Emoticons and Emojis
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Collection and Analysis of a Longitudinal Twitter Sentiment Dataset
The emojification of sentiment on social media: Collection and analysis of a longitudinal Twitter sentiment dataset Wenjie Yin, Rabab Alkhalifa, Arkaitz Zubiaga Queen Mary University of London, UK {w.yin,r.a.a.alkhalifa,a.zubiaga}@qmul.ac.uk Abstract Social media, as a means for computer-mediated communication, has been extensively used to study the sentiment expressed by users around events or topics. There is however a gap in the longitudinal study of how sentiment evolved in social media over the years. To fill this gap, we develop TM-Senti, a new large-scale, distantly su- pervised Twitter sentiment dataset with over 184 million tweets and covering a time period of over seven years. We describe and assess our methodology to put together a large-scale, emoticon- and emoji-based labelled sentiment analysis dataset, along with an analysis of the re- sulting dataset. Our analysis highlights interesting temporal changes, among others in the increasing use of emojis over emoticons. We pub- licly release the dataset for further research in tasks including sentiment analysis and text classification of tweets. The dataset can be fully rehy- drated including tweet metadata and without missing tweets thanks to the archive of tweets publicly available on the Internet Archive, which the dataset is based on. 1 Introduction Social media research (Ngai, Tao, & Moon, 2015) and sentiment analysis (Poria, Hazarika, Majumder, & Mihalcea, 2020) have gained popularity in the last decade, both separately and jointly. Sentiment analysis of social media content is a fertile research area in a wide variety of fields including natural language processing (Wilson, Wiebe, & Hoffmann, 2005), computa- tional social science (Vydiswaran et al., 2018), information science (Zimbra, Ghiassi, & Lee, 2016) and beyond. -
Transport and Map Symbols Range: 1F680–1F6FF
Transport and Map Symbols Range: 1F680–1F6FF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
Seeing Emoji Rendering Differences Across Platforms
What I See is What You Don’t Get: The Effects of (Not) Seeing Emoji Rendering Differences across Platforms HANNAH MILLER HILLBERG, GroupLens Research, University of Minnesota, USA ZACHARY LEVONIAN, GroupLens Research, University of Minnesota, USA DANIEL KLUVER, GroupLens Research, University of Minnesota, USA LOREN TERVEEN, GroupLens Research, University of Minnesota, USA BRENT HECHT, Northwestern University, USA Emoji are popular in digital communication, but they are rendered differently on different viewing platforms (e.g., iOS, Android). It is unknown how many people are aware that emoji have multiple renderings, or whether they would change their emoji-bearing messages if they could see how these messages render on recipients’ devices. We developed software to expose the multi-rendering nature of emoji and explored whether this increased visibility would affect how people communicate with emoji. Through a survey of 710 Twitter users who recently posted an emoji-bearing tweet, we found that at least 25% of respondents were unaware that the emoji they posted could appear differently to their followers. Additionally, after being shown how one of their tweets rendered across platforms, 20% of respondents reported that they would have edited or not sent the tweet. These statistics reflect millions of potentially regretful tweets shared per day because people cannot see emoji rendering differences across platforms. Our results motivate the development of tools that increase the visibility of emoji rendering differences across platforms, and we 1 contribute our cross-platform emoji rendering software to facilitate this effort. 124 CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing KEYWORDS Emoji; computer-mediated communication; cross-platform; rendering; invisibility of system status ACM Reference format: Hannah Miller Hillberg, Zachary Levonian, Daniel Kluver, Loren Terveen and Brent Hecht. -
Proposal to Add U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow to Unicode Emoji
Proposal to add U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow to Unicode Emoji J. S. Choi, 2015‐12‐12 Abstract In the Unicode Standard 7.0 from 2014, ⮕ U+2B95 was added with the intent to complete the family of black arrows encoded by ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07. However, due to historical timing, ⮕ U+2B95 was not yet encoded when the Unicode Emoji were frst encoded in 2009–2010, and thus the family of four emoji black arrows were mapped not only to ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07 but also to ➡ U+27A1—a compatibility character for ITC Zapf Dingbats—instead of ⮕ U+2B95. It is thus proposed that ⮕ U+2B95 be added to the set of Unicode emoji characters and be given emoji‐ and text‐style standardized variants, in order to match the properties of its siblings ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07, with which it is explicitly unifed. 1 Introduction Tis document primarily discusses fve encoded characters, already in Unicode as of 2015: ⮕ U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow: Te main encoded character being discussed. Located in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows block. ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07 Leftwards, Upwards, and Downwards Black Arrow: Te three black arrows that ⮕ U+2B95 completes. Also located in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows block. ➡ U+27A1 Black Rightwards Arrow: A compatibility character for ITC Zapf Dingbats. Located in the Dingbats block. Tis document proposes the addition of ⮕ U+2B95 to the set of emoji characters as defned by Unicode Technical Report (UTR) #51: “Unicode Emoji”. In other words, it proposes: 1. A property change: ⮕ U+2B95 should be given the Emoji property defned in UTR #51. -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Administering Avaya Social Media Manager
