reducing traffic congestion along Electric Avenue, and conserving fuel.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Sumy Results - 5 I 7. Encourage the creation of a coordinated development scheme with controlled access, shared parking and signage, and landscaping along the Electric Avenue commercial I strip. I 8. Protect sensitive and important natural features (e.g., floodplains, wetlands, prime I farmlands, unique geologic features, steep slopes, woodlands, game lands, wildlife * .. habitats, etc.) from in- te development. I 9. Promote the conservation of prime agricultural areas within the Township during the time kame of this Plan with the conception that such farmland may be planned for development in the future. 1 10. Provide for the development of planned mobile home parks. 1 11. Encourage planned land uses to be compatible with adjoining land uses in neighboring municipalities. I 12. Encourage a variety of housing types and densities in land use allocations.

13. Develop information that will assist in the preparation of an official sewage plan at a I later date.

14. Encourage the development of one or two sit-down restaurants, possibly through I adaptive reuse of older structures.

TRANSPORTATION 1

1. Coordinate future land use and roadway functions to miucimiZe efficient use of the Township's existing major roads. 1 2. Coordinate existing roadway functions with appropriate design standards. 1 3. Coordinate future road improvements with projected roadway functions and adjoining planned land uses. I 4. Assure that future developments provide for access designs and locations that minimize traffic congestion and safety problems, particularly along Electric Avenue. I 5. Acknowledge and plan for the 'regional" traffic that passes through on a regular basis, particularly along the Route 322/Route 22 and the Route 522/Route 22 corridors. I 6. Encourage developer-aided road improvements that are needed, particularly along Electric Avenue. 1

7. Review and, if necessary, adjust road design or use to deviate acute traffic accident locations. I

8. Coordinate land use planning efforts with the expected construction of the new Route 22 west bypass through a portion of the Township. 1

6 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I PUBLIC ulmmm,$

1. Encourage the extension of public sewer lines to areas with failing on-lot systems.

2. Encourage the extension of public sewer lines to future development areas at the developer‘s expense.

Ii 3. Coordinate land use planning efforts with the Municipal Authority of the Borough of L.ewistown’s water facilities that are located in the Township.

I 4. Encourage the extension of public water lines to future development areas at the developer‘s expense.

I 5. Encourage the creation of public water systems in future development areas that are not easily accessible to existing lines.

I 6. Discourage sizable residential development in areas not served or planned to be served by public utilities.

1 PUBLIC FACILITIES

1. Encourage cooperation and coordination between the Township and School District I facilities and services.

2. Identify future recreation improvement needs for the Deny Township Community Park, I Meadow Field and Hilltop Playground.

3. Identify natural and/or man-made corridors that could be used for linear park I development. I 4. Encourage the creation of developer-provided neighborhood parks in future residential developments. I 5. Assure adequate police and fire protection, and ambulance selvice at all times during the time kame of this Plan. I 6. Assure the general welfare of all residents, employees and properties located within the Towiship. I 7. Further explore the potential for the development of a Township recycling program.

I ATITmJDINAL SURVEY RESULTS

In an attempt to better gauge public opinion regarding several of the more important issues i confronting the Township and its future, an attitudinal survey was distributed to every household within the Township. Of the 3,097 surveys sent out in August, 1993, 1,077 1 responses were received, representing a 34.8% response rate. This rate exceeds s0ciolo@c

I Deny Tmship Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results - 7 I standards used to determine the validity of reported responses. Generally, a 20% or better response rate is considered to be statistically valid. I This section will present specific hdiugs and implications of those findings for each of the survey's questions. A copy of the complete survey mailing appears in Appendix A of this I Study. I Ouestion 1 of this survey asked respondents to identify the neighborhood in which they reside. An 8Yk11" map was attached to the survey from which respondents selected their neighborhood For those unable to determine their respective neighborhood, a blank space I was offered for them to identtfy their street address. These addresses were later assigned to the proper neighborhood by Township sta€f, In aU, 13 different neighborhoods were identified by the Township. These neighborhoods and the neighborhood numbers assigned I to them are as follows: I 1. Highlandpark 8. Glenwood 2. Yeagertown 9. Lewistown Heights I 3. Maitland 10. south Hills 4. Vira 11. Jacks Creek I 5. Ferguson Valley 12. Old Park - Ewardtow 6. Ort Valley 13. Dry Valley I 7. Pleasant Acres I

The map on the following page depicts the Township's neighborhoods, and the table below I it shows the response level of each. Results from this question portray a generous response in each of the respective neighborhoods, considering the relative population base of each. For this reason, each of the neighborhoods are considered to have statistically valid findings. I Furthermore, by cross-tabulating the neighborhoods with responses to other questions, local officials are able to pinpoint local opinions, needs or goals. I I I I I

~ ~~ 8 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I

I question 2 explained the Township's SHOULD GROWTH BE LIMITED responsibility to ammoodate its "regional fair OR ENCOURAGED? I share" of growth and development, then asked if the Township should promote additional growth beyond that required. Sixty-six percent 366 1 of those responding felt that the Tomhip should actively encourage development, while 34% felt that growth should be limited to that I which is required. The majority's desire for additional growth and development is indicated ENCOURAG I throughout the survey results, reflecting a 682 I

Ouestion 3 asked whether the Township SHOULD TOWNSHIP PURSUE INDUSTRIAL I should actively pursue industrial DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES? development opportunities. I As the adjoining graph depicts, an overwhelming majority of respondents I (79%) favors more industrial development opportunities. This is undoubtedly a reflection of the Township's high I unemployment rate and lack of employment opportunities for young 7mnx people. I I Ouestion 4 asked respondents to select one of seven general industrial land use categories that they felt there was a need for more of within the Township; the following tabulates the results: I

II I1 262 1. Small-scale sites for start-up businesses. 2$1 5. Hgh quality industrial parks. I -214 2. Light industrial and warehousing uses. 21 6. Other. Please spedfy. 88 3. Heavy manufacturing and prowsing. 179 9. No more needed. 2 4. Quarrying and related processing. I

The single most recorded response, by a small margin, was for small-scale sites for start-up businesses, which 26% of the respondents supported. Consistent with the foregoing two I questions, support for additional industrial development took the form of a 25% rate of support for highquality industrial parks, and a 21% rate of support for light industrial and warehousing uses. Only 17% of the respondents felt there was no need for any new I industrial uses. I

10 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I .I I Ouestion 5 asked respondents to select one of eight general commercial uses that they felt D there was a need for more of within the Township; the following lists the results:

II 11 166 1. Neighborhood-based conveniences. 3 5.Restaura.ntsandlodging. I 45 2 Grocery and drug shopping centeK -1l2 6. Commercial offices. 1QQ 3. Spedty stores and boutiques 2 7. Recreation and entertainment. 1 78 4. Auto-related uses and Services a 8. Nomoreneeded.

Nearly one-third of the respondents felt that there was no need for additional commercial ID development in the Township; the consensus on the need for additional commercial development is not as strong as that for additional industrial development. Of the commercial uses for which there was support, the desire for neighborhood-based conveniences (17%) was strongest. This reflects the existing concentration of most commercial uses along the Electric Avenue corridor, and the distance of this area from the outlying neighborhoods. A strong desire was also expressed for additional restaurants and I lodging (14%), the hand-tallied responses showing a preference for better quality restaurants. An additional high-scoring use was commercial offices (ll%),largely lacking in the Township I currently. To iden* the localized need for neighborhood-based conveniences, a cross-tabulation of those indicating the need for such uses by neighborhood was performed. The following lists I these results:

1 NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER

D Those Who Support Additional 40111I 1 Neighborhood Commercial Percent of Respondents in Respective 14% 13% 37% 14% 13% T24% 13% 3% Neighborhood I 1 15 1 1 32 1 1 I As can be seen, there is a sizeable expression of support for neighborhood-based conveniences in the Maitland and Glenwood areas. This is not surprising, given the distance I of these neighborhoods from the Township’s major commercial corridor.

D question 6 asked respondents to select one of 11 different housing types that they felt there was a need -for more -of -within-the Township; the following -lists the results: I 46 1. hge lot estates. 11 7.Boardinghouses. 384 2 Single-family detached homes. -29 8. Manufactured housing (mobile homes). D 29 3. Duplexes. 2 9. Group homes (supervised are). 128 4. Townhouses. 158 10. Nursing, rest or retirement homes. 75 5. Garden apartments. 60 11. Other. Please spedj. I 17 6. In-home apartments.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results - 11 I The most popular type of housing unit selected was single-family detached homes. This response is somewhat expected, given the high ratio of existing single-family homes, when I compared to other housing types. Often, residents support new residential development that are of similar type and quality as theirs. Another significant finding is the support for a new nursing, rest or retirement home in the Township, despite two that already exist. This may I be a reflection of the large number of retired persons, and high proportion of elderly, in the Township. I A sigmficant number of respondents expressed support for a variety of multi-family dwelling types, foremost among them, townhouses and garden apartments. This is likely a reflection of the low proportion of the existing housing stock such dwelhg types comprise, as well as I an expressed need for affordable housing within the Township. The results of this question were also tallied by neighborhood to determine if any acute I localized housing needs could be identified. The following lists these results: I - NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER II 1 )I Large-Lot Estates I1 I 11 Single-Family Homes 133 Duplexes I Townhouses

Garden Apartments It I I In-Home Apartments 12 I I Boarding Houses 4 I Manufactured Houses 2 11 Group Homes 15 Nursing, Rest or Retirement Homes 15 27 11 9 4 13 13 27 11 1 5 7 10 I Other 6 7 10 3 4 2 6 10 4 0 115 I As expected, single-family detached dwellings were generally identified by respondents in each neighborhood as the preferred housing type. Only in the Vira area did nursing, rest I or retirement homes receive as many responses. Neighborhoods showing the strongest support for multi-family dwelling types (uses #3, 4, 5, and 6) include the South Hills (42%), Pleasant Acres (39%), Highland Park (31%), and Ort Valley (27%). I I question 7 asked whether the primq wage earner within the household works in Deny Township. The accompanying graph indicates a 26% positive response to this question Of the other respondents, 11% indicated they were retired, while 63% stated that they did not I work in the Township. Of the 6396, it is assumed that most work in adjacent municipalities, while others commute to more distant jobs. Still others may be unemployed. I

12 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I There are a few possible implications to this WHERE DOES PRIMARY I response. The low proportion of primary wage WAGE EARNER WORK? earners employed within the Township indicates that a similarly low proportion of area industrial I and commercial tax revenues is being returned to the Township. This puts a financial strain on the Township’s ability to provide needed services I to its residents, and underscores the need for additional employment centers within the I Township. I

Ouestion o asked respondents whether it is I SERVICES FOR WHICH INCREASED TAXES more important to keep Township taxes low or WOULD BE SUPPORTED BY RESIDENTS to improve public services. Those respondents I wishing to see public services improved were asked to identify those services for which they ROADWAY IYPROVEYENTS 235 would be willing to pay more municipal taxes. The responses were almost evenly divided, with I 50.3% favoring low taxes and 49.7% in support of improved public services. Of those supporting improved public services, 25% of I responses cited a need for roadway improvements, while 23% called for improved I police protection. An additional 18% of responses identified parks and recreation as needing improvement, while 16% cited fire protection, and just 8% ambulance, as needing I improvements. Results of this question were analyzed at the neighborhood level to identlfy acute local I service problems and local willingness to pay: I NEIGHBORHOOD NUMBER 11 NoMoreTaxes 57 I 93 I 41 I I Fue protection 119 27 17 13 10 I 91111 31 01 SI 5 91 91 7 66 11 Road Impmments 283613 4 717 31130122 8 21 12 7 I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results - 13 I While most neighborhoods reflect the Township-wide pattern of fairly even support between keeping taxes low and desiring public service improvements, a few neighborhoods leaned I notably one way or the other. The South Hills and Jacks Creek areas showed double the support for public service improvements over concern for higher taxes. In contrast, the Glenwood and Dry Valley areas showed sigmficantly greater reluctance to increase taxes to I support public service improvements. Seven of the 13 neighborhoods ranked the need for road improvements at the top of the I list of services for which they would be willing to pay higher taxes. Six of the 13 neighborhoods similarly ranked police protection highest. This expressed need for improved police service provides clear support for the Township’s recent decision to enter into a I regional police protection program, as described in the Public Facilities and Services chapter of this Plan. I Most neighborhoods ranked parks and recreation somewhat ahead of fire protection as a service adjustment that they would be willing to pay for through increased local taxes. A final finding that can be gleaned from the results of this question relates to ambulance I service. Because ambulance service consistently ranked last as a public service for which residents would pay higher taxes to improve service, this suggests that the majority are satisfied with the current level of service. I I Ouestion 9 was a catch-all type of question that presented a wide range of issues typically analyzed within a municipal comprehensive plan. Residents were asked to select three of the 19 topics listed that they felt needed more attention by the Township. The following I ranks the listed responses, and describes each of the top five ranked responses: I -559 1. Job creation and employment. -144 11. Provision of public sewer. 257 2. Housing availability and affordability. -142 3.2. Police protection. 215 3.Recychg. -139 U. Parks and recreation. I -214 4. Traffic congestion and safety problems. -75 14. Solid waste disposal. -197 5. Storm water runoff and flooding. -47 15. Fire protection. -183 6. Farmland preservation. -43 16. Other. I -171 7. Environmental quality and pollution control. 28 17. Building, plumbin& fire and -164 8. Provision of public water. electrical codes. -163 9. Conservation of sensitive natural features -27 18. Subdivision review. and open space. -27 19. Ambulance service. I -161 10. Land use compatibility and zoning enforcement. I

More than half of those responding felt that the Township should increase efforts to create I new job and employment opportunities. This finding is reflected throughout the survey results as the top issue of concern among respondents. The finding is not unexpected considering the area’s high unemployment rate. The expressed support for increased I employment opportunities is consistent with one of the stated goals of this Plan-to encourage a high quality industrial park. I

14 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Suwey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I .. I The second highest-ranked response calls for increased attention to housing availability and I affordability. This response is closely linked to the previous response in that limited employment opportunities reduce the disposable income available to residents to invest in housing. This response correlates again with the Township’s high unemployment rate, as well I as with the high proportion of retired persons, and reflects the limited range of housing types currently available within the Township. I Interest in recycling received the third highest response, indicating strong support for the development of a program by the Township. The Public Utilities chapter of this Plan I provides information and recommendations that could assist in this effort. Ranked fourth as an issue deserving increased Township attention was traffic congestion and safety problems. This finding and that of the preceding Question 8 support an evermindful I awareness of road improvement opportunities and funding sources. The Transportation chapter of this Plan presents analysis and recommendations to assist in this effort. I Storm water runoff and flooding ranked fifth among respondents as an issue of concern, and is supported by one of the goals of the Plan, which calls for improved storm water I management regulations. The results of this question were also tallied by neighborhood to determine any localized I needs; the results are listed below: I I I I I I I I

I 18. Subdivision review. 20000433 19. Ambulance seMce. 110 0 0 0 3 0 6

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results - 15 A number of important conclusions can be drawn from the above information. Farmland preservation, which ranks sixth Townshipwide among issues of concern, is uusurprisingly of I particularly importance to respondents in the Maitland, Vka, Ferguson Valley, and Dry Valley areas of the Township. Respondents from the Maitland, Glenwood and Dry Valley areas showed the strongest support (just over 30%) for public water, while respondents from I the Maitland, South Hills and Jacks Creek areas showed the strongest support for public sewer (51%, 44% and 42%, respectively). These findings are supported by the recommendations for future water and sewer seMce areas of the Public Utilities chapter of I the Plan I

Ouestion 10 asked respondents which one HOW SHOULD TOWNSHIP additional feature they would like to see at the PARK BE IMPROVED? I Township Park, and proposed three types of potential park improvements. A large majority, 70%, supported the creation of a linear path I along the Kishacoquillas Creek for hiking, biking, nature study, etc. The Township has recently committed to developing such a path. I An additional 11% of respondents felt there was a need for additional basketball cow, while 6% felt there was a need for additional I volleyball corn and 13% listed 'other" responses. Of the hand-tallied 'other" responses, a number of respondents called for improvements to the quality and management of the swimming pool and facilities, while I others requested more play equipment for children.

Ouestion 11 asked whether respondents felt their neighborhood was in need of a neighborhood park. Thuty-four percent of the respondents expressed a desire for such a I park. The results of this question were tallied by neighborhood, with the following results: I I I

Areas showing the strongest support for a neighborhood park include the Maitland, Glenwood, Lewistown Heights, and Dry Valley areas. The Public Facilities and Services I chapter of the Plan notes that the Maitland area is in need of community parkland. None of the other three neighborhoods are located within the service areas of a neighborhood I park While they are all located within the service areas of one or more community parks, area topography and the lack of north-south roads limit access to these parks. I

16 - 11. Community Planning Goals and Survey Results Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I uestion 12 provided space for respondents to offer suggestions for charting the I Township’s future. Numerous responses were received which echoed many of the fin- of the preceding questions. The most frequently occurring responses related to the desire for public sewer and water service, specific road improvements, clean-up of properties, i additional industry, limited taxes, and an activity center for youth. The complete listing of these responses was furnished to the Township staff for future use in iden- particular I problems and ideas.

I SUMMARY

Overall, the findings of this survey correlate closely with the views expressed by the 1 Comprehensive Plan Study Committee in the Community Planning Goals chapter of this Plan. The findings also raise a number of new issues important to Township residents that will be the basis for further discussion among Committee members. The survey findings I‘I are expected to provide useful guidance in helping to develop the final recommendations of the Comprehensive Plan. The challenge after that will be to devise the most effective means of allocating the diverse and often competing resources of the Township, to provide I an optimal balance of services to local residents. I

I I I I I ‘I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 11. Community Planning Goals and Sumy Results - 17 I III. NATURAL AND CULTURAL A I FEATURES I I I his chapter will inventory, describe and map the Township’s land use resources. This I T information will be extremely useful in allocating future land uses within the Township. Additionally, ~turalresource information will be instrumental in the formulation of land development policies that protect the ~turalenvironment. I k SOILS ANALYSIS I A soils analysis is an important basis for planning future l&d uses. Soils information may be used to identify lands with severe development constraints as well as to locate I lands which are particularly well-suited to particular land uses. Specific land uses are best located on soils that are suitable and have complementary characteristics for those land uses. For example, agricultural land uses are usually found where soils are I level, well-drained, and fertile. Residential land uses can be suitably located where soils are s&iciently above bedrock and water table. This significantly reduces the costs associated with excavating a foundation, as well as locating and designing an on- I lot sewage disposal system. Finally, industrial uses favor soils that are relatively flat and sturdy so as to withstand the heavy weights associated with the operation of large plants. This section provides an analysis of the Township’s soils and their I characteristics with relation to their general suitability for various land use activities.

SOIL ASSOCIATIONS I

The Soil Survey of JUniata and Mi@ Counties (1981) depicts Deny Township as including six of Mifflin county’s seven general soil associations. These varying soil 1 groups are a result of the combination of several geologic formations and their physical and chemical weathering over time. The Township’s soil associations extend in several bands across it from the southwest to the northeast, conforming to the I ridge-and-valley topography of the Township. .. I The Ha&icm-L.uid&l3u&atm Asouatm is comprised of deep, welldrained, nearly level to very steep soils on primaxy ridges and on benches and foot slopes. Approximately half of the Township’s soils are part of this association, which occurs I primarily on the slopes and foothills of Jacks and Shade Mountains. .. The h-- -W& Asvoaam is the next largest grouping of soils and I located in two bands in the north-central and south-central parts of the Towpship.

~ ~ 18 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I It is characterized by deep and shallow, welldrahed, nearly level to very steep soils on ridges and in valleys on uplands.

The Mm-m-Wm.. is present in two bands in the central part of the Township and contains deep, welldrained, neatly level to very steep soils on secondary ridges.

The H~-Qxquon-Muwill~.. found in two smaU areas of the Township, is characterized by deep and shallow, well-drahed, nearly level to moderately-steep soils in upland fertile stream valleys.

The Baks-Wm Asmaaim.. is found in a small area in the eastern part of the Township, and is made up of moderately deep and shallow, welldrahed, nearly level to steep soils on secondary ridges and hills. .. Finally, the a-M--- 14J.soaahovr, present in a small area to the southwest, is comprised of deep, poorlydrahed to well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping alluvial soils on flood plains and terraces. The following table summafizes the approximate area, in square miles, of the various I soil assoCiations within the Township: B

D 1 B The following table lists the individual soils types found within the Township: B II SOIL TYPES IN DERRY "NSHIP II I I I

1 Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 19 I SOIL TYPES IN DERRY TOWNSHIP I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I I I I

20 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I II SOIL TYPES IN DERRY TOWNSHIP

I 1 I

PRIME FARMLAND

One primary consideration of soils mapping is the identification of prime farmlands. The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) describes prime farmland as the land that is best suited for producing food, feed, forage, fiber and oilseed crops. It has the soil quality, growing season and water supply needed to economically produce a sustained high yield of crops when it is treated and managed using acceptable farming methods. Prime farmland produces the highest yields with minimal inputs of energy and economic resources, and farming it results in the least damage to the

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Ill. Natural and Cultural Features - 21 I environment. Prime farmland is characterized by good permeability to air and water, few or no rocks, resistance to erosion and relatively flat topography. The USDA I encourages all levels of government and private individuals to effectively use these valuable resources to meet the nation's short- and long-range food and fiber needs. I Prime farmland soils are those soils with an agricultural rating of Class I or II. In addition, the USDA considers Class III soils to be of Statewide importance to agriculture. The Soils and Geology Map shows all Class I and 11 soils in Deny I Township as green, and Class III soils as gold. Other soils (Class IV-MI), some of which may be used for agricultural purposes, are left white. The Township's Class I, II and III soils are located in three bands that cross the central portion of the I Township. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Township is comprised of Class I, 11 and 111 soils, although significant portions of these areas have been developed. I I I DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS I Another important soils consideration relates to those soils that have constraints for building development. Such constraints can include a wide range of soil characteristics, including steep slopes, wetness, cutbanks cave, and flooding. Other I soils constraints become important where on-site sewage disposal methods are contemplated. These constraints include steep slopes, wetness, flooding, shallow depth I to bedrock, and slow percolation rates. It is important to identify and locate those soils that possess these building development and on-site sewage disposal constraints so that the projected land uses can be kept away from these environmentally sensitive I areas. The following table lists those soils that, according to the USDA, possess 'severe" I on-lot sewage disposal constraints, as well as 'severe" building development constraints for one or more specified development activities, including shallow excavations, dwellings without basements and dwellings with basements. I TI 1 Severe Building Severe On-Lot Soil Development Sewage Disposal Soil Name Constraint Constraint I AUenwood gravelly silt loam - percs slowly Andover navelly loam wetness wetness & percs slowly Andover extremely stony loam wetness wetness & percs slowly I Andover extremely stony loam wetness wetness, large stones & percs slowly Atkins silt loam floods & wetness floods, wetness & percs I slowly

22 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 1 1 SOILS WITH SEVERE DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS I1

BkB . BkC BlD

. BMF BrA BrB BuB

, BuC BXB BXD CaB EdB EdC EdD EeB

E&

EeD

EfB

EfC

EtD

ED ElF ErB Erc Ev HeD HhD HSB

HSD

-HTF m KIC 'I .KlD -KlF .. Deny Township Comprrhensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 23 I SOILS WITH SEVERE DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS I I I I I I I OPB I Opequon silty clay loam depth to rock I & percs slowly 1 I I I

WeB Weikert shaly silt loam - depth to rock WeC Weikert shaly silt loam - depth to rock I

As the table reveals, a large portion of the land area within Deny Township is rated I severe for on-lot sewage disposal constraints and/or one or more building develop- ment constraints. Areas with one or more severe development constraints are identified on a map in the municipal office. Soils with severe on-lot sewage disposal I constraints, which are more extensive, are not- identified .on .this map. It should be remembered that soil suitability for on-lot sewage disposal is an issue only where public sewer is not available, and that severe building development constraints can 1 sometimes be overcome with a major increase in construction effort, special design or intensive maintenance. However, as a geneml rule, ficture development should avoid soils with severe building &v&pmmt wnrtnum to minimize environmental dkgmkdon I and the threat to public hellilk and we&m @t?ty 1

24 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I B. GEOLOGY / GROUNDWATER The geology of an area plays an important role in determining the surfacial shape of the environment. Throughout the ages, underlying rock is subjected to natural weathering forces that chemically and physically erode its original shape. These weathered materials then form soils which remain on site or migrate to other areas. These soils possess distinct characteristics that often dictate which land uses can be accommodated.

Geology is also a primary determinant of groundwater quality and quantity. Certain rock types and structures convey water better and yield more abundant well supplies. For example, limestone areas are characterized by solution channels that readily allow the passage of water, whereas other local metamorphic rocks have very low secondary porosity. Rock type and structure can affect the degree of filtration that takes place within the groundwater, and the chemical composition of the rock can also contn'bute to the chemical properties of the groundwater.

Finally, the physical properties of underlying rock determine its strength and suitability to support development. These properties determine the ease of excavation, and ability to support the foundations of various structural types.

'TOPOGRAPHY

Deny Township is located within the Appalachian Mountain section of the Ridge and Valley province of Pennsylvania, and is characterized by ridge and valley type features. The rugged topography of the Township mainly results from weathering of the bedrock and folding of sedimentary and volcanic materials during its geologic past. The topography of the central portion of the Township is characterized by generally hilly terrain except along the streams where wide, flat to gently rolling floodplains and terraces have formed. More mountainous terrain exists along the northwestern and southeastern boundaries in the vicinity of Jacks Mountain and Shade Mountain.

GEOLUCIC FORMATIONS

The Soils and Geology Map illustrates Deny Township's geologic formations. These formations extend in bands across it correspondmg to the ridge and valley features of its topography. The oldest geologic formations within the Township include the Juniata Formation, the Tuscarora Formation and the Clinton Group, all characterized by sandstone and shale geology and associated with the ridge and steepsloped areas to the northwest and southeast of the Township. These formations are highly resistant to weathering, -accounting for -the-prominent profile- of -these -landscapes.

The later-evolving Bloomsburg/MifElintown and Wills Creek Formations and the Hamilton Group are comprised of shale and siltstone geology with some sandstone and limestone that underlie the rolling foothills at the base of the steep-sloped areas, I as well as some of the rolling hills and ridges in the interior of the Township. The most recent Keyser/Tonoloway and Onondaga/Old Port Formations are characterized by limestone geology with some shale and are assoCiated with the

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural'Featurcs - 25 undulating hills and valleys in the central part of the Township, including the stream valleys. Because limestone weathers rapidly, it underlies the lowest points in the Tow~ship,which contain generally fertile, welldrained soils produced through the erosion of the underlying limestone.

JJNmABLE GEOLOGY

The highly erosive nature of limestone holds distinct implications for land use planning. As groundwater passes the highly permeable limestone, it creates subsurface solution channels (underground tunnels conveying groundwater). These solution channels continually become larger, thereby increasing their capacity to carry additional groundwater. This condition provides a ready source of water for wells that are drilled into the solution channels. On the other hand, the formation of large solution channels and caverns can create sinkhole problems that pose obvious and significant safety hazards for land uses located on the surface.

A number of existing sinkholes have been identified in a cluster in Deny Township, and are shown on the Soils and Geology Map. These amas m well ar the anm -sumurndingthsn an?wmuitablefwdevelopmenfandtheplacsnentoflrfiljity lines m their @le natzmpases a hreani to the public hea& @dy and w!fimz mtdevelopmentinotha~of~pkbgywiththepdenfialfw~ shouiiipmceedcautiourlj,andmightw&e~such mfw-f- siti?lg w dher naad@dOrls to the df?v&pr?wlL

CHARACl’ERI!j”lCS OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS

A table has been constructed on pages 27-29 showing the relationship between the geologic conditions of the Township and such land use characteristics as quantity of groundwater, porosity and permeability, ease of excavation, and foundation stability. These four characteristics are important to consider when allocating and planning land use activities. This table is intended for reference use only and should be utilized to determine general characteristics of the formation types.

The porosity and permeability of a geologic formation refers to how quickly and easily water, air and other substances pass through the rock A classification of low permeability means that the rock is essentially impermeable. A classification of moderate refers to a permeability of about 14 feet per day. A high permeability means that substances may pass through the rock at a rate somewhere between 14 and 847 feet per day.’

The ease of excavation refers .to -how .pliable the .rock -is -when moving it or drilling it. The classifications range as follows:

&g - Can be excavated by hand tools or lightweight power equipment.

‘Alan R. Geyer and J. Peter Wilshusen, Engineering Chamcteristics of the Rocks of PennsyrVania (Harrisburg, PA Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, 1982), p. 14.

26 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I Moderatelv Easy - Rippable by heayveight pcrwer equipment at least to weathered- I rock/fresh rock interface and locaIly to greater depths. Intermed& - Rippable by heavyweight power equipment to depths chiefly limited by the maneuverabii of the equipment. Hard rock layers or u~esof hard rock may I require drilling or blasting. Moderateh Diffia- Requires dtilling and blasting for most deep excavations, but locally may be ripped to depths of several feet due to closely-spaced joints, bedding 11 or weathered rock.

Dif6cu4 - Requires drilling and Masting in most excavations, except where extensively fractured or weathered.'

Foundation stability can be classified as either good, fair or poor. Good foundation stability means that the bearing capacity of the rock is sufficient for the heaviest classes of construction, except where located on intensely-fractured zones or solution openings. Fair foundation stability is determined by the presence of the water table, the type of rock composition, and weathering depth. Poor foundation stability means that foundations must be artificially stabilized to allow sufticient bearing capacity for light or moderate constructio~~~

GEOLOGIC FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS Formation Name (Compodion) Symbol RUWALYBUIGAND Joint-, fault-, Median yield is Moderately easy Good; should "lOWN FORU4l7ONS bedding-, and 20-45 gal./min.; to moderately be excavated (Undivided) cleavage-plane hydrogen sulfide difficult; rela- to sound ma- (Bloomsburg Formation - Pre- openings provide has been noted tively fast drill- terial; should dominately red shale and siltstone; a secondary por- in some wells; ing rate. be innstigatcc some sandstone, thin, impure lime- osity of low to. water quality for collapse stone and green shale; maximum moderate magni- decreases with possibilities thickness is about 500 feet.) tude; low to increased depth. where lime- (Mifflintown Formation - Grcenish- moderate perme- stone is en- gray shale interbedded with medium- ability. countered. gray, fossiliferous limestone; shale is predominant at base; intraformational breccia OM)^ in lowcr part of formation; approximately 300 feet thick.) mNGROUP sc Joint- and bed- Median yield is Moderately dif- Good; should (Includes Keefer and Rose Hill ding-plane open- 12 gal./min.; ficult; moderate be excavated Formations; light to dark gray, ings provide a ridge-forming to slow drilling to sound ma- fossiliferous sandstone; hematitic, secondary por- sandstones have rate; 'iron terial. oolitic sandstone and shale; light olive osity of low KrY poor toPo- sandstone' gray to brownish-gray, fossil-iferous magnitude; low graphic position beds slow the shale with some limestone .and iron permeability. . - for-groundwater drilling rate. sandstone; approximately 890 feet development in thick). most areas.

'Alan R. Geyer and J. Peter Wilshusen, Engineering Characteristics of the Rocks of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, PA. Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, 1982), p. 14.

