Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand
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Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand A thesis submitted to AUT University in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Business. Faculty of Business, Auckland, New Zealand. By Tina Buch December, 2006. Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand Table of Contents Attestation of Authorship........................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Case Study – An Introduction............................................................................... 2 1.2 Towards a Framework.................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Aims & Objectives....................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Thesis Outline ..............................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 7 2.1 Sport Tourism...............................................................................................................7 2.2 Sport Tourism & Events............................................................................................... 9 2.3 Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Community & Tourism.............................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY & RESEARCH CONTEXT......................................... 30 3.1 Case Study Context.................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Research Paradigms ................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Interviews................................................................................................................... 39 3.4 Field Observations ..................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Web-Survey................................................................................................................ 42 3.6 Representativeness of the Sample.............................................................................. 52 CHAPTER 4 : RESIDENT PERCEPTIONS OF IMNZ ..................................................... 59 4.1 Resident Participation & Awareness.......................................................................... 59 4.2. Perceptions of the Event............................................................................................ 63 4.3 Personal & Community Perceptions .......................................................................... 74 Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand 4.4 Cluster Analysis ......................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................... 94 5.1 Resident Perceptions .................................................................................................. 96 5.2 Future Research Agenda .......................................................................................... 101 REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 103 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 119 Appendix A: Venue and Course Maps........................................................................... 119 Appendix B: Resident Interview Profiles ...................................................................... 120 Appendix C: Resident Interview Guideline ................................................................... 122 Appendix D: RTO Interview Schedule.......................................................................... 123 Appendix E: Flyer.......................................................................................................... 125 Appendix F: Web-Survey .............................................................................................. 126 Appendix G: GPower Test............................................................................................. 134 Appendix H: Cross Tabulations by Gender ................................................................... 135 Appendix I: Alteration of Patterns – Full List of Comments......................................... 138 Appendix J: IMNZ Affects Your Life – Full List of Comments ................................... 140 Appendix K: Positive Impacts of IMNZ – Full List of Comments................................ 144 Appendix L: Negative Impacts of IMNZ – Full List of Comments .............................. 148 Appendix M: Improve IMNZ – Full List of Comments ................................................ 151 Appendix N: Impact Statements – Full Table................................................................ 154 Appendix O: Reliability Analysis .................................................................................. 155 Appendix P: ANOVA Tables for Cluster Solutions ...................................................... 156 Appendix Q: Cluster Analysis on Five Variables.......................................................... 158 Appendix R: IMNZ Race Day Photos ........................................................................... 159 Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand List of Figures Figure 1.1: Stakeholder interaction framework ..................................................................... 3 Figure 3.1: Diagram of mixed methods used in study ......................................................... 38 Figure 3.2: Age groups (N=111).......................................................................................... 54 Figure 3.3: Age groups sample vs. Taupo (n=15.516*; N=111) ......................................... 54 Figure 3.4: Personal income level sample vs. Taupo (n=19.599*; n=108) ......................... 55 Figure 3.5: Suburb of residence sample vs. Taupo (n=18.540*; n=108)............................. 56 Figure 3.6: Length of residence (N=111)............................................................................. 57 Figure 3.7: Employment status (N=111).............................................................................. 57 Figure 3.8: Industry sector (n=106) ..................................................................................... 58 Figure 4.1: If you attended IMNZ, how were you involved? (n=77) .................................. 60 Figure 4.2: Reasons for not attending IMNZ? (n=31) ......................................................... 60 Figure 4.3: Comments on (not) altering patterns (n=44) ..................................................... 66 Figure 4.4: How does the staging of IMNZ in Taupo affect your life (N=111) .................. 67 Figure 4.5: Most positive impacts of IMNZ (n=108) .......................................................... 69 Figure 4.6: Most negative impacts of IMNZ (n=108) ......................................................... 70 Figure 4.7: What could be done to improve your overall experience of IMNZ (n=98) ...... 72 Figure 4.8: Profile of the three cluster solution.................................................................... 82 Figure 4.9: Cluster level of agreement with 12 statements.................................................. 86 Resident Perceptions of Event Impacts: Taupo & Ironman New Zealand List of Tables Table 3.1: Taupo delivery areas included in population frame............................................ 43 Table 3.2: Event/festival scales in consideration ................................................................. 50 Table 3.3: Family status sample vs. Taupo.......................................................................... 56 Table 4.1: Respondents’ first word when think of this year’s IMNZ (N=111) ................... 64 Table 4.2: Mean ratings for personal & community impacts............................................... 74 Table 4.3: Comparison of means for events using 12-item scale ........................................ 76 Table 4.4: General attitudes to event.................................................................................... 78 Table 4.5: Percentage of sample in cluster solutions (N=111) ............................................ 81 Table 4.6: Euclidean distance between final cluster centres................................................ 83 Table 4.7: Cluster means and range ..................................................................................... 83 Table 4.8: Cluster means for the three cluster solution........................................................ 84 Table 4.9: Overview of cluster profiles...............................................................................