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Epoca Lui Mihai Viteazul.Pdf 1TORIA- OMMILOK T A. D Xenopol. Ist ria RornAnilor Vol V. 1 ç. ' - cum S.Cx.M.7 31\-C\' Mihai Viteazul 1 'ort ret depm uliene, 1- A V , eL, -'.' - . 1110, A4 4... ° - t - loan Vodi cel Cumplit In moment ul ulf irnului atao in bAtiília de la Cahill TOM 11I Lin IiwiTiviitatA o DE A. b. XE110FOL PROFESOR LA UNIVERSITATEA DIN IASI, MEMBRU ACADEMIEI ROMANE MEMBRU TITULAR AL INSTITUTULUI DIN FRANTA. E D ITI A Ill-a, revazut6 de autor tnrijit i inut8 la curent de I. VLADESCU CONFERENTIAR DE iSTORIA ROMANILOR LA UN1VERSITATEA D N BUCURE$T1 IYu sunt vremile sub arma omulul, ci bietul om sub vremi". MIRON COSTIN. VOLUMUL V EPOCA LUI MIHAI VITEAZUL ED1TURA «CARTEA ROMANEASCA», BUCUREt..,zTI t S. 92.7. Tri acest voluin se expune partea a doua a luplelor Ro- imbiilor contra Turcilor anume acele pentru recloblindirea neatArrirtrii pierdute, lupte tot ata de grelo ca §i acele duse pentru Ostrarea ei, *i care au fost povestite In cele douti vo- Jume precedente. Aceste rtiscoale ale Românilor din Moldova Muntenia contra ameninrátoarei sttipâniri turce§ti ne ie§ind la nici o izbilndti, aduserti o robire mai adâneä a lor sub aceastti st'ipAnire. Totui este de saml imprejurarea c'6o intreprin- di re ata de indaizneatti a fost cel puIin incercatti, §i ea incu- nunti capetele color doi mari domnitori :loan eel Cumpla al Moldovei si mai ales Mihai Viteazul al Muntenici, eu gloria de eroi. Insemnritatea covAriLoare a domniei lui Mihai ViPazul fz ce ÎUSrL ci acest volum este cuprins in cea mai mare parte di povestirea ei, Cu toatti prea seurtaei duran, o fulgerare sclipitoare filtre leagin §i mornika. CAPUL V DE LA 1011TEI LU1 PETRO HILES PHI LI MIRA! VITEIVIL 1546-1593 MUNTENIA DE LA MIRCEA CIOBANUL LA MIHAI VITEAZUL 1545-1593 1. DE LA M1RCEA CIOBANUL LA PETRU CERCET, Mireea Ciobanul 1545-1554. In vesnicele imperecheri fare domnii partidele boieresti, nu erà cu putintä, ca aceste din urmil sä se pästreze curate si neamestecate, in forma lor primitivà de partizani ai Dräculestilor iai Dänestilor ;cäci precum vârtejul mestecä apele din bulboane, asai furtunoa- sele sfAsieri dintre boieri amestecau elementele lor. Adeseori un Bäsäräbesc va fi luat parte in un complot urzit de Dräcu- precum se va fi intämplati lucrul protivnic. Am vAzut apoi cum insusi domnii sunt nevoiti, pentru a luptà contra unor noi competitori, sA"si caute sprijimil In partidul protivnic. In sfärsit Turcii, hotäränd tot mai des si mai cu deadinsul nu- mirea domnilor, se intAmplà uneori ca domnul ränduit sg nu fie pe placul nici chiar al partidului de care se tineà, ceca ce aveA de urmare o improtivire a celei mai mari pärti din boje- rime; aceasta cu atat mai mult cu cät, dela Teodosie inainte, 1522, nu se perindä pe scaunul 1Munteniei cleat domnitori din familia dräculeascti, cum sunt Radii (lela Afumati, Vladislav, Moisi, Vlad Innecatul, Vlad Vintilä, Radu Paisiei Mircea Ciobanul. Competitorii din familia Basarab par'cä s'au stins, ei apar sau numai sub formä de slabi pretendenti, cum este aceLaiot Basarab ce vine cu Stroia Pribeagul, sau celalalt 12 1STO1IIA ROMANILOR Basarab ucis