'Ibid., p. 14.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 27 GEOLOGIC FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS. - HAAllL.mc;Rorm Dh Joint- and bed- Yields range Moderately easy Good; should (Includes Marcellus and Mahan-tang ding-plane open- fromlto300 to difficult; fast beexcavated Formations; digray fossil-iferous ings pmvide a gal./min.; median to modcrate to frcfh bed- siltstone and shale inter-bedded with -darv Por- yield is 30 gal./ Srilling rate. rOdr;maYk fine-grained, medium dark gray sand- osity of low to mia.; water may need for I stone; oolitic hematite occurs in a moderate magui- bavehighima underdrain- zone near the top; near the middle, tu& moderate and sulfur am- age. tight to medium gray, medium to permeability. ent; hydrogen coarse-grained sandstone and several dlde gas is 1 thin conglomerate beds occur. The common. base of the unit is characterized by medium to dark gray, fa-grained sandstone and dark-gray to black, fiile shak, maximum thickness is I about 2,200 feet.) MTA Interstitial poro- Median yield is Difficult; slow Good; should FORMAlWN sity is present, 17 gal./min.; Srilling rate. be excavated I (Brownish red, fine-grained to con- and a secondary generally is in a to sound ma- glomeratic quartzitic sandstone havinl porosity produced very Poor toFQ terial. welldeveloped crossbedding by joint-, fault-, graphic position interbedded red shale; maximum and bedding- for groundwater i thickness is 1,125 feet.) plane openings; development; mostly of low water quality is magnitude; low usually good. Dcrmeabilitv. I KEYSER AND ToNoulFyAY DSkt Solution channels Median yield is Difficult; bed- Good; thor- FORMAlTONS and joint- and 30 gal./min.; rock pinnacles ough imnsti- (Undivided) bedding-plane solution cavities ire a special gation for so- (Keyser Formation - Dark gray, openings provide may be encoun- problem; fast lution open- highly fossiliferous, crystalline to a secondary por- tered; water killing rate. ings should be modular limestone; shaly limestone osity of moder- quality decreafes undertaken; near top; 270 to 290 feet thick.) ate magnitude; with increasing should be ex- (Tonoloway Formation - Medium low to moderate depth; water may cavated to gray laminated limestone containing permeability. be high in dis- sound ma- interbedded zones of medium dark solved solids; terial. gray to light olive gray shale and hard, some iron siltstone; approximately 400 feet problems. thick.) ONO~GAAND Do0 Joint- and bed- Median yield is Difficult; fast Good; should OLD FORT FORMATTONS ding-plane open- 30 gal./min.; frilling rate. be excavated (Undivided) ings provide a water from shale to sound ma- (Onondaga Formation - Olive green secondary por- frequently con- terial; lime- weathering, medium gray limestone xity of moderate tains iron and stone should and calcareous shale; claystone in magnitude; mod- hydrogen sulfide; x thoroughly 1 laver part; top dark gray and :rate to low solution channels investigated fossiliferous; approximate maximum permeability. in limestone may lor solution thickness is 150 feet.) yield moderate to avities. large amounts. I (Old Port Formation, Ridgely Porosity may be Yields of up to fanable; tightly Wellcemented Member - Sandstone, fine to very pter than 100 gallons have rmented rocks resistant rock coarse-grained, pebbly, white, and UWO. been reported; lave difficult amides a 1 light gray to buff; fossiliferous; quality of water :xcavation; fri- pod founda- maximum thickness is about 50 feet.) is usually good. ible rocks are :ion; should asily excavated; K excavated lrilling rate is .o sound bed- I ;low. rock. I

28 - III. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I .., ...... $ -i . .. a: 1

GEOLOGIC FORMATION CHARA(TERISTICS 1 I

lvsaRoM St htergranular Median yield is Difficut; bwl- Good; UDCB- FoIUurn pornsity in con- 23 gal./min.; high der fields on vate to sound (sandstone and quartzite; fure to glomerate; joint topographic posi- lower slopes be- bedrock. coarse-grained; white, sometimes red ope- Ph& tion is unfavor- neath outcrop and pen; tough; firmly cemented; a low to mod- able for high arcasarea crossbedded; con-glomeratic in part; erate secoadary yielQ; water special problem; includes interbeddcd red and non-red porosity; low quality is usually drilling rate is sandstone at top; maximum thickness permeability. good; soft water. slorv. is 1500 feet.)

wlzU<3pEER swf ht-Padbed- Mdiyield is Moderately Good; should FoIUuZWN ding-plane open- 32 gaL/min.; easy; fast be excavated (Greenish gray shale containing local ingspmvidea qualitydecrrases drilling rate. to sound ma- limestone and sandstone zones; red secondary por- with increasing terial. shale and siltstone occur in lowcr osity of low mag- depth; hydrogcn part of formation; thickness is in nit*, Low per- sullide has been ex- of 650 feet.) meability. noted in some wells; iron may be a problem.

GROUNDWATER OUANTKY AND OUALlTY

Another important environmental factor to consider in the future development of Derry Township is the direct relationship between land use characteristics and groundwater. An understanding of local groundwater conditions is important in properly allocating future land uses in order to 1) protect important groundwater recharge areas, 2) assure adequate quality and quantity for well water for rural areas, and 3) plan for future sewage facilities. The foregoing Geologic Formation Characteristics table on pages 27-29 describes the median groundwater yields for each geologic formation. These descriptions are based upon general observations and by no means dictate the actual groundwater yields within any given locale in the Township. A more detailed discussion concerning groundwater follows. The geologic conditions underlying the Township affect both groundwater supply and groundwater quality.

Based on the study entitled Groundwater Resources of the Juniata River Basin, Pennrylvania, a table has been constructed further describing the groundwater yields of the Township's respective geologic formations, based on reported yields of tested wells:

Sbm Bloomsburg & Mif€lintown Formations 1 to 150 15/18 M&ratelyhiud , sc Clinton Group 1 to 386 10/20 Moderately hard Dh Hamilton Group 1 to 380 U/38 Mayhavehigh iroq manganese & hydrogen sulfide; moderatelyhard

Derry Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 29 I I

Juniata Formation Limited data; reported well I $el& are generally low. I DSkt Keyser & Tonoloway Formations 0 to 315 10/33 Very hard 1 Doo Onondaga & Old Port Formations 0 to lJ00 10/66 May have high iron. moderately hard St Tuscarora Formation Limited daw reported well probably soft. 1 yields are generally low. I Swc Wills Creek Formation 1 to 360 15/40 1Vet-y hard I

Additionally, more recent and more local information was obtained from the I Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. The recently compiled Groundwater Inventory System for Mzflh County reports on the various yields from selected wells located in Deny Township. I The information provided is not related to geologic formations. Of the 52 wells inventoried in Deny Township, reported yields range from .8 to 33 I gallons per minute. The average yield is 15.4 gal/& while the median yield is 13.5 gal/min. The graph below illustrates the distribution of the wells regarding their yields. I WELL-WATER YIELDS I DERRY TOWNSHIP NO. OF WELLS I /r 20 17 16 I 15 13 1 10 I 5 I 0 - 0- 1 1.1-3 3.1-5 5.1-10 10.1-20 20.1-50 I SOURCE: PA DER GALLONS PER MI" TE 1 I i 30 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan According to the U.S. Geological Survey, a typical household with three familv members would require an average 02 - 0.4 gallons per minute. Peak rates of use would range between 3 and 5 gallons per minute for the same household. Actual well yields needed to supply this demand depend on the amount of storage capacity in the household system.

Only about 12% of all wells tested showed yields of 5 gal/min or less. This would suggest that the majority of developable land within the areas tested can be adequately supplied with groundwater for domestic uses. According to Township officials, most wells experiencing inadequate water flow are found in the Dry Valley area. With regard to the capability of providing adequate groundwater for public supplies, it appears that the Old Port Formation offers the best potential for significant, sustained, high quality yields. This high-yielding formation is located in several narrow bands along low-lying ridges in the central part of the Township. Detailed groundwater studies and analyses will be necessary prior to any eventual operation of additional public or industrial groundwater wells.

Groundwater quality is an important factor in determining the suitability of local water supplies as well as the need for public water in some areas. Both point source and non-point source pollutants can degrade area groundwater. Non-point source pollutants, such as agricultural pesticides, fertilizer, manure and urban runoff can make their way into aquifers, polluting the groundwater. Point source pollutants frequently include on-lot sewage disposal systems, for two reasons. First, on-lot sewage disposal fields rely upon subsurface soil and rock particles to filter impurities from the effluent entering the groundwater. In the limestone formations, the presence of solution channels can intercept effluent containing nitrates before the soil has had the chance to purify it. The polluted groundwater can then travel through the solution channels to degrade the water in the aquifer. This water is then used by local residents in wells and springs.

Second, groundwater quality also suffers where on-lot sewage disposal systems are malfunctioning for any number of reasons, including improper installation or maintenance or, as is often the case in Deny Township, because of unsuitable soils. A 1989 survey of 73 residences in the Maitland area indicates that 47% of these wells are contaminated with total coliform bacteria, 23% with fecal coliform bacteria, and 31% with fecal steptococcus, all correlated with the high incidence of malfunctioning area on-lot disposal systems.

Other point sources of contamination in Deny Township include older landfills, I residual waste sites and former industry, which have degraded the groundwater in an area northeast of -Burnham Borough, -in .the-Glenwood -area and in Maitland. Groundwater northeast of Burnham Borough shows some evidence of heavy metals 1 and oil. Groundwater in the Glenwood area has high nitrogen-nitrate levels and may be receiving leachate from nearby landfills. The Maitland area has experienced a high incidence of coliform bacteria in area wells, as well as water quality problems I related to former area industry, including periodic high readings of lead and dioxins in area groundwater. (See related discussions in Chapter VII under Water Supply and Solid Waste Management and Recycling.)

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan _. 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 31 I C. SURFACE WATERS I WATERSHEDS

The way in which water moves through our environment has definite land use I implications. First, streams and their floodplains present hazards to development. Second, streams and streambank vegetation offer high quality habitat, conservation, scenic and recreational values. Third, the particular characteristics of watersheds, or I drainage basins can be used to help site public wells as well as delineate wellhead protection areas. Finally, the watershed is a basic geographic unit used to plan and design sanitary and storm sewer systems. Systems that can make use of gravity-fed I lines can reduce the initial capital cost and long-range operation and maintenance costs of these utilities. I The flow of surface water through Deny Township occurs within three separate major watershed. These include the Juniata River watershed, the Kishacoquillas Creek watershed, and Jacks Creek watershed, the latter two streams of which are tributaries I of the Juniata. The Juniata, in turn, is part of the larger Susquehanna River Basin. These watersheds are depicted on the Natural Features Map. i Kishacoauillas Creek Watershed 1 One of the major watersheds within the Township is associated with the direct drainage of the Kishacoquillas Creek in the northwestern half of the Township. This watershed primarily drains the southern slope of Jacks Mountain, which runs in a I ridge along the northern boundary of the Township. The creek itself runs from this boundary through Burnham and the west central portion of the Township south, to where it empties into the Juniata River just south of Lewistown. I There are two minor watersheds which contribute to the flow of the Kishacoquillas Creek. Hungry Run and its associated watershed are located in the north-central I portion of the Township, east of Burnham. Buck Run and its associated watershed are located in the northwest portion of the Township, west of Burnham. I Jacks Creek Watershed

The Jacks Creek Watershed is located in the southeastern half of the Township and 1 primarily drains the northern slope of Shade Mountain, which lies just inside the southern boundary of the Township, as well as virtually the whole of neighboring Decatur Township to the east. The creek itself runs northeast to southwest, joining 1 the Juniata River just south and downstream of-the confluence of the Kishacoquillas with the Juniata. There are no minor watersheds. I Juniata River Watershed

The Juniata River Watershed occupies a small area along the southern boundary of I the Township, primarily draining the southern slope of Shade Mountain. The Juniata River flows east to west along the southern boundary of the Township, into which Jacks Creek and the Kishacoquillas Creek flow. There are no minor watersheds. I I 32 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Pian Flooding can result in the loss of life and property, health and safety hazards, disruption of commerce and governmental services, extraordinary public expenditures for flood protection and relief, impairment of the tax base, and other adverse impacts on the public health, safety and general welfare. In the interest of public health, safety and welfare, it is necessary to delineate the Township’s floodplains so that appropriate measures and regulations can be applied to those areas.

Floodplains are typically defined as those areas that are subject to periodic inundation by floodwaters. The floodplain consists of the floodway and the floodway fringe. The floodway is the stream channel plus an additional area that must be kept free of encroachment to avoid an increase in flood heights. The floodway fringe is the remaining portion of the floodplain within which encroachments must be limited. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Hazard Boundary Maps were used to delineate identified floodplains on the Natural Features Map. The 100-year flood is used as the base flood for purposes of floodplain management measures by FEW As mapped for Deny Township, it includes the undifferentiated floodway and floodway fringe. The 500-year floodplain indicates additional areas of flood risk in the community.

Deny Township entered the Federal Flood Insurance Program in 1978 and has an adopted Floodplain Zone which utilizes the 1Wyear floodplain boundary. It is important to note that alluvial soils may also be used to indicate areas subject to periodic inundation which are unsuitable for development. The delineation of alluvial soils generally provides wider floodplains than those exclusively identified by FEMA. These alluvial soils have been depicted on the Natural Features Map.

The largest floodplain located in the Township is associated with the Juniata River. Flooding has historically posed a very serious problem, particularly to the Lewistown area, because of the many low-lying areas. Hurricane Agnes resulted in devastating flooding in the area in 1972. Lands along the Juniata River are most affected not only from heavy rains but also from spring thawing of the river combined with heavy run-off. In turn, the flooding of the Juniata has had a backing-up effect on the other area drainage basins, causing flooding and damage to these areas. The Raystown Dam on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River now reduces the flood hazard I through the Township.

Propad devebpment will be direded away fiom the Townsh~p’siddij2d floodplain I awm. I STORM WATER MANAGEMENT One of the most frequently-occurring planning problems is the impact from storm water runoff. As an area develops, the patterns, volumes, and velocities of storm water runoff are likely to change. These changes are created by increasing amounts of impervious cover in the form of buildings, roads, parking lots and driveways, which collect rather than absorb runoff, and the clearing of trees and vegetation, particularly ‘I on slopes, which greatly decreases the ability of soils to absorb rainfall. Increased

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 33 I storm water runoff can create severe impacts on downstream properties that are not anticipated by area residents. These can include ponding, leakage into basements and I damage to foundations due to wetness, and even flash floods. Storm water runoff can be effectively managed on site. This management can involve I complicated engineering studies and analysis which may result 'in costly structural improvements, or simpler nonstructural solutions. However, it is difficult if not impossible to manage the incremental adverse impacts on downstream properties of I a lack of storm water management at upstream locations. Deny Township does not have storm water management regulations, nor does it have a subdivision and land development ordinance. As a result, it has suffered severe storm drainage problems. I One area of particular concern is the runoff from Pleasant Acres to Highland Park. I I JACRS CREEK WATERSHED PLANNING I Because of the sensitivity of the Jacks Creek Watershed and land development pressures within the area, this watershed was chosen as the first to be studied by the County under the state's Act 167 Storm Water Management requirements. The draft I findings of the Jacks Creek Watershed Act 167 Storm Water Management Plan (1993) recommend that no storm water detention facilities be required for the areas draining to Jacks Creek west of Maitland, but that any development exceeding lO,O00 I square feet of impervious area east of Maitland be required to provide conventional 100% release rate detention facilities (or equivalent control) for the lbyear storm event. These conclusions were based on, among other factors, anticipated I development of limited intensity which is broadly distributed and minimal in area compared to the watershed size. The Plan also discusses the applicability, advantages i and disadvantages of a variety of alternative storm water collection and control measures. 1 1

D. WETLANDS AND NATURAL HABITATS I

Much recent attention has been focused upon the importance of wetlands. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Wetlands provide food and habitat I for an abundance of animal life; are breeding, spawning, feeding, cover, and nursery areas for fish; and are important nesting, migrating, and wintering areas for waterfowL Wetlands also provide other important benefits. They act as natural water storage I areas during floods and storms by retaining high waters and gradually releasing them. Wetlands are often groundwater recharge areas and sources of local drinking water. Finally, wetlands purify water by filtering, assimilating and recycling pollutants. I

34 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I The National Wetlands Inventory was used to identify the Township’s major we- which are delineated on the Natural Features Map. For lands to qualify as wetlands they must possess three components, which include hydric soils, the presence of wetland vegetation and hydrology.

IMPORTANT WILDLIFE HABITAT

As an area is converted from its natural to a man-made state, the delicate balance of the local ecosystem is often disrupted. This imbalance impairs the environment’s ability to support varied forms of plant and animal species. In turn, local species become threatened or endangered.

State and Federal agencies have become increasingly concerned over the protection of local natural habitats as a means of protecting wildlife diversity. The protection of these habitats can also serve other equally important functions like the control of erosion, the recharge of groundwaters, the attenuation of pollutants, the abatement of I noise, dust, and glare, and the provision of valuable passive recreation opportunities. For these reasons, all levels of government and other conservation-oriented groups have become involved in the protection of these habitats. Like theses groups, Deny I Township should also be committed to ensuring the integrity of these important areas.

Information for this section was obtained from the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity I Inventory (PNDI). This organization conducts an ongoing process that cumulatively updates and refines data regarding rare, endangered, or otherwise significant natural I features. This inventory uses some 800 sources of information to map describe, and disseminate facts about important natural features. I It is the policy of PNDI not to release detailed site specific information about significant natural features to the public. This protects the features from persons who might attempt to locate and collect or destroy such features. Instead, PNDI will I provide generalized locations of known or historic natural features occurrences. PNDI has identified one animal species of special concern within Deny Township. I This species occurs on rock outcrops and talus slopes along most of the Lewistown Narrows. -This site .is noted .on .the -Natural -Features -Map. PNDI requests that, should any projects be proposed for this area, its office be contacted for further I information I

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Featuns - 35

> I WOODLANDS I Extensive stands of woodlands cover Deny Township, mostly on the slopes of Jacks Mountain and Shade Mountain. Areas of sigmficant woodland cover have been plotted on the Existing Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map. Woodlands serve I multiple uses. First, they help reduce the level of air pollution by absorbing airborne pollutants and, in turn, produce beneficial carbon dioxide. Second, woodlands slow erosion by stabilizing steep slopes through extensive root systems. Third, woodlands I aid in punfylng groundwater by filtering runoff and reducing sediment load caused by erosion. Fourth, woodlands can provide important wildlife habitat. Fifth, woodland areas offer superb passive recreation opportunities, such as hiking, horseback riding, I photography, hunting, and camping. And finally, the woodland resource may be harvested. I According to the Mifflin County Soil Conservation Service (SCS), there are usually four to six timber sales on private land or State Game Lands in Derry Township each year. Most of the harvested timber is mixed hardwoods with some stands of hemlock. I The predominant harvesting technique is selective cutting. There is a problem with erosion in areas where Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plans are not filed or followed. Such plans are required to be submitted to the SCS under Chapter 102 I Department of Environmental Resources Clean Streams Requirements. I I I E. CAVES 1 As described in a previous section of this chapter, the geology of an area is largely responsible for its natural landscape. Unique geologic features and formations can produce scenic vistas and places of special interest. Similarly, underground caves and I unique mineral deposits also provide recreational, scientific and educational opportunities that deserve special consideration and protection. Following research regarding these special types of natural features, several caves were determined to be I located in Derry Township. The following discussion identifies these sites and explains their importance. The locations of these sites are illustrated on the Natural Features Map. I

According to the Mid-Appalachian Region of the National Speleological Society's publication entitled The Cava of Miffliin County, PA (198I), there are several caves 1 located in Deny Township:

1. Dq Vallev Pits - These consist of two 20-foot drops in Helderberg limestone to I small rooms. The entrance to one is a funnel in dirt and stones which becomes more solid near the bottom. A tight lead in the bottom may give access to more cave since steam has been seen rising from the pit entrance. I I 36 - Ill. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I 2. Highland Park Cave - The mouth of the cave is a broad arch 17 feet wide and I five feet high at the bottom of a sink A steep slope just within leads down 10 feet to a ledge overlooking a large chamber. A 12-foot drop brings one to the floor of the room, which measures 57 by 42 feet and up to 35 feet high. Several I small vestibules up to 18 feet long branch from the room. 3. Maitland Cave - This large cave has a stream emerging from it which was once I dammed, enabling people to boat about lo00 feet into the cave’s interior. A rock fall and the breakage of the dam more than 100 years ago ended this. The I cave has been partially reexcavated but is precarious. 4. Mount Rock Cave - This cave is located in an abandoned limestone quarry and consists of a series of long, narrow rooms connected by crawlways. One can I stand in the first half of the cave; a stream channel in sand occupies most of the lower back half of the cave. The total cave length is 540 feet.

I 5. WMFW Holes - These are two small pits, one of which has a passage which goes down to a room, and the other of which drops 20 feet but does not appear to I lead anywhere.

The Towmhip .should .. recognize the importance of these unique sita and seek to prvtect I thsnjbm bukmwmt may harm I e development that their idrimic value.

~I F. HISTORIC SITES I Deny Township, like much of Mifflin County, is fortunate to possess a rich cultural heritage. Today, this heritage is evident in the older buildings, structures and related settlements within the Township. The conservation and rehabilitation as well as I restoration or adaptive reuse of these historic structures is a means of providing a glimpse into the Township’s past. Additionally, historic preservation can provide educational opportunities regarding historic lifestyles and architectural styles. Well- I maintained historic structures can create a sense of unique identity that stimulates I civic pride and economic vitality.

I The Shawnee and Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of Deny Township and occupied a village named Ohesson at what is now present-day Lewistown. The first settlers were Scotch-Irish and Germans. The early economy centered around I agriculture, lumber, quarrying and iron production.

The most recent historic sites inventory available is the 1978 Mifflin County Planning I Commission Hkoric Sites Survey for the County. This survey represents a partial listing of structures in Mifflin County which were built before 1875 and which for the most part have retained their architectural or historical integrity. Limited descriptive I information is available for these sites; there is no ranking of significance. Nine of the inventoried sites are located in Deny Township, two of which are National I Register Properties.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 37 I In addition, the local officials have identified four more structures built before 1875, which have retained their architectural or historical integrity. Limited descriptive I information is available for these structures as well, and there is no ranking of significance. I The following table identifies inventoried historic structures within Deny Township. Structures 1-9 are inventoried in the Historic Sites Survey, while structures 10-13 were identified by the local officials. These structures are depicted on the Historic I and cultural Features Map. I ll HISTORIC STRUCIURES I

1 Old Stone Arch Bridge. Built without keystone; once part of Harrisburg to 1813 Pittsburgh Turnpike. National Register Property. I 2 County Poorhouse. Brick; provided place for County's destitute. pre-1850 3 Sherman Glick Residence. Built by Forsyth family; large brick house 1850s characterized by fanlight on side wall. I 4 Jonas Kaufhan Residence. Flemish Bond brick and large; fanhght on side 1850s wall featured in this large house. 5 Hoop SchooL Brick one-room schoolhouse; interior has been restored and 1840 I extenor well-mahtahed. National Register Property. 6 Earl Beale Residence. Exquisite stone structure; at one time meeting place for 1835 Brethren; old Maitland Brethren Cemetery on property. I 7 Clark Aitkins Residence. Stone arch and fanlight over doorway in this stone 1825

8 William Mann Property (now Kenagy). Old stone house was part of North 1876 I American Axe Co. and owned by Mann until 1904, at one time contained a ' barn under rear of house. 9 Albnght House. Albright family believed to have built this picturesque stone 1823 I house; many additions. 10 Elizabeth Brown Residence. Stone structure. I 11 Robert Conrad, Jr. Residence. Stone structure. 12 Landon Lamb Farm. Brick residence. 1850s U Roger Brought Residence. Federal style. I I According to the MBin County Historical Society and local officials, all of the above- listed structures are still standing. Becaure of the partial nature of the inventory and the relative lack of~~non the archjtxtuml and hidoric si@@ame of pmpertik, I it is tmnmmdd that the Mijjh Planning Commisrion together with the Mijjh County ITrstorical Socie~~and Dary Towmhip ulzcistake a detailed inventory of historic resources within the Towns&- This inventory should inctude a &tamhation of I si@jbme for each site I I 38 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Deny Township Comprehensive Plan G. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Like historic sites, archaeological resources provide a glimpse into an area’s distant past. In the case of archaeology, this past refers to times before local historic records were kept, or prehistoric times. Archaeological resources can provide valuable artifacts and remains, or simply information that can assist in the identification, dating and understanding of prehistoric cultures, Many times archaeological sites are surveyed merely to verify the presence of a prehistoric culture at that location. To identify important archaeological resources, information was obtained from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), Division of Archaeology and Protection.

The following is a general description provided by the staff at the State Division of Archaeology and Protection, regarding the methodology and findings concerning archaeological research within Deny Township.

In the Juniata River drainage of the Ridge and Valley area, archaeological sites tend to be found along the floodplains of the rivers and creeks that flow through the narrow valleys characteristic of this area, In addition to providing water for everyday use, these streams and creeks provided navigable waterways for transportation. Sites in these settings tend to be permanent or semi-permanent villages. Prehistoric sites are also often found on level areas on or near ridge summits adjacent to small or I seasonal springs. Sites in this type of setting may represent seasonal hunting and other special-purpose camps. I Areas with topographic and environmental settings like those described above have a high probability of containing as yet undiscovered archaeological sites. Potential sites in Deny Township range from the Paleo-Indian period (@12,000 B.C.) to the I historic period. Four sites have been recorded in Deny Township. One of these is a historic site. I The three prehistoric sites are of indeterminate age; no diagnostic projectile points or other material have been recovered. Two of these sites are located close to water and may represent a type of more permanent village as described above. The other I is located some distance from a permanent water source and may represent the second type of site described above. The table below lists Deny Township’s archaeological sites by their survey number and provides a brief description of their I simcance.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 111. Natural and Cultural Features - 39 I I %Mi23 %Mi% 36MiW %Mi30 I I The Historic and Cultural Features Map depicts those areas of known... or suspected archaeological sigmficance. k am urea fat whidr ha2 srrbmvraon rpgulatiovrs should require the colllpletion of a Phare One SwveyfarpM majat devdbpmertts I verjfi) thepaEciblepvewlCe adfizcts mrd Iwlainc to ofIl&&nic -e-.-7 0" I H. OTHER SIGNIFICANT NATURAL FEATURES In addition to the previouslydescribed features, the potential existence of other I significant natural features was researched with none being discovered within Deny Township. These include: I 1 Statedesignated "high-quality" or "exceptional value" waters; 2. State-designated "scenic river corridors"; 3. Outstanding geological formations; and I 4. Significant mineral sites. I I I I I I I I I

40 - 111. Natural and Cultural Features Derry Tmhip Comprehensive Plan I I IV. DEMOGRAPHIC, HOUSING I AND ECONOMIC STUDIES I I I he allocation of municipal resources must consider the population to be served. T Obviously,-the overall size of a population is related to the amount of services or lands I that must be provided. In addition, particular groups within the population have different service needs. This chapter will present past, current and expected population statistics. In I addition, a description of family, housing and socioeconomic characteristics will be presented. I A. HISTORIC POPULATION GROWTH The historical growth patterns of a municipality can provide some insight as to the growth which might be expected in the future. The following graph and table I illustrate the amount of population growth that has occurred since 1930 in Derry I Township. TOTAL POPULATION GROWTH I 1930 THROUGH 1990 I 10000 I 0 I

I _...... ______...... 4000

I 2000 ......

I nl I I I I I T930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 I US. Census Bureau Sources: U. S. Census Bureau and Deny Township Comprehenrive LWelopment Phn, 19; I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan N. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 41 I TOTAL POPULATION GROWTH I I I I I I The total change in the population of any place is due to a combination of natural increase (or decrease) and net migration. Derry Township experienced steady growth in the 1930s and 1940s, as MiffJin County diversified its former steel-based economy. I Growth slowed somewhat in the 1950s and 1960s. Hurricane Agnes in 1972 resulted in devastating flooding in the area, which had a severe impact on the economy, resulting in the permanent loss of more than 2,500 jobs. The slow recovery from the I flooding together with the annexation of part of Derry Township to Burnham Borough in 1972 are largely responsible for the lower growth rate for the Township in the 1970s. I The 1990 Census indicates that the Township actually lost population between 1980 I and 1990. However, Deny Township believes that its population was undercounted in this census, that two subdivisions-Pleasant Acres West and Ort Valley-were uncounted. This is supported by the Township's record of building permits from 1980 I to 1990, which show a discrepancy of 111 dwelling Units. Using the Township's 1990 average household size of 25, this would indicate that approximately 279 people in the Township were not counted. Even so, the Township still lost population from I 1980-1990. For purposes of this discussion and consistency with other related socioeconomic census data, the 1990 Census population figure will be used in this section. However, in estimating a future population for the Township in the I Population and Housing Projections section of the chapter, the Township's population figure will be used. I A comparison of -the-Township's-and hmty's-population growth -rates provides insight into the regional factors affecting local growth. The graph on the following page represents the population percentage increases by decade for Derry Township and I MiMin county.

While Mifflin County's historic rate of growth has fluctuated only slightly over time, I Derry Township's rate of growth, both positive and negative, has been much more pronounced. The County's population grew from 40,335 in 1930 to 46,197 in 1990. The very low rate of growth of the County indicates a high rate of outmigration that I

42 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I .I ......

is barely exceeded in most decades by net ~turalincrease. The higher Township rate of growth in most decades reflects natural increase and a lower net outmigration level. This could be tied to the concentration of the county's employment opportunities in and around the Township. The impact of Hurricane Agnes, again, I can be seen to have been more sharply felt in Derry Township than in the County as a whole because of the extensive flooding in the area. I COMPARABLE GROWTH I DERRY TOWNSHIP & MIFFLIN COUNTY 25 1Rate of ...... < I 20 15 ...... I 10 ...... 5 I...... \ ...... h :...... I I \\ 0 u I -5 _ ...... -10 I I I I I I I 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 I Mifflin County - 6.6 1.6 1.5 2.1 3.6 -1.5 Derry Township 20.4 11.8 7.4 9.9 2.9 -5.6 I

A comparison of growth in Deny Township with that in adjacent municipalities can I also provide insight into regional development influences. Mifflin County includes 10 townships, of which Derry is the most central and most populated, and six boroughs, of which Lewistown and Burnham, which lie adjacent to Deny Township, are the I most populated. The following tables and histogram display population data for adjacent municipalities for recent decades: I I Municipality 1960 1970 1980 1990 I I I

I Derry Township Comprehensive Pian IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 43 POPULATION GROWTH ADJACENT MUNICIPALITIES rPERSONS X 1000 20

BURNHAM BO- LEWISTOWN ARMACH TWP. BROWN 'I". DECATUR mpn DERRYm. EBI G~LLEm. 15 ...... ______... __...... __.______......

