Early Medieval Christianities, C.600-C.II00 Edited by Thomas F

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81775-2 - Early Medieval Christianities, c.600-c.II00 Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith Index More information

Index

abandoned children, 389 Adam (Nestorian monk), 68 ‘Abd al-Jabbar¯ al-Hamadan¯ ¯ı (Muslim scholar), Admonitio generalis, 312–13, 321, 356, 454 203 Adomnan,´ 95, 96 ‘Abd al-Malik (caliph), 199 Fis Adomnan´ , 618–21 ‘Abd al-Rah. man¯ II (caliph), 182–84 Law of (Cain´ Adamnain´ ), 93–94, 100, 101 Abodrites, 140, 141, 244 Adoptionism, 163, 495–96, 501, 502, 511–15, 516, abortion, 386 521, 523, 524, 547 Abraha (king of Himyar), 15, 16 advocatus system, 296 Abraham of Tiberias, 172 Ælfric (abbot of Eynsham), 124, 125, 127, 411, Abu¯ ‘Abdallah¯ ibn Muh. ammad al-H. umayd¯ı 609, 621 (Muslim writer), 207 Æthelberht (king of Kent), 12, 90, 112, 113, 232, Abu-‘Al¯ ¯ı‘¯Isa¯ ibn Ish. aq¯ ibn Zur‘a (Arab 237 Christian translator), 205 Æthelred (king of England), 121 Abu‘Al¯ ¯ıNar¯ıf ibn Yumn (Melkite writer), 208 Æthelstan (Anglo-Saxon king), 240, 257 Abu¯ Bishr Matta¯ ibn Yunus¯ (Nestorian Æthelwold (bishop of Winchester), 334, 358, Christian logician), 206–08 359, 592, 593, 594 Abu-‘¯ ¯Isa¯ al-Warraq¯ (Muslim scholar), 203 Africa. See North Africa; Saharan Africa Abu-Qurra,¯ Theodore (Arab Christian afterlife. See otherworld writer), 172, 173, 203, 204 Agapetus I (pope), 26, 135 Abu-R¯ a‘it¯ .a, H. ab¯ıb ibn Khidma (Arab Agathias, 28 Christian writer), 203, 204 Agatho (pope), 215 Abu¯ ‘Umar Ah. mad ibn Muh. ammad ibn Sa‘d¯ı Agila (bishop and Adoptionist), 496 (Muslim traveler), 207 Agobard of Lyons, 167, 173–76, 502, 513 Abu’l-Q¯ asim¯ (Kalbi amir), 189 Ahimaaz of Oria, 160 Acacius (bishop of Constantinople), 24 Ahmad (Kalbi amir), 189 accommodation of paganism in Germanic Aidan (bishop of Lindisfarne), 92, 94, 232, 233 Christianities, 110–15 Ainmar (bishop of Auxerre), 343 Achilleus (saint), 138 Aistulf (Lombard nobleman), 411 Acts of the Apostles, apocryphal, 366 al-Far¯ ab¯ ¯ı (Muslim philosopher), 205, 206–08 Acts of Thomas, 276 al-H. akam II (caliph of Cordoba), 183 Adalbero (bishop of Metz), 349 al-H. akim¯ (Fatimid caliph), 80, 81, 167, 253 Adalbert (archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen), al-Muqtadir (caliph of Baghdad), 192 241, 257 al-Mu‘taman (Arab Christian writer), 208 Adalbert of Prague, 140, 142, 143, 147, 226, 236, al-Mutanabb¯ı (poet), 185 242–44, 245, 260 al-Mutawakkil (caliph), 80 Adalheid (empress), 587 al-Rah. man¯ an¯ (monotheistic High God of Adaltag (archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen), Arabia), 14 257 al-Wal¯ıd I (Abassid caliph), 181 Adam of Bremen, 123, 140, 235, 244, 245 Alaric (Visigothic king), 30

803

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81775-2 - Early Medieval Christianities, c.600-c.II00 Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith Index More information

