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Intelligence Au Féminin Les Grandes Scientifiques Inconnues

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Intelligence Au Féminin Les Grandes Scientifiques Inconnues 06/03/2020 DIDIER NAKACHE CONFÉRENCE CAUROIR 6 MARS 2020 LES GRANDES SCIENTIFIQUES INCONNUES 1 1 VISION Quelle est notre vision de la femme ? 2 2 1 06/03/2020 La femme est … douce, drôle, fragile, … 3 3 La femme est aussi …. belle, princesse, … 4 4 2 06/03/2020 5 5 OÙ SONT LES FEMMES ….. ? Mais où sont passées les femmes intelligentes ? Et les femmes scientifiques ? 6 6 3 06/03/2020 CHERCHONS L’ARLÉSIENNE Dahu Femme scientifique Arlésienne ? 7 7 ENQUÊTONS Petite annonce : homme, petit, barbu, à lunettes, cherche femme intelligente … et scientifique 8 8 4 06/03/2020 CHERCHONS 9 9 GO ! Commençons donc environ 150 ans en arrière 10 10 5 06/03/2020 PAUL BROCA, 1861 « … il ne faut pas perdre de vue que la femme est en moyenne un peu moins intelligente que l’homme. Il est donc permis de supposer que la petitesse relative du cerveau de la femme dépend à la fois de son infériorité physique et de son infériorité intellectuelle » Paul Broca, 19ème siècle, Sur le volume et la forme du cerveau suivant les individus et suivant les races, Bull. Soc. Anthropologie, Paris, volume 2, 1861, p. 153 11 11 EN 2019 Mais maintenant, nous sommes en 2019, évolués ….. 12 12 6 06/03/2020 INTELLIGENCE AU FÉMININ WIKIPEDIA James William Sidis Marilyn Vos Savant Il marche à 8 mois, lit le journal New York Elle a prétendu posséder l'un des quotients Times à l'âge d'un an et demi. Il étudie le latin à intellectuels les plus élevés au monde, indiqué 2 ans. par le Guiness Book of records, qui depuis a enlevé cette mention. Cette assertion est À l'âge de huit ans, il parle avec facilité huit sujette à controverse. D'après les indications langues, le français, l'allemand, le russe, le grec, qu'elle apporte, à l'âge de 10 ans, elle aurait ainsi que le latin, l'hébreu, l'arménien et le turc. passé le test de Stanford-Binet pour adultes et À l'âge de huit ans, il réussit l'examen d'entrée obtenu un score important, … à Harvard, mais son jeune âge lui en interdit l'entrée. Il intègre Harvard à 11 ans, y est diplômé à l'âge de 16 ans, avec mention, en 1914 … 13 13 QI PAR SEXE Le cerveau a-t-il un sexe ? 14 14 7 06/03/2020 QI PAR SEXE Intelligence au féminin Adaptation Syndrome de l’imposteur Intelligence d’un groupe 15 15 NOBEL Regardons les prix Nobel 16 16 8 06/03/2020 PRIX NOBEL PAR SEXE 100% 90% Depuis 1901, seules 51 femmes 80% distinguées. 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hommes Femmes 17 LES NOBEL FÉMININS 18 9 06/03/2020 NOBEL PAR DISCIPLINE 250 Prix Nobel Femmes 200 attribués Paix 17 131 150 Littérature 13 114 Médecine 12 214 100 Chimie 5 177 Physique 3 206 50 Economie 1 78 Total 51 920 0 Paix Littérature Médecine Physique Chimie Economie Femmes Hommes 19 20 Photo prise en 1971 lors d'une conférence sur la biologie des baleines, 32 hommes … 20 10 06/03/2020 PLACE DES FEMMES Sheila Minor Huff, 47 ans après….. « J’ai fait de trop longues études pour être votre secrétaire monsieur » 21 21 EFFETS ET MENACES Effets et menaces 22 22 11 06/03/2020 EFFET DE HAREM L’effet de harem est un phénomène sociologique observé en science, qui consiste à ce qu'un homme scientifique, en position de pouvoir, s'entoure majoritairement dans son groupe de recherche de femmes occupant des positions subordonnées. Portraits des Harvard Computers, groupe de femmes scientifiques dirigées par Edward Charles Pickering (1913) 23 23 MENACE DU STÉRÉOTYPE EN MATHÉMATIQUES Quand une femme passe un test en mathématiques, son résultat peut être affecté par le stéréotype selon lequel les femmes ont des capacités en mathématiques inférieures à celles des hommes Nombreuses expériences 24 24 12 06/03/2020 EFFET MATILDA Margaret W. Rossiter, étudie l'effet Matthieu. En 1993, elle observe que ce phénomène est décuplé lorsqu'il s'agit de femmes scientifiques. Elle nomme cette théorie l'effet Matilda en référence à la militante féministe américaine du XIXe siècle Matilda Joslyn Gage. Celle-ci avait remarqué que des hommes s'attribuaient les pensées intellectuelles des femmes. Les contributions des femmes sont souvent réduites à des remerciements et bas de pages. Exemples : Alice Ball découvre un traitement contre la lèpre, Rosalind Franklin et la structure de l’ADN, la conquête spatiale, Marthe Gauthier et la trisomie 21, Jocelyn Bell et le premier pulsar, … 25 25 FEMMES SCIENTIFIQUES Les grandes femmes scientifiques Nous connaissons tous …. 