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The Planetary Report We Spect and Admiration

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The Planetary Report We Spect and Admiration A Publication .", THEPLANET4 SOCIETY o o o. 0-e--e- <p 0 0 Board of Directors CARL SAGAN BRUCE MURRAY VOYAGER: OPENING THE SOLAR SYSTEM President Vice President Director. Laboratory for Planetary Professor of Planetary Studies, Cornell University Science. California Institute of Technology BY CARL SAGAN LOU IS FRIEDMAN Executive Director HENRY TANNER California Institute THOMAS O. PAINE of Technology , n this issue of The Planetary Report we spect and admiration. They are real American Former Administrator. NASA Chairman, National JOSEPH RYAN celebrate the epic journey of the Voyager 1 heroes. Commission on Space O'Me/veny & Myers and Voyager 2 spacecraft and look forward Meanwhile, at almost a million miles a day, Board of Advisors with keen anticipation to the Voyager 2 en~ the two spacecraft are sweeping past the plan­ DIANE ACKERMAN JOHN M. LOGSDON counter with the Neptune system on August etary part of the solar system. Their instru­ poet and author Director. Space Policy Institute George Washington University 25, 1989. Launched in August and September ments may survive long enough to detect their ISAAC ASIMOV Buthor HANS MARK 1977, the two spacecraft were programmed passage through the heliopause, the charged­ Chancellor. RICHARD BERENDZEN University of Texas System only to explore the Jupiter and Saturn systems, particle and magnetic-field boundary between President, American University JAMES MICHENER but they have far exceeded that original mis­ the solar system and interstellar space. Inex­ JACQUES BLAMONT author sion specification. Voyager l 's trajectory to orably, they will enter interstellar space and Scientific Consultant, Centre National d'Eludes Spatiales, MARVIN MINSKY Titan precluded its visit to any other worlds. wander forever in the dark between the stars. France Donner Professor of Science, MassachuseUs Institute But Voyager 2, after gravity assists by Jupiter Because interstellar space is such a benign and RAY BRADBURY of Technology poet and author and Saturn, became in 1986 the first artifact of placid medium, the rate of erosion of the Voy­ PHILIP MORRISON ARTHUR C. CLARKE Institute Professor. Massachusetts the human species to reach the Uranus system, ager spacecraft will be very slow. Even a bil­ author Institute of Technology and this August will play the same role in the lion years from now, the two spacecraft will be CORNELIS DE JAGER PAUL NEWMAN Professor of Space Research, actor Neptune system. very much as they are today (although, of The-Astronomicallnstitute at Utrecht, The Netherlands BERNARD M. OLIVER The spacecraft have provided our first de­ course, inoperative). If there are interstellar Chief, SET! Program, FRANK DRAKE NASA/Ames Research Center tailed, close-up information about dozens of spacefaring civilizations, it is possible that Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of SALLY RIDE new worlds- some of them previously known sometime in the next billion years one or both California at Santa Cruz former astronaut only as fuzzy disks in the eyepiece of ground­ of the spacecraft will be intercepted and exam­ LEE A. DUBRIDGE ROALD Z. SAGDEEV based telescopes, some merely as points of ined. To prepare for such a contingency, each former presidential Institute for Space Research, science advisor Academy of Sciences light, and many entirely undiscovered before of the spacecraft has, affixed to its side, a of/he USSR JOHN GARDNER Voyager approached. One of these moons, Mi­ golden phonograph record (and instructions founder. Common Cause HARRISON H. SC HMI TT former US Senator. NM randa of Uranus, was discovered not only in for use), containing greetings from our civi­ THEODORE M. HESBURGH and former astronaut President Emeritus, my lifetime but by my thesis adviser, Gerard lization, as well as a variety of information University of Notre Dame LEWIS THOMAS Chancel/or. Memorial Sloan Kuiper. How astonished he would have been about our science, our technology, our music SHI RLEY M. HUFSTEDLER Kettering Cancer Center educator and jurist at its stunning, twisted terrain as radioed back (90 minutes of "Earth's Greatest Hits"), our JAMES VAN ALLEN GARRY E. HUNT Professor of Physics, by Voyager 2. Another moon he discovered, evolution and ourselves. Both in their ex­ space scientist, United Kingdom University of Iowa Nereid of Neptune, will be revealed to us for ploratory mission and in the messages that the first time later this summer. Among the they carry, these spacecraft are for the ages. many discoveries, definite or probable, made Neptune is the final port of call on Voy­ t~ee ~~~~~6ff~:O~ T~~S~a~~~r-~l~rl.