10

5

0 1960 19-70 1980 1990

II PROPORTION OF GROWTH IN ADJACENT MUNICIPALITIES II

Burnham Borough -558 -203% Lewistown Borough -3299 -26.1% Armagh Township +448 + 14.1% Brown Township +689 + 26.2% Decatur Township + 867 + 46.4% Deny Towmhip +w +67% Granville Township t 182 + 3.7% AU Other Municipalities +3,067 +333% Mifflin county + 1,849 + 4.2%

As can be seen, Deny Township accounts for only a small proportion of total growth among its neighbors in this period. The only township experiencing less growth is Granville, which has been subject to a series of annexations. Other adjacent townships, as well as other municipalities in the County, have experienced steady growth over this period. Only Burnham, and particularly Lewistown boroughs have experienced sharp declines in population. This parallels a nation-wide trend of

44 - W. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 1 outmigration in many cities and boroughs, which in this case has been exacerbated by I the impact of Hurricane Agnes. Indeed, Deny Township, because of its proXimity to Burnham and Lewistown boroughs, appears also to have been impacted by the I flooding through population loss in a way that other neighboring townships have not. As population increases, so does density. Overall density is one gauge often used to determine to what extent a municipality is providing for its "fair share" of regional i growth. The following graph depicts relative densities for adjoining municipalities and Mifflin county. I 1990 COMPARABLE DENSITIES I DERRY TWP. 8c ADJOINING MUNICIPALITIES PERSONS PER SQUARE MILE I BURNHAM BOR. 1,997 I LEWISTOWN BOR. 4,671 ARMAGH TWP. 4 39 I BROWN TWP. 4 100 I DECATUR TWP. 4 61 DERRY TWP. fl 246 I GRANVILLE TWP. 4 127 MIFFLIN COUNTY 4 113 I

Unsurprisingly, the area's boroughs exhibit greater densities than do the townships and I County as a whole. Deny Township has the highest density of any township in the region, and over double that for the County a whole. I as I B. SOCIOECONOMIC DATA Aside from sheer size, other characteristics of Deny Township's population have important bearing upon the types and quantities of public services that may be I needed. The following provides a brief summary of these characteristics. I POPULATION BY AGE Different age groups have different public service needs that need to be specifically addressed. Age composition data has long been recognized as supplying important I inputs for school and recreation planning analyses, with projections of age composition being of special concern in determining long-range facility needs and land

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 45 I requirements for school and recreation sites. Age data is also important in defining stages of the life cycle that, in turn, are used in studies gauging and anal- activity I patterns, household moving behavior, housing and various kinds of mmmunity facilities and services. For example, the numbers of children between the ages of 0 and 4 helps too predict future elementary school classroom space needs and recreation I programs geared for preschool-aged children. Those aged 5 to 17 comprise the school-aged population which poses distinct planning implications regarding school and recreation facilities and programs. The 18 to 24 age group represents the young I adults who are just entering the labor force and who may heavily rely on the supply of rental housing. Those aged 25 to 44 comprise the young labor force and tend to produce the most children. This group, like those aged 18 to 24, is also highly I mobile. The mature labor force, those aged 45 to 64, tends to be more settled and at the height of their earning power. Those 65 years and older comprise the senior sector of the population; this sector is generally characterized by limited purchasing I power and an increased demand for health and public transit seMces, and special recreation services. The following graph presents reported age characteristics for the 1990 census. I POPULATION BY AGE I DERRY TOWNSHIP I

SENIORS 65+ 1 1386 18% I MATURE ADULTS 45-64 1809 24% I ADULTS 25-44 2101 27%

YOUNG ADULTS 18-24 646 8% I SCHOOLCHILDREN 5-17 1255 16% PRESCHOOL 0-4 453 6% I I SOURCE: U.S. CENSUS BUREAU 1 Preschool-age children through age four comprise 5.9% of theTownship’s population. School-age children from 5 to 17 comprise an additional 16.4% of the Township’s population. Young adults from 18 to 24 make up 8.4% of the population. Child- I bearing adults between 25 and 44 account for 275% of the population. Mature adults between 45 and 64 comprise 23.7% of the population, and older adults 65 and I over make up 18.1% of the population. Deny Township’s population profile shows an aging population, with nearly half of its I residents age 45 and over. The median age in the Township is 39.1, as compared

46 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I ...... 'C .*.' ' ..

with that for MifElin county, which is 35.7, and Pennsylvania, which is 35.0. One explanation for the high proportion of older people in the Township could be related to the sharp loss of population in adjacent Lewktown and Burnham boroughs over the last two decades, as the residents of these places moved to other locations. A second explanation could be related to the Township's high unemployment rate, which favors older residents on pensions or with other secure income sources, and which encourages younger people to move elsewhere. Finally, the Township has two nursing homes with 256 residents.

Next, it is important to look at other Socioeconomic data that helps to better describe the demographic composition of the Township. Such data includes sex and racial composition, household statistics, education levels, and income. The following tables illustrate this set of data.

Total Persons Total Fds (96) Total Males I I I I I I[ Deny Township 7,650 4,034 (52.7%) 3,616 Mifflin County 46,197 24,066 (52.1%) 22,131 (47.9%)

Dew Township I 7.650 I 7588 I 21 Mifflin County 46,197 45,939 108 31 98 21 132 I

I Fpmlly Households I Non-Family HousehoMs 11 -0 I Total Married %of MPleHead FemaleHed or More Households Couple I Total I (no wife) 1 (no husband) 1 czn I ::: 1 Persons I 1.862 164.2% I 91 I 244 I 625 I 215% I 80 11 10,800 61.0% 506 13% 4335 245% 520

1990 EDUCATION DATA I I 1 Persons 25+ Persons 25+ I With High School Diploma With 4+ Years of CoUexe Dew Township 73.3% 10.0% I Mifflin County 68.2% 8.7% 1990 INCOME I I I I I 1 I Individuals Belaw Per Capita Median Household Median Family Poverty he1 Deny Township s12360 S25.931 530.917 868 (11.3%) I Mifflin County s10,609 s22,m S27JM 6,079 (13.2%)

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 47 A I Socioeconomically, Deny Township presents no surprises when compared with MiMin County. Deny Township has a slightly higher percentage of females than males, as I does the County as a whole. Racially, the Township is extremely homogeneous, with only .8% of the population represented by minorities, a somewhat higher rate than that for the County. I Deny Township tends slightly more toward a family household orientation than does the County as a whole, with 75.7% of all households reported as families, as I compared with 72.6% for the County. Similarly, fewer people live alone in one- person households within the Township than do those living alone within the County. Educationally, Township residents are more likely to have graduated from high school I and to have a four-year college degree than are those within Mi€flin County as a whole. I Deny Township residents tend to be more a€fluent than their Countywide counterparts. Per capita income within the Township is 18.4% higher, median household income is 13.8% higher, and median family income is 12.4% higher than I Countywide figures, respectively. This may be a reflection of the higher percentage of married couples and higher educational attainment in the Township. Consistent with these figures, the Township's percentage of population living in poverty is less I than that for the County, though both are above the Statewide average of 10.8%. These high rates may be related to a high unemployment rate for both the Township and County. I

C. POPUIATION PROJECTIONS I Population projections are important to the future allocation of land use and the I delivery of public services. The projections become a building block that will be used repeatedly to forecast future spatial and service needs. Consequently, great care must be exercised to assure that these figures represent the 'best guess" as to how the I Township will grow.

It is important to understand that no population projection can accurately forecast all I of the factors that might cause a particular rate of growth. Instead, historical trends are analyzed and compared with perceived current trends to see how accurately they predict recent data; then, the most accurate method is used to predict future I conditions. The projection techniques presented below utilize the supplemental information provided by the Township on dwelling units which were uncounted during the 1990 Census. It is estimated that approximately 111 uncounted units would yield I an additional 279 people, fora -total of 7,929 -residents-in the Township in 1990.

Five different population projection techniques are applied to the Township's historic I trends; each of these will be discussed, and one will be selected for use.

Method 1 (Pennsylvania DeDartment of Environmental Protection Projection) I

Using 1970-1990 Census data, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection employed a complex shift-share technique entitled the 'least square I

48 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I L- population allocation model" This model computed Statewide growth and then allocated growth at the County, and then local levels. The following projections result:

7,650 7,662

Method 2 [Geometric Extra? lation)

This method uses a geometric extrapolation projection technique. It forecasts a growth rate based upon historical population trends. By analyzing the percentage increases recorded in the Township since 1950, it was determined that the Township grows by an average of 45% during each decade. This technique assumes that the Township will grow at an average rate similar to that experienced since then. By applying this growth rate to the 1990 Census figures, the following projections result:

It 7,929 I I 8,658 II

Method 3 [Shift-Share)

This method employs geometric extrapolation and shift-share projection techniques. Specifically, Deny Township's and its neighboring municipalities' historic growth (19W 1990) was totalled for each decade, and the average growth rate computed and geometrically extrapolated (-.9% per decade). Then the Township's proportional share of 1990 total population (23.2%) was applied to the year 2000 and 2010 projections for the region. This method assumes that the same growth and development influences that have been affecting those municipalities that adjoin, will directly affect the Township, and that its share of growth will remain constant.

1990 2000 2010 I 7,929 7,872 7,801

Method 4 (Arithmetic)

This method relies upon an arithmetic extrapolation projection technique. It forecasts growth at the same numeric levels as the past. Specifically, it was calculated that an average of 314 new residents have been added to ,Deny Township in each decade, since 1950. This same net increase is then added to the 1990 figure, yielding the following projections.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 49 I I 7,929 8,243 8,557 I

Each of the results of these four projections has been plotted, along with the Township’s recent historical growth pattern. From the following graph, one can I visualize a “natural” growth wefor the Township. I HISTORIC 8c PROJECTED GROWTH 1930 THROUGH 2010 I Thousands 10 I 8 6 I 4 ...... 2 ...... I 0 II L I 1980 1990 2000 2010 I 8.108 7.929 Method 1 + 7.65 7.662 7.36 Method 2 ++ 7.929 8.285 8.656 Method 3 * 7.929 7.872 7.801 I Method 4 * 7.929 8.243 8.55; I

Deny Township presents an unusual situation for projection purposes. The sharp I decline in population in neighboring Burnham and Lewistown boroughs results in a negative future projection for the Township under the DEP and the Shift-Share techniques. Because it would be unfair to conclude that the trend toward I outmigration from boroughs also generally holds for adjacent townships, these techniques have not been chosen. I The slight loss of population-in&e Township over the last .decade results in relatively low population projections under both the geometric and arithmetic techniques. This population loss is largely attributable a natural disaster that is not likely to repeat I itself. For this reason, the population projection chosen is the one based on geometric extrapolation, yielding the highest population projection of all the techniques used. In this scenario, the Township would gain 356 persons between 1990 and 2000, I and another 373 persons between 2000 and 2010, for a total gain of 729 persons over the planning time horizon. I 8 I 50 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I However, there is good reason to believe that Deny Township’s future growth will I exceed even this population projection. The Township is simply very well situated to receive a good proportion of Mif€lin County‘s future growth. First, it has excellent proximity to Lewistown, which is the County seat and largest borough within the I County. It also surrounds Bumham Borough, the County‘s second largest borough. Second, the Township has good access to area employment centers, both within and outside the County. Third, the Township is actively promoting economic development I through the Mifflin County Industrial Development Corporation. Finally, the Township’s development of a Comprehensive Plan will provide new opportunities for I growth and development. I D. HOUSING ANALYSIS An inventory of existing housing, including the rate of housing growth and characteristics of the existing housing stock, is important in determining current met I housing needs as well as in forecasting future housing needs. Generally, the rate of housing growth in a community is higher than that of population growth as societal values change and fewer people live together. According to the 1990 Census, the I total number of housing units within Deny Township has grown by 5.2% from 2,902 in 1980 to 3,055 in 1990, despite a slight population loss. However, Deny Township’s records indicate that the total number of housing units has actually grown by 9.1% I in the same period, from 2,902 to 3,166. This can be attributed in part to a I decreasing average household size, which was 2.5 in 1990, down from 2.79 in 1980. HOUSING STOCK I In addition to studying the size and growth of the Township’s housing stock, it is also important to determine the composition of housing. This information can be used to ensure that the Township is providing for its required wide range of housing options. I The following table shows the number of housing units by type for Deny Township. These figures may be compared to those for Mifflin County as a whole to gain a I regional perspective of the provision of the range of housing types. II 1990 HOUSING TYPES II I

aeJly Te &US (~WO)229 (75%) 234 (Zm) 333 (ItI9?6) 3055 I I Mimi County 12,352 (62.%) 2,040 (10.4%) 2,428 (12.3%) 2,821 (14.4%) 19,641 I I The single-family detached (SFD) dwelling is the most common housing type in Deny Township, accounting for nearly 74% of the Township’s total housing stock in 1990, 11 compared with nearly 63% for the County as a whole. Single-family attached dwellings, as defined by the U. S. Census, include row houses, townhouses, double houses, or houses attached to nonresidential structures. In Deny Township, there are 8 only 229 such units, which account for less than 8% of the total housing stock, as

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 51 I compared with 10.4% for the County as a whole. Multi-family dwellings (MFDs) include residential development at higher densities, such as apartment complexes and I conversion apartments. Only 7.7% of the Township's housing stock consists of MF'Ds, significantly less than the 12.4% for the County as a whole. I While mobile homes (MHs) are normally defined as single-family detached dwellings, for the purpose of this analysis they are separated out to gain further insight into the composition of the Township's housing stock, as they provide particularly affordable I housing opportunities. Nearly 11% of housing units are comprised of mobile homes in the Township, a somewhat lesser proportion than the 14.4% for the County as a whole. I

A comparison of the Township's 1990 housing mix with its 1970 housing mix provides real insight into the change in the types of housing being built in recent years. I CHANGE IN HOUSING TYPES II I

SFD sa24 (n> 2259 (74) 235 (5s) I MFD* 394 (15) 463 (15) 69 (16) Mobile Home 211 (8) 333 (11) 122 (29) I Total 29629 (100) 3,055 (100) 426 (100) ~ I I As can be seen in the above table, the Township has done an excellent job of providing for mobile homes over the past 20 years, with this housing type accounting I for 29% of all new housing Units between 1970 and 1990. Most of these mobile homes are individually-sited rather than located in mobile home parks. The strong demand for this housing type in the Township is apparently being met. On the other I hand, the Township's proportion of multi-family dwellings has not increased over the same time period (16%), and still lags behind that of the County (23%) for this housing type. Very little conversion of shgle-family dwellings to multi-family dwellings I has occurred in the Township.

HOUSING AFFORDABILlTY I

Access to affordable housing is an issue of increasing significance in most communities as incomes continue to fail to keep up with the cost of housing. The term I "affordable housing" no longer refers just to low-income, subsidized housing projects or mobile home parks. More and more people find themselves unable to afford homeownership, or sometimes even rentals. A community's young adults, newly- I married couples, young families, and elderly are some examples of those often in need of affordable housing opportunities. I

52 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 8 19 ”Affordable” housing was defined in a state-level study titled Pennybe HoscSing (1988) as housing requiring less than 30% of gross monthly income for rent or less than 28% for a mortgage and other related housing costs. Using this definition, there are currently at least 300 households (10% of total Township households) which I cannot afford the housing in which they live, according to Mifnin County’s recent Three-Year community Development Piim (1993) for Derry Township. pplis Plan identifies various housing needs based on discussions with local officials, the HoUring I Plmt and Analysis for MWCouniy (1976) and the Houring Assistance Piim for MW County (1979).

I One way to measure housing affordability is to analyze the relationship between low and moderate income households, and monthly housing costs. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, a moderate income household is I a household with a gross household income equal to or more than 50%, but less than 80% of the median gross household income for households of the same size within the housing region in which the housing is located. A low income household is a I household with a gross household income equal to 50% or less of the median gross household income for households of the same size within the housing region in which the housing is located. The Three-Year Plan estimates that in 1980 there were 1,292 I low and moderate income households in Deny Township, accounting for 45% of all Township households.

I In 1990, the median household income for Mifflin County was $22,778. Based on this median income figure, a moderate income household in 1990 would have an income between $11,389 and $18,222. A low income household was a household with an I income of less than $11,389. Using no more than 28% of gross monthly income toward housing costs, a median income household could afford to spend a maximum of $532 per month, a moderate income household could afford to spend a maximum I of $425 per month, and a low income household could afford to spend a maximum ~I of $266 per month toward the purchase of a house. According to the 1990 Census, the 37% of owner-occupied housing Units with mortgages have a median monthly owner cost of $473, while the 63% of owner- I occupied housing without mortgages have a median monthly owner cost of just $180. Owner costs refer to the mortgage, property tax and homeowner insurance costs associated with homeownership. Thus, median homeownership costs in Deny I Township are affordable to median income households in the County both with and without mortgages, but only for those moderate and low income households that no longer carry a mortgage. Housing costs are somewhat more affordable to Deny I Township residents because of their higher median household income of $25,931. In the last two -years,--mortgage- interest -rates -have -come -down considerably, making homeownership more affordable for more people, by lowering the monthly owner I Costs.

Another way to measure housing affordability is to compare median housing values I among adjacent municipalities. The following graph shows 1990 median values for owner-occupied housing, as well as median rents for renter-occupied Units for Deny I Township and surrounding municipalities.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 53 1990 HOUSING COSTS

OWNER OCCUPIED RENTER OCCUPIED

BURNHAM BOROUGH I LEWISTOWN BOROUGH

ARMAGH TOWNSHIP I

BROWN TOWNSHIP

DECATUR TOWNSHIP DERRY TOWNSHIP I GRANVILLE TOWNSHIP

$100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 $50$100$15~20C$25~300 UNIT VALUE X 1000 MONTHLY RENT I

Median values for owner-occupied housing in the region range from a low of $37,300 in Burnham Borough, to a high of $58,700 in Brown Township, with Deny Township I in between at $47,300. Median value for owner-occupied housing in the Couty is $44,800. I RENTAL, HOUSING I The proportion and cost of rental housing in a community is another measure of the provision of affordable housing. As can be seen in the foregoing graph, median monthly rents within the region range from a low of $183 in Armagh Township, to I a high of $222 in Deny Township. Deny Township’s proportion of rental housing and rental costs as compared to Mifflin County in 1990 are as follows: I II RENTALS II I I I

/I Deny Township 623 $22 Mifflin County 4,810 rn

*Conbad rent is rent which may or may not include utilities and fuel **Gross rent is contract rent plus utilities and fuel I

54 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprchensk Plan 8 ..

As can be seen from the table, Deny Township's proportion of rental Units is somewhat lower than that for the county and rents are somewhat higher. To compute the affordability of the housing stock in Deny Township by applying no more than 30% of gross monthly income toward rent, a moderate income household could afford to spend a maximum of $456 in 1990, while a low income household could afford to spend as much as $285. In 1990, the median monthly gros rent in Deny Township was affordable to most moderate income households, although not I' to low income households. I A major objective of the Three-Year Plan is the provision of assisted housing to serve low and moderate income families and the elderly, through CDBG and other funding sources. This Comprehensive Plan will incorporate these findings and plan for I appropriate areas that can accommodate these needed housing types. I FAIR SHARE HOUSING The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code (MPC) requires the provision of 'all basic forms of housing," including a reasonable range of multifamily dwellings, mobile I homes and mobile home parks. The MPC adheres to the "fair share" principles embodied in a line of Pennsylvania exclusionary zoning court decisions, calling on each municipality to plan to meet the housing needs of present and future residents by I permitting different dwelling types at appropriate densities for households of all income levels. This Plan will seek to provide adequate and appropriately located areas to accommodate a range of dwelhg types and densities to meet the needs of I households of all income levels.

A number of potential funding sources are available to assist municipalities in the I provision of a variety of affordable housing opportunities. Funding can be used to both develop new or rehabilitate existing housing for low and moderate-income I families. These sources include the following: APPALACHIAN HOUSING PROGRAM - This is a revolving loan fund for developers of housing for low and moderate-income families, with emphasis on assisting families in econOmic I and enterprise development areas. The program is administered by the PA Department of Community Main @cA), Bureau of Housing and Development.

I COWDEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM - This program can provide financial and technical assistance toward housing rehabilitation and is administered by DCA's Bureau of Housing and Development.

I HOUSING/COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT/MAINSTREET PROGRAMS - These programs provide grants and technical assistance toward the development or rehabilitation of housing for low and moderate-income residents and to support advities that revitalize distressed I neighborhoods and commercial areas. These programs are administered by DCA's Bureau of Housing and Development. I PENNSYLVANIA HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY RENTAL HOUSING AND RENTAL REHABILITATION PROGRAMS - These programs provide grants and long-term mortgage loans to build or rehabilitate rental properties used by low-income families, elderly persons or 8. the disabled. The programs are administered by the Pennsylvania Housing Ftnance Agency.

Derry Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 55 I VACANCY RATES I Vacancy rates are a good indicator of the existence of a housing surplus or shortage. An owner vacancy rate reflects the percent of vacant units for sale of the total homeowner inventory. A renter vacancy rate reflects the percent of vacant units for I rent of the total rental inventory. Vacancy rates for 1990 for Derry Township and Mifflin County are indicated in the following table. I VACANCY RATES I I I Vacancy rates in the vicinity of 2% are generally considered adequate to provide sufficient choice in the housing market for the purchase of homes. Vacancy rates in the vicinity of 5% are generally considered adequate to provide sufficient choice in I the housing market for renters. The current vacancy rate of 4% in the rental market in the Township provides reasonable, if somewhat limited choice in this market. However, the very low owner vacancy rate of .7% provides insufficient choice in the I ownership market. In part, this may be a reflection of the low turn-over of homes among the large older segment of the population. I HOUSING CONDITION

All residents of a community should be entitled to safe housing. Safe housing is I reflected in estimates of substandard housing. The U.S. Census defines substandard housing as the number of units lacking some or all plumbing facilities plus an estimate of other dilapidated units. In 1990, Deny Township had 40 housing units I (1.3%) which lacked adequate plumbing facilities and 25 housing Units (1.2%) which lacked complete kitchen facilities. I Additional factors such as the age of the housing unit, number of persons per room, and the estimated value of the unit may be considered by a municipality in estimating the extent of substandard housing. Thirty-one percent of the housing stock in Derry I Township was built before 1940. The number of persons per room in a housing unit is used as an index of crowding: a unit with more than 1.0 persons per room is considered overcrowded. In 1990, Derry Township had 27 occupied housing units I (1.1%) with 1.01 or more persons per room The upper value of the lower quartile of owner-occupied housing units was $31,500. The Township does not utilize a I building code. The aforementioned Three-Year Community Development Plan identifies a need for ! the rehabilitation and demolition of housing units, particularly in the Yeagertown area. A windshield survey of the Township undertaken in 1989 and the County-wide Housing Rehabilitation Action Program (1985) support this finding. Approximately I 71.6% of all housing units in the Yeagertown area were built before 1940 and there

56 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Derry Township Comprehensive Plan I I is an increasing number of older families there living on limited fixed incomes. A I Townshipwide housing rehabilitation and demolition program was begun in 1986 using CDBG funding. A major objective of the Three-Year Plan is a continuation I of this program to include all areas of the Township. HOUSING PROJEcIlONS I The need for future housing should be based on projected future population growth divided by average household size. Because average household size has itself been decreasing (as discussed earlier), it k ktnecessary to extrapolate the likely future I decrease in average household size by looking at the past growth in housing compared to population. Utilking the same projection technique employed to project population, Deny Township's housing stock has grown by an average of 9.8% each I decade since 1970. If it were continue to grow at the same rate, the Township would gain 310 new units between 1990 and 2O00, and an additional 341 units between 2000 I and 2010, for a total of 651 new units over the planning time horizon. Thus, the projected increase of 651 housing units is very close to the projected 729 population increase. This is because, while the population has been growing at an 1 average rate of 4.5% per decade, housing has been growing at an average rate of 9.8% per decade. Because average household size is projected to decrease to 23.8 in 2000 and 2.7 in 2010, new housing will be needed to accommodate not just new, 'I but existing Township residents. Plotting this housing trend against projected I population growth produces the following: I POPULATION & HOUSING PROJECTIONS I DERRY TOWNSHIP Thousands I lo 4 I 6 I______...... ______.. ______.. . ______.__ ...... ______. I I - I 1970 I -4980 I -1990 I -2000 I 2010 I I PERSONS/HOUSE 3 2.79 2.5 2.38 2.27 HOUSING 2.629 2.902 3.166 3.476 3.817 I POPULATION - 7.877 8.108 7.929 8.285 8.658 I

I Derry Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and hnomic Studies - 57 I These projections will be used to determine needed acreages to accommodate future housing in the Future Land Use chapter. 'I SUMMARY OF HOUSING NEEDS I I I I I

E. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS I

The health of an area's economy has an obvious major impact on the overall welfare of the community. A healthy economy provides not only employment opportunities, I but tax revenues which pay for public facilities and services. Residential development seldom pays its own way in tax and fee revenues. The deficit must be made up by the tax yield from industrial and commercial properties which the community must I attract and hold. I There are a number of measures of the health of a community's economy, among them the employment rate, the diversity of the local economy and the balance between basic and non-basic industries. I BASIC VS. NON-BASIC INDUSTRIES I Basic industries are those industries producing goods for export, such as manufacturing and the extractive industries - agriculture, lumber and quarrying. These industries are considered the economic lifeblood of communities as they sustain the flow of money I into the community which can then be paid out in wages, local taxes, and reinvested in capital improvements. A healthy economy requires that income derived from the export of locally-produced goods equals the income used to import goods and services I from outside the-area. -Without-basicindustries, -most of a-community's money would drain out of the area, leaving an unstable, deficient economy. I Basic industries also tend to generate secondary "spin-off industries and services, and have what is known as a 'multiplier" or ripple effect throughout the entire economy. For instance, local agriculture supports local agricultural machinery and food I processing industries, which in turn provide related service jobs in trucking and retail sales. Basic industries are sometimes referred to as being comprised of heavy and light industrial uses. Heavy industrial uses are the more traditional land-intensive, I

58 - W. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 8 sometimes polluting uses, whereas light industrial uses refer to the more recent high- tech and other non-polluting industries.

Non-basic industries, or commercial uses, are those providmg employment in wholesale and retail sales, services, and other related areas. While they supplement the local economy, and serve the com~ty,they usually provide lower wages and generally do not bring significant outside income into the area. Examples of types of personal seMces would include barber and beauty shops, shoe repair shops and dry cleaners. Commercial services are sometimes referred to as heavy commercial uses and include automobile sales and repair establishments, plumbing shops, and building supply outlets.

ECONOMIC SEcIy)R!3

MiflXn Counvs economy has historically centered around agriculture, lumber, quarxying and steel production Today, the steel industry remains the coUntys largest I single employer. As noted in a foregoing section, Hurricane Agnes in 1972 resulted in devastating flooding in the area, which had a severe impact on the economy, resulting in the loss of more than 2,500 manufacturing jobs. Only recently has the I County fully recovered the jobs which were lost.

The following table identifies the number and types of industries, together with I number of employees and payroll, for the County in 1989.

I COUNTY EMPLOYEES, PAYROLL AND ESTABLISHMENTS BY INDUSTRY I 1989

I Agriculture, Forestry, FW 24 282 8 Construction 414 7,069 63 I Manufacturing 636 139,489 62 Transportation and Public Utilities 472 9,063 46 I Wholesale Trade 786 14,151 52 Retail Trade 283 28s39 262 I Fmance, Insurance and Real Estate 425 7,858 53 Services 3,040 - 4536 287 I Unclassi6ed Establishments 112 l97a 47 Total 14382 253593 880

I Note: The figures above do not include government employees, railroad employees and selfemployed persons. I Source: copcnly Busirwss Patterns, 1W.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 59 I The figures for agriculture do not reflect the 677 selfemployed farm operators, their farms and their salaries in 1987, the latest date for which data is available (Census I of Agriculture). As of 1987, total sales of farm products produced $41,7%,000 in revenue for the County. The County's historic reliance on extractive-based industries, including agriculture, forestry and mining, has declined over the years in response to I both the diminished resource base and development pressures. However, the county's economy has, at the same time, diversified into new manufacturing areas. I Over the last few decades, the County has come to specialize in a variety of types of manufacturing in addition to steel production. The degree of specialization in an industry is valuable to know because it reflects a 'comparative advantage" the I community has for producing that product. One way of indicating specialization in industries is to calculate 'location quotients" for them. A location quotient is a number used to compare the proportion of the work force in a given industry in the I County with the proportion of the state's workforce in a given industry statewide. If the County is more specialized in an industry than the State, the location quotient is greater than one; if it is less specialized, the location quotient is less than one. I

In 1988, Mifflin County was specialized in, and had a comparative advantage in producing lumber and wood products, primary metals, measuring instruments, I rubber/miscellaneous plastics, apparel, textiles and non-electrical machinery, in decreasing order of importance, as shown in the following table: I LOCATION QUOTIENTS MIFFLIN COUNTY I I I I I I I I I

60 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I - LOCATION QUOTIENTS MIFFLIN COUNTY

Non-Elecirid Machinery 35 LO6 0.9 135 1.16 863 Elecirical Machinery 36 0.73 0.81 0.60 053 373 Transportation Equipment 37 051 0.4 0.02 0.04 16 Measuring Instruments 38 * 159 389 Miscellaneous 39 029 0.02 031 1% 173

The above table also shows the number of persons employed in each of the manufacturing categories above. As can be seen, MiMin County has diversified its economy over the last few decades by introducing a number of new industries 1 including textiles, paper/allied products, rubber/miscellaneous plastics, and measuring instruments. Diversification is healthy because it insulates the community against I economic downswings in any particular sector of the economy. In 1976, the top four manufacturing industries in Mifflin County employed about 78% of the people working in manufacturing. Twelve years later, the top four industries accounted for I only 52% of the manufacturing employment, as shown in the following table: INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT CONCENTRATION 1976 1W SIC Employment SIC Employment I I

Source: Mifflin County Industrial Development Corporation.

It can be assumed that much of the County's future growth in employment will be in the service sector, paralleling state and national trends.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan N. Demographic, Housing and bnomic Studies - 61 MAJOR EMPLOYERS I The following table shows major employers in all non-farm sectors in Mifnin County ranked by number of employees, as of 1993. These employers represent basic as well as non-basic industries and services: 1 I

2 Standardsteel steel products 900 I 3 Ford New Holland, Inc agricultural machinery 700 4 SCottysFashions apparel 680 I 5 MifflinCountyschools educaw services 660 6 OverheadDoor metal building products 575 I 7 LewistownspecialtyYarns textiles 456 8 EchcAJltrasound (Interspec, Inc) ultrasonic equipment 360 I 9 MaslandIndustries automotive carpetint! 335 Sanyo Audio Manufaduring (USA) stereo equipment 303 I Trinity Packaging Corporation PWC 280 Krautkramer Branson ultrasonic equipment 223 I I building products I 170 I 15 countyofMjf€lin government services 150 16 Marlette Homes, inc manufactured housing 150 17 Valley View Haven personal care facility 150 18 OhessonManor personal care facility l38

20 WhPennNursing personal care facility 122 21 Guardian Industries Corporation glass fabrication 120 22 Russell National Bank financial services 107

-Source: MCIDC, June, 1993.

Although Standard Steel is the largest industrial employer in the County, with 900 employees producing steel products, the medical and personal care industries represented by the Lewistown Hospital and three nursing homes employ an even greater number of persons (1365) engaged in providing medical services and personal care. The hospital and two of the three nursing homes are located in Deny

62 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Township. County government and the school district employ another 810 persons, with the school district administrative offices, the high school, and three elementary schools located in Deny Township. Of the remaining industries on the kt, only the Allensville Planing Mill is located (in part) in Deny Township. Hartley’s Potato Chips represents the only other industrial employer of note in the Township. Thus, a large proportion of the Township’s work force is engaged in providing services rather than products. However, to the extent that these services are provided to people who live outside the Township, such as Lewistown Hospital and Mifllin County Commons shopping center, which have regional markets, such services function as I basic industries by bringing outside money into the Township. LABOR FORCE CHARACIERISII€€

I Employment and labor statistics reveal that, in 1990,75% of Deny Township’s labor force was employed by private enterprise, 9% by private nonprofit organizations, 10% by the government, and 6% are self-employed. Of these, 36% are engaged in I manufacturing, nearly 18% in retail and wholesale trade, and nearly 10% in services. The remaining 29% of those who are employed are engaged in agriculture, forestxy, construction, transportation, finance, insurance and real estate. The following tables I illustrate this data: I Employed Persons 16 Years & Over

Government SOU- ullpaid Private Private Employed Fdb Companies Nonprofii hid State Federal Workers Workers

Deny Township 2,464 309 265 32 22 193 18

Mifflin County 14,493 1,609 1,213 487 191 191 253 I I/ 1990 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE CHARACIXRISTICS II Services Retail & Wholesale Manufacturing Unemployca I I I I I I -led I Deny Township 9.6% 17.8% 36.WO 6.7% 6.8% I Mifflin County 10.4% 18.1% 315% 6.7% 5.4% The Township had a fairly high unemployment rate of 6.7% in 1990, the same as that I for the County, and exceeding the Statewide rate of 6%. More recent information available from-the-Mifflin County Industrial -Development-Corporation shows an even higher unemployment rate for the County in 1992 of lo%, paralleling a rise in I unemployment Statewide to approximately 8%. These high area unemployment rates are no doubt responsible in part for the lack of population growth in recent decades I in the Township and County. The disabled, both employed and unemployed, account for 6.8% of the total labor force in Deny Township, as compared with 5.4% for the County and 43% for the State. The high disability rate may be related to the Township’s aging population.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Ekonomic Studies - 63 I INDUSTRIAL LAND SITING I In order to attract basic industrial uses to the Township which could provide needed stimdus to the area's economy, it is important to carefully plan for the siting and other needs of potential incoming industry. Industrial development requires large, flat I or nearly flat sites with soils having good load-bearing qualities. However, merely designating such areas on the comprehensive plan map will do little by itself to attract industry. Other factors such as the availability of public sewer, water and other I utilities, and railroad or major road access, as well as prevailing wage scales, the local cost of living, land prices, utility rates and tax levels also influence the selection of sites. Resource-based industries must be near their raw materials sources, and I proximity to other suppliers and markets is often an important consideration. Increasingly, industries are attracted to mmmunities which are perceived to have a high quality of life, meaning an area with an adequate housing supply, freedom from I deterioration and blight, high quality schools and other public facilities and services.