la inceputul domniei lui Moisi ;sau stint domni trecuti din partidul DrAcule§tilor inocel a BAsArribetilor, cum sunt Radu dela Afumati,i \lad Vintil, sau §ovratori futre arnAndouii, ca A1oisi1. Toate aceste imprejurAritrebuiact amestece partidele nun-Ilene. Lucrurile acestea apar la luminrc ca deosebire sub domnia lui NIircea Ciobanul, sub care se descompune Cu totul jocul firesc al partidelor muntene. Mircea Ciobanul erà fiul lui Raclu cel Mare, dup5 cum reiesA aceasta din documentul lui cu data 1 Aprilie 1551, in care el vorbe§te de pArintele domniei mele rAposatul Rada voevod, feciorul Vladului voevod CAluggrul" 2;(lee' erà frate ca Paisie. Mircea Ciobanul intrA in domnie pe la inceputul anutui 1515, dupA cum se vede lucrul din socotelile Sibiului, in care se pomene§te de trimiterea unui sol al lui Mlrcea voevod la Alba Julia in1 1 Martie 1515 3. Mircea Ciobanul care petreceà la Constantinopole, (1110 cum ne spune cronica lui Reicher- storf 4, sApase acolo prin bani pe fratele siu,i hotArAse pe Turci sA-1 maziliascA pe acesta §i surguniascil In Egipet, lui domnia. Reputatia lui Mircea de om ce s'ar fi dedat la obi- ceiurile Turcilor §i zvonul, de§i neindreptAtit, cà ar fi trecut la legea pAgAnA 3, fac domnia lui uricioasA chiar (lela inceput, imping pe un mare numrcr de boieri din ambele particle si fie protivnici, lucru de care simtind Mircea, fire dupti cAt se vede sAngeroas5 §i rilzbuntitoare, in care prin atavizmu fierbeà iarA§i siingele aprig al strAmo§ilor si, Mihnea ce! Brat §i Vlad Tepe, el face un mAcel In ace,ti boieri. Cronicarii munteni spun, cä ar fi cttzut capetele lui CoadA vornicul, a fratelui ski Rada comisul §i a altor 'Inca, muncindul intAi pentru avutie, pana ce au dat ce au avut ; dup5 aceea i-a omorAt". Cronicele tran- silvAnene, mArind lucrul prin indepArtare, vorbesc, una, acea a lui Ostermayer, de 18 boieri mari ucii, anogAnd cà Mircea §i-ar fi inceput domnia ca un pa§A, iar Chronicon Fucsio-Lu- pino-Oltardium d'A"chiar ca jertfiti 200 de boieri 6 CA m'Acelul a fost o realitate §i nu o poveste, se vede de pe aceea, cà in so- cotelile SAbiului se vede notatil, la 1 Sept. 15 16, cheltueala Alai sus, vol. IV, p. 191194 si 196. 2 Nicolaescu, p. 14. Hurmuzaki, XI, p. 859. In acelas an pune suirea lui Mircea In tron Chron.-Fucsio-Lupino 011ardium, 1. c., I, p. 55 : 1515 in Valahiae a 'I urea missus fuit Alirsche Wayda, tyrannus crudelis". In Papiu Ilarian, Tefaur de monumente, III, p. 110. Dragomir Mohamed c. Isabella 1553 spune ca Alircea nu era nici Turc, nici Creslin". Dar dad,' ar fi fost Mahotnetan, tara nu l'ar fi primit, cum o Meuse ca Mohamed Bey. Mai sus, 186, vol. IV, p. 252. Opilanul 5i Cron. anonima In Mag. ist.,I, p. 177 si IV, p. 272. Osier- rneyer in Deutsche Fundoruben, ed. Kemeny, p. 30 si 32. Chron. F. L. O., ed. Trauseli,p.55. MUNTENIA DE LA MIRCEA CU./MANDL LA NIHAU VITEAELL 13 lui loan Leteratu trimis la rege spre vesti m'äcelul boieri- lor intâmplat In Valahia' 7. Boierii ce scAparä de moarte fugirä peste muntii tre- and doi ani, au strhns oaste ce au putut si au venit pe Pra- bova, intalnindu-se cu Mircea vodà la Peris ;acolo au avut räzboiu si a biruit Mircea vodä si