Index

Alba, kingdom of, 103. See also Celtic amulets, 429 Christianities; Scotland Anania of Narek, 83 Albanians, 71, 134 Anastasis composition, 608 Albar, Paul (Spanish churchman), 514 Anastasius I (Byzantine emperor), 25–26 Albuin (canon of cathedral of Autun), 336 Anastasius (Persian saint and martyr), 581–82, Alcuin (Anglo-Saxon scholar at Carolingian 592, 598 court) Anastasius of Sinai (saint), 59, 172, 427 on Adoptionism, 498, 512–14 Andrew (Balkan saint), 130 apocalyptic views of, 623 Andrew (Lombard duke of Benevento), 188 Bible and biblical exegesis, 531–32, 539, 543, Angelomus of Luxeuil, 174 548 Angilbert (author), 367 canon law and, 312 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 127 Germanic Christianities and, 114, 234, 236, animism, 115 312, 331, 412, 459 Anna Comnena (Byzantine author), 525 missionary activities and, 234, 236 Anna Porphyrogenita (daughter of penance, 412 Romanus II), 149 property issues, 331 anointing ceremonies. See also sacrifice and gift, 459 baptism confirmation, 387 on world-soul, 518 consecration of churches, 367–68, 373, 379 Aldebert (heretical preacher), 526 deathbed rites, 391, 392 Aldhelm (bishop of Sherborne), 90, 101, 118, objects and practices, christening, 634 609 rulers, 121, 302, 307 Alemanni, 108 Ansegis (canon lawyer), 272, 324 Alexander III (pope), 263, 504 Anselm of Canterbury, 177, 506–08 Alexander of Roes, 348 Anselm of Havelberg, 499 Alexander of Tralles, 424 Anselm of Laon, 551 Alexandrian Christians. See Near Eastern Anskar (missionary to Swedes), 236, 237, 238, Christianities 243, 244, 419 Alexandrian interpretation of Bible. See under Anthimus of Constantinople, 26 Bible Anthony (eremitical saint), 59, 275, 277, 568, Alexius I Comnenus (Byzantine emperor), 58, 587 139, 343, 352 Anti-Christ, body of, 449–50 Alfonso VI (Spanish king), 184 anti-Semitism, 163–65, 170. See also Jews and Alfred the Great (king of England), 127, 407, Judaism 533, 610 anticlericalism, 637 Alfred (author of Life of Liudger), 237 Antioch, patriarchate of, 251 allegorical interpretation of Bible. See under Antiochene Christians. See Near Eastern Bible Christianities Alps as socio-political dividing line, 213 Antiochene interpretation of Bible. See under altar gifts given at mass, 459, 461, 464 Bible altars Aphthartodocetism, 70 as locus for sacrifice and gift, 453 Apocalypse of Anastasia, 615, 618–21, 623 portable, 477 Apocalypse of Paul, 606, 608–09, 617–21 relics contained in, 456 Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius of Patara, 173, Amalarius of Metz (liturgical commentator), 622 273, 456, 473, 485, 517 Apocalypse of the Theotokos, 615, 618–21 Amandus of Maastricht, 238, 367, 591 apocalyptic, 606, 622–23. See also otherworld ambassadorial contacts between Islam and apokatastasis (cosmic restoration), 616, 621 Christendom, 191–92 biblical exegesis and, 552, 622 Ambrose (bishop of Milan), 346, 355, 367, 390, diversity of expectations regarding, 606 393, 544, 638 God and time, concepts of, 505–06 ‘A m m ar¯ al-Bas.r¯ı (Jacobite author), 203, 204 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 622–23 Amolo of Lyons, 173–76 harrowing of hell, 608