No formulas are proposed to compute the need for industrial lands within Derry I Township in the future. Instead, lands which are allocated for industrial use will be sufficient to assure a balance among all land uses. Because the Township is currently somewhat deficient in lands in industrial use, special emphasis will be given to I providing a variety of carefully selected adequately-sized sites to meet future needs.

Increasingly, communities which are serious about attracting industry are creating I industrial parks. Industrial parks provide advantageous locations because they are designed to meet the requirements of modem industries. While lands planned and zoned for industrial use may not necessarily be placed on the market for that use, I lands within industrial parks are clearly available for industrial use. A second advantage is that all necessary public services, facilities and utilities can be in place, providing a real incentive to incoming industry. Finally, a good-sized industrial park I can accommodate a variety of types and sizes of plants, providing maximum flexibility as well as the opportunity to site interdependent plants together. I COMMERCIAL LAND Sl"G I Commercially-planned land should be conveniently accessible to the public and located in areas of concentrated development. The Plan should provide for retail stores, personal services, commercial services, offices, and wholesale sales and distribution. I Retail development ranges in scale from regional shopping centers to comer groceries. Derry Township has one regional shopping center and two community shopping centers, all in close proximity to each other. There appears to be a need for more I neighborhood shopping centers and comer.groceries -insloser proximity to the places people live, and not along or near Electric Avenue. I No formulas are proposed to compute the need for commercial lands in the future for the Township. Instead, lands which are allocated for commercial use will be sufficient to assure a balance among all land uses. Special attention should be made I in siting future commercial uses to minimizing traffic congestion by encouraging shared and secondq access together with compact development forms. Special attention I

64 - N. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I should also be made to assure that the development of new commercial areas does not result in the deterioration and abandonment of existing commercial areas.

According to the Mifflin County Industrial Development Corporation (MCIDC), market accessibility makes Mifflin County a good location for any business involved in the manufacture and distrhtion of goods for retail consumers and industrial users. The County has convenient access to major markets and suppliers in much of the United States and Canada. Specifically, within a Wmile radius are found:

Over half of the US. and Canadian population 55% of the Nation’s personal income Over half of the U.S. retail sales 66% of the Nation’s industrial output 12 of the top 25 U.S. metropolitan retail markets 19 U.S. metropolitan areas with populations of one million or more 32 of the top 50 U.S. metropolitan industrial markets I Major interstate highways, including 80, 81, 83 and the PA Turnpike are within 60 minutes of the County. The Conrail mainline and secondary lines serve the County. The County airport is readily accessible and the airports at Harrisburg and State College are within 90 minutes and 45 minutes, respectively.

I Furthermore, companies can reach across the State’s and the nation’s borders into the world market. According to a study by the U. S. Commerce Department’s International Trade Administration, Pennsylvania ranks eighth nationally in exports of manufactured products. Access to the Atlantic Ocean ports in Baltimore and Philadelphia is three hours driving time.

The country‘s largest industrial port, Philadelphia, is the only major East Coast port providing both north-south and east-west mainline highway-rail-water service in the nation. Two major rail systems, two terminal railroads and switching lines provide service. Over 70 overseas steamship agents, lines and companies are available while 14 others provide coast-wide, Caribbean and Puerto %can service.

Modem terminals handle all types of cargo in Mifflin County. Truck lines connect to all commercial centers in the nation. Overnight truck movement is commonly I accommodated within a radius of 400 miles. In addition, Port Erie is an international link and part-of-the Buffalo-Gateway and of vitalimportance to rail and highway I traffic in the U. S. and Canada. FUTURE OPIlONS

I According to Mr. Robert Postal, MCIDC’s Executive Director, Deny Township is most likely to be able to attract medium-sized industries employing between 100 and 300 persons each. Such industries could utilize the area’s semi-skilled to skilled work force. These industries might require in the vicinity of 15 acres each and occupy

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan N. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 65 I approximately 100,OOO square feet of floor area apiece. Industrial development in the Township could take two forms. One would be expansions or spin-Offs from exktkg I industries. Another would be completely new industries. Industries which would be particularly well-suited to the area because of other like industq or the availability of raw materials or other supplies, according to Mr. Postal, include those which I produce measuring instruments, plastics, wood products and furniture. Another strategy for improving the health of the local economy is to utilize what is I known as ‘import substitution” to determine what goods and services the Township could produce or provide that are now being imported, or for which people now go elsewhere. This strategy seeks to retain more economic activity within the local I community by curtailing the leakage of consumer dollars out of the community. For example, energy conservation and alternative energy sources are important in keeping money in a community. Since most communities import their electricity, gasoline and I natural gas, conservation efforts and the development of solar, wind and other local alternative energy sources can result in substantial savings and boost the local economy. I

Finally, the Township’s central and strategic location has enabled it to function as a regional center with a regional market in the provision of medical services and I regional shopping facilities. This role could be expanded, with the Township providing other regional facilities, such as a convention center or performing arts center for the larger region. This would bring additional dollars into the Township’s economy. I FUNDING PROGRAMS I There are a number of fun- tools Deny Township might offer to attract and keep industry and businesses in the Township. Some of these tools can be used directly by existing or incoming industries or businesses through the MCIDC, while others I would involve the Township’s participation. Some of these funding tools are as follows: I An Enterprise Zone is a special designation granted to certain areas by the federal or state government, based on the area’s economic need. Within an enterprise Zone, I many types of government controls are removed or relaxed to stimulate business activities. Financial incentives, such as abatement of local property taxes for a specified amount of time, can be used to support economic revitahation projects, such I as infrastructure and building facade improvement, adaptive reuse of historic buildings, and expansion of existing businesses. This program is administered by the PA Department of Community Affairs. I Tax Increment Financing can be used to provide incentives for development in areas that are considered blighted and would not be expected to receive adequate private I investment to spur growth and economic development. In tax increment financing, the difference between tax revenues prior to development and revenues generated after development is considered the incremental tax, and is used to pay for project I costs. I

66 - IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I Inw-Interest bans and other financing is available for industrial enterprises and I businesses through the PA Industrial Authority arm of the PA Department of Commerce.

Community Development Corporations, or CDCs, are neighborhood-based, nonprofit development organizations whose purpose is to provide affordable housing and revitalize deteriorated neighborhoods. CDCs are public-private partnerships that involve communities themselves, residents and developers. Funding comes from a variety of government, foundation, private and corporate sources.

SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NEEDS In order for Deny Township to attract and keep needed industrial and commercial I uses to stimulate the economy, the following recommendations are made: I I I I

I I I I I I

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IV. Demographic, Housing and Economic Studies - 67 I

V. EXISTING LAND USE I I I I ne very important element of this Plan is the inventorying of the Township’s existing 0land uses. The historical identification of land use activities provides periodic gauging of development trends within the Township. The character of existing land uses provides I insight to the types and amount of land uses that are desired by the public or have particular market demand. Finally, existing land use studies and associated mapping provide valuable assistance in the identification of appropriate future development areas. All of I these considerations are fundamental to the formulation of a future land use scheme and regulatory policies that respond to the Township’s goals and objectives. I To provide a detailed land use inventory, a property-by-property windshield survey of the Township was conducted over a three-day period in June, 1993. This information was supplemented by the use of aerial photography to delineate significant stands of woodlands I and farmland. Because of the Township’s rugged, wooded terrain and many difficult-to- access land parcels, it was not possible to visually inspect some of the more isolated land parcels to determine the presence of development. Aerial photography and USGS I topographic maps were used in these cases in an attempt to verify the presence of development. While County tax records can be a good source for verifying existing land uses, in WinCounty these records are both too generalized and too difficult to cross- I reference to be useful to this process. An additional difficulty encountered in undertaking the existing land use inventory was the apparent inaccuracy of a number of the parcel lines I on the base map as recorded from County tax maps. This made the interpretation of the presence of development on a given lot as opposed to an adjoining lot sometimes difficult. Finally, an apparent time lag between the recording of deeds for new parcels and the I reflection of those new parcels on County tax maps together with the lack of subdivision records means that recently-created parcels may not show up on the Existing Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map. Where development has occurred, however, it was assumed that I new parcels have been created, and the likely location of parcel lines has been estimated. I Despite the unavailability--of complete -information,.the. Existing -Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map displays a high degree of accuracy by reflecting the vast majority of existing land uses on a property-by-property basis in the Township. I

Deny Township is characterized by distinctive and rugged topography, including mountainous terrain along its northwestern and southeastern boundaries and a series of parallel ridges and I valleys in between. Bisecting these ridges and valleys is the Kishacoquillas Creek Valley, which has come to be the major developed area in Deny Township, lying as it does adjacent to Lewistown and Burnham Boroughs. Development has also moved into the other valleys I

68 - V. Existing Land Use Deny Township Comprchensive Plan I which lie between the ridges. This development extends in a linear fashion along the major roads in those areas.

Deny Township has a great variety of existing land uses within its boundaries, from urban in the Yeagertown and Highland Park areas, to suburban in nearby subdivisions to rural in the valleys and wooded areas. Woodlands constitute approximately half the land area of the Township and agriculture remains a strong presence.

A. AGRICULTURE

The Township’s largest and most unspoiled agricultural area is the Dry Valley area in the east-central part of the Township. This area is underlain by a predominance of prime agricultural soils and soils of Statewide significance. Very little development has intruded on the area and farm ownerships are still large. Other major areas of agricultural production, also underlain by fertile soils, include the nearby valley north of Vira and the area around the County farm, just east of Lewistown. The primary agricultural activity in the Township is dajine. with corn and soybean production major crops.

The lack of effective agricultural zoning in the Township together with spreading development patterns could endanger the Township’s remaining agriculture. The I farmland along Green Avenue Extension near Ohesson Manor, in particular, is likely to become increasingly subject to development pressure because of its close proximity I to Lewistown Borough.

B. SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL

Single-family residential uses include single-family detached dwellings and mobile homes on individual lots. Concentrations of single-family residential uses may be found in Lewistown Heights, Glenwood, Highland Park, Pleasant Acres, Yeagertown, Mount Rock, Woodland and Maitland. These areas are located primarily close in to Burnham and Lewistown Boroughs, but also along major roads running east through the Township’s valleys. Highland Park and Yeagertown, with their higher densities and mix of uses, constitute communities unto themselves, with a “town” feel to them.

Mobile homes comprise a sigrdicant proportion of the residential units in the Township in the outlying areas, and are also found in the older residential areas of Lewistown -Heights,-Highland -Park and-Yeagertown.

About one-third of the Township’s housing was built before 1940. Most of the older housing is in the Yeagertown area. This area and the Highland Park and Lewistown Heights areas are characterized by smaller lots and grid street patterns. Newer residential development tends to be more suburban, on larger lots and with curvilinear streets and cul-de-sacs.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan V. Existing Land Use - 69 I C. MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL I Multi-family residential includes development at higher densities, including single-family attached units, duplexes, townhouses, multi-family dwellings and mobile home parks. During the last few decades, multi-family housing has become a vital part of the I nation’s housing stock Deny Township, too, has experienced an increased reliance on this form of residential development. I The primary types of multi-family residences found in Deny Township include single- family attached units and mobile home parks. Single-family attached units are found in Yeagertown and Highland Park, while the Township’s three major mobile home I parks, ranging in size between 17 and 43 units, are found along the Juniata River, and along PA 522 in Glenwood, and near the kturTownship line. I There are very few multi-family structures of three or more units in the Township. Those that do exist are located in Highland Park, Yeagertown and Mount Rock There are few conversion apartments in the Township. Two nursing/retirement I homes are located in Highland Park and just east of Lewistown. I D. COMMERCIAL

The commercial land use category includes retail stores, personal services, commercial I services, offices, and wholesale sales and distribution. There is a heavy concentration of commercial uses in Highland Park and, to a lesser degree, in Yeagertown and off I U.S. 22 south of Lewistown. Together with commercial development along Electric Avenue in Bumhm Borough and nearby development in hwistown Borough, this has resulted in a more-or-less continuous linear strip of commercial uses along the I Kishacoquillas Valley from the northern end of the Township to its southern end. This resultant corridor of strip commercial development is a product of the proximity of the two boroughs, major road access and area topography, which funnels traffic into I the Kishacoquillas Valley.

The commercial uses along this corridor are primarily highway commercial in I orientation, and include car sales, restaurants, medical clinics and a variety of other uses. Yeagertown Plaza and Greater Lewistown Plaza are two community shopping centers along this corridor, and the newly-built MiMin County Commons is a regional I shopping center for the area.

Smaller-scale commercial uses may be found scattered across the entire Township, I many of them apparent rural-occupations which began in- residences or garages and evolved to be the dominant use of the property. I E. INDUSTRIAL I The industrial land use category includes manufacturing and warehousing. There are only a handful of industrial uses within the Township. These include the Allensville I Planing Mill off the Kish Pike; Hartley Potato Chips in Maitland; Krentzman Salvage

70 - V. Ewisting Land Use Deny Township Comprchensiw Plan I at the Decatur Township line; and R k Marker and Sons Steel Erection, Glenco Construction Services and Keystone Highlift, all on PA 522 in the Glenwood area Several small machine shops, warehouses, asphalt batching operations and salvage operations may be found scattered across the Township, a number apparently cottage industries in conjunction with residences. Some of these cottage industrial uses are in residential neighborhoods and have the potential to create conflicts for adjoining residences.

F. QUARRY A limestone quarry operation is located in the Glenwood area off Parcheytown Road. I The quarry is largely mined and is now only occassionally utilized. I G. CONSERVATION This category includes State Game Lands, woodlands, steep slopes and floodplains. Specifically, these lands are found primarily along the flanks of Jacks and Shade Mountains, and also along the several ridges within the Township.

H. PUBLIC I The public land use category includes public as well as semi-public and nonprofit uses. These include public and private schools, municipal offices, government buildings and structures, utility holdings, railroads, fire and police stations, hospitals, I churches, cemeteries, public parklands, civic buildings and any other similar uses. The largest public use in the Township is the Lewistown Hospital. There is also a I high school, three elementary schools and a school administration building. Other public uses include the Township municipal building, tax office, three fire companies, and a senior center. Recreation uses include the Township Community Park, Deny I Football Field, Meadowfield Playground, and Yeagertown Hilltop Playground. There is also the County's solid waste disposal site and a Tri-County mental health/retardation center. Finally, the Township includes a number of churches and I cemeteries, a fraternal lodge and a public utility. I I I

Deny Township Compxhensive Plan V. Existing Land Use - 71 I I I I I he preparation of a comprehensive plan should always consider and, if possible, T complement planning policies in effect in adjoining communities. At a minimum, planned land uses along a municipality's boundaries should be compatible with planned land I uses in adjoining municipalities. The Existing Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map depicts the planned land uses in those municipalities that adjoin Deny Township. I A. LEWISTOWN BOROUGH I Lewistown Borough adjoins Deny Township to the southwest, where the two municipalities share an extended boundary. The Lewktown Borough comprehensive Plan was adopted in 1990 and provides up-to-date information and mapping in a wide I variety of planned land uses adjoining Derry Township. Because Lewistown Borough is mostly developed, planned land uses largely reflect existing development patterns. I Areas planned for Low Density Residential include lands adjacent to the South Hills, south of Memorial Cemetery, and north of Jacks Creek Road, as well as lands north of Lewistown Heights, east of Parcheytown Road, and near the Granville Township I boundary. Lands planned for Medium Density Residential are located west of Lewistown Heights, north of East Walnut Street, on Valley Street, and on North I Walnut Street. A single High Density Residential area reflects existing uses west of Lewistown Heights. Two areas planned for Commercial use reflect existing uses and are found on Valley Street and north of Lewistown Heights. An Industrial-planned I area reflecting existing Industrial use is located west of Lewistown Heights. Public/Semi-Public planning has been applied to the Borough's cemeteries along its boundaries, while Recreation/Conservation planning has been applied to parkland and I areas of floodplain or steep slopes. I B. BURNHAM BOROUGH

Burnham Borough is completely surrounded by Derry Township and so shares an I extensive boundary with it. The Bumliam Borough Comprehensive Plan of 1972 is implemented by zoning adopted in 1978. That zoning reflects Low Density Residential planning along the entire eastern boundary of the Borough, from I Ewardtown Road to Parcheytown Road, as well as in the Highland Park area from Electric Avenue to Cedar Street. Commercial planning has been applied to the area I east of Electric Avenue to the railroad tracks, as well as north of Cedar Street to the I 72 - VI. Adjacent and Regional Planning Deny Township Comprehensive Plan railroad tracks across from Yeagertown Plaza. Industrial planning occupies the northern portion of the Borough, from the railroad tracks across from Yeagertown Plaza, to Ewardtown Road, as well as from the railroad tracks at the southern end of the Borough east to Parcheytown Road. Again, because the Borough is largely developed, planned land uses largely reflect existing development patterns.

I C. FERMANAGH TOWNSHIP, JUNIATA COUNTY

Fermanagh Township adjoins Deny Township along its southeastern border in the I vicinity of Shade Mountain The Femanagh Township Comprehensive Plan was adopted in 1972. The Comprehensive Plan shows Forest planning along the boundary 1 with Deny Township. I D. MIFFLIN COUNTY None of the townships adjoining Deny Township have adopted comprehensive plans, and only one (Brown) has a zoning ordinance. Therefore, to ascertain likely future i uses along the boundaries of these municipalities, Mifflin County’s adopted 1975 Comprehensive Plan was utilized. Mifflin County is presently in the process of 1 updating its Comprehensive Plan, but a draft Plan is not yet available for review. Decatur Township to the east is planned under the County’s 1975 Plan for I Forest/Steep Slope/State Land along much of its boundary with Derry Township. Smaller areas are planned for Primary Agriculture, Secondary Agriculture and I Industrial. Armagh and Brown Townships adjoin Derry Township to the north, with the crest of Jacks Mountain forming the boundary between these municipalities and Derry I Township to the south. The County’s Comprehensive Plan designates the land within both townships along this boundary for Forest/Steep Slope/State Land. Development I in this area would further be seriously constrained by the presence of steep slopes. Granville Township adjoins Derry Township to the southwest and is currently in the process of developing its first comprehensive plan and zoning ordinance. County I planning for lands adjoining Deny Township include mostly Primary Agriculture, Secondary Agriculture and Low Density Residential to the west, and Forest/Steep I Slope/State Land across the Juniata River to the south. I E. PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL SECURITY AREA An Agricultural Security Area is an area of at least 500 acres of farmland identified I by farm owners and township supervisors to secure the future of farming and agricultural industry. Derry Township currently has 2,996 acres of land in 16 farms enrolled in Agricultural Security Areas, all in the Dry Valley area (see Existing Land Use and Adjacent Planning Map).

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VI. Adjacent and Regional Planning - 73 I The main goal of Agricultural Security Areas is to help slow urban development pressure exerted upon highly agriculturally productive areas. To carry out this goal, I three policies are administered by the Township, as follows: The Township Supervisors agree to support agriculture by not passing laws which I restrict normal farming operations or structures; The condemnation of farmland by a government in the Agricultural Security Area I must first be approved by the State Agricultural Lands Condemnation Approval Board to determine if alternative sites are available for condemnation; and, I The farmland preservation options offered by the Agricultural Preserve Board are available to qualified farm owners in an Agricultural Security Area For example, only a farm owner in an Agricultural Security Area may be eligible to receive I cash for permanently preserving his farm with a conservation easement. The Mi€flin County Board of Commissioners has appointed an Agricultural Preserve I Board which is now in the process of setting up an easement program for the County. It is anticipated that the program will receive State approval by mid-1994, after which it will be qualified to receive State funding for local easement purchases. I

Deny Township farmers and officials should be commended for their efforts to preserve the agricultural heritage of the Township. Local farmers will soon have the I opportunity to participate in the County's new easement purchase program. I I 1 1 I I I I I

74 - VI. Adjacent and Regional Planning Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I VII. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES

~I A. SCHOOLS A high quality education is a widely-held objective for most of our society.

I Historically, school districts have forecast short-term future demands for school ~I facilities, enabling them to program additional building expansion, construction, consolidations and closures to meet forecasted demands. School district planning can have a direct affect on, as well as be affected by, the land use activities within an area. For instance, new or expanded schools may generate increased nearby ~' residential development, and school closures may contribute to the depopulation of 'I communities. At the same time, long-range municipal land use planning may designate new growth areas at some distance from existing or planned school facilities. All of these issues underlie the importance of coordinating school district and ~I municipal comprehensive planning processes to assure that existing and future schools and planned community growth OCCUT hand-in-hand. I To gain an understanding of the educational facilities and programs available within Deny Township, an interview was conducted on August 18, 1993, with Dr. Robert Bohn, Superintendent of the Mifflin County School District. The Mifflin County I School District includes all of Deny Township as well as most of Mifflin County, excluding Wayne Township and Newton Hamilton and Kistler Boroughs. The School District is governed by a nine-member school board whose membership is elected at I large, and seme rotating four-year terms. I Presently, the School District employs the following grade format: Elementary School K-5 Middle School 6-8 I High School 9-12

I In addition to the normal curricula, the School District provides facilities, programs and services for its special education students. In addition, high school students of all grades may attend a half-day program at the Juniata-Mifflin Area Vocational- I Technical School. I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMces - 75 I Deny Township is served by three elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. The three elementary schools and the high school are located in Deny I Township, while the middle school is located in Armagh Township. The Highland Park and East Derry elementary schools serve central and east Deny I Township, respectively, as well as neighboring Decatur Township to the east. The Deny School serves the Yeagertown area in northern Derry Township as well as part of Lewistown Borough to the south. Indian Valley Middle School in Armagh I Township as well as Indian Valley High School in the Highland Park area of Derry Township serve the entire northern and eastern portions of Mifflin County. Those schools which are located within Derry Township are identified on the Public Facilities I and Services Map.

The following table and graph describe the elementary schools which serve Deny I Township: I 1 Deny 1936 1989 Good K-5 363 1Z East Deny 1%2 - Excellent K-5 360 256 I ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS CAPACITY VS. ENROLLMENT I (1993-1994) I 1000 ...... 800 I ...... 600 ...... 400 1 200 I 0 HIGHLAND PARK DERRY EAST DERRY I CAPACITY ENROLLMENT - I I As the preceding table and graph reveal, 1993-94 enrollments at all elementary schools serving Deny Township are well within the rated capacities of these schools. I The Derry Elementary School appears to be underutilized and able to accommodate I 76 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I significant additional numbers of students. According to Township officials, children I living in Yeagertown nearest this school are bused elsewhere. The school District projects that existing school facilities should be adequate to meet projected growth to at least the year 2003. The District also has the ability to adjust attendance areas if I needed to accommodate any unforseen growth. There are presently no plans for any new construction, renovation or school closures. I The following table and graph demi the middle and high schools sewing Deny Township’s students: I ~I Indian Valley M. S. 1952 1962 Fair 68 909 a50 Indian Valley H. S. 1958 - Good e12 lzsl 897 II MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLS CAPACITY VS. ENROLLMENT I (1993-1994)

I ...... ______I ‘I

I INDIAN VALLEY M.S. INDIAN VALLEY H.S. ‘I - CAPACITY ENROLLMENT I The preceding table and graph indicate that the middle school is nearing capacity, but !I that there remains a comfortable margin of excess capacity at the high school. According to - Dr. -Bohn,--there-are no plans to -expand -the-middle school in the near I future. Over the last several years and as a result of a 1986-88 School District Comprehensive Plan proposing a reorganization and consolidation of the District’s I I school system, several schools within the District have been closed, and two within Derry Township have undergone renovation. In part, this has been a response to a slight loss in population County-wide since 1980, as well as to shifts in population I among the various municipalities the District serves.

~ ~~ i Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMccs - 7 I The reorganization and consolidation is also intended to provide more modern facilities and increased educational opportunities for students, as well as greater efficiency from an administrative viewpoint. The closure of schools has not always I been popular with parents, however. The School District intends to develop its next comprehensive plan in 1994-95, and thereafter at six-year intervals. I Currently, all schools within Deny Township, excepting East Deny Elementary School, are served with public sewer and water. East Deny utilizes a private sewer treatment I system and well water. The supply of water is good at the site, and regular testing for well water quality show good results as well. H-, the upimam hxdm lers thanonemileawayofapvbmI'nmcsbiPIsitewithattendanthau.mhs~ I W?ltaminationundimmmtheimpovtance of regular Mlterqrcalify testing ofthe sXhx.dS well water qYp& I I 1 I I I I I I B. PARKS AND RECREATION The planning for both passive and active recreation opportunities is an important I component of any-comprehensive-planning effort. --Recreation. planning seeks to determine the level of demand for recreation facilities and programs, and where needed parks and recreation facilities should be located. Finally, certain widely used I procedures for the acquisition of parklands via dedication/fee-in-lieu thereof subdivision requirements are only legally defensible if they seek to implement legithate and logical recreation goals and objectives. For these various reasons, the I following recreation analysis is offered. I

78 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I FACILITIES INVENTORY

The first step in a recreation analysis is an inventory of existing recreation facilities serving the Township’s residents. The inventory on the following pages is a series of tables which lists all identified recreation sites and their improvements within Deny Township. This inventory is presented in tabular form indicting the site name, the site’s map number corresponding to the Parks and Recreation Map the site’s ownership and maintenance responsibilities, the site type, and its total recreation acreage.

Following this is a specific list of recreation improvements illustrating the types and quantity of such improvements at each site. This list is broken out under several major subheadings, including playgrounds, fields and courts, picnic facilities, pools, trails and support facilities. A final section at the bottom of the table allows for comments concerning a particular site, or the listing of any additional improvements. This inventory was compiled through a windshield survey together with interviews with the Derry Township municipal office and the Mi€flin County School District.

The Parks and Recreation Map utilizes the information from the inventory to illustrate the geographic distribution of all recreation sites within the Township, including their types, and service radii for public-owned facilities. Recreation experts often classify parks into four distinct categories based upon their size, service population and intended use. The standards used below are those of the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). Those parks located within the Township I are discussed by type as follows. 1. Regional Parks

I Regional parks are generally 100+ acres in size and are meant to serve a regional market, such as a county. Regional parks are usually located within a I one-half to one hour’s driving time from the population served. Generally, these parks will have a natural orientation with hiking, hunting, camping, and picnicking facilities. Other activity-oriented facilities might also be included. Due to the rural character of the region in which the Township is located, an abundance of State parklands, forest lands and game lands are readily available to all residents. Within an hour’s driving time from Derry Township are the following regional public recreation facilities:

Recreational Fecility Municipality Recreational Facility Municipality

I Alan Seegar Natural Area Huntingdon Co. Poe Valley St. Pk. Centre Co.

Bald Eagle St. Forest Armagh/Decatur Twps. Reeds Gap St. Pk. Armagh Twp. I GRenwmd Furnace St. Pk. Huntingdon Co. St. Game Lands No. 113 Granville/Oliver Twps. Little Buffalo St. Fk Peny Co. Tuscarora St. Forest Mifllin/Juniata co6 I Penn Rasewelt S. F. Picnic Am Centre Co. Whipple Dam St. Pk Huntingdon Co. I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 79 I I I

I I

Outdoor Pools 1 $ IndoorPools Wading Pools 1 Bathhouse 1 1 (unmaintained) 1 (1 mi.)

1 cc Measured Path I Parkin S ces J J Rest Rooms 3 sets J I Water Fountains 1 J 2 Snack Bar 1 2 Waste Receptacles / J Bike Rack 1 Signs I 1 Other/Comments 11 hunting I* track bird-watching gymnasium fshing art mom skiing music mom library

80 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Derry Township Comprehensive Plan FACILITIES INVENTORY

Q SrnNAME Deny Football Fitd Meadoarfield Playground Lewistowa Reg. w.plt 5 MAPNUMBER 4 5 6 2 OWNERSHIP & MMNTDWNCE Deny M. 8 LmJismwn Eomgh 8 SITETYPE Community Facility Community Facility Community Park u SlTEmNDrnoN Good Good Good 4 m TUTAL ACREWE (D-PD) 5.6 3.3 26 2 (4) 2 v1 1 1 s 2

PI

Baseball/Softball Fields 1 softball 3 ball fields Soccer/Hockey Fields 3 (1 w/bleachers) 5 Football Fields 1 8 Basketball Courts (hoops) 2 (4) 4 Tennis Courts 3 VJ Volleyball hurts Racquetball & Handball Courts

I Shuffleboard Courts Pavilions 3 5, Total Picnic Tables 14 2 Barbecue Pits G~~IIS Benches 12 Outdoor Pools 1 I 2 Indoor Pools 2 Wading Pools 1 Bathhouse 1 Hiking/Joping Trails (length) 1 Biking Trails (length 2 Fitness Trails (no. 0: stations) 4 c1 Measured Path Parking Spaces 4 c1 Rest Rooms 4 er: Water Fountains 4 8 Snack Bar 2 Waste Receptacles 4 Bike Rack 2 Signs I

Other/Comments boat acces6 ball fields w/bleachers, dugouts, scorrbds. (1 lit) baby swings (4) gliders (6) If*Deny Township/Mifflin County Church Softball League

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMvices - 81 I FACILITIES INVENTORY fi -NAME Lcwistown Arca H. S. EastDeWES. Deny E S. I 5 MAPNIJMBW 7 8 9 8 OwNwSHlP&~cE Mifflin Co. S. D. MiiCo. S D. Mifflin Co. S. D. SITEWE Community Facility Neighborhood Facility Neighborhood Facility 5t I CJ SITECONDmON Good Good Good 2 TOTAL ACREAM (DBVELOPED) 25 3 5 2 (14) 1 (4) I 4 2 1 2 1 I 2

3 I 1 2 8 1 I Baseball/Softball Fields 1 b-ball; 2 s-ball 1 softball Soccer/Hockey Fields 1 w 3 Football Fields 1 I 8 Basketball Courts (hoops) indoor 1 (2) (3) (5) a Tennis Courts 8 3 Volleyball courts I 8 Racquetball & Handball Courts iz Boccie B~IIcourts Shuffleboard Courts I I I I I I I

Other/Comments 2 gymnasiums multipurpose room multipurpose mom I library music room 2 art rooms music mom I

82 - VII. Public Facilities and SeMces Derry Township Comprehensive Plan 8 Q SnaNMca

Mif€lin Co. S. D. a. I Neighborhood Park Nciiborhood Facility Neighborhood Park u SrlECONDmON Good Good Fair 4 Pp TOTAL ACREAGE (DBVELOPFD) I Swing Sets (swings) Sliding Boards 'I m Climbing Equipment 1 1 4 2 Sand l3oxes Rocking Toys 1 4 Big Toys 1 w/2 swings Hopscotch Four-Square 2 Baseball/Softball Fields 1 baseball 1 baseball 41 Soccer/Hockey Fields 1 5 Football Fields 8 Basketball Courts (hoops) 1 (2) (4) 4 Tennis Courts 8 VoIIeybaII courts :c;l Racquetball & Handball Courts k Boccie Ball Courts Shuffleboard Courts 1 15 2 4 2 4 2

3 Indoor Pools

f

Hiking/JogginR Trails (length) Biking Trails (IenHh 2 Fitness Trails (no. 0: stations) Measured Path Parking Spaces d d

~ Rest Rooms d Water Fountains 4 0 Snack Bar 4 2 Waste Receptacles d d d Bike Rack 1 1

Other/Comments 2 gliders outdoor fitness stone arch bridge 1 (4) baby swings library center grassyarea ZII tire swing

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 83 I INDOOR FACILITIES INVENTORY ATI'ACHMEN" I sm NAME YMCA Deny Tkp. Senior Center MAP NUMBER 13 14 I

SmTYPE Commercial/Private Community Facility

Gymnasium 2

Full Basketball Court 1

Swimming Pool

Diving Pool

Locker Rooms

Weight Room 1

Wrestling Room 1 Multipurpose Room 1 I Auditorium (no. of seats) I Music Room Gymnastics Room (equipment) 3 I Library Meeting Room 1 I Indoor Track

Dark Room

Planetarium

Computer Lab

Industrial Arts

Other/Comments racquetball courts shuffleboard aerobics/fitnw center crafts cards

84 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Deny Township itself contains one regional recreational facility - State Game Lands 107, 760 acres of which is located in the eastern comer of the Township. This site offers residents close-to-home, nature-based passive recreation I opportunities, including hiking, hunting, bird-watching, fishing and skiing. Mifflin County owns no regional parkland; its only park is the 1.7-acre Stone Arch Bridge Park in the southwestern comer of Deny Township, which offers I passive recreational use. The County currently has no regional parks plan. shosrld M@En cosmty develop such aplrPs Dary Tdcould Mer an wkxatihforaqiodpCplkwhich couldsavethe& I cbimty, andshould be cxmi&md insuch * I 2. CommunityParks The second park type is called the district or community-wide park. These parks generally contain 25+ acres. Community parks should be provided at the rate I of five to eight acres for each 1,OOO persons served. The recommended travel distance for residents served by a community park is one to two miles. These parks generally involve a fairly high level of improvement with multiple sets of I athletic fields and courts. Sometimes, swimming pools and indoor recreation centers are sited within these community-wide parks. Community parks may also include areas of natural or environmental quality for passive outdoor recreation, I such as walking, picnicking, bird-watching, etc.. Finally, large school sites (usually middle and senior high schools) have the facilities that qualify as community parks, and represent valuable recreation resources that can si&icantly enhance I the level of recreation services offered to a given area.

