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Identifying the Distinct Rock Types in the Streambed of Muddy Run

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Identifying the Distinct Rock Types in the Streambed of Muddy Run The JUNIATA JOURNAL of GEOLOGY, 1, 1-7 (2014) Original Article Identifying the Distinct Rock Types in the Streambed of Muddy Run Kristin N. Kopera Pennsylvania has many secondary and bedrock streams, and one such stream is Muddy Run. Muddy Run is located primarily in the Hamilton Formation, but also touches the Onondaga and Ridgeley Formations in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. This paper identifies the rock types that are currently in Muddy Run, and matches them to the local geologic formations. Instead of primarily finding Hamilton Group in the stream, the majority of the samples taken from Muddy Run were from the Tuscarora and Ridgeley Formations. This suggests that Muddy Run had, at one time, come in contact with the Tuscarora formation. This data could also suggest that Muddy Run once belonged to a larger stream that transported the Tuscarora sandstones and deposited them in Muddy Run’s current location. Keywords. — Bedrock Stream; Onondaga Formation; Ridgeley Formation; Meandering River; Tuscarora Formation Department of Geology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652. Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, is one such example. Bedrock streams, instead of just Rivers and streams are the main transporters of flowing over the ground, cut down into the local sediment and rock and they are known for their bedrock (Seidl & Dietrich 1993). This following powerful erosional capabilities. Sediment and paper will answer two questions concerning rock travel down gradient from location to Muddy Run. Firstly, throughout its geologic location until they come to rest in a delta history, from what locations has Muddy Run .Alternatively, the sediment could also be been eroding and transporting rock? In addition, deposited when the velocity of the water has where did the rocks in Muddy Run once belong become too slow to move the debris any farther. and how far could they have possibly travelled? Secondary streams, although known for moving This is an important question to answer because less sediment or rock, still retain the power to it would help geologists construct a more erode and transport. Muddy Run, a secondary complete history of the Huntingdon area. By bedrock stream in Oneida Township, knowing where the rocks in Muddy Run MUDDY RUN ROCK TYPES originated from, they can track the movement of Muddy Run or determine what streams have had an influence on this tributary. Muddy Run passes through Huntingdon, running through the Juniata College campus. Its catchment lies in a valley at approximately 700 feet elevation in the majority of locations. The down cutting of bedrock streams, such as Muddy Run, created the topography of the current landscape (Seidl & Dietrich 1993). This Figure 2. A satellite image of Huntingdon, bedrock stream is separated from the Juniata Pennsylvania, the white line indicates the sampling River and Standing Stone Creek by ridges on location on the Juniata College campus. either side of the valley (Figure 1). In addition, Mahantango and Marcellus formations. the valley is also formed by the south east slope Specifically, Marcellus shale makes up the of Warrior’s Ridge (White & D'Invilliers 1885). valleys running along Muddy Run (White & Muddy Run lies closest to the Juniata River D’Invilliers 1885). Marcellus shale is (White & D’Invilliers 1885). However, Muddy characterized by black and dark grey colored Run is most likely a tributary of Standing Stone shale (Cooper 1930). The Hamilton Group was Creek. Based on the topographic map of formed during the Middle Devonian period Huntingdon County, the tributaries in the valley (Cooper 1930). The Onondaga Formation is all appear to be flowing from a bend in Standing known for light gray, often semi-crystalline or Stone Creek. Muddy Run is one of many shale-like limestone (Cooper 1930). watersheds in this area. There are approximately Lithologically, the Onondaga Formation is three secondary streams in this valley, including related to the Hamilton Group and was also Muddy Run. formed in the Middle Devonian period (Willard 1936). Finally, the Ridgeley Formation is characterized by thick bedded, coarse sandstone that formed during the Lower Devonian period (Butts 1918). Muddy Run, by the context of its surroundings, formed sometime after the formation of these three geologic formations. Therefore, Muddy Run formed sometime after the Devonian Period, making it younger than approximately 410 million years old. The processes that formed Muddy Run would have formed at a slow rate. A water body close by, Figure 1. Topographic view of the Huntingdon area, highlighting Muddy Run’s location-the sampling area is such as Standing Stone Creek would have circled- between two ridges, and both the Juniata River slowly supplied water to create Muddy Run, and Standing Stone Creek. after each heavy rain event. In addition, the Muddy Run cuts through