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Assessment of Water Supply by Non-Institutional Sources in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria

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Assessment of Water Supply by Non-Institutional Sources in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) ISSN: 2536-7277 (Print) : 2536-7285 (Online) Volume 2, Number 3, September 2017 http://www.casirmediapublishing.com Assessment of Water Supply by Non-Institutional Sources in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria Gognaje, Sunday Barde Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Water is a basic need of all humans and its accessibility, an important component of human development. Accessibility to safe water is a major concern to every responsible government at local, State and Federal levels. The Sustainable Development Goal number six aims at making water available for all by 2030. Even so, the national water coverage at the end of 2015 (Millennium end-year) was 69% in Nigeria (USAID, 2016). The water board/corporations in Nigeria with the statutory mandate of providing safe drinking water for the people have not been able to do so effectively, hence, the development and proliferation of alternative sources of water including boreholes and wells to meet up with the water need of the people in urban areas. This research examines the contribution of boreholes and wells in meeting the overall water need in Suleja area, Primary data was collected through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) to record the coordinates of the identified boreholes and wells in each district making up Suleja area. A total of 1124 sources were identified in the area made up of 474 boreholes and 650 wells. The total volume of water supplied by these sources is 2,674,500liters/day representing 17.74% of the total water need by a population of 264, 506 persons in Suleja area (2016 projected population), at 60ltres/capita/day. However, the study recommends that individual landlords and house owners should be encouraged to develop joint mini-water schemes to reduce potential incidences of environmental hazards associated with underground water abstraction and reduce economic stress in digging private individual boreholes and wells. Keywords: Water Supply, GPS, Accessibility, Alternative Source, Underground Water INTRODUCTION Water is among the basic services that support man’s healthy and continuous existence and is an important component of human development. According to UNDP (2006), water is not only a substance that supports life, but that water is among the most powerful drives for human development. Safe drinking water is indispensable to sustain life and health and fundamental to the dignity of all. Water is a very strategic socio- economic asset especially in poor communities where wealth and survival Gognaje, Sunday Barde | 77 Assessment of Water Supply by Non-Institutional Sources in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria are measured by the level of access to water (Ituen, Atser & Edem, 2016, 522). Accessibility to safe water is a major concern to every responsible government at both Local, State and Federal levels The Sustainable Development Goal number six aims at making water accessible to all by year 2030. Even so however, WHO/UNICEF (2012) estimated the Nigeria urban water coverage at 74%. Rural areas are worse off with coverage of 43%. In 2015; the end of the MDGs, national water coverage was estimated at 69% (USAID, 2016). Lack of safe water predisposes people to water and sanitation related diseases and illnesses such as cholera, malaria, dysentery and typhoid among others. Water related sicknesses put severe burdens on health services and keep children out of school (Christophe, Hommann, Rubio, Sadoff and Travers, 2001, 20). The manifestation of water service deprivation are clearly seen by the adaptive measures undertaken by the people to cope with the inadequacy of these facilities exemplified by indiscriminate digging of wells and boreholes, use of less water for household and sanitation activities, proliferation of water vendors with doubtful quality and charging exorbitant prices for the water they provide and the use of unimproved water facilities and all of these, not without a cost. Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of WHO/UNICEF (2006) categorized the sources into improved and unimproved sources and the categories are as follows: Improved water sources include: Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard, Public tap/stand pipe, Tube well/borehole, protected dug well, protected spring and Rain water collection. Unimproved water sources include: Unprotected dug well, unprotected spring cart with small tank/drum, Bottled water when the household do not use improved water source for cooking and personal hygiene, tanker-truck Surface water such as streams, rivers, dam, lake, pond, canal and irrigation channels. Gana’s research work titled “Assessment of the Availability of Water and Sanitation Facilities in Paikoro Local Government of Niger State (2013), aimed at investigating water and sanitation facilities in some selected communities in the area by taking an inventory of water resource base, examining the level of accessibility to water and sanitation facilities as well as examining water and sanitation stress in the study area. In the collection of data, the author used questionnaire, Global Positioning System (GPS), field observation and focus group discussion. The study discovered that the people in the study area relied heavily on boreholes and wells for their domestic water supply. Gognaje, Sunday Barde | 78 CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR) Volume 2, Number 3, September 2017 Also, Sanusi (2010, 14-29) studied water, sanitation and human development in urban fringe settlements in Nigeria. The focus of his work was on investigating water supply and sanitation services in Dama, Jatapi, Gidan Kwano, Epigi and Lunko, all suburban settlements of Minna, Niger State. The settlements are located along Minna Bida road absorbing the development pressures from the main city and those posed by National Examinational Council (NECO) and Federal University of Technology (FUT) Minna, all along the same development corridor. The objectives however, were to investigate access to water and sanitation facilities, determine the coping mechanisms and effects of the level of these facilities on the people. The work of Kortatsi, and Quansah (2004, 83), was aimed at determining the feasibility of using groundwater for water supply to Sunyani and Techima urban areas. The authors discovered that 75% of the boreholes supply above 3.0m3h-h with high water yielding aquifers and therefore, can be developed for urban water supply Toit, Holland, Weidemann and Fanie (2012, 394) undertake a study in Limpopo. They discovered that while most water service authorities in the province have been randomly developing new boreholes with limited success rates, the analysis of datasets in the newly established groundwater data repository, the Limpopo groundwater Resource Information Project (GIRP) demonstrates that large quantities of groundwater can be obtained and used for bulk supply if the drilling sites are scientifically selected. The 300 out of the 400 boreholes sampled, can provide a combined yield of 109m3/a based on 24hr abstraction rate. This shows that ground water then can be developed as a viable potential bulk water source. The safety of water for drinking and other domestic uses is determined by the quality of the water. Petkovic, Gregoric, Slepcevic, Blogogjevic, Gajic, Kljujevic et al (2011, 84) researched on the contamination of local water supply in suburban Belgrade. This research focused on the quality of the local water supply system in suburban Belgrade the capital of Serbia. Their concerns were on the compliance of these supply systems with the WHO standard for safe drinking water supply. The quality of the water by World Health Organisation (WHO) can be measured by its microbiology, chemical and physical standards for value compliance. The research discovered that the contamination observed were due to some factors such as presence of septic tanks and pit-latrines near the water source some of which were shallow wells and uncontrolled waste water discharges into subsurface from residential area located on a hill in the valley of the creek. The research thus suggested the prevention of pollution of the ground water Gognaje, Sunday Barde | 79 Assessment of Water Supply by Non-Institutional Sources in Suleja, Niger State, Nigeria sources within the vicinity of the local supply sources and advocated for the alternative use of waste water. Also, Ololade, Adewumi, Ologundudu, and Adeleye, (2009, 21) studied the effects of household wastes on surface and underground waters in Ikare – Akoko in Ondo State, Nigeria. The goal of the research was to examine the effects of household wastes dumps on water sources and demonstrate that effective environmental management and protection of water sources could improved drinking water quality. It was discovered on the overall, that majority of the natural water sources were polluted from the indiscriminate dumping of wastes into the environment and hence, suggested effective disposal mechanisms of household waste in Nigeria cities and enhance monitoring program per waste disposal. However, this study examines the contribution of boreholes and wells in the overall water supply in Suleja area in Niger State. The outcome of this research provides an opportunity for the government and nongovernmental organisations to know the situation of water supply in the area, and use the recommendations provided to improve water supply
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