Within Derry Township, there is one community park and three other community I recreation facilities. The 45-acre Derry Township Community Park is located off Electric Avenue in the west central part of Derry Township, along the banks of I the Kishacoquillas Creek. This park includes a wealth of recreation amenities and improvements, including a swimming pool and some unusual features such as miniature golf, a fishing pond, camping, indoor theater and a stage area. I These unique features extend the usefulness of the park into the evening hours. The park's central location makes it conveniently accessible to a large proportion I of the Township's residents. The second community recreation' facility is the Indian Valley High School campus, located in Highland Park in the west central part of Derry Township. I Approximately 22 acres of the campus is developed in recreation facilities. The campus -contains a-number of playing -fields and courts as well as indoor I recreation facilities providing community-wide recreation opportunities. Additional community recreation facilities include the 3.3-acre Meadowfield Playground located north of Yeagertown, and the 5.6-acre Derry Football field I adjacent to the Yeagertown Hilltop Playground.

In addition, within neighboring Lewistown Borough there are two community I facilities which are utilized by Deny Township residents. Both of these facilities

I' Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 8s I are located on the eastern edge of the Borough adjacent to Deny Township. The &acre Lewistown Regional Recreational Park lies on the banks of the I Kishaqdas Creek and features a variety of amenities and improvements, including a swimming pool. I The Lewistown Area High School campm includes approximately 25 acres developed in recreation facilities. The campus contains a number of playing fields and courts as well as indoor recreation facilities providing community-wide I recreation opportunities. A YMCA with extensive indoor recreation facilities is located in Burnham I Borough. This facility serves Deny Township as well as Burnham Borough and is considered a private community recreation facility. Because Burnham Borough lacks any public community recreation land, its residents utilize Deny Township’s I public community recreation facilities. The close proximity of Deny Township, Burnham Borough and Lewistown Borough create a symbiotic relationship in which the residents of all three municipalities utilize the community recreation I facilities that both Deny Township and Lewistown Borough have to offer.

The following table identifies the community parkland which would be needed I to adequately serve Deny Township’s future population, considering only Township community parkland and Township residents: I PROJECTED DERRY TOWNSHIP COMMUNITY PARKLAND NEEDS I I 1990 7,929 76 40 to 63 l3 to 36 surplus 2ooo a285 76 41 to 66 10 to 35 surplus I 2010 4658 76 43 to 69 7 to 33 surplus I The foregoing table demonstrates that Deny Township is currently providing almost 10 acres per 1,OOO residents, and has more than sufficient acreage to meet I its community parkland needs for within the planning time-frame. All of the Township’s community parkland is centrally located and concentrated in population areas. I

To present a picture of the interrelatedness of parkland provision and utilization in the three-municipality area, the following table identifies the community I parkland which would be needed to adequately serve all three municipalities’ future populations, considering all their community parkland and residents: I I

86 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Cornprchcnsk Plan I PROJECJXD AREA COMMUNITY PARKLAND NEEDS I

1990 19,467 127 97 to 156 30 to (-29) I 2OOo 14195 127 91 to 146 36 to (-19) I 2010 14362 127 92 to 147 35 to (-20) +The 1991 Lewistown Borough Comprehensive Plan projects a @cant decrease each decade in the Borough‘s population. No population prqectionS are available for Burnbam Boroa therefore it was assumed that it would grow at the same projeded rate for Derry Tawnship (45% geometric I growth per decade).

I The above table shows that Deny Township and Lewistown Borough together provide about 6% acres of community parkland per 1,OOO residents for all three municipalities combined. This is adequate to provide for projected needs for all 1 three municipalities for within the planning time-frame. As is true for Deny Township’s community parkland, Lewistown Borough’s community parkland is also centrally located, and includes several Deny Township neighborhoods within its I service boundary. The location of the two municipalities’ community parkland is convenient to the majority of Township residents.

I Approximately two-thirds of Deny Township is within a community park seMce area. The only populated area which is not is the Maitland area. It is recommstdedthatlocalclfficialsmonitovcovnmuniry~- neadsinthisarc?u to~~theMofdemandfovthis~off~.shosJdas@@cant -of n/Mitirwml developpnart be proparad in the Maitland arq theR local 0- 0- wukineadto a4lliK?anddevelop luMimazconununrty panklandfovthis aml I I I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan MI. Public Facilities and Services - 87 I I 3. Neighborhood Parks I Neighborhood parks are the third park type identified by recreation experts. These parks are generally between one and ten acres in size and are meant to serve a population of up to 5,000 persons. The recommended seMce area for I these parks is a one-half mile radius. Neighborhood parks should be accessible by pedestrians and service areas should be bounded by major highways which cannot be readily crossed by children. As implied by the name, these parks are I intended to provide close-to-home areas for limited athletic activities, playgrounds, and passive pursuits. The location and sizing of neighborhood parks are often tied to decentralized elementary school sites that serve individual neighborhoods. I The NRPA recommends that one to two acres of public-owned land be devoted to neighborhood parks for each 1,OOO residents. I Derry Township’s neighborhood parks include its three elementary school sites, the Yeagertown Hilltop Playground, and the Stone Arch Bridge Park, totabg 21.5 acres. All of these sites are owned by the Mifflin County School District, I Derry Township or Mifflin county and are accessible to the public. Based on the recommended NRPA standards, Derry Township is calculated to I need the following amounts of neighborhood parkland as determined by the projected population:

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ I PROJECIED DEWY TOWNSHIP NEIGHBORHOOD PARKLAND NEEDS I J 1 I 1990 7929 215 8 to 16 6 to 14 surplus m w 215 8 to 16 5 to 14 surplus I 2010 8,658 215 9 to 17 5 to 13 surplus I Deny Township has more than sufficient acreage to meet its neighborhood parkland needs within the time-frame of this Plan. However, other factors suggest that additional neighborhood parks may be desirable. I

First, neighborhood parks are meant to provide close-to-home recreation opportunities. As noted above, the WArecommends that neighborhood parks I be located within one-half mile of those residents served. A community park can substitute for the need for a neighborhood park if it is located within one-half mile of the residents served. Most concentrations of population within Derry I Township are served by neighborhood parks or nearby community parks. However, some residential areas lie outside neighborhood park service boundaries and beyond one-half mile of community parks. I

88 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Derry Township Comprehensive Plan I A=v=e@Y-~by~pUZdSinahrdedhet2tVrrllq)tW??4-t ofGiiz~mwdmtdthe~~#MaitlandDqmdiqgonwhere~~ mtd development bplamrad to m,these alms lmd/bfJJasiblyoks rnqy be in dof- @- Except for these areas, the remainder of the I Township is mostly forested, agricultural or rural in character and does not present a sizeable demand for park facilities. I I GUIDELINES FOR NEIGHBORHOOD PAR"DS I I

2 Nmpub shoerld be sduatd so drat the bulk of the chiZhn 1 within the avw don't have to CnXT major raads to get to the* I I II

I

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan MI. Public Facilities and SeMces - 89 I I 1 I I I I I TOTAL IMPROVEMENT COSZS $I94141 I I I I I 4. Linear Parks I hear parks involve a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and uses. Generally, these facilities are long, narrow, and can run for miles on end. Hiking, biking and jogging are the primary orientation of such parks; however, other uses might I include snowmobiling,-cross-country-skiing,- horseback riding,-canoeing, etc. The NRPA does not recornend any minimum size per population for linear parks. Instead, it recognizes that these facilities are more dependent upon natural or I built corridors that can be easily transformed for such use. For example, stream valleys and their floodplains, abandoned railroad lines, and major utility rights-of- way provide ideal opportunities for the creation of effective linear parks. 1

Presently, there are no established linear parks within Derry Township. However, the Township contains several linear park opportunities that could enhance the I

90 - VII. Public Facilities and SeMces Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I recreational opportunities of local residents and Visitors alike. First are the banks I and floodplains of the lWmqui5 Ckek Deny Township owns several properties along the Creek, including the Community Park, Municipal Buildin& Senior Center and Meadowfield Playground, the presence of which would I facilitate the creation of one or more linear parks in this area. The Township is currently developing a linear path along the portion of the I Kishacoquillas Creek that lies adjacent to the Township Community Park. Township officials also feel that there is good potential for a linear park north of North Deny Avenue and between the abandoned Conrail line and the I Kishacoquillas Creek, to the Brown Township line. To this end, the Township rnight consider the purchase of the railroad right-of-way in this area. Such a linear park might also be connected with the adjacent Meadowfield Playground. i A final possibility for a linear park along the Kishacoquillas Creek lies adjacent to the Municipal Building and Senior Center.

I The second potential linear park area is the /iuriata Rivq its banks and floodplain The River forms the southern boundary of the Township and may contain areas worthy of linear park development combined with boating and 1 fishing access. However, access to the river is limited by residential development, a number of small ownerships and industrial uses.

I Other potential linear parks could be located along J;ackr czeek, particularly from Green Avenue Extension to Lewistown Borough, where such a linear facility could provide linkage with the Stone Arch Bridge Park. A linear park in the Maitland area adjacent to JacKs Creek could be part of a future community or another neighborhood park in this area. HwRun and Bz&s Run provide additional linear park possibilities for the Township, particularly where they traverse forested areas such as in Vira or south of West Freedom Avenue.

Finally, there is the potential for overland trails along the crests of Shade and Jacks Mountains. Informal segments of trails in these areas could be formalized through cooperation and negotiation with landowners.

One technique local officials can use to stimulate interest and creation of linear parks is incentive and/ or cluster zoning. This technique involves the award of a slight density bonuses for prescribed developer-provided facilities. For example, a five percent density bonus could be given to developers who coordinate a hiking-biking linear park through their developments as part of a larger trail comdor.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 91 I This strategy has the added benefit of bringing the recreation facility to the 'doorstep" of the users, rather than having the user travel to the facility. By I encouraging future developments to set aside linear strips of land within the neighborhoods, these hiking/ biking paths can be conveniently accessible to an area's residents, and be used for access to schools, parks, and other activity 1 centers. The operation and maintenance of hear facilities created in such a manner I should be legally stipulated at the outset of a density bonus proposal. Oftentimes municipalities wish to have such facilities dedicated under which they assume all operative and maintenance responsibilities. Other times, the developer of local I homeowners associations assume such responsibilities. In any event, such arrangements must be understood prior to approval of a density bonus project; this too, can be specified within the local ordinance. I I

MANDATORY DEDICATION (OR FEEJN-LIEU THEREOF) OF RECREATION LAND I In onlertoauwe thatfithrre inhabitanfrufthe TownJtip have dquutk?newrwmtim.. OPportwutrer pqitirMthatWTe@thea 1 fke-h-rieu thmofl oflweutwn land*~theadoptionofitrown~ andlanddev&~oniinance mfhelnslhh ... mtdw development oniinance. Specifically, local officials can require developers to dedicate 1 particular areas of land within any proposed development for recreation purposes. As an option, local officials can allow the developer to make payment equal to the fair market value of the recreation land, which would have otheIwise been required I for dedication. However, developers must agree to make payment rather than dedicate lands. Then, this payment would be kept in a fund that must be used within I three years to provide local residents with a new recreation facility and/or facility improvements. I This approach is fairly widespread within the south-central portion of Pennsylvania and is suggested by the State in its publication entitled, Adding Parkland to Your Community Through Mandatory Dedication (July, 1982). It has also been specifically I enabled under recent amendments to the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code. One element fundamental to this approach is the calculation of how much land shall I be dedicated for each-new -dwelling. unit proposed. -In-order to assure that these requirements are logical, reasonable, and legally defensible, the following analysis is offered. I The National Recreation and Park Association (MA) suggests that local governments provide the following minimum acreage to serve 1,OOO persons: I I

92 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Derry Township Comprehensive Plan I , . 1 . .. . ,

NRPA LOCAL PARK STANDARDS

I Neighborhood Parks 1-2 community Parks 5-8 Total 6-10 acres/l,OOO persons

From the preceding table, it can be seen that a minimum of six acres of local public parkland should be provided for each 1,000 persons within Deny Township. To derive a per unit or per lot standard, the 1,000 persons can be divided by the household size reported for the Township in 1990, which was 2.5. This yields a calculated need of six acres of public parkland for the anticipated 400 dwelling Units or lots. Dividing the six acre ratio by the 400 dwelling Units results in a per unit standard of .015 acres (653 square feet) of local parkland needed for each new dwelling unit or lot proposed in Deny Township.

As an alternative to land dedication, the developer can pay a fee. This approach can only be used in those instances where the developer and municipality agree on the fee-in-lieu. Fees-in-lieu are particularly appropriate when applied to smaller subdivisions which would otheNvise not result in the dedication of sufficient land to constitute a neighborhood park. Such funds cannot be used merely to maintain existing facilities, but must be used to purchase new parkland or new equipment for existing parks that already sewe the development’s residents.

Funds collected under this approach must be used to provide for recreation facilities that are accessible to residents of the proposed development. In determining accessibility, local officials should be guided by the NRPA service areas for the various park types. Therefore, should a developer agree to pay a fee-in-lieu of dedication for needed neiphborhood parkland, the monies should be spent within one- half mile of the actual development site. For fees assessed for community parkland, such monies should be spent within a two-mile radius of the neighborhood.

To calculate the fees-in-lieu of dedicated open space, the Township should determine the amount of land required for dedication and then, using an appraiser, periodically establish the fair market value of such land to prescribe the fee amount.

An average figure of $20,000 per acre for vacant, residentially-zoned land was used to determine the amount of fee-in-lieu of per dwelhng unit or lot. If each new dwelling unit or lot is required to dedicate .015 acres of parkland or donate a fee equal to that acreage’s fair market value, then, based on the figure of $2O,W/acre,

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 93 I each should pay about $300 for a recreation fee-in-lieu of dedication ($2Q,ooO x .015 acres = $300). I & qpl)..irrgthe W/unitfae to the Town3rip's prjedad rerEiertbal gnmah,Te wide fe4s-in-liar mmue to dhe)laar2010 far the 651 pj& new dnd@ d be 1 in the khdy of$195,3&2 This scenario assumes that fees-in-lieu of dedicated open space would be utilized rather than dedicated open space. In all probability a combination of the two approaches would be used, yielding the Township a mix of I dedicated parkland and fees-in-lieu for the purchase and development of additiod parkland. I Should Deny Township choose to provide the higher end of the recommended NRPA standards of two acres per 1,OOO persons for neighborhood parkland and up to eight acres per 1,OOO persons for community parkland, it would receive proportionately more I dedicated open space and fees-in-lieu from developers. Because Deny Township is in good standing with regard to its current and future provision of community parkland, but desires to acquire and develop linear parkland facilities, it could 1 stipulate that three of every eight acres acquired for community parkland (or fees-in- lieu thereof) be set aside for linear parkland. I Any funds collected as fees-in-lieu of the dedication of open space are subjected to several guidelines imposed by the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code that must be followed in order to utilize such funds. These guidelines are as follows: i

1. Any and all funds collected as fees-in-lieu of open space must be deposited in an interest-bearing account. This account shall be separate from other municipal I accounts and shall be clearly identified for the purpose of funding acau' ition and/or development/improvement of recreation facilities. Interest earned on all monies deposited in such accounts shall become funds of that account. I

2. Funds from the above-referenced account must be expended at the discretion of the Board of Supervisors in properly allocable portions of the cost incurred to I design, construct or acquire the specific recreation facilities that will benefit the subdivision or land development for which they were collected. 1 3. Funds collected must be expended within three years of receipt, or the municipality must refund such fee, plus interest accumulated thereon, from the I date of payment to the developer upon presentation of a written request for refund. I I I I

94 - VII. Public Facilities and SCMccs Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I B I C. POLICE PROTECTION Police protection is an obvious public service benefitting residents and businesses. The traditional role of the police involves three functions: law enforcement, order I maintenance, and community service. Law enforcement involves the application of legal sanctions, usually arrest, to persons who injure or deprive innocent victims of life or property. Order maintenance involves the handling of disputes, or of behavior I which threatens to produce disputes. The third aspect of the police function, and the one most likely to occupy the major portion of an officer's time, varies from community to community according to tradition and local ordinances. These are I activities not necessarily related to criminal acts and include such tasks as traffic control, rescue operations, animal control, and ambulance and first-aid services.

I Police protection to Deny Township is provided by the newly-formed Mifnin County Regional Police Department, headquartered at the kwistown Municipal Building. To better understand how police services are provided to Deny Township, an interview I was conducted with Captain James R. Bell on September 9, 1993.

Derry Township first offered %-hour police protection in 1971, before which police I protection was provided by the State Police. In an effort to provide improved police protection more economically, Derry Township entered into a regional protection I scheme in 1993 involving Lewistown Borough and Bratton Township. The Department currently operates with a staff of 22 full-time personnel, includmg a Chief, two lieutenants, 16 patrol officers and two detectives, with a third to be I added in January. Included in the Department is a crime investigation unit. One of the benefits of regionalhation, accordmg to Captain Bell, has been the increased I manpower and skills that can now be assigned to crime scenes, increasing the likelihood of solving crimes and closing cases. I The Department's current location in the basement of the Lewistown Municipal Building is cramped for space and the Department is currently looking for property on which to build new facilities. New facilities would likely be built in Deny I Township, according to Captain Bell. Currently, the Department operates nine vehicles, two to three of which will soon need replacement. I The following graph describes the level of police activity within the Township by indicating the number of responses for the past five years (1988-1992). As the graph indicates, there have been only minor fluctuations in the numbers of police responses 1 in all categories over the past five years, with the exception of a noticeable drop-off in numbers of police responses for 1991. -Police responses in each category for 1992 were actually lower than those for five years previously. This may be a reflection of I the slight decline in population in the Township in recent years as well as the largely rural nature of the area. Vandalism and theft are the major problems in Deny Township, according to Captain Bell, although there has been an increase in weapons 1 incidents as well. A very high percentage (90.2%) of total responses for the five-year I period was for non-serious and non-traffic incidents.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan MI. Public Facilities and ScMces - 95 ANNUAL POLICE RESPONSES DERRY TOWNSHIP

3500 I nn...... 2939-..:.=.: ...... 0n.m ...... 3000 ...... 2500 2138 I 2000 1500 I 1000 .. 500 I 0 1988 1989 I 1990 1991 1992 I 244 230 219 216 226 I SERIOUS OFFENSES 42 49 37 24 33 2563 2660 2591 1898 2535

SOURCE: MIFFLLN CO. REGIONAL POLICE DEP.

The following graph shows the numbers of criminal cases in Deny Township over the last five years and the numbers of cases which have been closed:

POLICE CASELOAD DERRY TOWNSHIP

300 fl

200

150

100

50

0 t I I I I 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

=TOTAL CASES CASES CLOSED

SOURCE: MIFFUN CO. REGIONAL POUCE DEP.

96 - VII. Public Facilities and Senices Derry Township Cornprchcnsk Plan I The graph indicates that over the past five years over 54% of all criminal cases within the Tomhip have been closed. The additional manpower which has been assigned to the Department’s crime unit accompanying regionalization may further enhance the proportion of future cases which may be closed.

One performance measure used to evaluate police effectiveness is response time, or the time that it takes an officer to arrive at the incident site. According to Captain Bell, the average response time for emergency calls in Deny Township is under five minutes. Response time is highly dependent upon the size and shape of patrol areas. The larger and longer the patrol area, the more time may be required to travel to a particular incident site. Presently, the Department’s service area is divided into six patrol sectors, two of which (zones two and three) comprise Deny Township. These sectors are illustrated on the hblic Facilities and Services Map.

According to Captain Bell, there exists a high level of cooperation among the various emergency service providers within the Township. One area of potential improvement he notes would be for the Township’s fire police to be on the same radio frequency as the Department, which they currently are not, but will soon be.

The only other problem foreseen in the future delivery of police protection within the Township is the ability to obtain adequate fun- manpower and equipment to meet needs. The Department would like to create additional specialty units, including a quick response unit to deal with situations involving hostages, building entry and weapons. This would involve the need for specialized training and protective gear. The increase in weapons incidents over the last ten years has created the need for such a unit, according to Captain Bell.

In summary, the new Mifflin County Regional Police Department provides an increased level of manpower and skills available to serve Deny Township. With the planned construction of a new police facility, the Department will have sufficient space for many years to come. As the Township’s population continues to grow, the demand for police protection will also rise. The TownJrip should be swum ofcha@g WrlditionS so that* (Is wen (Is dher enwgwzy sBvic4J; can be aLhpnk& Sqpd and equipped to ssve the Townrhip residstts at a twmtant h@ level ofssviCe.

D. FIRE PROTECTION

Fire protection is a basic public safety service that is important to the Township. Obviously, fire protection is intended to minimize the loss of life and property due to fire and related hazards. The level of fire protection also affects the rate which area residents and business owners must pay for fire insurance.

To understand how the Township’s fire protection services are delivered and to identify current and future needs, an interview was conducted on August 18, 1993, with James Treater, Fire Chief of the Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company, William Fike, Fire Chief, and Ken Earnest, Assistant Fire Chief of the Highland Park Hose Company, and Charles Harklerode, Jr., Fire Chief of the East Deny Volunteer Fire Company.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMces - 97 I The Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company and the Highland Park Hose Company were each formed in 1901 by local residents who felt that fie protection was I necessary within these areas. The East Deny Volunteer Fire Company was formed in 1945 to serve the growing Glenwood area. AU three are volunteer fire companies. I Each of the three fire companies operates within a primary service area of the Township as shown on the Public Fdties and Services Map. The primary service area represents that land area for which an individual fire station has ‘first-call” I responsibility for providing fire protection services. None of the three companies’ pfimary service areas extend beyond Deny Township’s boundaries. I The Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company serves the northern one-third of the Township, including the urban Yeagertown area. The Highland Park Hose Company serves the central portion of the Township, including the developed Highland Park I and surrounding areas. The East Deny Volunteer Fire Company serves the southeastern, primarily rural, one-half of the Township. Portions of all three service areas have public water and a limited number of hydrants available for firefighting I purposes, while the greater geographic area of each fire company is reliant on the use of tankers and rural water sources. 1 In addition to providing fire protection within primary service areas, the Township’s three fire companies also provide mutual-aid assistance to, and receive mutual-aid assistance from, other neighboring fire companies. Mutual-aid assistance provides I secondary support to the primary service company by enabling it to augment manpower as well as sometimes limited equipment stock to offer greater firefighting capabilities. The Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company has a mutual-aid relationship I with the Highland Park Hose Company as well as with out-of-Township Burnham, Reedsville and Millroy fire companies. The Highland Park Hose Company has a mutual-aid relationship with the Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company and the East I Deny Fire Company, as well as with out-of-Township Burnham and Lewistown fire companies. The East Deny Volunteer Fire Company has a mutual-aid relationship with the Highland Park Hose Company and the out-of-Township Lewistown fire I company. In addition, both the Highland Park Hose Company and the East Deny Volunteer Fire Company are sometimes called upon for mutual-aid assistance outside I Deny Township to rural areas in Mi€flin County, because of their possession of tankers. I The location of any fire company is important because of its effect on emergency response times. AU three fire stations are centrally located among their respective service populations, although fire vehicles from all three companies must sometimes I travel up to several miles to reach the more rural, unpopulated ends of their respective service areas. The East Derry Volunteer Fire Company, in particular, must contend with the lack of enough north-south through roads within its service area, I which slows response times. With any emergency service, average response time is a critical indicator used to determine the effectiveness of emergency service delivery. Response time can be broken down into two periods. The first period is the average I amount of time it takes from the minute an emergency call is received until the time a vehicle has left the fire station. The second period is that amount of time it takes to arrive at the xene of an emergency. Average response time for the first period I

98 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I for all three fire companies ranges born two to three minutes. Average response I ' time for the second period ranges quite a bit due to the large rural seMce areas all three fire companies provide protection to. I A Countywide 911 Central Emergency Comunication/I)lspatch System has been in operation since 1991. MiMin County will be one of the first counties in the State to utilize an "enhanced" 911 system involving cad computer mapping of all properties, I addresses and streets in the County to help emergency service personnel locate properties as quickly as possible. This has involved an extensive County-wide effort 1 to name previously unnamed streets and provide addresses to all properties. In general, the number of fire calls increases with a growing population. The following graphs summarize data on annual fire responses for the Township's three I fire companies for the last five years (data for 1989 is unavailable for the Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company, and only two years' data is available for the Highland Park I Hose Company). YEAGERTOWN VOLUNTEER FIRE CO. 1 ANNUAL FIRE RESPONSES 70 ...... 60 ...... 50 ...... 40 ...... 30 ...... 20 ...... 10

0 1988 I 1989 I 1990 1 1991 I 1992 MUTUAL-AID 7 40 32 23 PRIMARY 67 41 43 51 TOTAL 74 81 75 74 I SOURCE: FIRE COMPANY RECORDS

While the Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Department's overall call volume has remained fairly steady since 1988, the proportion of mutual aid and primary calls has fluctuated from a high in 1990 of 50% of all calls, to a low in 1988 of 10% of all calls. In 1992, mutual aid calls comprised 31% of all calls.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and Services - 99 I

EAST DERRY VOLUNTEER FIRE CO. ANNUAL FIRE RESPONSES I 100 - 1 80

...... I 60

...... P 40

20

0 1988 1989 I 1990 MUTUAL-AID 20 27 19 PRIMARY 59 89 76 TOTAL 79 116 95 I I SOURCE: FIRE COMPANY RECORDS I Both the East Deny Volunteer Fire Department’s primary service call volume and mutual aid calls have increased somewhat since 1988, with mutual aid calls averaging 25% of all calls received over the five-year period.

HIGHLAND PARK HOSE COMPANY ANNUAL FIRE RESPONSES 100 1 80 ...... 60

...... 40

...... 20

0 1991 I 1992 I MUTUAL-AID 5 14 81 73 TOTAL 86 87 I SOURCE: FIRE COMPANY RECORDS

100 - VU. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I In the two-year time period in which information is available for the Highland Park I Hose Company, total call level has remained steady, while primary seMce calls have declined somewhat and mutual aid calls took a big jump from five percent of all calls I received in 1991 to 16% of all calls received in 1W. The foregoing graphs reveal a fairly steady level of total 'dvolume for two of the Township's fire companies over the last several years, with some increase in overall I volume occurring for the East Deny Volunteer Fire Company, and considerable fluctuation in the level of mutual aid calls for the Yeagertown Volunteer Fire Company. The Yeagertown and Highland Hose Companies additionally experience 1 a relatively high incidence of false alarms, most of them automatic alarm systems which go off when there are alarm malfunctions or power outages. It is impwtrpdfar local eto monirovthe mmtberofmutrrol-oid rtspmes far any ane fire aMplply I todeiemme whedhaarnotad+p&ma& amospttofserviaeisbeirlgprrwidad~ arbeingnxzivtdby ne@dm&gcompcaies This can be a reflection of a decline in I volunteer manpower or difficulty manning a rig during certain times of the day. The delivery of fire protection services is highly dependent upon manpower. All three fire companies are staffed entirely by voluntary personnel. Presently, the Yeagertown 1 Volunteer Fire Company has 30 active firefighters, two of which are also fire police. While these members are designated as fire police, their first responsibility is to perform as firefighters, if needed. The Highland Park Hose Company has 20 active I firefighters, three of whom are also fire police. The East Deny Volunteer Fire Company has 22 active firefighters, four of whom are also fire police. I AU three fire companies currently have plenty of volunteers, although these numbers can fluctuate and are sometimes inadequate. More of a problem is that volunteers are sometimes not available when needed, particularly in the early mowhours. I Because volunteers include high school students, these students are generally not available during school hours. All three fire companies anticipate remaining volunteer I companies into the future. Currently, all three fire companies are funded largely by Deny Township, which splits I three mils. evenly among them. This provides approximately $22,OOO for each company annually, an amount which is supplemented by a limited amount of fund- 1 raising on the part of each fire company. Deny Township currently requires all firefighters to complete a 6Ghour training course within a two-year period after volunteering to firefight. This requirement I applies to long-standing as well as new volunteers. All of the fire chiefi support this requirement, but state that any additional training requirements might have the effect of discouraging the recruitment of new volunteers or encouraging current firefighters I to leave. In addition to the nine fire police associated with the three fire companies, another 1 19 fire police who are not presently firefighters comprise the Deny Township Fire Police Association. This group is available to back up the three fire companies as needed. However, because the members are not associated with any particular fire I company or service area, when they receive the dispatcher's call, all or none of them i Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMces - 101 I may show up on any given fire call. This has been a problem in the past when virtually all of the fire police have shown up at fire call sites and created traffic jams. I Ihefbe&it?j5au~6hotdhejjbe*be~to*tomacniahin cureofdhe*fireservice~ I All three fire companies own their own stations. AU are felt to be properly located within their service areas. However, the Yeagertown station is in need of an additional garage bay and a training room. There is adequate room on site to 1 expand the existing facility, but insufficient funding. The Highland Park station is in need of a larger engine room and similarly, has adequate room, but insufficient funding. There is the possibility of the relocation of this company in the near future, I in which case the new location would remain in the same general area within Highland Park. The East Deny station is new and sufficiently large to meet needs now and into the future. I Major equipment stock owned by the three fire companies is shown in the follow& table: I I

Yeagertown 1,000 1,ooO squad van lJ00 750 I Highland Park 1450 750 1SSO ISSO 750 750 East Deny 750 190 3,000 3,000 special unit command I 500 communications vehicle I All three fire companies indicate that current equipment stock is adequate but that at least one replacement engine will be needed by each fire company within the year 2010 planning time-frame. I I I I I I I

102 - VII. Public Facilities and Services Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I I ~I

I I I E. AMBULANCE SERVICE Ambulance service is an obvious lifesaving service. Ambulance seMces can be divided into two general types. First, emergency ambulance seMce involves the pick- I I up of patients at the scene of an accident or medical emergency. Then, patients are expediently transported to local medical care facilities for treatment. The second form of ambulance service is called’routine transports, in which cases patients are transported from one medical care facility to another.

Ambulance service within Deny Township is provided by three ambulance companies IB - Fame EMS, Trans-Med Services and Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS. To understand how ambulance service is provided, interviews were conducted on August 18, 1993 with Lynwood Clinger, foreman, and Russell Hunt, Senior EMT of Trans- Med Services, and on September 9, 1993 with Pat Shoop, Foreman of Fame EMS and Lonnie Griffith, Assistant Foreman of Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS.

The Fame Fire Company, formed in the 186Os, first began offering ambulance service to Deny Township residents as well as most of Mifflin County beginning in 1928. In 1939, the Newtown Volunteer Fire Company began offering ambulance service to these areas as well, and for many years these were the two primary ambulance service providers within Deny Township. Trans-Med Services was formed in 1988 with the initial intent of providing non-emergency routine transport only. However, a perceived need for additional emergency service in the area led the State Department of Health to suggest the additional provision of emergency ambulance service by Trans-Med I Services within Deny Township. A temtory was subsequently assigned to this provider by the State.

I The Fame EMS is responsible for serving the southwestern part of Deny Township as well as Lewistown Borough, Juniata Terrace and most of Granville Township to the west. The Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS serves the northern part of I Deny Township as well as Burnham Borough and part of Decatur Township to the east. Trans-Med Services is responsible for the east-central part of Deny Township as well as part of Decatur Township to the east. The Public Facilities and SeMces I Map identifies these primq service areas.