804

Index

heretical movements and, 526, 529 Christology of Armenian church, 47, 55–56 Islamic rule, Christians under, 201 de-Christianized population in Central late Roman Christianities’ sense of future, Asia, 11 41–42, 45 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 252 political and social order affecting, 622, 623, Islam and, 74, 79, 83 624 Paulicians in, 63 reasons for popularity of narratives public penance in, 402 regarding, 623 Sasanian conquest, effects of, 71 Rimbert on missionizing in Scandinavia, Arn of Salzburg, 236 239 Arnulf (count of Flanders), 287, 360 saints at intersection of temporal past and Arnulf of Carinthia, 467 eschatological future, 582, 595 art, religious timing of, 622 Anastasis composition, 608 triggering events, 623 apocalyptic future, as expression of, 43 in twelfth century, 634 Bible scenes, 540, 542 apokatastasis (cosmic restoration), 616, 621 books. See books Apollinarius of Laodicea, 21, 65 churches. See church architecture and apologetics church-building of Christians under Muslim rule, 201–02, iconoclasm. See iconoclasm 203, 211 in late Roman Christianities, 34–36, 43 monastic, 359 sacriﬁce and gift culture,signiﬁcance of, 471 apostles, saints’ cults of, 599 in Slav Christianities, 61 apostolic Christianity, last gestures of, 13, 17 as.-Raf¯ı (Arab Christian writer), 208 Arabia Asad ibn al-Furat,¯ 187 al-Rah. man¯ an¯ (monotheistic High God) of, asceticism, 275–98. See also monasticism 14 in the East, 56–61, 67, 224–28, 278, 281, conversion to Islam, 79–81 282–83, 289–90 Ghassanid tribal federation, 66 as practiced by Himyar, Jewish kingdom of, 14–17 men, 275–81, 293 Lakhmids, 67 women, 279, 280, 286, 287, 294, 310, 632 Muslim conquest of, 73–75. See also Islam in the West, 97–102, 104–05, 110, 122, 224–28, arbitration, 308 281, 282, 284–87, 356 Ardo (author of life of Benedict of Aniane), Asclepius (god of healing), 428 478 associationism, 76 Arefast (knight), 527 asylum, church as legal place of, 366, 377, 410 Arethas of Caesarea, 534, 543 Athanasius III (Syrian patriarch), 69 Arichis II (duke of Benevento), 334 Athanasius of Alexandria, 22, 277–81, 534, 539, aristocracy 587 Bible as luxury object for, 533 Athanasius the Athonite, 61, 224–25, 289–90, monastic ties to, 294–95 333 private or proprietary churches, 122, 268, Athanasius the Camel-Driver, 47 300, 321–22 Atto of Vercelli, 357, 361 property donated to ecclesiastical Augustine of Canterbury, 12, 13, 17, 43, 89, 90, institutions by, 338–42 113, 232, 233, 239, 354, 541 Roman noble families, papacy dominated Augustine of Hippo by, 221, 261, 266 on Apocalypse of Paul, 608 Aristotle, 205, 395, 427, 495, 507, 535 on apocalyptic, 505, 526, 622 Arius and Arianism, 21, 40–41, 107–08, 162, biblical exegesis of, 541, 544–46, 549 495, 498, 512, 515, 520, 545, 546 on canon law, 301 Armenia. See also Near Eastern Christianities church buildings, theology/ecclesiology apostle Thaddeus and, 599 of, 365, 369, 371 bishoprics in 600, 7 conversion experience of, 634 Byzantine orthodoxy and, 55, 83–85 divine economy, emphasis on, 503

805

Index

Augustine of Hippo (cont.) “barbarians.” See also speciﬁc groups gender and the body in theology of, 450 generally regarded as barbarian, e.g. on heretics, 511, 517 Avars interrelationship of doctrinal and Arianism of, 40–41 geopolitical turmoil in late Roman Bible as law and, 536–37 Christianity and, 37 Celts viewed as, 87 on Jews and Judaism, 160, 162, 170, 171 Christianization of, Roman assumptions as learned person, 638 about, 9 on monasticism, 281 Franks viewed as, 218, 223 on otherworld, 610, 615 Germanic Christianity in successor states on penance and deathbed rites, 390, 392, to Roman Empire, 107–09 402 Jews and Judaism, 159 on physicians, 428 martyr cults, 598 reform, concept of, 346 Roman Empire, effects on, 30–32 on soul, 518 Barhebraeus, 206 on symbol and sign, 504, 506, 509 Baronius (Cesare Baronio), 349–50 Augustinian rule, 361 Barontus (visionary), 609, 610, 613 authorship, concept of, 577 Barsanuphius, 40, 57, 59, 60 Avaerhilda (Saxon noblewoman), 237 Barsauma of Nisibis, 22 Avars, 7, 47, 130, 217, 234–36, 258, 468, 600 Bashir (Beser; Syrian convert to Islam and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (Muslim philosopher), friend to Leo III), 522 205 Basil (Bogomil preacher), 139, 525 Avicenna (Ibn S¯ına)¯ (Muslim philosopher), Basil I (Byzantine emperor), 56, 131, 166 205 Basil II (Byzantine emperor), 138, 149, 259 Awlad¯ al-‘Assal¯ (group of Arab Christian Basil of Caesarea/Basil the Great scribes and writers), 208 books, preservation of Basil’s works in, 562 Axum (Ethiopia) Byzantine orthodoxy and, 51, 57, 59, 60 Arab Jewish kingdom of Himyar, Christian hospital established by, 430 war with, 14–17 monasticism and, 277, 286, 287, 288, 290, Islam, development of local traditions due 295 to isolation of Christian cultures by, penance, development of, 406, 408, 409 78 reading of Scripture, emphasis on, 569 Azov, Christianized Goths of area around Sea reform, concept of, 352 of, 11–12 Basiliscus (Byzantine emperor), 570 azymes (unleavened Eucharistic bread), The Battle of Mag Tuired, 97 222–23, 459, 504 battle, sacriﬁces and gifts associated with victory in, 467–68 Babai the Great, 68, 199, 493 Bavarians, 108, 110, 236, 256 Balkans. See Slav Christianities Beatus of Liebana, 496, 502, 513 Balthild (Frankish queen and saint), 284, 592 Beccan´ (Irish monk), 606 Baltic Crusades, 245 Bede (the Venerable Bede, monk of Jarrow) Balts, 145, 244–46 on apocalyptic, 623–24 Banu Ghassan, 17 Bible translation of, 125 baptism biblical exegesis of, 535, 542, 544, 546, 552 Eucharist, paradigm shift from emphasis on Caedmon, 125 on baptism to, 633, 636 on conversion of Anglo-Saxons, 43, 88–100, of infants, 387–89 231, 232–33 marriage and, 401 on ethnic identity of Anglo-Saxons, 108 by midwives, 386–87, 636 on otherworld, 609 objects and practices, christening, 634 on pagan gods, 118 sin remedied via, 400–01 on penance, 405 sponsorship and godparenthood, 388, reform, idea of, 355–56 397 vernacular language and, 125