au pierit ITdriste vistierul Teodosie banul". Povestirea cronicilor muntene esteIntärità de cronica lui Ostermayer, care spune c'ä in 15 18 luna lui August, chtivA boieri din acei fugiti au adunat bani si au näimit vreo mie de Säcui, spre a n'äväli in Valahia, punându'si un tânär voevod, ca gând c'ä se va räsculà tara impotriva lui Mircea voevod" 8, Dar au fost ash de crunt loviti de Mircea, II-left au scäpat cu greu acei ce nu au cäzut. Boierii cei fugiti s'au adunat la Bräila si au fost ademeniti de voevod cu jurämânt sà vinä la el,si apoi au fost cu femeii copii de poporul lui. Din boierii ce au pierit la Peris, Udriste din Märgineni 9 vistieruli Teodosie banul, se vede c'äi boierii craiovesti erau protivnici tiranului. Partidele muntene uitaserä rivalitatea ion, fatä cu acel ce voià sä le nimiciascä neamul. Dar acest domnitor, unealtà turceascäi dedat lor cu suflet cu tot, fusese impus de Turci. Se vede deci cum, sub apäsarea otomanä, se desface jocul firesc al rivalitätei Dänestilor cu Dräculestii. Boierii ins'ä nu se Msg. Cali mai rämäseserä nernAcelà- riti au scäpat iar in Tara Ungureaseäi n'au zäbovit si au strâns oastei, impreunil cu Radu fratele lui Mircea, au venit In tat% intimpinându-se cu. Mircea vodà la Mänesti, au biruit Radu vodà si pribegii si pre Mircea vodrt pânä la Giurgiu I-au gonit si multi oameni de ai lui au pierit"lo. Când Mircea ande cà s'au hotrirât sä vinä boierii asupra lui, el serie judelui Brasovului ea' ce'i lasä sä vinä? La care ja- dele räspunzAnd c'á nu'i poate opri, Mircea ii intampinä : dar acesti boieri au doar femeii copii pe care ai puteà sä pedep- 7 Harm., Doe., XI, p. 860. Alt doc. din 1552, Makin, II, t, p. 677, vorbete chiar de 1600 de boieri ucisi. (land pe unnatorii ca pribegiti in Transilvania (p. 678): Radwl wayda, Dragyz Zpathayr, Radwl Lwgophoth, Stausul Postelnik, Stanisla Clwtzeyrii, Twdor Wyzther, Zwkwl Ztholnyk, Dragyonyr Zpathayr, Bayda Konlyz, Creczwn Paharnyk, Radwl Postelnyk. Iwan Wyzther, Nago Posteln.k, Myana Wyzlher,Bayda Zpathayr, Zthay Costholnyck (=poate Staico stolnic). Reicherctorf in Paphi,Tezaur, III, p. 140,spune in deobste cA boierii ne in Ill:11111S inciderent. in Transilvaniain contulere. 8 Osternieyer, I.e., P.35-36 : auf dieser haben sie einern jungen Wayda aufgeworfen ea conditione, es wiirde alsdann das Landvolk bey falen mider den Mirsche Wayda". ° Asa it numeste Osternieyer,I.c.. p. 32 :diese Boyaren nach Cron (Kronstadt Brasov) Kommen. als der 13ahr (larga inteleE.,fe Banul) Udrist Mar cinen und Kado". Ar fi deci Banul Udrite de M5rgineni ce a pierit la Peris, si Coada ce fusese Oiat de inai innainte. 1° Cripitanul si(:ron. anon.citati. 14 ISTORIA ROSIAN ILOR sesti cum se cuvine". IatA la ce mAsuri ingrozitoare se credeA cA se poate recurge pe atunci,i asemenea idei nu erau izvo- rAte numai din mintea tiranului, ci erau in obiceiurile timpuluin. RAsturnarea lui Mircea vodil de Radu voevod este hita- rifa'si de socoteliie SAbiului 12Si de cronica lui Ostermeyer, care adaogA însà cA s'a intors Mircea vodA cu multi Turci Radu a trebuit s'A fugA in Transilvania cu femeei copii" 13.
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