In addition, all three ambulance companies provide second call back-up service to one I another with the exception that the Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS does not back up Trans-Med Services. Second call back-up service is utilized in the event that one company’s ambulances are already in use or cannot respond, or when there are ‘I multiple injuries that cannot be adequately served by one company. In addition, all

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and ScMces - 103 I three companies provide mutual-aid service based on memberships within each other’s primaq service areas. I The Fame EMS and the Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS further provide ambulance service to fire calls within their respective service areas. Trans-Med I Services, as an independently-incorporated company, does not generally provide this senrice within its service area, which corresponds fairly closely to the East Derry Volunteer Fire Company’s primary service area. To provide for this needed service, I the Fame Fire Company EMS currently responds to fire calls within this area.

Since its formation, the Fame EMS has operated as a volunteer ambulance company I and has been headquartered in the basement of the Fame Fire Company at 107 Valley Street in Lewistown Borough. The company has in the last year formally separated fiom the Fame Fire Company and is in the process of building a new I facility farther north on Valley Street where the Borough and Township meet. This facility will have separate living facilities for 10 men and women crew members and should be adequate to meet projected needs for far into the future. I

The Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS has operated since its inception as a volunteer ambulance company and has been headquartered at 547 Freedom Avenue I where Burnham Borough and the Township meet. This facility is owned by the Fire Company, has living quarters for two crew members and is adequate to meet current and projected future needs. I

Trans-Med Services has operated from the time of its recent formation as an independently incorporated company and has been headquartered at the former Glenn I Lew Dairy Farm on Route 552. This location is leased and presently lacks living quarters which would permit crew members to sleep overnight. I All three ambulance companies operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week. The Fame EMS employs six full-time personnel and utilizes 50 to 60 volunteers. The six I paid personnel work four 12-hour days from 6 to 6. Crews consisting of employees and volunteers operate in three shifts. Two crews are available from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. when the highest volume of calls comes in (65%), while one crew is available I for the each of the evening and night shifts. Normally, two persons per crew are utilized. The Fame EMS is experiencing no problems in recruiting and keeping volunteers, attributing its success in this area to a variety of benefits and incentives I which are offered.

The Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS utilizes 20 volunteers in three-member I crews. The Company has, over the last several years, suffered from a severe decline in volunteer manpower, particularly during the daytime shift. This has resulted in the inability of the Company to respond to many of the calls it receives within its service I area. In addition, Pennsylvania Act 45 requiring mandatory Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) personnel on every emergency run as of July 1, 1990, has exacerbated manpower shortages. The primary problem with the State mandate is the I time required to train for EMT certification, which requires 140 hours of class time. In response to this problem, volunteers have recently begun to work in shifts. This has resulted in an improved ability to respond to primary service calls. I

104 - VII. Public Facilities and Setvices Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I Trans-Med Services employs five full-time personnel and five part-time personnel which are available during the day between 8:OO a.m. and 5:OO p.m. Duty crew are on call between 5:OO p.m. and 8:OO am. Normally, two persons per crew are utilized The level of emergency medical training varies among the three companies. The highest level of training is as a paramedic. The next level is as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), followed by First Responder trainin& then Advanced First Aid Training. All crews must include an EMT.

All paid crew members of the Fame EMS are trained as EMTs, as are 26 of the volunteers. All but three of the remaining volunteers are trained as First Responders, while three have Advanced First Aid Training. In addition, five crew members are certified paramedics, comprising a practicing paramedic unit. All crew members of Trans-Med Services are trained as EMTs. Some of Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS'S crew members are trained as EWs, while the remainder have Advanced First Aid Training.

The Fame EMS presently runs three ambulances. A fourth ambulance is likely to be needed within the next five years. The Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS runs two ambulances, which is sufficient to meet its needs presently and into the foreseeable future. Trans-Med Services presently runs three ambulances, which is adequate now and for the foreseeable future.

Response time is an important indicator of emergency service effectiveness. Under Pennsylvania emergency dispatch guidelines, the first-call ambulance company must respond to a call by acknowledging it and having a vehicle on the street within 10 minutes of the initial call. If the first-call ambulance cannot meet its 10-minute deadline, then a second4 ambulance company is dispatched and is asked to respond to the emergency. Average response time for responding vehicles is generally under two minutes for the Fame EMS, approximately six minutes for Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS and approximately one minute during the day shift for Trans-Med Services, and somewhat longer at night.

Once a crew has left the ambulance building, it can then take up to 15 minutes to reach the Scene of the emergency, particularly in the more remote rural areas of the Township. As discussed under the preceding Fire Protection section, MifDin County has a new Emergency Communication/Dispatch System, which will shortly be utilizing an "enhanced" 911 system to assist in the speedy identiiication of local addresses and responses to calls.

The following graph details the number of ambulance responses made over the last five years by the respective ambulance companies within Deny Township:

DeqTownship Comprehensive Plan MI. Public Facilities and SeMccs - 105 I ANNUAL AMBULANCE CALLS I DERRY TOWNSHIP

1200 I ...... 1000

800 I

600 400 I 200

0 I I I 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

I FAME EMS TRANS-MED NEWTOWN EMS 1 I

NOTE: DATA FOR NEWTOWN INCLUDES AIL CALLS. BOTH INSIDE k OUTSIDE DERRY TWP.; I DATA FOR 1988 AND I989 IS UNAVAILABLE. I

As the graph indicates, the total level of ambulance responses within the Township has remained relatively steady over the last five years, and has even declined I somewhat. What is more remarkable is the shift in number of responses among the three companies, with the Newtown Volunteer Fire Company EMS share of responses declining steadily, while the number of responses on the part of the Fame EMS and I Trans-Med Services have risen dramatically. While this shift is due in part to the loss of primary service territory on the part of the Newtown Volunteer Fire Company to both other companies, it is also due to the inability of the Company to respond to 1 many of the calls it receives within its own remaining primary service area. I The existence of three ambulance companies and the relatively high volume of ambulance responses reflects the presence of the Lewistown Hospital and two nursing homesintheTomhip. Lncalo#icizhsho&ibeawmoftheacutedsnandpplacad I uponamb~companiesbyhcrspitaLrand~~facilifies;~ofany~ development pmpmah for these trpes of fuciiab should corls&r the level of local ambuIancesavice. I The three ambulance companies feel that cooperation among each other and other emergency service providers, including fire and police, is generally good. However, I the view was expressed that local ambulance service within the Township would benefit from improved communication and coordination with Derry Township, the County's Emergency Management Coordinator and the public. It k trzmmdd that I the Township asm the &sirubZty of either aDlLtmdpfg withTnmr-Madssvicesto pravide ambulance* callsavice *itsprimtpr savice areq orcontimring with the aurent Servicepnndd to the mea by the Fame EMS It is alw rmnnmdd that the I

106 - VII. Public Facilities and SeMces Derry Township Comprehensive Plan I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VII. Public Facilities and SeMces - 107 I cf.=;

VIII. PUBLIC UTILITIES 4 I I I I A. SEWAGE DISPOSAL

LEWlSTOWN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT/DERRY TOWNSHIP SEWER AUTHORITY I

Public wastewater treatment is provided to portions of Derry Township by the Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant, which also serves all of Lewistown Borough I and a few properties in Granville Township. The sewer lines which traverse Deny Township are owned and maintained by the Derry Township Sewer Authority. The existing and future sewer service areas and system facilities serving Deny Township I are identified on the Public Sewer System Map. To understand how sewer service is provided to the Township, interviews were conducted on October 26, 1993 with Mike Dippery, Superintendent of the Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant, and I Robert Irwin, Borough Engineer; and on October 28, 1993, with Randy Liester, Superintendent of the Derry Township Sewer Authority. I The treatment plant, located in Lewistown Borough, began operation in 1953 as a primary treatment plant utilizing sedimentation basins. In 1979-81, major renovations enabled the plant to provide the secondary level of treatment that is offered today. I This treatment involves an activated sludge process with stream discharge to the Juniata River and sludge transport to the MifflinCounty Landfill. The plant handles a combined load of wastewater and storm water throughout most of the system. It I has a design capacity of 2.4 MGD, and currently operates at 1.6 MGD. I Currently, public wastewater treatment is provided to approximately 1,700 properties in Yeagertown, Highland Park, Lewistown Heights, Glenwood, part of Ort Valley and other limited areas of the Township. Based on an existing average flow for Derry I Township of approximately 165 gpd per household, Derry Township’s current share of system usage for residences only can be estimated to be approximately .285 MGD, excluding inflow and infiltration into the system. However, Mr. Dippery estimates that I Derry Township contributes approximately 34% of the wastewater flow to the plant, or .54 MGD, indicating the presence of a number of large flow users, including Lewistown Hospital, two retirement homes, four schools, and various commercial uses. I Currently, there is no metering of residential properties, and the Township is billed for system usage based on average flow figures and the number of properties served. I Wastewater is conveyed from existing service areas within the Township through gravity lines of between eight and 24 inches. There are still 27 miles of original terra cotta mains in both the Borough and the Township. These old mains, together with I

~ ~~~~~ 108 - VI11. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I the combined storm and sewer system in many areas, are largely responsible for the high rate of inflow and infiltration the system experiences, which averaged 24% in 1992. An effort is currently underway to determine the extent of the problem as a first step in correcting it. Mr. Dippery and Mr. Irwin also state that they are also interested in eventually completely separating the sewer and storm flows. Both of these efforts to reduce inflow and infiltration into the system would increase the treatment plant's effective capacity.

The wastewater conveyance system includes pumping stations located in Glenwood and at the base of Valley Street in Deny Township. The Glenwood pumping station has two pumps, each with a 400 gpm pumping capability, only one of which is being used. The pumping station at the base of Valley Street has three pumps, each with a 450 gpm capability, only one of which is being used. From Valley Street, wastewater is conveyed via a force main to the treatment plant in Lewistown Borough. The pumping stations within Deny Township are owned and maintained by the Deny Township Sewer Authority.

BURNHAM BOROUGH SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT/BUR"AM BOROUGH SEWER AUTHORlTy

A very small area of Deny Township is currently served by the Burnham Borough Sewage Treatment Plant via one Burnham Borough sewer line. This service area lies adjacent to Logan Boulevard, to the west of Burnham Borough. This line currently serves the Greater Lewistown Plaza and one residence, as well as the Holiday Inn through a private line. This line and the Burnham Borough Treatment Plant are identified on the Public Sewer System Map. Information regarding the provision of sewer service to Deny Township was obtained from Plant Superintendent Dave Rheinehelder in a conversation on March 8, 1994.

The Burnham Borough Sewage Treatment Plant was constructed in 1961, undergoing a major upgrade in 1992. The plant provides a secondary level of treatment, utilizing a trickling filter process with stream discharge to the Kishacoquillas Creek and sludge transport to the Mifflin County landfill. The plant handles a combined load of wastewater and storm water throughout most of the system. It has a dry weather design capacity of 450,000 GPD and a wet weather design capacity of 640,000 GPD. The plant is currently operating at capacity, and there are no plans for its expansion Wastewater is conveyed from the existing service area to the treatment plant through 8-inch gravity terra-cotta piping that is old and subject to some clogging. There are plans for the eventual replacement of this line.

FUTURE PUBLIC SEWER NEEDS

I Future public sewer needs include the need to provide public sewer to both developing areas and to remedial areas experiencing malfunctioning on-lot sewage disposal systems. The Township is currently in the process of developing a new Act I 537 Official Sewage Facilities Plan to determine the feasibility of extending public sewer to the Maitland and other areas, largely because of the high incidence of failing on-lot systems. A request has been made to PENNVEST for funding for this project. I The extension of public sewer to serve the Maitland area could also easily serve the

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 109 I upper Glenwood area, another problem area, according to Mr. Liester. Other areas of the Township, including the South Hills and Jacks Creek areas, might also be I appropriate for sewering within the time frame of the Plan, because of poor soils and existing development. I Based upon the Plan’s stated goals to direct most of the Township’s future growth to areas served by public utilities, it is assumed that 80% of all future development will be served with public sewer. This goal is well supported by the fact that the great I majority of the Township’s soils are rated as having severe constraints for the development of on-lot disposal systems by the U.S.DA’s soil Survey of Mimrd Juniata Cbmikzs (1981). By applying the 80/20 ratio to new housing units projected, I the following calculations result: I

651 521 130 I

Next, it is assumed that 20% of future sewer capacity will be allocated for future non- I residential development. The following calculations result: I 1

The PA DEP uses a 350 gpd sewage flow rate per equivalent dwelling unit (EDU) I to calculate public sewer system design capacities. This results in projected future sewage flows for residential and non-residential uses within the Township, as follows: I Projected Sewer Flow I/ Total New EDUs for Future Growth I 625 350 218,750 gpd I I I I Projected Sewer Flow Existing EDUs GPD for EDU for Existing Development 1 220 350 n,rn gPd

110 - WII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I The total projected sewer flows for both future and existing development, then, are I as follows: Projected Sewer Flow Projected Sewer Flow Total Projected I for New Development for Existing Development Futw Sewer Flow ~I 218,750 gpd n@Jogpd 295,750 gpd

The Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant has a residual unused capacity of .8 I MGD, which appears more than adequate to meet Deny Township’s projected future need for .295 MGD. While the Township has no specified reserved capacity in the treatment plant, Lewistown Borough is nearly built out and Granville Township I recently completed its own sewer treatment plant. According to Mr. Dippery and Mr. Irwin, Derry Township is expected to be the primary user of the remaining system I capacity in the future. It is important to note here that this Plan’s Future Land Use Chapter and Map allocate several times more land for residential development than is projected to be I strictly needed to accommodate population growth to the year 2010. While it is unlikely that sigdicant amounts of this land will develop within the Plan’s time frame, I it is important that the areas that do develop have access to public sewer if at all possible. In an effort to provide consistency between the Public Sewer System Map and the Future Land Use Map, the future public sewer service area has been drawn I to include all areas planned for medium and high density residential use, as well as all commercial and most low density residential and industrial use. The future public sewer service area is divided into Priority 1 service areas and Priority 2 service areas. I Aiovity I am-sshould have toppriolrity fovthe availability of bwiment cqpdy, while piiority 2 am-s should have Sacondary phdy. Priority 1 service areas include all areas to be sewered on a remedial basis and enough additional land area to accommodate I projected year 2010 population needs. As stated, this new projected sewer flow would require .295 MGD in treatment capacity. According to Mr. Dippery, the Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant could provide up to .4 or .5 MGD in treatment capacity I for projected new flows within the Township. For this reason, then, Priority 1 areas also include as much additional land as exists the current treatment capacity to serve. Priority 2 areas include all lands for which no current treatment capacity exists and I for which the Township will need to explore its options for additional treatment at some point in the future. Full sewer service to all Priority 2 areas would require I approximately 1.4 MGD. Planned improvements to the Lewistown Wastewater Treatment Plant include a new headworks with repair or replacement of the grit chamber and bar screen. If Deny I Township projects sigmficant additional system use, two new primary holding tanks would also become necessary. Planned improvements to the conveyance system include eventual replacement, as problems are identified, of the original terra cotta I piping, and the correction of any other known sources of leakage. Mr. Liester states that if the Maitland area were to be served, the existing pumping station in Glenwood I could be moved further northeast along PA 522 to PA 2001, where it could receive

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan W11. Public Utilities - 111 I the flows from both the upper Glenwood area through gravity lines, and the flows from the Maitland area to the southeast. I Deny Township also has an agreement with Burnham Borough granting the Township reserve capacity in the Borough’s sewage treatment plant to serve up to 60 new I residences in the Birch Hill area to the northeast of the Borough. I I I I I I I ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS The lack of current wastewater treatment capacity to serve Priority 2 sewer service I areas within the Township provides an opportunity for the Township’s consideration of other means to serve these areas. Alternative wastewater systems offer various simple, effective ways to collect, treat, and dispose of sewage effluent that are suited I to the particular needs of an area. Such systems are especially well-suited to villages and small communities in rural areas because they can be sized to meet limited local needs, and designed to have a positive rather than negative impact on the 1 environment. Construction costs are generally low, and maintenance is minimal. An example of such a system which has been used successfully in neighboring counties and which could be well-suited to the Solanco area is the lagoon treatment system I with spray irrigation disposal.

A lagoon system accepts raw wastewater from a community and treats it in one or I more man-made ponds.. Natural biological processes, sometimes aided by aeration, break down the wastewater, providing a secondary level of treatment. The lagoons can be constructed with clay-amended soils or a synthetic liner to form an I impermeable barrier, which prevents the escape of untreated wastewater. The sludge created during the treatment process collects at the bottom of the ponds, and only very infrequently (every 10-15 years) needs to be removed. Ponds generally are I requred to have a minimum of 60 days of storage capacity for extended periods when irrigation cannot take place. Ponds can be designed to provide storm water benefits, and final stage holding ponds can be used for firefighting needs. I I 112 - VIII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Spray irrigation is a method of disposing of, or recycling, treated wastewater, rather than discharging it into a stream. Wastewater is disinfected through chlorination, then sprayed onto agricultural crops, golf courses, nurseries, or woodlands, where the first few feet of soil provide filtering, and the nutrients are taken up by plants as fertilizer. Water is near drinking-water quality at the time of irrigation. Groundwater is replenished without contamination. Over time, groundwater nitrate-nitrogen levels may be reduced as they are diluted with water Containing lower nitrate-nitrogen levels. I The land is irrigated at a rate based on the ability of the plants to use the nutrients and the ground to accept the water. Irrigation can occur daily, alternating days, or weekly. The best soils absorb 1.5 to 2 inches of treated water per acre per week. I Wooded sites are more able to absorb water in freezing weather.

Siting standards for lagoons and spray irrigation fields need to be utilized to assure I that adequate distances are maintained between these facilities and dwellings, wells, and property lines. DEP recommends that a distance of at least 100 feet be maintained between lagoons and homes, and at least 200 feet between spray fields and homes. Minimum distance between lagoons and wells should be 100 feet, ' depending on a variety of factors. The minimum distance between spray fields and wells is variable, depending on a number of factors; some spray fields are located 1 directly over wells, providing replenishment of groundwater. It is recommended that buffer strips of at least 100 feet be utilized adjacent to property lines, as an extra I measure of protection. People sometimes have reservations about lagoon systems and spray fields that involve health concerns, odor, appearance, and use of the property. Alternative I wastewater systems are not common in Mifflin County and few people are familiar with them. However, they are no longer considered experimental and have been in use for up to 20 years at a number of sites in adjacent counties. Lagoon systems I with spray irrigation fields have proved particularly successful and increasingly acceptable to the public. Today, over 7,000 lagoons are being used in the country to I treat wastewater, most of them operated by small communities. Lagoons have the appearance of farm ponds, sometimes have walking paths around I them, and are generally considered to be attractive. Spray fields can provide a number of open space possibilities. Properly operated and maintained lagoons and spray fields have no discernible odor. Chlorine is used to disinfect the water prior I to spraying. Spray sites may be utilized by the public for recreational purposes, with no reason for health concerns. As a precautionary measure, DEP does not permit spray irrigation of treated wastewater on agricultural crops intended for human I consumption.

Soils which may be suitable for spray irrigation fields are, according to Lester I Rothermel of DEP, also generally those which are suitable ,for lagoons. More specifically, they are lands with a maximum recommended slope of 4-5% for agricultural fields, and 8-10% for wooded areas or land in permanent grass cover I crop. They should be moderately well-drained, not eroded, not in wetlands and not in floodplains. Soils should be at least 20 inches deep to the limiting zone. The soils I suitability criteria for spray irrigation fields are generally less stringent than those for

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 113 on-lot systems. Lagoons and spray fields can be located together where soils are especially suitable, or can be separated where differing soil types are preferable. I The amount of land needed to accommodate a lagoon system and spray irrigation fields depends primarily on the anticipated wastewater flow and soil type. The very I smallest systems designed for a single dwelling unit might require a little over one-half acre for both the treatment system and spray fields, with an overall minimum lot size of two acres. Larger systems designed to serve in the vicinity of 50 dwellings might I require one acre for a lagoon system and five acres for spray fields, as well as land for a buffer. Still larger systems intended to serve between 100 and 200 dwellings might require two acres for lagoons and 10 acres for spray fields, as well as buffer land.

Typically, the land set aside for the lagoons in a new development is dedicated by the developer to the municipality, through negotiation, clustering, or other means. It is recommended that either the individual municipality or a local or regional authority own, operate and regularly maintain the systems to assure that they are operating correctly. Any system serving more than several dwellings (2,000 GPD) must have a licensed operator, making a regional approach desirable. Either a municipality or an authority may levy tapping and user fees to cover the costs of constructing, connecting to, and operating these systems. However, an authority has some advantages in that it can sell tax-exempt municipal bonds, and its debt is separate from and not part of the municipal tax base. DEP is more likely to approve municipal or authority-operated and maintained systems than private ones or ones operated by homeowners associations, because the former tend to be more responsible in the maintenance of such systems. I I I ANALYSIS OF ON-LOT DISPOSAL SYSTEMS The Derry Township Act 537 Official Sewage Facilities Plan of 1971 is too I generalized and dated to provide useful information on on-lot disposal problems within the Township. While fewer than half of Derry Township’s residents utilize on-lot disposal systems, the majority of the geographic area of the Township is unsewered, I and relies on this disposal method. The only known package plant in use in the Township is that for the East Deny Elementaq School, which discharges to Jacks Creek.

The potential for on-lot disposal system malfunction is always a cause for concern with the use of on-lot systems, because of the possibility of the contamination of groundwater and surface water resources and the health risks associated therewith. Of particular concern is the sometimes relatively close proximity of on-lot disposal systems and on-lot wells. On-lot disposal systems installed prior to 1975 were not regulated by the PA DEP. On-lot disposal systems can malfunction when they have outlived their useful lives, are not cleaned on a regular basis, are improperly operated, are sited on marginal or poorly-drained soils, are designed or installed improperly or I

114 - VIII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I 1 when lot sizes are too small. While some malfunctions are obvious, others are not I apparent, although they may continue to contriiute to the pollution of ground and surface waters. I Historic areas of malfunctioning on-lot systems within the Township include the Maitland area and large parts of the South Hills and Glenwood. This is not surprising since the great majority of soils within the Township have severe I development constraints for on-lot systems. A 1989 survey of existing on-lot sewage disposal system in the Maitland area undertaken as part of the in-progress Act 537 Official Sewage Facilities Plan for this area, verifies the extent of the problem in this I area Of 98 residences surveyed (approximately one-third of the total in the study area), one or more sewage problems were evident at most of the residences inspected, for a total of 90 separate malfunctions. The malfunctions included direct stream I discharges, failed leach fields and direct &&/yard discharges. The survey also found that most system corrections in the poor soils of the study area result in a second failure. Based on the unsuitable soils found in the Maitland area, this area is I identified in the preceding section as the Township's highest priority area for the provision of public sewer service.

I Township officials have recently directed the in-progress Act 537 Plan for the Maitland area to be expanded to cover the entire Township. This, together with this Plan's Public Sewer System Map and delineated future sewer service areas, should I provide valuable additional guidance to the Township and its Sewer Authority in I determining future needs for sewage disposal. I I I I I I Fi,it is M thatplckqge.. sewalge systems be allowlad only When? eristirlg I on-lot systems am ?Tu#mmq andthtm?aR?mdheraltemative -#- tmdment available. Package sewage systems are not recommended for use in new I developments because their maintenance and upkeep is difficult to enforce.

I Der& Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - ll5 I B. WATER SUPPLY I The Lewistown Water Authority provides public water service to Lewistown, Burnham and Juniata Terrace Boroughs, as well as to portions of Armagh, Brown, Granville and Deny Townships. The Authority utilizes an integrated water delivery system I which includes facilities in several municipalities. The Authority’s existing and future service areas and system facilities within Deny Township are identified on the Public Water System Map. To understand how public water service is provided to Derry I Township, an interview was conducted on April 22, 1993 with Mr. Harris Layton, Superintendent of the Lewistown Water Authority. I The Lewistown Water Authority is the product of a merger of eight local water companies in 1944, each of which formerly had its own local source of water. The Authority‘s primary water source since 1968 has been the Laurel Creek Reservoir in I Armagh Township, an impoundment owned and mairitained by the Authority, from which it is permitted to withdraw 5 MGD. The reservoir has a one billion gallon storage capacity. The adjacent Laurel Run Filtration Plant treats this water using a I slow rate sand filtration process with chlorination and fluoridation. The plant’s rated capacity is 5 MGD, and current finished water production is approximately 3.3 MGD. I Water flows from the Laurel Run Filtration Plant south along PA 322 via a 20-inch transmission line into Derry Township. The elevated Pleasant Acres Storage Tank provides primary storage for Derry Township, with a capacity of 60,000 gallons. The i Pleasant Acres Pumping Station assists in the delivery of water to this area with its 100 gpm rated capacity. I The distribution network which conveys water throughout the system consists of piping ranging from one to 20 inches in size, most of it 4 and 6-inch piping. Much of the I original water distribution system constructed around 1915 is still in use. The system serves a variety of residential, commercial, industrial and public users, all I of which are metered, as shown in the graph below. System usage for 1992 averaged 256 gpd per metered use. The following data is for all three municipalities, as data for Derry Township alone is not available. I I Land Use Metered Customers Average Daily Demand (MGD) I Residential 8,233 1.25 Commercial 603 .3 I Industrial 45 .63 Public 61 .os I Total 8,842 226 I I 116 - VI11. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan A summary of the total number of gallons consumed through the system per day during the last five years is as follows:

1988 2.48 MGD 1989 2.44 MGD II I II 1990 2.40 MGD II 199 1 2.23 MGD 1992 2.26 MGD

Most of the decrease in water usage over the last several years is accounted for by lower rates of water use by area industry. Within Derry Township there are approximately 1,500 metered users of public water, including the great majority of commercial, industrial and public uses within the Township, and approximately half the Township’s residences. Public water is currently provided to Yeagertown, Highland Park, Pleasant Acres, Lewistown Heights and Ort Valley.

Using the average metered rate of water consumption for all land uses, for the system as a whole, of 256 gpd, the Township’s total metered water use could be estimated to be approximately .38 MGD, not including inflow and infiltration into the system. However, the Authority estimates the Township’s existing system usage to be approximately 58%, or 1.31 MGD, indicating the presence of some major water users, among them the Lewistown Hospital, two retirement homes, four schools and numerous businesses.

An existing problem noted by Mr. Layton is low water pressure at the end of several one and two-inch lines in the system. Low water pressure was also noted to be a problem by the Township’s fire companies in the Yeagertown and Highland Park areas where original four-inch piping is still in use. To address this. problem, the Authority is now utilizing minimum six-inch diameter piping both for new service areas and to replace existing piping.

An additional problem is system leakage. Of the 3.5 MGD in finished water released to the system from the filtration plant, only about 2.3 MGD is accounted for in metered consumption. A little over one MGD, or 31.5% of total water released, is unaccounted for and attributed to main breaks, system flushing, blowoffs, fire protection and leakage. The acceptable standard adopted by the PA DEP and the I American Water Works Association (AWWA) for modem water distribution systems is 20-25%. The Authority could realize at least an additional .3 MGD available for system usage if all leakage was decreased to AWWA/DEP criteria, and more if leakage were reduced even further.

The Authority recently purchased an electronic leak detector and carried out a system- wide leak survey, resulting in the implementation of a leak correction program which,

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 117 I in its first year (1992), realized a substantial reduction in leakage (down from 40% in 1991). According to Mr. Layton, all known leaks have now been repaired, and I there does not remain significant potential for locating and repairing additional leaks except as may become apparent through pipe breakage. I The PA DEP has informed the Authority that, beginning in 1996, it will only be permitted to withdraw 35 MGD from the Laurel Creek Reservoir, because of an excess of unaccounted-for water withdrawn by the Authority (see foregoing discussion). I If this decision is implemented, it may limit the ability of the Authority to extend water service into new areas, since current usage is already at 33 MGD. However, it is not clear at this writing whether the decision will actually be implemented. The I Authority is currently exploring potential secondary sources of water, including a possible impoundment and reservoir on Treater Valley Run in Armagh Township, as well as various groundwater sources in Deny Township. Such a secondary source I of water would probably be available no sooner than 1998 or 1999. While the Juniata River is an additional potential source of water, extensive citizen opposition to this alternative makes this a less feasible option, according to Mr. Layton. I Although the Authority could potentially face a shortfall in water between 1996 and 1998-99, it views its existing allotment of 5 MGD as its guide in extending the system to accommodate new users. I FUTURE PUBLIC WATER NEEDS 1 Future public water needs include the need to provide public water to both developing areas and to remedial areas suffering from either degraded groundwater quality or low groundwater yields. According the 1993 Community Development I Block Grant Program Three Year Plan for Deny Township, the Glenwood Area is in need of a public water supply since private wells in the area do not provide a I good quality water supply, and because of the possibility of leachate from the nearby County sanitary landfill. The Mi& County Solid Waste Management Plan echoes the possibility of leachate from this landfill into the groundwater in this area. Both I the Mifflin County Planning Commission and the Mifflin County Solid Waste Authority have recommended to Deny Township that a public water supply be planned to serve this area. Deny Township has applied for and been turned down I several times by the state PENMrEST program for a public water system for the Glenwood area. This appears to have been because the Township sought to develop its own wells rather than rely on the Authority for the provision of public water to I this area.

Other areas of degraded groundwater quality include east of Burnham Borough in the I vicinity of industry residual disposal sites, and east of Maitland in the vicinity of former industrial sites and failing on-lot sewage disposal systems. At one point, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency was providing bottled water to residents of I this area, and groundwater quality continues to be monitored here. (See also related discussions in the Solid Waste Management and Recycling section of this chapter and in the Groundwater section of Chapter III.) Finally, the only area with known low- I yield wells in the Township is the Dry Valley area, to which Township officials support the extension of public water. I I 118 - WII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Based upon the Plan's stated goals to direct most of the Township's projected future growth to areas served by public utilities, it is assumed that 80% of all future development will be served with public water. The remaining % of development will be served by on-lot wells. As noted in the Natural and Cultural Features chapter, the great majority (88%) of tested wells in the Township have an ample water supply.