~I~~~~ ~~t~~n~S A::~~e~t Pasadena. CA 91106, (818) 793-5100. It is available to members of The by Voyager are the repeated formation and de­ ager's Grand Tour. There are no more worlds Planetary Society. Annual dues are $20 in the US, $25 in Canada, and $30 outside the US or Canada. struction of moons and rings, the volcanism of on its itinerary. Before Voyager 2 passes the Editor, CHARLENE M. ANDERSON; 10, the configuration of outer-planet magneto­ planetary frontier into interstellar space, it has Technical Editor, JAMES D. BURKE; Guest Technical Editor, ELLIS D. MINER: spheres, the rich organic chemistry in the outer the opportunity to take (as I very much hope it Assistant Editor, DONNA STEVENS: solar system--especially Titan's- and the will) one last picture---over its shoulder, of the Copy Editor, KARL STULL; Art Director. BARBARA SMITH possible existence of oceans on Titan and inner solar system. The planets will appear as Viewpoints expressed in columns ~ editorials are those of the authors and Europa. a sparse sprinkling of points of light. One of g~ ;g! i ~~:~a~ ~ge~~eTh~t Wa~~~~ ~~?:ty~ a netary Society, its officers The spacecraft have opened most of the them, a tiny blue dot set against the spangle of In Canada, Second Class Mail RegislratlOll Number 9567 solar system- both in extent and in mass- to the Milky Way, will be the Earth. From the the human species. They represent a triumph distance of Neptune, it will seem no more than of American technology, admired even by a faint star. I believe that this picture could COVER: The blue planet Neptune and its those who have deep misgivings about other have a profound influence on how we view tantalizing moon Triton are the last sched­ policies of our nation. They provide an exam­ ourselves, as powerful as the images taken by uled destinations on Voyager 2'_s Grand-Tour ple of what contemporary human technology, the Apollo astronauts of our lovely, finite and of the outer solar system. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have all given up secrets to this freed to pursue peaceful exploratory objec­ fragile planetary home. robotic emissary from Earth, and the space­ tives, is capable. The data are made freely craft will now probe the secrets of its last available, much of it in real time, to all the cit­ Carl Sagan o/Cornell University, President planet. After swinging past Triton and izens of our planet. Those who built and oper­ o/The Planetary Society, is Distinguished examining its atmosphere, Voyager 2 will begin a quest to find the edge of our solar ated Voyager--especially the engineering staff Visiting Scientist at the Jet Propulsion Labo­ system, and then will travel on forever at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who time and ratory and a member 0/ the Voyager imaging through the realm of the stars. again devised brilliant solutions to unexpected team. He also chaired the NASA committee Painting: Paul Hudson, reprinted with permission, problems uncovered when the spacecraft, in that designed and/abricated the Voyager © National Geographic Society effect, radioed home for help--deserve our re- Interstellar Record_ NEWS l BRIEFS Senator Albert Gore Jr. (D-TN) charges that Bush administration of­ In the last issue of The Planetary Report, we promised that Academician Roald Z. Sagdeev, ficials "censored" a scientist's Scientific Director of the Phobos mission, would comment on the failure of both of the mis­ planned testimony on global warm­ sion's spacecraft. Time constraints prevented Sagdeev from completing his statement, but he ing to downplay the problem. Dr. suggested we reprint instead selections from this article by K. Gringauz, which originally James E. Hansen, director of appeared in Pravda. The translation is by Colleen B. London of the Space Physics Research NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Laboratory of the University of Michigan. Studies, told The New York Times that the Office of Management and he only new type of spacecraft developed by the industry in recent years for planetary Budget edited his testimony to soft­ T research-the Phobos-was launched in the middle of 1988. (The Vega spacecraft are a en the conclusions and make the modification of the earlier Venera series.) From the point of view of carrying scientific ex­ prospects of climatic change appear periments, it has a number of shortcomings: It is difficult to put scientific equipment onto it more uncertain. in the necessary manner, the amount of transmitted information is not enough, and the scien­ "It distresses me that they put tific payload is too small in relation to its overall weight. words in my mouth; they even put it These shortcomings are connected with an unjust and inappropriate relationship between in the first person," Hansen told the the Academy of Sciences and the aerospace industry. The chief designer of spacecraft, Aca­ newspaper, adding that he had tried demician S. P. Korolov, was well-aquainted with all the members of the academy's institutes to "negotiate" with the budget office who put experiments on the spacecraft of his OKB (Special Designing Bureau), and, at the over the wording but "they refused time of the design of the spacecraft, he was in constant communication with them.
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