806

Index

belief systems, encounters/confrontations florilegia, 543–44 between. See encounters/ fulfillment of Old Testament by New confrontations between different Testament, exegetic principle of, 540 belief systems gender and the body in, 436 Belisarius (Byzantine general), 28 Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 306–07, 536, Benedict of Aniane, 285, 287, 478, 587 543–45, 549 Benedict of Nursia, 44, 60, 280, 285, 569, 587 heretical interpretation of, 546, 550–51 Benedict VIII (pope), 499, 594 history, as focus for, 532, 540, 542, 552–53 Benedictine rule identity, as focus for, 532 administration of monastic houses under, images derived from, 540, 542 296 Irish exegesis, 542, 548–50 book ownership under, 569 Islamic rule, interpretations of Christians Carolingian reforms, 102, 104–05, 282, under, 202 284–87, 356 Latin, Western loss of Greek and exclusive gender and the body in, 439–43 use of, 534–36 Greek interest in, 224–27 literal (Antiochene) vs. spiritual/allegorical individual poverty vs. monastic property, (Alexandrian) interpretation of 336, 337 basic principles, 534 reform, concept of, 348, 360 Carolingian rule, blending of modes Benedictus Levita, 321 under, 546–48 benefices, 296–97 episcopal tradition, 545–46 Beowulf, 117, 127 Greek and Latin exegesis, divorce Berbers, 10, 184 between, 543–45 Berengar of Tours, 369, 504, 507, 519, 552 heresy, problem of, 546, 550–51 Berengaudus (biblical exegete), 551 Irish exegesis, influence of, 542, 548–50 Bernard of Clairvaux, 509, 551, 590, 632, 635 monastic tradition, 545–46 Bernard the Monk, 192, 194 northern vs. southern cultural divide, Bernold of Constance, 541 541–43, 545–46 Bertha (wife of Æthelberht, king of Kent), 237 reforms of early eleventh century, Bertha (Borghorst monastery foundress), 339 551–53 Bertha of Tuscany, 192 as literary work, 532, 533 Bertheida (daughter of foundress of as luxury object, 533 Borghorst monastery), 339 mass, service of the Word in, 454–55 Berthold of Reichenau, 552 monasticism Bertolf (duke of Carinthia), 625 biblical exegesis and, 545–48 Beser (Bashir; Syrian convert to Islam and scriptural inspiration for, 276 friend to Leo III), 522 monothelitism and biblical exegesis, 495 Bezprym (Polish ruler), 143 Old High Germanic translations of, 125 Bible, 531–53 otherworld in, 607, 608 access to, 533–34, 550–51 patristic tradition, influence of, 538, 544 apocalyptic and biblical exegesis, 552, 622 property charters recorded in Gospel canon law and, 306–07, 312 books, 329 Carolingian interest in Hebrew Bible and prophetic concordance, exegetic principle Jewish exegesis, 173–75 of, 540 Carolingian reform and, 531–32, 538, 544, reform, concept of, 346, 351, 353, 356, 362, 546–48 551–53 church as cultic site, theology/ecclesiology rhetoric and dialectic applied to, 531, 542 of, 364, 365, 369 birth, 383–98 as civil law, 536–37 abandoned children, 389 Contra Judaeos literature and, 170 abortion, 386 control over text, 537–39 baptism of infants, 287–89 diversity of texts, languages, and order of Carolingian baptismal reforms, 388 books, 534–36, 537–39 Christianization of, 385