Administering Avaya Social Media Manager Release 6.2.x July 2016 © 2012-2016, Avaya, Inc. IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO ACCEPT THESE TERMS OF USE, YOU All Rights Reserved. MUST NOT ACCESS OR USE THE HOSTED SERVICE OR AUTHORIZE ANYONE TO ACCESS OR USE THE HOSTED Notice SERVICE. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the Licenses information in this document is complete and accurate at the time of printing, Avaya assumes no liability for any errors. Avaya reserves THE SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS AVAILABLE ON THE AVAYA the right to make changes and corrections to the information in this WEBSITE, HTTPS://SUPPORT.AVAYA.COM/LICENSEINFO, document without the obligation to notify any person or organization UNDER THE LINK “AVAYA SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS (Avaya of such changes. Products)” OR SUCH SUCCESSOR SITE AS DESIGNATED BY AVAYA, ARE APPLICABLE TO ANYONE WHO DOWNLOADS, Documentation disclaimer USES AND/OR INSTALLS AVAYA SOFTWARE, PURCHASED “Documentation” means information published in varying mediums FROM AVAYA INC., ANY AVAYA AFFILIATE, OR AN AVAYA which may include product information, operating instructions and CHANNEL PARTNER (AS APPLICABLE) UNDER A COMMERCIAL performance specifications that are generally made available to users AGREEMENT WITH AVAYA OR AN AVAYA CHANNEL PARTNER. of products. Documentation does not include marketing materials. UNLESS OTHERWISE AGREED TO BY AVAYA IN WRITING, Avaya shall not be responsible for any modifications, additions, or AVAYA DOES NOT EXTEND THIS LICENSE IF THE SOFTWARE deletions to the original published version of Documentation unless WAS OBTAINED FROM ANYONE OTHER THAN AVAYA, AN such modifications, additions, or deletions were performed by or on AVAYA AFFILIATE OR AN AVAYA CHANNEL PARTNER; AVAYA the express behalf of Avaya. -
Guحadel Usuario User Guide
E R D I E S U U G MFL67235901(1.0) MW U G This booklet is made from 60% post-consumer paper. recycled booklet ismade from This U S This booklet is printed with soy ink. with soy booklet isprinted This U Í A A D R Printed inMexico Printed E I O L Copyright©2011 LG Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. TM Enlighten is registered trademark of Verizon Wireless and its related entities. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Important Customer Information 1 When using this product, the safety precautions below must be taken to avoid possible legal liabilities and damages. Retain and follow all product safety and operating instructions. Observe all warnings in the product operating instructions. To reduce the risk of bodily injury, electric shock, fire, and damage to the equipment, observe the following precautions. ELECTRICAL SAFETY This product is intended for use when supplied with power from the designated battery or power supply unit. Other usage may be dangerous and will invalidate any approval given to this product. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR PROPER GROUNDING INSTALLATION CAUTION: Connecting to improperly grounded equipment can result in an electric shock to your device. This product is equipped with a USB Cable for connecting to a desktop or notebook computer. Be sure your computer is properly grounded (earthed) before connecting this product to the computer. The power supply cord of a desktop or notebook computer has an equipment-grounding conductor and a grounding plug. The plug must be plugged into an appropriate outlet which is properly installed and grounded in accordance with all local codes and ordinances. -
Pictographs, Ideograms, and Emojis (PIE): a Framework for Empirical Research Using Non-Verbal Cues
Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences | 2021 Pictographs, Ideograms, and Emojis (PIE): A Framework for Empirical Research Using Non-verbal Cues Abstract declared the word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries1. We propose an empirical framework to understand the This was the first time a pictograph was chosen over a impact of non-verbal cues across various research textual word, indicating the rise of ideogrammatic icon contexts. A large percentage of communication on the usage on the Internet. Additionally, in 2016 alone, an Internet uses text-driven non-verbal communication estimated 2.3 trillion mobile messages used emojis2. cues often referred to as emojis. Our framework EmoJis encourage positive behavior, such as proposes two types of factors to understand the impact increased purchase intention online [7], but are also used of emojis. The first type consists of pictographs, for negative purposes, such as online advertising by ideograms, and emojis (PIE) factors such as usage, human traffickers [8]. Moreover, under different valence, position, and skin tone, and the second type contexts, emojis display different emotions [9]. This consists of contextual factors depending on the research varied usage of emojis across different domains raises context, such as fake news, which has high social several questions about their impact and purpose. Given impact. We discuss how the effect of PIE factors and their popularity and diverse purposes, it is important to contextual factors can be used to measure belief, trust, study the usage of this form of communication in greater reputation, and intentions across these contexts. detail. We propose a framework to study the impact of emojis across several domains using high level factors 1. -