26 26 13 06/03/2020 MARIE CURIE 27 27 MARIE CURIE Université volante Première femme à recevoir un prix Nobel (à la demande de Pierre) Première et seule femme à recevoir deux prix Nobel (physique puis chimie) Première femme professeure et titulaire d’une chaire à la Sorbonne Première femme en France à obtenir un doctorat ès sciences Première femme lauréate de la médaille Davy (chimie) Première femme en France directrice d'un laboratoire universitaire Première femme au congrès Solvay Première femme à entrer au Panthéon 28 28 14 06/03/2020 MARIE CURIE Avec son époux Pierre Curie, elle refuse la Légion d'honneur. Pierre Curie déclarera : « Je n'en vois pas la nécessité ». « En sciences, nous devons nous intéresser aux choses, non aux personnes », ajouta Marie Curie. un journaliste demanda un jour à Marie Curie : « Qu’est-ce que cela fait d’avoir épousé un génie ? » Cours inaugural à la Sorbonne en 1906 : à la fin, on lui avait jeté des bouquets de fleurs. Personne ne la tutoyait, nul ne l’aurait appelée par son prénom : c’était Madame Curie Titulaire du permis de conduire en 1916 Aventure avec Paul Langevin, en 1910 29 29 PETITES CURIES Marie Curie a conçu 18 voitures radiologiques (les petites curies) et installé 250 postes fixes de radiologie dans les hôpitaux. Plus d'un million de blessés ont été secourus grâce à ces installations, dont un millier l'ont été par Marie Curie elle- même. 30 30 15 06/03/2020 HORS MARIE CURIE Mais à part Marie Curie …. 31 31 EN INFORMATIQUE L’informatique une discipline masculine ? 32 32 16 06/03/2020 ADA LOVELACE 1815-1852 33 33 ADA LOVELACE Ada Lovelace, de son nom complet Augusta Ada King, comtesse de Lovelace, née Ada Byron est une pionnière de la science informatique. Elle est principalement connue pour avoir réalisé le premier programme informatique, lors de son travail sur un ancêtre de l'ordinateur : la machine analytique de Charles Babbage. Seule fille de Byron 34 34 17 06/03/2020 CALCULATEURS HUMAINS Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les calculateurs humains jouent un rôle primordial. En raison de l'enrôlement dans l'armée de la population active masculine, nombre de calculateurs non militaires sont des femmes, souvent diplômées de mathématiques, d'où le terme «kilogirl» inventé pour désigner une unité de mesure, un kilogirl «équivalant à environ 1000 heures de calcul.» 35 35 ENIAC Parce que les six personnes chargées de faire traiter des problèmes par l’ENIAC, premier ordinateur universel construit par l'université de Pennsylvanie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, furent détachées d'un corps de calculatrices humaines, les premières personnes à exercer la profession de programmeur dans le monde furent des femmes ; ces six programmeuses sont Kay McNulty, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Ruth Lichterman, Betty Jean Jennings et Fran Bilas. Betty Snyder : lors de son premier jour de cours à l'université de Pennsylvanie, son professeur de maths lui demanda si elle ne serait pas mieux à la maison à élever des enfants … 36 36 18 06/03/2020 CONQUÊTE SPATIALE Les femmes de la conquête spatiale, les ordinateurs humains Sans elles, Neil Amstrong et Buzz Aldrin n’auraient sans doute pas marché sur la Lune. Il a fallu 47 ans au gouvernement des Etats-Unis pour les récompenser 37 37 SUE FINLEY Lorsque Sue Finley s'est fait embaucher par le Jet Propulsion Laboratory près de Los Angeles, dans les années 1950, elle s'est retrouvée dans un service 100 % féminin. « La femme qui en était à la tête [...] pensait que des hommes ne lui obéiraient pas, et elle n'embauchait donc que des femmes » Leurs calculs ont permis de construire les fusées, de concevoir les carburants et de développer les antennes reliant les astronautes à la Terre. Travaille encore à 82 ans à la Nasa, en 2019, 58 ans de salariat 38 38 19 06/03/2020 MARGARET HAMILTON 39 39 MARGARET HAMILTON Incident avec sa fille Lauren (Apollo 8) La qualité des programmes développés sous la supervision d'Hamilton a joué un rôle crucial au cours de la mission Apollo 11. Trois minutes avant que le module lunaire Apollo atteigne la surface de la Lune, des alarmes informatiques répétées se déclenchent. Elles signalent que l'ordinateur est saturé. Grâce à elle, l'ordinateur réussit néanmoins à mener sa mission principale consistant à poser le module lunaire sur la Lune. 40 40 20 06/03/2020 41 41 42 KATHERINE JOHNSON Mathématicienne 42 21 06/03/2020 KATHERINE JOHNSON Katherine Johnson (décédée en février 2020 à 101 ans). Ingénieur à la Nasa, son infaillibilité dans les calculs lui avait valu de vérifier ceux des ordinateurs. Sa réputation était telle que ses conclusions faisaient autorité. En 1939, elle est l'une des trois étudiants afro-américains, et la seule femme, à être sélectionnée pour intégrer l'université, par le président de l'État de Virginie-Occidentale sur décision de la Cour suprême des États-Unis.
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