To the extent possible, areas served by public sewer should also be served by public water. Part of the rationale for this is the greater ease and lower long-term costs of providing complete infrastructure in advance of or concurrent with development. An additional important consideration is the fact that public sewer systems divert household water to treatment plants rather than allowing it to reenter the aquifer and thereby replenish groundwater supply. Areas with marginal or low groundwater yields, therefore, could experience further reduced groundwater yields if they are provided with public sewer but not public water. By applying the 80/20 ratio to new housing units projected for the Township, the following calculations result:

651 I 521 I

Next, it is assumed that 20% of public water capacity will be allocated for future non- residential development. The following calculations result:

II 521 I 104 I 625 II

In order to determine the public water needed to supply the net growth, the average water consumption per equivalent dwelling unit (EDU) was used. This figure was determined to be 256 gpd per EDU. This EDU is used to project public water needs, as follows:

II 625 I 256 I II

The preceding table identifies only the amount of additional public water needed to supply projected future growth, and does not calculate existing demand for public water. Within the areas discussed in the preceding section as being priority areas for the extension of public water, there are approximately 200 properties in the western

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 119 I Glenwood area and 60 properties in the Dry Valley area, which would generate the following need for water: I I I

The total projected demand for new water seMce for future and existing development, then, would be as follows: I I I

The water system has a residual unused capacity of approximately 1.7 MGD, which I appears more than adequate to meet Deny Township’s projected future need for 22 MGD. However, the system is utilized by several municipalities, some of which also have sigtllficant growth potential. Deny Township has no specific contracted capacity I in the water system, and the extension of water service is on a first-come, ht-served basis for all municipalities involved. I According to Mr. Layton, there is the definite possibility of the extension of public water service into additional areas of Deny Township, provided such extension is financed by developers or the Township. In addition, significant additional water I service within the Township would necessitate additional storage capacity and probable additional pump stations. However, he noted that if Deny Township were to request additional service at this time, this could speed up the Authority‘s search for a m secondaxy source of water. Potential future water service areas within Deny Township could, according to Mr. Layton, include the Glenwood area, part of Ferguson Valley, Vira and Dry Valley. I

It is important to note here that the Plan’s Future Land Use Chapter and Map allocate several times more land for residential development than is projected to be I strictly needed to accommodate population growth to the year 2010. While it is unlikely that significant mounts of this land will develop within the Plan’s time frame, it is important that the areas that do develop have access to public water if at all I possible. In an effort to provide consistency between the- Public Water System Map and the Future Land Use Map, the future public water service area has been drawn to include all areas planned for medium and high density residential use, and most I areas planned for low density residential, commercial and industrial uses. Zlaej’Ltue public waterssvice area is divided into Aiolrity I service mear and Aiority 2 savice I mear; ptiority I mearshould have topprhity fwthe avajlabilify of-, while Aiority 2 mear should have SewHICiclly m. priority 1 service areas include all areas to be provided water on a remedial basis and enough additional land area to accommodate I projected year 2010 population needs. As stated, this new projected water need

120 - VIII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I i would be for 226 MGD. According to Mr. Layton, the Lewistown Water Authority I could provide up to .4 or .5 MGD for projected new flows within the Township. For this reason, then, Priority 1 areas also include as much additional land as exists the current water supply to serve. Priority 2 areas include all land for which no current I water supply exists and for which the Township will need to explore its options at some point in the future. Full water service to all Priority 2 areas would require I approximately 1.2 MGD. Arblic water service to new areas ShOsJd be develope- while rwmiiid water service to ais-tbg prvbh areas ShOsJd be jinand by a combination of mea I iizrubm the Water Author&, the Gnmty, the State and the Township. The Glanvload amashould be wndedthe Township’s toppriority amz fwremedialpublic water with the Valley, Maitlrmd and Bin% Hid areas being other priody I an?zx

Evsy effort should be ntade to kate new pwth amw adjacent to existingprvbh I areas to reduce the costs to landownen; the Township and others ofthe &emion of water service to these ~T~LLIF.To the extenfpmibk thep&n of public water Service shoould also be cooniinated with the provirion ofpublic sews service to provide ewrwmia I of scale and cmt savings m the &&n of these facilitk The Townshij~is mqed to de& work with the Water Authody to plan for its j&m water needr

I It is &o mmmended that the Authdy conhkue to periodically check for system kahge to enable it to move chert0 DER andAWA staas well as to mate addirional system updyand to contribute to a more efficienl, cmt-&&e systsn A I furtha redudion of unaccounted$w water mrght aLF0 pdive& injluence the DER’S &tdnregmding the Authority’s psmited j&m withdhval of water from the I Laurel creek Reservoir.

I C. OTHER UTILITIES Aside from the public sewer and water lines described in the foregoing sections, I‘ several other utility lines pass through Deny Township. The rights-of-way (ROWs) associated with these utilities have distinct implications for future land use; land uses are typically restricted within these corridors. The Township’s utility ROWs are shown I on the Other Utilities Map and the guidelines and restrictions applicable to development within the ROWs are presented as follows in this section. 7h.k aruzfynk shoould not be used as a &&e for dired contact with representatives of the utility I corn-. Potential land dev&p and residsrts living near the ROWs should use the PA One Call System at (SOO) 2242-17’76 to contact repreentatha of the urility company in regard to any pmped prvjects that may invobe any uhUy fbcilitk or ROWS The I following briefly describes the Township’s utility company ROWs and the restrictions I regarding them. I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 121 I Pennsylvania Electric ComDany [Source - DJ. Lowery, R/W SupeIvisor (814) 949- 46291 I

Penelec maintains six separate overhead electric transmission lines and ROWS that traverse the Township. The ROW widths for these lines vary, however the following I information on them is available:

ROW Width I 115 KV 375' for the first six structures ll LTB I 120' for the majority of the line I 240' 1LK 46 KV 100' for the majority of the line I 150' in specific areas 390' in specific areas I 50' II 140' II I 2YSS 46 KV 140' II I Lewistown Gas ComDany [Source - Joseph Martin, Manager (717) 284-7886]

The Lewistown Gas Company maintains two 8-inch natural gas lines running north I to south through Deny Township. The northernmost line parallels the Kishacoquillas Creek, running to the Standard Steel plant, and has a 25-foot right-of-way. The southernmost line also largely parallels the Kishacoquillas Creek, extending south from I the Standard Steel plant through Lewistown Heights and into Lewistown Borough. This segment utilizes State road rights-of-way of between 33 and 60 feet. I D. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING 'I In recent years, the management and handling of solid waste has become increasingly sophisticated, and the amount of refuse generated within Mifflin County has been on I the rise. As a result of these conditions, and in accordance with the Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Act of 1980 (Act 100) and the Pennsylvania Municipal Waste Planning Recycling and Waste Reduction Act of 1988 (Act 101), a I comprehensive and up-to-date Counwde municipal waste management plan was prepared. The Mecounty solid Waste Marugmmt Plan (1991) was adopted by the Mifflin County Board of Commissioners in January of 1991, ratified by all the I County's municipalities in the spring of 1991, and approved by the PA DEP in July of 1991. This Plan is intended to provide guidelines for the safe and proper storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of municipal waste generated within the I County. I

122 - VII1. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I I SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL Prior to 1988, MiMin County's municipal wastes were disposed of at the Lycoming and Juniata landfills outside the County. The current landfill site, a 63-acre tract I known as the Barner landfill, is located south of PA 522 in the Glenwood area of Deny Township. The landfill is divided into three sections - Barner no. 1, Barner no. 2 and Barner no. 3. Barner no. 1 is the closed Lewistown Borough landfill site. I Barner no. 2, a 9.6 acre tract owned and operated by the MiMin County Solid Waste Management Authority, accepted wastes from 1988 to February of 1993, when it reached capacity, and is now closed. Barner no. 3, an 11.2 acre tract, is the section I currently in operation, and is projected to be able to accommodate the County's wastes until the year 2003. The Barner landfill is identified on the Other Utilities I Map. Although the Authority has sufficient land at the site to expand the current landfill, the limestone geology of the site precludes this. As noted in the foregoing section I' on public water service, poor water quality in the adjacent Glenwood area may be caused in part by possible leachate from the existing landfills. The PA DEP has recently begun to reevaluate the environmental impacts of unlined landfills and I particularly the impact they have on groundwater contamination. While the Barner no. 1 site is unlined and Barner no. 2 is spray asphalt-lined, Barner no. 3 utilizes state-of-the-art double lining and conveyance of leachate to the Lewistown Wastewater I Treatment Plant. I The Barner landfill no. 3 serves all of Mifflin County and receives some wastes from Juniata and Huntington Counties as well. The landfill accepts municipal solid wastes, construction and demolition wastes, sewage sludge from the Lewistown Sewage I Treatment Plant and some residual wastes from industrial processes. Nearly all municipal waste from local haulers in Mifflin County is transported to this facility. I A large proportion of residual waste being generated within the County is being transported out of the County or deposited on-site. Standard Steel has historically disposed of its slag residuals on land it owns within Deny Township just east of I Burnham Borough, as well as in the northernmost tip of the Borough. While some of this slag residual could be accommodated at the County landfill, not all of it could because of limitations on the amount of residuals that will be accepted. It is I anticipated that slag residuals will continue to be deposited at the site just east of Burnham Borough. A pump and treatment system exists at this site which removes nickel and chrome from the water, as well as the layer of floating oil on the I groundwater table.

The McCardle landfill is an unlined, unpermitted landfill located off Old Park Road, I which closed in the 1970s. This landfill, a former quarry, accepted municipal waste, as well as baghouse dust, now regulated as a hazardous waste. On-site monitoring I wells indicate some elevated levels of pollutants in the groundwater. The Krentzman salvage yard and vicinity is the location of two former industrial operations which, over many years, disposed of extensive hazardous wastes on site. I Sitken's smelting left a tailings pile of lead, copper and brass which resulted in U. S. I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 123 I Superfund status for the site. Although fenced and stabilized, this site is still not cleaned up, according to the PA DEP. The North American Viscose Company I disposed of organics (dioxins) in the area, which were not part of the stabilization effort. Finally, debris from the flooding of 1972, includmg industrial wastes, were deposited in this area and have been leaching. DEP is currently in the process of I planning a further clean-up of the area, possibly to begin this year, which will likely involve the neutralization of the on-site chemicals. (See related discussions in this chapter under the Water Supply section and in Chapter III under Groundwater I Quantity and Quality.) Lewistown Hospital has an on-site medical waste incinerator and has permission from I the PA DEP to act as local processor for all medical waste in the County. There are no official hazardous waste disposal sites within the Township and no known land application of sludge. I

The County's Solid Waste Management Plan does not propose the development of any waste-to-energy systems at the present time because of high costs, diseconomies I of scale and future uncertainties. However, the Plan notes that in the longer term there is the possibility of an integrated regional waste-to-energy effort among several central Pennsylvania counties. The Authority currently utilizes compacting equipment I and is considering the use of equipment to pulverize waste, further reducing its bulk.

RECYCLING I

Act 101 requires local municipalities whose 1980 populations exceeded a certain size and density until September 26, 1991, to implement a recycling program. Recycling I can significantly prolong the life of landfill facilities. This Act specifies that municipal implementation of a recycling program include the following elements: I 1. Adoption of an ordinance that requires: I A. Source separation of at least three different waste materials, including clear glass, colored glass, aluminum, steel and bimetallic cans, high-grade office paper, newsprint, corrugated paper, and plastics; I B. Separation of leaf waste for collection; and, C. Separation of high-grade office paper, aluminum, corrugated paper, and leaf waste from commercial, municipal or institutional establishments. I 2. Scheduled collection day(s) for recyclables at least once per month; I 3. Securement of vehicles and related equipment for -material collection;

4. Provision of enforcement of local recycling ordinances, including penalties and I incentives; and

5. Establishment of a comprehensive and ongoing public information program I regarding recycling program features, benefits and requirements. I

124 - VIII. Public Utilities Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I According to the County's Solid Waste Management Plan, Deny Township is not required to implement a local recycling program pursuant to Act 101 because it does not yet meet the population and density requirements. However, Mif€lin County has proposed a recycling program consisting of the following principal elements:

1. Three planned drop-off centers in Lewistown Borough, Granville Township and at the Barner no. 2 landfill. Additional drop-off centers have been considered in Belleville and Derry Township;

2. A diversion program has been initiated at the Barner no. 2 1and.Iil.l to divert recyclables from the waste stream, including leaf waste, used tires, white goods and scrap metal;

3. A leaf composting facility has been placed in operation on a site at the landfill;

4. A public education program including circulars, displays at fairs, newspaper I articles and radio announcements on recycling, as well as presentations at meetings of local civic groups and community organizations; and, I 5. Curbside collection of recyclables in the Phase II mandated municipality of Lewistown Borough. Support and possible expansion of the existing curbside collection program in Juniata Terrace Borough and Granville Township. Support I of all non-mandated municipalities which are considering recycling programs, I including Deny Township. There are additionally currently a number of private and publicly-sponsored recycling programs operating in the County, which are described in the Solid Waste I Management Plan. However, these programs and that of the County currently recycle only approximately 2% of the current waste stream. The Plan anticipates that by I 1997,25% of the County's waste stream will be recovered through recycling programs. However, this will require the County and municipalities to devote substantial resources to broaden participation in recycling. The Plan states that while drop-off 1 of recyclables is recommended for most of Mifflin County, there is the potential for curbside collection in the more developed parts of Deny Township, and that maximum recycling can only be attained if more densely populated municipalities I utilize this tool: The Plan further recommends making recycling mandatory throughout the County. With the exception of Lewistown Borough, recycling is still I voluntary throughout the County, including Deny Township. Derry Township officials have investigated the feasibility of the curbside collection of recyclables, but have found that sufficient stable markets for recyclables are lacking I to motivate local waste haulers to pick up recyclables without charge. Markets for recyclables are located some distance from the Township. One alternative might be for the Township to initiate a once-a-month drop-off program at the municipal I building, with a single hauler picking up materials at that time. Another alternative might involve a pilot curbside collection program involving just a few streets. It may be necessary for the Township or the Authority or both to subsidize such a program I until more stable markets develop. The benefit would be the prolonged life of the

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan VIII. Public Utilities - 12.5 I County landfill. The Solid Waste Management Authority’s recycling coordinator is available to assist the Township in developing a workable recycling program. Act 101 I also provides for grants to municipalities for this purpose.

It is I1scoIIIunBI(IBd thaf DBly TOW&@ ~&@getht~withdre cooaty’s SoM Wmte 1 M- M- Authority to develop and implemertt a myding pvgnuq pmsibly in ~wirh&mJumr~Suchapqpndux&itm@theTownJlip’s h&hmdim&vandmovle~lean?as,iri&dngHVP&PMAm B Yiqptown and L.ewisfown H- The remaining more rural areas of the Township could continue to utilize the drop-off recycling facility at the landfill, which is centrally-located within Derry Township. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

126 - VIII. Public Utilities Derry Toamship Comprehensive Plan 1 I I IX. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM I 1 I obility has become one of the most sought-after qualities of life of this century. The Mwidespread use and development of automobiles, trucks and their road networks have I enabled motorists to travel independently with great flexibility as to origins and destinations. Only recently, with increased congestion, has society begun to realize that the extensive use of the automobile may, in fact, be threatening both mobility and safety. This realization has I led to efforts to better understand the relationship between transportation planning and land use planning, and has created renewed interest in alternative modes of transport.

I This chapter will inventory the Township’s transportation system beginning by categorizing roadway functional classifications, describing roadway design standards, and presenting available traffic volume data and accident locations. A brief discussion of regional traffic I impacts is followed by a description of alternative modes of transport. All of this data is then analyzed and applied to the Township’s development objectives and other available plan information to form the basis for the chapter’s recommendations on future transportation I needs, land use scenarios and implementation strategies. I A. ROADWAY CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESIGN STANDARDS I Functional classification of roadways refers to a system by which roads are described in terms of their utility. Theoretically, roads provide for two separate functions. First, roads provide for mobility-the ability to go from one place to the next. Second, I roads provide a measure of access to adjoining properties. Transportation experts use these two roadway characteristics to determine a road’s functional classification. The chart on the following page depicts the relationship between roadway mobility and I roadway land access for each of the three general road types.

As the chart indicates, roads that provide for greater mobility provide for reduced I land access, and vice versa. This important relationship should always be considered when allocating future land uses along existing or planned roads. The diagram illus- trates three road types: arterials, collectors and locals. These road types can be I further subdivided into any number of different categories, depending upon the complexity of the roadway network. However, for the purposes of this study, the Township’s roadway network can be described as consisting of arterials, major I collectors, minor collectors, and local roads. The roads within the Township are I classified and identified on the Existing Road Network Map.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 127 I Deny Township's existing road network is very noticeably the result of the Township's distinctive topography. The series of parallel ridges and mountains which define the I Township require most roads to have an east-west orientation. This has not unexpectedly had important implications relating to traffic flow, safety and congestion, as will be discussed in subsequent sections of this chapter. I RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOBILITY VS. LAND ACCESS IN ROADWAY FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION I I I I MOBILITY I I I LAND ACCESS I I I I Arterials - Arterials are intended to provide for a greater degree of mobility than land access. Hence, individual driveway intersections with arterials should occur I infrequently. Arterials generally convey between 10,000 and 25,000 average daily trips (ADT) for distances greater than one mile, although in rural areas, these numbers may be lower, Arterials often connect urban centers with outlying communities and I employment or shopping centers. Consequently, arterials are often primary mass transit routes that connect with "downtown" areas of nearby cities. I The following sets forth design standards associated with arterial roads: I

Des@ R0.W. Carhray No. of Shoulder Border Area Design speed Standards Width Width Lanes Width Width (wh) I Maximum 126 ft. 60 ft. 5 10 H. 20 ft. 50 Minimum 42 ft. 22 ft. 2 8 ft. 2 ft. 40 1

128 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I .- .,

The following summarizes the existing characteristics of the Township’s arterial roadways:

ARTERIAL ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS

Walnut Street PAS22 6,,ooo-S,000 3,791-9776 S106ft. 2242ft. 2 4-8 ft. 35-45

All of the Township’s arterial roadways meet,the recommended minimum design standards for right-of-way width, cartway width and number of lanes, except that part of PA 522 lacks sufficient right-of-way width. High traffic volume and a very high traffic accident rate along US 22 through “the Narrows,” however, indicate that this route needs to be upgraded to four lanes (see Traffic Safety and Regional Traffic Impact). All of the Township’s arterial roadways lack sufficient shoulder width in some areas.

Of the Township’s three arterials, US 322 provides the greatest degree of mobility as a limited access major arterial from where it diverges from US 22 south of Lewistown Borough to the Brown Township line to the north. As shown in the above table, traffic volume along this route has doubled in places over the last 20 years. Truck traffic constitutes between eight and 16% of total traffic volume on this route. Three full interchanges at Electric Avenue, Ferguson Valley Road and Walnut Street, and two limited interchanges at PA 522 and US 22 provide access to points within Deny Township. From the Juniata County line west to the divergence of the two roads, US 322 and US 22 share the same route. For purposes of this chapter, this road I segment will be referred to as US 22. US 22 and PA 522 both provide for a combination of mobility and land access. Close in toward Lewistown Borough these routes have multiple points of access-to I commercial uses along US 22 south of Lewistown Borough and to residential uses along PA 522 east of the Borough. In the more rural parts of the Township, these routes provide primarily for mobility. Truck traffic constitutes 13-14% of total trac I on US 22 and 6-9% of total traffic volume on PA 522. Congestion within Lewistown Borough and through ‘the Narrows” has led to proposals for improvements along US I 22 (see Regional Traffic Impact section). Electric Avenue/Main Street is the major north-south route in the Township and County, with multiple east-west arterials and collectors contributing to its heavy traffic volume. As can be seen in the foregoing table, traffic volume along Electric Avenue

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan . IX. Transp&tation System - 129 I has more than doubled in placed over the last 20 years. Truck traffk makes up 2-7% of total traffic volume on this route. This route is also a major commercial I corridor and hence provides for a combination of mobility and land access. Electric Avenue in particular has multiple points of access due to the completely developed nature of the route, closely-spaced cross-streets, large numbers of separate commercial 1 uses, and no curbing. This high degree of land access conflicts with and limits the primary function of the route, which is mobility. Like most older highway commercial areas, Electric Avenue suffers from traflic congestion; the Township is not alone in I this regard among municipalities. A high historic accident rate along this route led to a PennDOT study in the late 198Os, which resulted in the redesign of Electric Avenue from four lanes to three. This created a center lane which is now used for 1 turns, as well as additional shoulder areas. .Accordmg to PennDOTs Clearfield District office, the redesign has significantly reduced the rate of accidents on this route (see also Traffic Safety section). I Maior Collectors - Major collectors provide for medium length travel distances (generally less than one mile) and convey between 1,500 and 10,OOO ADT. Major I collectors also provide land access to major land uses such as regional shopping centers, large industrial parks, major subdivisions, and community-wide recreation facilities. Some sparsely developed mal uses also have direct access to major I collectors. Major collectors primarily serve motorists between local streets and community-wide activity centers or arterial roads. I The following sets forth design standards for major collector roads:

MAJOR COLLECIOR ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS I I Maximum 84 ft. 24 ft. 2 10 ft. 20 ft. 50 Minimum 42 ft. 22 ft. 2 8 ft. 2 ft. 40 I The following table summarizes the characteristics of the Township's major collector roadways: I MAJOR COLLECTOR ROADWAY CHARACl'ERISTICS I I

Ln.) 4,000 I Long Ln. PA Mol 600- 1,296- 33-172 ft. 18-3Oft. 2 4 ft. 35-45 800 1,321 Green Ave. Ext./Back Maitland Rd. PA 2004 2,OW 2,201- 33-60 ft. 2042 ft. 2 2-4 ft. 35-40 1 (Lewistown Born. line to Bargo Ln.) 4,000 4,610 Parcheytm Rd. PA2005 2,OW - So40 ft. 18-34 ft. 2 &lo ft. - 4,000 1 Dry Valley Rd. ~-m/3n - - 33 ft. 18 ft. 2 3 ft. - ADTs for Township roads are unavailable.

130 - IX. Transportation System Lkny Township Comprehensive Plan I Although the Township's major collectors meet the recommended minimum design standards for right-of-way and cartway widths along of most routes, entire lengths and large segments of some routes do not meet the recommended standards. AU of the Township's major collectors, excepting parts of West Freedom Avenue and i Parcheytown Road, lack sufficient shoulder width. Most of these routes were not originally designed as major collectors, yet have evolved to function over time in that II capacity. As is shown in the above table, the trafEc volume along West Freedom Avenue has increased several fold over the last 20 years. This is no doubt due, in large part, to new commercial uses along this route.

While Ferguson Valley Road (Tal) is classified by Mifflin County neither as a I major nor a minor collector, it is currently being utilized as a major collector and is likely to be carrying the traffic volume of a major collector. Ferguson Valley Road connects with two arterials and another major collector and provides land access to I Virtually all of Yeagertown, as well as a few major commercial and public land uses. There is also the potential for future development along this route. 1 Minor Collectors - Minor collectors provide for equal amounts of mobility and land access. These streets serve as the main circulation roads within large residential subdivisions and small rural settlements. Trip lengths tend to be shorter in I "developed" neighborhoods but will be longer in outlying rural areas. I The following sets forth design standards for minor collector roads: 1 I I The following table summarizes the characteristics of the Township's minor collector I roadways. I Fergoson Valley Rd. (Granville Twp. line to PA 4013 400- 1,761 33-120 ft. 20-26 ft. 2 4-8 ft. 45 US 322) 600 I Ort Valley Rd. T-373 - - 33 ft. 18 ft. 2 3 ft. 25 I I ,North Deny Ave. T4U) - - 33 ft. 18 ft. 2 3 ft. - Vim Rd. (Long Ln. to Decatur Twp. line) PA 2002 600- 1,321 34-40 ft. 19 ft. 2 4-6 ft. - 800 Back Maitland Rd. (Bargo Ln. to Decatur PA 2004 2,W 3,791 36-60 ft. 18-30 ft. 2 24ft. 40 I Twp. line) 4,000 Jacks Creek Rd. T-315 - - 33 ft. 18 ft. 2 3 ft. 35

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 131 1 AU of the Township’s minor collectors meet the recommended minimum design standards for right-of-way width but, with the exception of Ferguson Valley Road and 1 part of Back Maitland Road, generally lack sufficient cartway width. Most minor collectors additionally lack sufficient shoulder width along part or all of their routes. I The traffic volume along Ferguson Valley Road has more than doubled over the last 20 years. While neither Ort Valley Road nor Jacks Creek Road are classified by the County as minor collectors, these routes are currently carrying the traffic volume of I and/or being otherwise utilized as minor collectors. Local Roads - Local roads are intended to provide immediate access to adjoining land I uses. These roads are intended to serve up to 25 dwellings and are generally short in length within a suburban-type development. In outlying rural areas, local roads may run for greater distances and serve more individual properties; however, the I sparsely developed character of these areas prevents congestion problems. Finally, local roads are intended to only provide for transportation within a particular neighborhood, or to one of the other road types already described. I The following sets forth the design standards for local streets: I I/ LOCAL ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS II I J I Maximum 54 ft. 22 ft. 2 8 Et. 8 ft. 25 I Minimum 28 ft. 20 ft. 2 4 ft. 2 ft. 2s

All of the roads not previously classified as arterials or collectors are considered local I roads. One of these, the Kish Pike, is a State-owned route (PA 2007). Most other roads are Township-owned, while a number of roads are privately-owned. There is currently no subdivision ordinance which sets forth road standards applicable to Deny 1 Township. The Township’s Road Ordinance stipulates that the Township will accept for dedication only those roads serving a minimum of five dwellings with rights-of-way of 50 feet. As a result, a number of private dirt and gravel roads exist within the I Township, some serving numerous residences. These roads are not maintained by the Township, but are generally fairly well maintained by landowners, with only infrequent mud and storm water runoff onto Township and State roads, and little difficulty in I emergency vehicle access to these areas. i B. TRAFFIC SAFETY I Along with congestion reduction, traffic safety is also an important consideration in the programming of roadway improvements. High accident locations can result from various factors, such as inadequate road design, insufficient sight distance, improper I speed limits, driver negligence, etc. This section will describe traffic accident statistics within the Township so that the planning recommendations contained within this report can acknowledge these conditions. From the outset, it must be understood that 1 these traffic safety discussions are not presented as qualified engineering analyses; I 132 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehcnsk Plan I instead, they are used solely to gain a general understanding of the location and I severity of traffic safety problems. Traffic accident data was obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of I Transportation, Center for Highway Safety, for the period 1988-1992. This five-year period provides the most recent reportable accident data available. A reportable accident is one in which an injury or fatality OCCLUS, or at least one of the vehicles I involved requires towing from the scene. The location of all the accidents discussed on the following pages have been plotted on the Traffic Accidents Map.

I The following describes those fatal accidents recorded within the Township between 1988 and 1992. I - TRAFFIC FATALITIES (1988-1992) II Accident I # Year 1 1990 us 22 Behueen Millers Tomb 1 Head-on Collision Driving Wrong Side 1 - Rd. & Juniata Co. Line 2 1991 us 22 Between Millers Tomb I 3 IHeadan Collision IDriving Wrong Side Rd. & Juniata Co. Line II 3 1991 us22 Between Millers Tomb 1 Hit Fwed Object Driver Drinking I Rd. & Juniata Co. Line I 4 1991 Walnut St. & Patton Dr. At Interseaion 1 Angle Collision improper Turning

Aside from the preceding fatal accidents, specific accident locations are ranked by I frequency for the Township. These specific locations are ranked and reported in two categories. First, accidents that occurred at specific intersections at two or more roads are identified and ranked. Second, accidents that occurred along one road between I' two roads, or mid-block accidents, are enumerated and ranked. Mid-block accidents also include accidents that occurred along public roads at an intersection with a 1 driveway. The following tables rank only the most frequently occurring accident sites. I Rank Intersection Total No. of Accidents I 1 Electric Avenue & Ort Valley Road 9 2 I Electric Avenue & 6th Street I 7 I 11 3 I Electric Avenue & 4th Street I 6 II I 11 4 I Electric Avenue & 3rd Street I 5 II I 4 Ferguson Valley Road & Nolan Drive 5 5 PA522& US322 4 I 5 PA522&LongLane 4 5 US322& us 22 4

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 133 I 1 I I 6 Ferguson Valley Road & US 322 on/off ramp B-1 3 6 ort Valley Road & US 322 on/off ramp A-3 3 I 6 Eledric Avenue & US 322 off ramp C 3 I I I1 1 Ius22 I Millers Tomb Road & Juniata County Line I 43 2 us322 Ferguson Valley Road & Brown Township Line 16 I 3 us322 PA 522 & Ferguson Valley Road 14 II 4 Ius322 I US 22 & PA 522 Iu I 5 us22 US 322 & Millers Tomb Road 11 5 us22 US 322 & Jacks Creek Road 11 I 5 Jacks Creek Road US 22 to Creek Crossing 11 6 Back Maitland Road Jacks Creek Road & Lewland Circle 9 1 7 Longhe Goss Road & Dry Valley Road 8 8 Ferguson Valley Road Winding Lane & Granville Township Line 7 I 9 Main Street Ferguson Valley Road & Burnham Borough 6 Line 11 9 1 Electric Avenue I3rd Street & 4th Street 16 I 10 Main Street 1st Street & 2nd Street 5 I

Aside from the obvious contributing factors to these traffic accidents, such as drunk driving, drowsiness, driver distraction, poor weather conditions, speeding, mechanical I failure, objects in the roadway, and careless motorist behavior, other factors such as road design, limited or obstructed sight distance, and developed land uses with multiple access along roads also contribute to the occurrence of accidents. I

The corridor with the highest number of accidents by far is US 22, particularly the segment between Millers Tomb Road and the Juniata County Line. This is a high- I traffic area with a sigmficant proportion of trucks on a two-lane road. Improper passing, driving on the wrong side of the road, improper entrance, and fallen rocks I appear to be major contributors to accidents in this area. The high incidence of I 134 - IX. Transportation System Derry Township Comprehensive Pian accidents on the short segment between US 322 and Millers Tomb Road may, in part, be due to the lack of clarity with regard to which route, US 22 or US 322, is considered the exit when traveling in a westward direction, creating uncertainty in drivers unfamiliar with the route.

The relatively high incidence of accidents along the entire US 322 corridor within Deny Township is due to a combination of contributing factors, including deer on the roadway, and is also a function of the high traffic volume along this route. The intersection with the highest number of accidents is Electric Avenue at Ort Valley Road, Ort Valley Road also being the southbound off-ramp for US 322. Most of these accidents are caused by southbound vehicles stopping at Ort Valley Road, then pulling out into traffic on Electric Avenue. Plans for a traffic signal at this location should improve safety here (see Regional Traffic Impact section).

Accidents at Electric Avenue and Mill Road appear to be related to the close juxtaposition of these roads with the right-turn only exit ramp off of and entrance ramp onto US 322. Not only are the exit ramp and parallel Mill Road located very close together, creating a hazard, but southbound vehicles on Electric Avenue Wishing to turn left onto Mill Road block the path of northbound vehicles on Electric Avenue wishing to turn left onto the entrance ramp. Proposed US 322 interchange improvements may reduce the volume of traffic utilizing this exit and entrance by providing additional points of access to this route (see Regional Impacts section). High numbers of accidents have also occurred along Electric Avenue between 3rd and 6th Streets, where the two road functions of access and mobility conflict. Traffic signals at these locations undoubtedly add to safety along this corridor. However, the High School and Lewistown Hospital contribute heavily to area traffic, particularly ~I during peak commute hours. Further, the hospital is planning a major expansion and altered access which would further add to area traffic and an increased likelihood of I accidents (see Recommendations section). According to Joe Fetzer, Township Roadmaster, a major contributing factor to the 1 high accident rate at the High Bridge on Back Maitland Road, is probably the awkward school bus stop location, which would be more safely sited further east on this route. Finally, a number of accident locations are at wes, where vehicles I crossed the center line, such as on Long Lane near Goss Road, and along Jacks Creek Road. I C. REGIONAL TRAFFIC IMPACT

I Before specific transportation-related recommendations can be made, it is important to understand that Deny Township possesses several roads that selve a larger traffic shed than that of just the Township. First, US 322 is a major arterial connecting I State College and the 1-80 corridor to the northwest with Harrisburg to the southeast and providing a means of commuting to these areas by Deny Township residents. Second, US 522 is Mifftin County's major east-west route, linking it to PA 11 and PA 15 to the northeast, and to Interstate 76 to the south. Third, US 22, while sharing

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 135 I a common route with US 322 to the southeast and with PA 522 to the southwest, also provides an important weto Pittsburgh in the west. Finally, PA 1005 I (Electric Avenue/Main Street) connects Lewistown to ReedsviUe, providing an important north-south route within the County. These routes carry moderately high volumes of through traffic, as well as local traffic generated from within Deny 1 Township, Lewistown Borough and Burnham Borough. These routes will continue to experience growing traffic volumes due to their importance as links between outside areas and the County, and between the Township and other municipalities within the I County.

PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS I

A number of proposed improvements to US 22 and US 322 are currently part of PennDOTs 12-Year Program. These involve the completion of the 'missing link" I component of US 322 in Brown and Armagh Townships to the north, the construction of a US 22 bypass around Lewistown, together with associated route widening and interchange improvements, and major improvements to US 22 through 'the Narrows." I All of these improvements will affect traffic within Deny Township.

The "missing link" project would involve the extension of the four-lane limited access I US 322 from its present terminus in Reedsville north to Mt. Pleasant, where it would again join with the fully-improved route. This improved access to State College and the 1-80 corridor would enhance traffic flow on a congested portion of US 322 I through Deny Township and is supported by Township officials.