New Emoji Requests from Twitter Users: When, Where, Why, and What We Can Do About Them
1 New Emoji Requests from Twitter Users: When, Where, Why, and What We Can Do About Them YUNHE FENG, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA ZHENG LU, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA WENJUN ZHOU, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA ZHIBO WANG, Wuhan University, China QING CAO∗, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA As emojis become prevalent in personal communications, people are always looking for new, interesting emojis to express emotions, show attitudes, or simply visualize texts. In this study, we collected more than thirty million tweets mentioning the word “emoji” in a one-year period to study emoji requests on Twitter. First, we filtered out bot-generated tweets and extracted emoji requests from the raw tweets using a comprehensive list of linguistic patterns. To our surprise, some extant emojis, such as fire and hijab , were still frequently requested by many users. A large number of non-existing emojis were also requested, which were classified into one of eight emoji categories by Unicode Standard. We then examined patterns of new emoji requests by exploring their time, location, and context. Eagerness and frustration of not having these emojis were evidenced by our sentiment analysis, and we summarize users’ advocacy channels. Focusing on typical patterns of co-mentioned emojis, we also identified expressions of equity, diversity, and fairness issues due to unreleased but expected emojis, and summarized the significance of new emojis on society. Finally, time- continuity sensitive strategies at multiple time granularity levels were proposed to rank petitioned emojis by the eagerness, and a real-time monitoring system to track new emoji requests is implemented. -
Ccnso Study Group on the Use of Emoji in Second Level Domains - Report and Findings
ccNSO Study Group on the use of Emoji in Second Level Domains - Report and Findings 1 V20190226 Table of Contents Background 3 2. Evolution of domain names which include emoji 5 Definition of emoji 5 History of domain names which include emoji 6 Registering a domain name which include an emoji 8 Registries offering domain names which include emoji 8 Registrars offering domain names which include emoji 9 3. Emoji domain names – Issues and Consideration 10 Recommendations of the SAC 095 Advisory: 10 Observations: 13 Conclusions: TBD 13 Annex A – Request for Information 14 Annex B – History of Emoji 15 Annex C – Implementation of Emoji 19 Annex D – Details regarding registries which accept the registration of domain names which include emoji 21 Composition of second level domain names accepted by registries which register domain names which include emoji 21 WHOIS and Registration of domain names which include emoji 23 Registration Policies/Terms of Use and similar information for domains which include emoji 25 Annex E - Glossary 26 2 V20190226 Executive Summary (TBC at the end) 1. Background Since 2001 there has been community interest in the use of emoji in domain names and some country code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs) currently allow domain names with emoji to be registered at the second level. The SSAC analyzed the use of emoji for domain names and published the findings in the SAC 095 advisory1 on 25 May 2017. The SAC 095 advisory recommends not allowing the use of emoji in TLDs, and discourages their use in a domain name in any of its labels. -
95% of Internet Users Have Used an Emoji. Over 10 Billion Emojis Are Sent Daily
95% Of Internet Users Have Used An Emoji. Over 10 Billion Emojis Are Sent Daily July 17th recognizes World Emoji Day and many of the world’s symbolic icons for digital calendars. The day encourages us to use emojis to send unique messages. Before the emoji, there were emoticons. Emoticons (emotion + icon) was developed as an expression of emotions in the cold hard texts that were devoid of them. Emoji, a Japanese expression, roughly means “picture word” and was created by Shigetaka Kurita in 1990. While working for the Japanese telecom company NTT Docomo, Kurita would design these picture words as a feature on their pagers to make them more appealing to teens. The word “Emoji” is derived from the Japanese words e (for picture) and moji (for character), apparently the seeming connection to the words emotion and emoticon are purely incidental! The release of the first iPhone by Apple in 2007 had an emoji keyboard embedded into the phone to nab the Japanese market. While not intended for U.S. users to find, they did and quickly figured out how to use it. Every year new emojis (both emoji and emojis are acceptable plural forms of the word) are developed. The emojipedia.org keeps track of all the emoji updates across all platforms and operating systems. Over 1800 emojis cover much more than just emotions. Over 900M emojis are sent every day without text on Facebook Messengerr More than 700M emojis are used in Facebook posts every day. The biggest day for emoji usage on Messenger is New Year’s Eve For 2020, 117 new emojis are to be introduced, including a toothbrush, bubble tea, Transgender flag, black cat and more. -
Character Properties 4
The Unicode® Standard Version 14.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2021 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at https://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 14.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0 (https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/) 1.