807

Index

birth (cont.) body. See gender and the body conception, pregnancy, and childbirth, Boethius, 507, 518 386–87 Bogomils, 63, 137–38, 139, 152, 154, 396, 524–26, economy of salvation and, 383–86, 395, 528 396–97 Bohemians, 244, 258 families, importance to, 385, 386, 390, 396, Boleslav I (Bohemian prince), 141, 258 397 Boleslav I Chrobry (Polish ruler), 142–43, godparents/sponsors of baptized infants, 241–42, 258 388, 397 Boleslav II (Polish ruler), 144 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 383, 384, Boleslav III the Wry-mouth (Polish ruler), 144 387, 394 Boniface (saint and missionary to Germans) infanticide, 114, 387, 389 biblical exegesis and, 541 midwives, 386–87, 423 canon law and, 308 monastic communities and, 385, 395, 396, the Church as an institution and, 256 397 Germanic Christianities, 110, 125 oblates, children given to church as, 387, on heretics, 526 397, 464 missionary activities, 235, 237 opposition to rites of, 396 penance, 406, 408, 411 ritual impurity of childbirth, 387 reform, concept of, 350 sources of information regarding, 384 books. See also Bible; medieval manuscripts viability of newborns, 387 for speciﬁc volumes; script women’s involvement in, 385, 386–87 authorship, concept of, 577 bishops, 265–70 in Byzantium, 554–80 biblical exegesis, episcopal tradition of, holy presences, books as, 571–73, 577 545–46 illumination or ornamented letters, 558 canon law and, 307, 308, 316–17, 322 libraries, 568–71 in Celtic Christianities, 89, 97–102, 254–55 literacy and orality, 573–78 chorbishops, 268 miniatures, 560–61, 563–68 councils, 266 origins and development of codex election of, 265 production, 554–57 in English church, 89 production of texts, 557–60 in Gaulish church, 89 survival of books, 578–79 in Germanic Christianities, 109, 122–24, types of texts preserved in, 561–63 253–57 Celtic Gospel books, 94 late Roman Christianities, episcopal literacy and orality, 558, 573–78 deﬁnition and control of, 32–41 liturgy and ritual, role in, 479–85, 562 local churches/parishes, 268–69 as luxury objects, 533, 578–79 metropolitans, 265, 266 miniatures monastic rights and, 269 in Byzantine texts, 560–61, 563–68 ordination of, 630 liturgy and ritual, role of books and penance, control of, 407–08, 413 their images in, 479–85 political and social order, role in, 269–70 marginal illustrations, 564 property held by, 335 monasticism and, 568–71, 573 saints, formal recognition of, 593–95 ornament or illumination of letters, 558 in Slavic Christianities, 133, 138, 257–60 page numbering, 557 suburbicarian bishoprics, 261, 262 parchment vs. paper vs. papyrus, 555, in twelfth-century Christendom, 630–31 556–57 vicars, 265 scribes and illuminators of, 559 visitations, 267–69 from scrolls to codices, 555 Blathmac´ (abbot of Iona), 95, 331 at Studios scriptorium, 558, 569 Blickling homilies, 411 in twelfth century, 638 Bodo (Carolingian arch-chaplain and convert Bordeaux, Council of, 306 to Judaism), 170, 175 Boris (Bulgarian khan), 131, 133–35, 143, 259