Studies are currently underway evaluating various alternatives for improvements to US I 22 in the vicinity of Lewistown. A US Route 22 Planning Study (1989) undertaken by consultants for PennDOT has established the need for improvements to alleviate traffic congestion through Lewistown. Such improvements would also serve to I alleviate current traffic congestion in Deny Township in the Electric Avenue area adjacent to the Borough. I Three alternatives for improvement have been considered: a No-Build Alternative; a Blue Alternative, involving the widening of US 22 through Lewistown; and a Green I Alternative, involving a new roadway linking US 22 at Strodes Mills in Granville Township with US 322 just north of Lewistown. I More recently, a Blue-Green Alternative has been developed, which involves modified elements of both the Blue and the Green Alternatives. In this alternative, US 22 would be widened to three lanes from west of Strodes Mills to a proposed I interchange at the Mifflin County Industrial Park only. This greatly reduces the number of residences and businesses that might otherwise be displaced or adversely affected by widening through Lewistown. From the new interchange, a new alignment I would be constructed north of existing US 22 to join US 322 at Electric Avenue. A new signal would be located at Ort Valley Road and Electric Avenue and a left-hand turn lane along Ort Valley Road would accommodate the increased flow of traffic I onto and off US 22/322. The proposed new exit off the US 22 bypass interchange would also enable northbound travelers on US 322 to avoid the current right-turn only exit if their destination is Lewistown Borough or the Ort Valley area. Deny I

~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ I 136 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I Township officials have had the opportunity to meet with PeMDOT officials to discuss I the specifics of the proposed interchange design of US 22 at US 322. At Deny Township's request, the proposed interchange design was recmtlgured to mhhk impacts on and reduce the displacement of area residences. This alternative seeks I to achieve a compromise between community concerns and transportation needs and currently appears to be PennDOTs, as well as the community's, preferred alternative. I The Blue-Green Alternative then would facilitate commuter traffic flow from Deny Township headed southwest on US 22 by enabling the bypassing of a congested portion of Lewistown Borough. While the Alternative would increase the use of the I proposed new interchange at US 322, it could actually decrease the use of the current on and off ramps on Electric Avenue, and it is not anticipated that it would increase traffic otherwise within Deny Township, except as may OCCUT due to development in I the vicinity of the new interchange.

A public meeting was held in the fall of 1992 in Deny Township to present ail of the I alternatives and to obtain public input. A Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing the alternatives and their impacts is currently in progress, to be 1 followed by a final public hearing, final EIS and project approval. The US Route 22 Planning Study also proposes improvements to US 22 along the Narrows in Deny Township. This area is considered extremely dangerous because I of rockfalls, excessive speeding and inadequate lane and shoulder widths. The area has a very high historic fatal accident rate. The Study recommends both interior improvements directed at improving the safety of the route, and long-range I improvements to include a four-lane alignment. Interior improvements would include cartway widening to two 12-foot lanes, improved shoulder widths in the eastbound I direction, and rockfall protection. Of ten potential alternative designs for a four-lane I alignment, the one recommended by the study proposes moving the route from the north to the south side of the river for a three-mile stretch from the US 32/22 'I junction east to just short of the Juniata County line, where it would cross back over again. However, PennDOT presently appears to favor using the existing alignment for all road improvements and has just appropriated five million dollars for an ~II engineering study which would evaluate the widening of US 22 to four lanes at its current location. I D. ALTERNATIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

I PEDESTRIAN TRANSIT

Walking is an important means of transportation that is often overlooked in land use I and transportation planning. Pedestrian walkways in residential and commercial areas can provide access between residences and nearby neighborhoods, shopping, schools, playgrounds, etc. Road shoulders in rural areas can enable pedestrians to walk safely I to nearby villages, bus stops, etc. The lack of pedestrian facilities makes residents dependent on the automobile for even short distances that might otherwise be made on foot. Currently, there are some sidewalks in parts of Highland Park and I Yeagertown. The best potential for future pedestrian facilities in Deny Township

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 137 probably lies in the area bounded by West Freedom Avenue, Ferguson Valley Road and the Bunzham Borough line, as well as in the vicinity of the Township Park and Lewistown Hospital. Here, existing and future commercial, residential, industrial, and public uses could be linked, providing easy walking access from nearby residential neighborhoods, and assuring the safety of pedestrians, and reducing traffic congestion. 1 BIKE TRANSIT I Biking is another means of transport that has the potential for greater application in the Township. Bhg can be for recreation or commuting purposes. As for pedestrian traffic, bikers need safe routes. The provision of road shoulders or bike I paths, lanes or routes along specific roads could encourage increased bike use.

PUBLIC TRANSIT I

Mifflin County currently has no public transit system. In 1978, the County contracted for the preparation of a Transit Development Program, a draft copy of which was I completed in 1979. This document recommended the following seMces be included in a Five-Year Transit Improvement Program. I 1. A fixed-route, fixed-schedule mini-bus seMce within Lewktown Borough, to be extended to Bumham/Yeagertown, Deny Township, Juniata Terrace, and Granville Township in the future as demand and conditions warrant;

2. A four-vehicle, Countywide advanced reservation seMce;

3. More effective and efficient utilization of the transportation resources presently operated by local human service agencies; and, I 4. Development of a vanpool/carpool program to serve major employment sites. I Of the above recommended transit services, No. 1 and No. 4 hold the most promise for alleviating current and potential future congestion along Electric Avenue in Deny 1 Township. The Draft Transit Development Program specifies transit routes that could serve the Yeagertown, Highland Park and Lewistown Heights areas of Deny Township, connecting them with Lewistown and Burnham Boroughs, and the Mifflin I County Industrial Park in Granville Township. Lewistown Borough’s new Comprehensive Plan (1991) similarly recommends exploring the feasibility of a fixed route limited transit service coordinated with surrounding townships to serve major I traffic generators, such as the Lewistown Hospital. Both documents recommend the use of a vanpool/carpool program which would be most beneficially directed at major employers along Electric Avenue, including Standard Steel and the Lewistown I Hospital.

Regional bus service is provided in MiMin County by Greyhound Bus Lines and Fullington Auto Bus Company. Service between Pittsburgh and Hanisburg via State College is provided by Greyhound along US 322 with scheduled stops in Millroy,

~~~ 138 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Reedsville, Yeagertown, Burnham, and Lewistown. The Fullington Auto BUS Company provides limited service between Port Royal and Lewistown.

PARATRANSIT

A number of public and private human service agencies in Mifflin County provide transportation services for their clients. These programs focus on transportation- disadvantaged groups, such as the elderly, the handicapped and low-hcome families, and are not available to the general public. The County‘s area Agency on Aging operates a call-ride service for the elderly, whereby callers provide one or two days’ notice and are transported for a minimal charge anywhere in the County.

RAIL AND AIR TRANSIT

Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak out of Lewktown Borough to Pittsburgh and points west, and to Harrisburg and points southeast. Freight service is available along Conrail tracks running from Lewistown Borough north to the Standard Steel plant in Burnham Borough and east to the Krentzman Salvage Yard at the Decatur Township line. Charter air flights and freight deliveries are provided out of the MiMin County Airport in Brown Township to the north. There are no regularly scheduled passenger flights from this private airport, the closest available scheduled public air service being available at the University Park Airport in State College.

E. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based upon the goals articulated in the Community Planning Goals chapter of this Comprehensive Plan, the Township’s main objective in planning for its transportation system is to facilitate the safe and efficient movement of through traffic and to provide safe and convenient access to destinations within the Township. In addition, the public has articulated a strong desire for improvements to its road system in the community survey which was sent to area residents. Of those respondents supporting improved public services, the highest number, 25%, cited a need for roadway improvements. A similarly high percentage cited a concern with traffic congestion and safety problems.

ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS

The most important task before the Township is the need to separate through traffic from local traffic. One way of doing this is to classify, design and improve roadways for their intended purposes. lX&g rutzhq~should be impvwad to the da@ standardr for the vaku &way types derraibed e(piiB in the chaptex The implementation of such design standards for the various functional classifications is meant to maximize traffic flow and minimize safety hazards. The chart on the following page briefly outlines the necessary minimum remedial measures needed to upgrade the Township’s roadway system, including its arterials, major collectors and minor collectors.

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 139 I I

Twnty-Egbh Division us 322 Increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. A Highway R Add 2 new lanes; increase shoulder width to a I T William Penn Highway us 22 minimum of 8 feet. E R Increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. I Eledric Avenue/Mah Street PA 1005 I A Increase right-of-way width to a rpinimum of 42 feet; L increase shoulder wdth to a minunum of 8 feet. -S walnut street PA 522 West Freedom Avenue PA 4OU Increase right-of-way width to a minimum of 42 feet; I increase cartway wdth to a minimum of 22 feet; increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. Increase right-of-way width to a minimum of 42 feet; I Ferguson Valley Road T-401 increase cartway wdth to a minimum of 22 feet; increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. M A Increase right-of-way width to a wum of 42 feet; I J increase cartway wdth to a rrrrmmum of 22 feet; 0 Via Road (Burnham PA 2002 increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. R Borough line to Long Lane) Increase nght-of-way width to a minimum of 42 feet; C increase cartway wdth to a minimum of 22 feet; I 0 increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. L Long Lane PA 2001 L Increase right-of-way width to a minimum of 42 feet; E increase cartway wdth to a mipimum of 22 feet; 1 C increase shoulder width to a minunum of 8 feet. T 0 Green Avenue Ext./Back PA 2004 Increase cartway width to a minimum of 22 feet; R Maitland Road wistown increase shoulder width to a minimum of 8 feet. I S Borough line to Yargo Lane) Increase nght-of-way width to a minimum of 42 feet; Parcheytown Road increase cartway wdth to a lpipimum of 22 feet; PA 205 increase. shoulder width to a rmnunum of 8 feet. I Dry Valley Road - T-432137 I M Ort Valley Road T-373 Increase cartway width to a minimum of 20 feet; I increase shoulder width to a minimum of 4 feet. N 0 Increase cartway width to a minimum of 20 feet; I R North Deny Avenue T-420 increase shoulder width to a minimum of 4 feet. Increase cartway width to a minimum of 20 feet. Via Road (Lang Ljme to PA 2002 Increase cartway width to a minimum of 20 feet; I Decatur Townshp he) increase shoulder width to a minimum of 4 feet. Back Maitland Road (Bargo PA 2004 Increase cartway width to a minimum of 20 feet; Lane to Decatur Township increase shoulder width to a minimum of 4 feet. I line) Jacks Creek Road T-315 1

This list is presented to make local officials aware of what is needed to bring these roads into minimum compliance with the roadway classification design standards I specified by the Federal government. While a number of the listed roads are under State jurisdiction and would require State funding and involvement to upgrade, local I

140 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I governments can and should lobby the State and County for the funding for these and I other projects. To begin with, it appears that the Township’s arterial roadway system is generally I adequately designed, except for additional needed right-of-way width along part of PA 522, and additional needed shoulder width along parts of all roads. Should these routes be widened or otherwise improved in the future, there should.. be sufficient land I available to do so. nK TeShODllii remain an advepartrcrpant inthephmblg for the US 22 bypm and the w&+g @US 22 thn& Wze Nmw’to aswe that I impvvements to there arter&& bat mtxd the llBBds ofthe Tom The Township’s major collectors are currently the most deficient routes, most lacking sufficient right-of-way, cartway and shoulder width for some or all of their length. I While the cartways should be widened and shoulder widths increased or constructed to meet recommended standards, the 33-foot right-of-way on most of these routes limits the ability to do this without having to purchase portions of private properties I that abut the roadway. One way lolcal ecan raduce the h&h cas& amuated-wifh thepurchase of ri&-ofway is to require that aryjidwe development alorlgthese 1 be set back far enough fi the neadad an/liti/wyrl right-of--wq~widthr The Township’s minor collectors at present have adequate right-of-way widths, but I many lack sufficient cartway and shoulder width. I iI According to Joe Fetzer, Derry Township’s Roadmaster, Townshipowned roads are I in satisfactory condition, having undergone major repaving two years ago. The Township has applied for funding from PennDOT for the replacement of a bridge over Hungry Run on Old Park Road, just north of Vira Road. The bridge is 1 considered deficient because it was not constructed to bear the weight of heavier vehicles, such as garbage trucks, school buses and emergency vehicles. No other Township bridges are presently considered deficient, and no other local road I improvements are currently planned. However, two County bridges in the Township are part of PennDOTs Twelve-Year Program-the Mill Street Bridge and the North II Deny Street Bridge. ACCESS MANAGEMENT

I A second method of separating through traffic from local traffic is to minimize the number of points of access onto the Township’s arterial and major collector roadways. As described earlier, roads can either provide for greater mobility or greater access, I but not both. It is apparent from the number of vehicles traveling on Electric Avenue and other routes that they are being used for mobility between nearby communities and neighborhoods as either arterials or collectors. Equally apparent, I however, is the large number of driveway connections and intersections Occurring

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 141 I I I I I I I I The current proposal for expanding the Lewktown Hospital involves eliminating the current 3rd Street access to Electric Avenue, where there is a signal, and creating a new access drive directly onto Electric Avenue (a half block away). This would create I enormous traffic congestion and safety problems for several reasons. First, the area between 3rd and 4th Streets is already the most congested and accident-prone segment on Electric Avenue. Second, the hospital is a major contributor to the I traffic, particularly during shift changes. The planned expansion of the hospital will create greater traffic volume in this area. Without the use of a traffic signal to manage the existing and future traffic flow generated by the hospital, egress from the I hospital is likely to back up, and entry onto Electric Avenue is likely to be hazardous. Similarly, drivers seeking ingress from Electric Avenue’s center turning lane are also I likely to back up, creating additional hazards, as well as blocking access to the other side of the street. Deny Towmhip should &e.& oppthis prv@ and nqptku2 with the hospital to mairttainpw aacess onto 3rd or 4th Stnxts Such aaxm wiU I serve the Townsfip, as wdm hapitalptmmandenpbyees farmom eJkien@and flectivtdy. rf negotiations f@ the Townsh& should register f& apparition with PennDOT to the appmal of an aacesspsmit onto Ektk Avemce. I LAND USE PLANNING I A third and critical .method of .separating through.trafEc from local traffic involves the future allocation of land uses along the various road types. Mmintenrive tmrnnm&

buhridor~e deveIopmsltsmobviourlandrrserthatbtnejit~mtheimprwad I mobility offd by attenhland cdkctm- H-, these mom interme-uses nust be derigned tr a mamerthatminimkr~t?wayactr Strippad-osct land- of any type mate mdiple access points and wmen nxul uqestum AgriaJturrJuresan? I ofen tqmidty compatible uses ahgsuch raamvayS because ofthe lack ofdivewuy arts Lowervolumeminorw~~nmdsandkklraadr,deaignedtoprwidelocal I

I 142 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I 1 I I I I I ALTERNATlW3 MODES OF TRANSPORT I I I I

I It ir reconvnended that the Towrash@ work with M@En Gxmty and Lewissown Bovoygh to investigate the fdildy of establishing a limitedjixe&rvute brcs system that d I meElecaic Avenue fiom Lewistown to Yewn Such a system WlDUld be &e& to be well patronized by the many eldaiypmom in the tmq as well as employees of Standani Steel; Lmirtown Hqital and the Gninty and M@ Chmty I COmmortlF and other patrons of bmheses Such a bur could &star&@ reduce the flow of tn@ on Elecaic Avenue mvingpeak hours, as well as prwide an I ssvice to the area’s growing eldslypopulation. I I F. PROJECT FUNDING

I When local officials are faced with having to make roadway improvements, their first concern is how much it will cost. Like most communities, financing transportation improvement projects could be one of the biggest challenges facing the Township. I Projects on State-owned roads should be funded and carried out by PennDOT.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 143 I However, these types of projects compete on a statewide basis and fun- levels are often low. Some projects on State roadways may require joint PennDOT, county and I municipal financial participation A request for funding requires the submittal of a municipal proposal for PennDOTs consideration for placement on its Twelve-Year Transportation Improvement Program. I A second funding method allows each municipality to engage in fair, yet purposeful negotiations with developers for the provision of transportation improvement projects I where proposed developments impact existing on-site roadway segments and/or intersections. However, this technique only solves acute design problems that are located on or adjacent to the development site. I

Aside from these two several funding methods, there are other transportation improvement funding options that can be investigated and applied simultaneously with I the above described methods or applied individually. The following section identifies and describes some of these funding programs available to the Township to help offset the costs associated with roadway improvements. I

Federal Intermodal Surface Transmrtation Efficieny Act (ISTJU) - This Federal funding source approved in 1991 can provide funds for various projects that improve I road safety. Among them is the 'Surface Transportation Program," which requires that ten percent of each state's allocated funds be distributed to certain safety improvement programs. The widening and resurfacing of narrow, heavily utilized I roadways and the improvement of dangerous intersections are projects that would qualify for these funds. I A second ten percent of each state's allocated funds in this program must be spent for transportation enhancement activities. These funds are to be used to provide for pedestrian and bicycle use, acquisition of scenic easements and scenic or historic sites I and preservation of abandoned railway corridors to name a few. In order for local municipalities to "tap" into the funding provided by Ism it is recommended that I they inquire about funding for specific transportation improvements projects with PennDOTs District 2 Office in Clearfield. I Safety and Mobility Initiative Promam (SAM11 - This program developed as a combination of the Federal Energy Conservation, Congestion Reduction and Safety Program (ECONS)and the Corridor Safety Initiatives Program (GI).The focus of I the program at this point is on the Federal Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) mandates which include, but are not limited to, the implementation of the following Transportation Demand Management Programs: Park and Ride I promotion/implementation, transit service promotion programs, staggered work shift hours and pedestrian-ways and bikeways. This is another program funded under ISTEA. Again, it is recommended that local municipalities contact PennDOT District I 2 for information regarding specific projects and the availability of funding under this Program I Highwav Transfer or Road Turnback Program - This program has been sponsored by PennDOT since 1981. Under this program, PennDOT will bring a road up to current specifications and then dedicate or 'turn it over" to the participating I

~ ~~~~~~~~ 144 - IX. Transportation System Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I municipality. Annual maintenance fees are also included (up to $2,5oO/de) by PennDOT. In most instances, the municipality gets a new roachyay and bm for maintenance. This is one method of restoring and improving aging and deficient roadways within the Township. This program can be pursued by contacting I PennDOTs District 2 Engineer's Office. Imuact Fees - Some municipalities in Pennsylvania have followed the example of other I states (especially Florida and California) of developing impact fees. Under this arrangement, the developer pays a set fee to the municipality for roadway improvements. Improvements can then be made to roadways and intersections I impacted by the proposed development. Fees are established by a formula based upon the development impact using the number of trip generated during the peak hour. The State recently enacted legislation (Act 209, amendment to Act 247) which I permits municipalities to impose transportation impact fees. However, the preparation and adoption of such an ordinance requires rigorous planning analysis and I transportation engineering expertise, and is of limited value to rural areas. Transuortation Partnershius - Act 47 of 1985, as amended, provides for the formation of 'partnerships" between municipalities and, in most cases, local developers and I businesses. A formal partnership requires the designation of a transportation development district in which all improvements will take place and in which assessments may be charged. This type of funding program is most useful in growing I areas. Contact PennDOTs office of planning for more information.

Develouer-Provided Improvements - Zoning and subdivision ordinance requirements I can specify the provision of sidewalks, curbing, bike paths, and roads meeting minimum standards in new developments. In addition, zoning ordinance provisions can encourage developer-provided bike and walking paths as part of required common I open space in cluster developments. I Local Share of Liauid Fuels Tax - This provides for a permanent allocation of a part of the liquid fuels tax collected by the State for municipalities. Liquid fuels tax allocations may be used for any road-related activity including maintenance, repair, I construction, or reconstruction of public roads or streets. The funding source for this program is the Bureau of Municipal SeMces, Perm DOT. I General Obligation Bonds - The Township can use its borrowing power to raise funds for any specific project. This could be done at any time during the life of the Plan.

I Highwav Access or Cauital Imurovements Fund - This fund can be established as a special fund set aside for municipal-capital improvements. Funds could come from a special tax or the use of excess revenues or both. For instance, a specified amount I of the municipality's millage could be set aside for this fund. When this fund reaches a certain size, it could then be utilized to contribute to a variety of capital improvement demands. The accumulation of this fund can be used to pay for I municipal-owned roadways or can be used as a matching fund for State or Federal I grants.

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan IX. Transportation System - 145 I I I I I I I I The Deny Tomhip GmpWePlan is intended to addksfichue growth and development until the year 2010. Codtent with qdcommwriiy Plannurg Go& the Plan provides a kmsefiamewwk of planned pwth in anm dabk for such growth, -her than staged I amounts ofplannedpwth areas bduponpmjected needr 7hk resuIfF in ajhmland use scheme that (1) provides more than adequate Iand for jhue growth and develop- (2) wnjines development areas so that pub& and private impmvm and services can be 1 pmviakd to a wmzpGlct aniq (3) foacses on vrfin development in and mund exkting se-ttaand (4) reduces the wm&n of produdive fe I while the Fuiwe Land Use Map acknowledges the majority of eriSring land uses, aspscjcicaaL omits a number of scatt;eredrwdencq d brcsinesrer and hdutms- thatare*cLispsed I throughout the Tomhip. This dehhmte omr'srion is an attempt to prtq a "'Virion" of the Township todwhich .. local reguIatory floris cw Strive and will require wrnidembk we andemphasisontheadmuustndu,n of the zoning oniinance 's nonconforming use pmViriom I The Future Land Use Map utilim a numbs of Plan daigmtbw each idaztifjll.lg a rim- land use catqq. These Plan designatins are intended to spt@ica@guide and I prwi& a fiamavonk of support for the applkble wnhg in the area Gszemlly speaking each Plan &@nation is int& to be imprsnslted by a spec@ wmsponding wne in the q~plkabkwe onhame, thetebypmvidbg wdenq between prCmning and wn@ Plan I daijpationson the Future Land Use Map are appM dkingpmpoty ha, dandnafrual fiaurq except whimpmctkal I The fobwing dauibes each of the rim- Plan desi''m &picted on the Future Land Use Plan Map. I I I 146 - X. Future land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Pian I I A. AGNCULTUIE I I I I I1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Future Land Use Plan - 147 I I I I I I B. RESDEm I I I I I 1 I I I

.. Fourth, it ir the rqpodw of every . toprwidefwavanktyofhoscring I types and iikmitk It isjwlm important that the proper amount and location of these vdhorcsing types be compatible with erirting development and/or adjoining planned I landuses C7lapterwofthisPclpsfogefherwiththe~Survqrmuh, indicae a nead fw aMitinnnl @&k houring oppwtumtm** withintheTownship. Four w- . dendies have been aaocatad toppwide a balancad oppovtunay fw I -ofalltypesandm- I 148 - X. Future Land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Pian DERRY TOw1vsIITp YEAR 1~-2010RESLDENlUL LAND NEEDS

I These denrin'es assume the use of public sewer and water and are 75% of gross densiy to account for unbuildable areas of devebpment sites (e.g., roaa3, floodplains, slopes, utility easements, etc.) ' Rural development is eqected in the Rural, Agricultural, and Forest areas of the Township. The indicated acreages are 115% of the land area needed for development. This provides a market flexibility factor in the event not all land planned for development is made available for that use, and ako accounts for the fact that some lot sues I will be larger lhan the minimum permitted.

1

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Future Land Use Plan - 149 1 -. II -1 I

.. I Hilkdv I I 97 I I I I I I I I Steep slopq wlcptds and jZxx&hh largeiy wmp& the areas which have severe development wmtmin&sfor building anti, opeq fov on-lot sewer. Deny Township has a I jZxx&b which pmta its jih@k State and Fedsal wetlrmdr laws shouldprvtect- wetland arear Developmstt can be limited in steepsloped atax by ad- developmsrt wmaway from Ruml-pm amq and by applybg Jpscjsc I w* review eto devebpment on steep dopes - I 1 I I I 150 - X. Future Land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Plan II

I LOW-DENSITY RESDENTIAL (LDR)

1 naeLow-DensityResidentral Plan desrgnalin is intdfor application to low- density- ' developed anm inparts of Glimm.n&Vi Bkh Hi Old Ewardowq and J& creek, as well as to landr suitabk for in@ development in these arear while I mast of these anm do not have public sewer or watq some are adjacent to these faciIities and have the potential for wmection Some undeveloped outlying anm in the MdwGhd and Fsguron Vdey vicinities have aLF0 been planned Low-Denrify Rmihtkd These which rn suitabk for on-ld sewer and water, but which I are anm also may in the jdwe have public sewla and/or water av&k to them For this I muson, this Plan dhipmtbn is prvgmed to pennit hebpment at varying &ndia, depedng on whether on-lot or public utiiXa rn to be utilized I Appmprbte uses in Low-Dstrity Rericisttial anm incIude singk-jkmity detached dwllinp, mobile homes, and other accawry and wrnp&k usis Mirlinuun lot size should be one aae pa dwelling unit with on-lot sewer and watq and I0,W square feet with I public sews and watm Minimwn lot width and side yard setback requiremslts sho& arrure the ber in@pt& of hger lots at such time as public facirities may become I available.

I naeMedium-DerrityReridentral Plan dksigmhn is intended for applicatbn to exirting mediumdendyresidentral development in Yeagertown, HigM Park, Pleasant Acm, Lavisrown Heights and Ort VW,as well as to lmuLF suitable for inp development in I these arear AIl of these anm have public sewer and watm In addition, this &@pation has been applied to &de undevelopeci, mart& blliMnhk anm adjacent to existing devebped arras where the edension ofpublic sewer and water line;s is planned Tlhese D h%&Fsguron Vbky, 01Vbky,'Dry Vi,and the emtm puhn of the fomrs quanysz?ejudnorthofGhwood

! I. Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Future Land Use Plan - 1S1 I I I I I HIGH-DENSITY RE!ZDENZM. (HDR) I 1 I I 1

C. COuMERcL4L I Deny Township has evolved to be a major provider of w?nnzemd- gdandssvices within the region, becaw of its central location within the G~unty,its accesr to seveml I arterial rosdwap and its location between two bovoughr b same fixtors provide additional ptdfor wrrummal. pwth~theTownship.TwoPland&pztibm have been utilized to allocate firture co- * landuser;~edmfollows 1 I/IUAGE COMUERCL4L. (VC) I I I 1

The V* commacrral. Plan deri&abn ir suitabk for a munber of neighborhod I commercial and public including ComspCeYy stores; gent?mlstmchild day m

152 - X. Future Land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I ‘I ~I ‘I I I I 1

I GENERAL COMMERCIAL (GC) 1 I I I I I I I I

i Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Fuiure Land Use Plan - 153 I I I I I I I

D. HEALTHCARE I I I I I I I I

E. INDUSm I I I

154 - X. Future Land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I

I I 1 I I

I A total of215 acm of lanri, most of which is buildable, have been alIocated form Industd use a~ three primary locations while no fdexists for determini@ how much amqe ShOrJd be allocated within a given municjpality for indudrial rcses, a I minimum 50-am? fmd LF genemRy w* rlemxny to aMad the tvpes of lues discussed in this sedion An 87-amsite off Noh %e in the Ferguson Vdky m WCLT selectad based on a munba of fadols This site wdof a few laqg fzatpamh I with few developmszt wwSeweq wats, gas and ektiidy all exkt eitherdjactnt to or in chepraximity to the sire. Mosts@n@um& thesite will have excellerrt accm I to us 322 The second site wnskh of 42 acm located off West Freedom Avsuce behind M@h Gnmty Commonr This site aiio has compke accm to utii3iq as well as erceuszt I a~ces~to US 322 lk third site is the westem portion of the fovms quarry site jut ninth of Glenwood This site has good acces~to utilities and fair a~ces~to US 322 I I I

Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Future Land Use Plan - 155 I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I F. QUARRY I I I I I I I 156 - X. Future Land Use Plan Deny Township Comprehensive Plan 1 I I

I G. FOREST I I I 1 I 1

I H. PUBLJC/CMC I I I I I- I I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan X. Future Land Use Plan - 157 XI. IMPLElMENTATION

158 - XI. Implementation Deny Township Comprehensive Plan I I I I I ~I ~I 'I I' I I I 1 I iI I I I I

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan XI. Implementation - 159 I I I I I I I I 1 I APPENDIX A I I I I I 1 I 1 I I ~

Total SU~VWSMailed - 3,097 I DERRY TOWNSHIP PLANNING SURVEY

1. Using the enclosed map located on the reverse side of the cover letter, please identify the I neighborhood in which you reside. Please select onlv one! (If you are unsure, please list the street that you live on.) I -109 1. Highlandpark -168 8. Glenwood -155 2 Yeagertown -85 9. LewktownHeights -87 3. Maitland -38 10. south Hills -35 4. Via -43 11. Jack's Creek I 39 5. Ferguson Valley -51 12. Old Park - EWardtOWn -74 6. Ort Valley -51 U. Dry Valley -120 7. PleasantAcres -0 14. Other. Street Address. I -14 0

2. Deny Township is required by law to provide land area to accommodate its "regional fair I share" of growth and development. This requirement relates to all forms of development. Do you think Deny Township should limit growth to that which is required, or actively encourage I development? -355 1. Limit growth. 688 2. Encourage development. 27 0 I 3. Should Deny Township actively pursue industrial development opportunities? I 7% 1. Yes. 243 2. No. 31 0

4. Please check (I/) one of the following types of industrial uses that you feel ther, is a need for I more of within Deny Township. Please check only one! 262 1. Small-scale sites for start-up businesses. -257 5. High qpalityindustrial parks. I 214 2. Light industrial and warehousing uses. 21 6. Other. Please speafy. 88 3. Heavy manufacturing and processing. 179 7. No more needed. I 5 4. Quarrying and related processing. -440 5. Please check (J) -gne of the following types of commercial uses that you feel there is a need 1 for more of within Deny Township. Please check only one! 166 1. Neighborhood-based conveniences. 112 6. Commercial offices. 45 2. Food and drug shopping centers. 64 7. Other. Please speclfy. I 100 3. Specialty stores and boutiques. 298 8. No more needed. 78 4. Auto related uses and services. -69 0 I l38 5. Restaurantsandlodging. 6. Please check (d) one of the following types of residences that you feel there is a need for more I of within Deny Township. Please check only one! -46 1. Large lot estates. 11 7. Boarding houses. -384 2 Smgle-family detached homes. 29 8. Manufactured housing (mobile homes). I 29 3. Duplexes. 54 9. Group homes (supervised care). 128 4. Townhouses. 158 10. Nursii rest or retirement homes. -75 5. Garden apartments. 60 11. Other. Please specify. I 17 6. In-home apartments. -79 0 (over)

I Deny Township Comprehensive Plan Appendix A - 161 . ._ 7. Does the primary wage merwithin your household work in Deny Township? 269 1. Yes. 760 2 No. 41 0 I,,

8. Which one of the following is more important to you? Please check (4 your choice. I 515 1. Keeping Tdp(not School District) taxes low. -508 2 Improving public services. Please check those services for which you'd be willing to pay more I municipal taxes. -172 1. Parks and recreation. -217 2 Police protection. 1 -148 3. Fire protection. -74 4. Ambulance service. 235 5. Roadway improvements. -85 6. Other. Please spec@. ! -47 0 ! 9. Please check (4 three of the following topics that you feel need more attention within Deny Township. Please check only three! ! 161 1. Land use compatibility and 171 10. Environmental quality and pollution control. zoning enforcement. -27- 11. Subdivision review. 257 2. Housing availability and aordablity. 197 12. Storm water runoff and flh. 559 3. Job creation and employment. 13. Provision of public sewer. ! 183 4. Farmland preservation. 164 14. Provision of public water. -163 5. Conservation of sensitive natural 214 15. Traffic congestion and safety problems. features and open 'space. 75 16. Solid waste disposal. I -139 6. Parks and recreation. 215 17. Recychg. -47 7. Fue protection. ' 28 18. Building, plumbin& frre, and electrical codes. 142 8. Police protection. 2 19. Other. Please specify. I 2 9. Ambulance service. 2350 ! 10. Which one of the following additional features would you like to see at the Township Park? Please check (4 only one! I -682 1. Linear path along creek for hiking, biking, nature study, etc.; 109 2. Basketball courts; 59 3. Volleyball courts; or, 121 4. Other. Please specify. I -99 I 11. Neighborhood parks are intended to provide local recreation opportunities within a one-half mile radius of neighborhoods. Neighborhood parks are generally between one and ten acres in size. Do you believe your neighborhood is in need of such a park? I -349 1. Yes. -677 2. No. 440 I 12. Please offer any comments or suggestions that you feel would be helpful in charting the future of Deny Township. 1

Please return this survey in the enclosed, prepaid envelope, or deliver it to the Deny Township Municipal Building, I P. 0. Box M, Yeagertown, PA 17099 by September l3. Thank you very much for your cooperation.

162 - Appendix A Deny Township Comprehensive Plan