three geologic incision rate of Muddy Run would have varying formations, the Hamilton Group, the Ridgeley rates depending on the location in question. Formation, and the Onondaga Formation (Figure Facies, joint spacing, migration of knickpoints, 2). The Hamilton Group is made up of the and various other circumstances effect how 2 KOPERA quickly each area incises into the bedrock breaking them in half. Therefore, the next step (Whipple & Snyder 2000). was to break apart the sample rocks to examine a clean surface. To identify the rocks, the qualities Based on Muddy Run's topographic location, it of the clean surface were compared to the seems likely that it contains rocks from one or known characteristics of multiple types of all of the geologic formations it cuts through. sedimentary rocks. Finally, the rocks were Muddy Run should contain rocks from an matched to local Pennsylvanian geologic eastern part of these formations, because the formations based on the sample’s lithology. water is moving westward and down gradient. My hypothesis is that the majority of the rocks RESULTS in Muddy Run belong to the Hamilton Group. The rocks observed in Muddy Run appeared to Out of the fifteen rock samples, twelve of the have travelled a short distance, based on their rocks yielded conclusive information (Figure 3). angularity and the general poor sorting of the Three rocks were of a similar lithology. They stream, which made it all the more acceptable to were dark gray, with slight stripes of white hypothesize they would belong to the Hamilton throughout, and were determined to be Group, or one of the other nearby formations. limestone. The nearest formation containing limestone is the Onondaga formation. Therefore, METHODS these samples have possibly travelled a little under 1.6 km to have been deposited in the The observations were focused on the expanse sampling location. Additionally, these rocks of Muddy Run contained in the Juniata College were sub-angular with a low sphericity campus (Figure 2). The experiment called for indicating a short travel distance rocks with no particular characteristics or size, to the keep the sampling group random. Although, for the sake of carrying the samples, most of the rocks fell between 12-30 centimeters long. In addition, any samples smaller than the dimensions mentioned would have been difficult to identify. Much of the stream was covered in ice, which cut down on the possible sampling locations. In total, fifteen rock samples were collected from locations along Muddy Run, the majority of them falling under the coordinates 4029'55.79"N by 7800'43.98"W. The elevation of the site was approximately 650 feet. This area of Muddy Run was characterized by slow moving water and a swamp like environment. The samples recovered from the stream required extensive cleaning, because thick algae and Figure 3. The top bar graph compares the amount of moss had formed on the bottom of the channel. rocks collected to the identified lithologies: sandstone, The debris, and the fact that these rocks had siltstone, and limestone. The bottom bar graph shows the percentage of samples that belong to each of the been submerged, made it impractical to possible geologic formations in the Huntingdon area. determine the rocks' identities without first 3 MUDDY RUN ROCK TYPES Five rocks were light gray and brown and they intermingled with pale gray or white. The had an indiscernible grain size. These five nearest expanse of Tuscarora Formation is about samples were characterized as Ridgeley eleven kilometers away from Muddy Run and Formation siltstones. Although it was possible the sampling location. The angularity varied that these siltstones were of Brallier origin, the between these rocks samples; one sample was Ridgeley Formation was chosen because it is closer to being sub-rounded, while others geographically closer to the sampling area. appeared to be almost completely angular. These samples could have travelled approximately 1 one km to their final location. Three of the fifteen rocks sampled could not be These samples were slightly less angular than placed back to a formation; therefore, their data the Onondaga samples, and appeared to be sub- was inconclusive. In addition, there is margin of rounded with a higher sphericity. Thus far, all of error in the identification of the classifiable rock samples’ origins were in geologic formations samples, and also in the fact that the rocks were that intersected Muddy Run. collected from only a small portion of Muddy Run. DISCUSSION There is geographical evidence that supports the possibility that Muddy Run contains rocks from both the Ridgeley and Onondaga formations. The formations intersect the stream in the east. The rocks eroded from those locations would ultimately flow to the area that was used for sampling. This area of Huntington County is a mountainous region; therefore, the Muddy Run channel could have been a conduit for hyper- Figure 4. KEY: (H): Hamilton Group, (O): Onondaga Formation, (R): Ridgeley Formation. Muddy Run is concentrated debris flows (Baas 2011).
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