808

Index

Boris and Gleb (Rus saints), 144, 153–54, 598 canonical queries of, 323 boskoi or “grazers”, 279 church architecture in, 133, 135 Brendan (Irish saint), 612 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 259 Bretons, 86, 88, 89, 102, 104 Krum (khan) and death of Nicephorus I, 53 British Isles missionizing and conversion of, 56, 131–39, British Church. See Celtic Christianities 220, 227, 523 burial practices in, 393 monasticism, 136–37, 154, 525 ecclesiastical hierarchy in, 254 organization of Bulgarian church, 133, 138 English Church (Anglo-Saxon) paganism of, 132 Bede on Christianization of vernacular language, use of, 134, 135, 138, Anglo-Saxons, 232–33 139 deathbed rites in, 391 Volga Bulgars, Islam of, 148 ecclesiastical hierarchy in, 254 Burchard of Worms, 165, 230, 272, 324–25, 326, Gregorian mission to English, 12–13, 43, 412, 429 86, 88–89, 109, 232–33, 254, 354 Burgundy and Burgundians, 32, 88–89, 280, missionizing of other Germanic tribes 339, 359, 404 by, 108 burial practices organizational differences between assimilation of communities of living and British and English churches, 89–91 dead, 392–94 remnants of Roman Christianization, 7, in Celtic Christianities, 103–04 12–13, 232 centrality of parish church to community, evangelization of Anglo-Saxons by British 631 church church and settlement sites, 373, 376–78 Bede’s claim of failure of British church commemoration of dead, 394–96 to evangelize, 88–100, 232 consecration of cemeteries, 376 Irish missionary activities, 232–33 deathbed and funereal rites, 390–92 medical practice in, 423 East Slav/Rus, 146, 147, 151, 152, 154 missionary activities of Anglo-Saxons east ecclesial zone, cemetery as, 376–78 of Rhine, 238, 240 for marginalized persons, 394 Northumbria, ecclesiastical authority over, medical/magical implements in women’s 92 graves, 418 “organic” conversions in West Midlands, pagan responses to Christian practices, 393 111 patristic view of, 390 pagan Anglo-Saxons in, 231–33, 393 in Poland, 144, 145 paschal controversy, 92–93 saints’ cults and, 392 penance in, 405–07 social categories of living reproduced in, private or proprietary churches, 123 394 sacral nature of Anglo-Saxon rulers, 119, “Byzantine Commonwealth”, 55, 259, 270 120, 121 Byzantine orthodoxy and Byzantine state, vernacular language and literature in, 46–64. See also Greek vs. Latin 124–28 Christianities warrior elite culture of Anglo-Saxons, books and. See under books survival of, 116, 117 Bulgaria and Bulgarians, 131–39 Whitby, Synod of, 87, 92 canon law and, 50, 304, 305–07, 322–23, 338 Brittany (Bretons), 86, 88, 89, 102, 104 Christological controversy, 21–30, 39, 47–49 Brunhild (queen of Austrasia), 353 church architecture, liturgy, and devotion, Bruno of Querfurt, 236, 242–44 61–63 Bruno of Rheims, 551 deﬁning, 49–50, 64 Bruno of Segni, 551 diplomatic contacts with Islam, 191–92 Bruno of Toul. See Leo IX ecclesiastical hierarchy and structure, Bulgaria and Bulgarians, 131–39, 154 250–51, 260, 263–64 Bogomils in, 63, 137–38, 139, 396, 524–25 ecclesiology of, 270 Byzantine state and, 131–39 formal proclamation of, 53, 64

809

Index

Byzantine orthodoxy (cont.) forged documents of, 317–18, 320 heresy and orthodoxy in. See under heresy as formal discipline, 639 and orthodoxy on frontier regions, 322–23 homilies in, 38 Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 304, 305–07, iconoclasm. See iconoclasm 322–23 imperial power and, 217, 261, 264, 282–86, hierarchical relationships, 520 conceptualization of, 300–01 inheritance law, 338 Hincmar of Rheims on, 322 Islam and, 46, 48, 83–85, 181, 184–86, 191–92 historiography of, 302, 324 Jews in Byzantium and, 64, 165–67, 171–73, on incest, 312, 314 215 on Judaism, 165 late Roman antecedents. See late Roman on marriage and divorce, 315 Christianities on medical science as practiced by clergy, liturgy and ritual in, 55, 475–76 421 “Macedonian renaissance”, 56–58 oaths, 300–01, 319, 320, 321 missionary zeal of, 523 on pagan holdovers, 304, 306 monasticism, 58–61, 282–83, 289–90 papacy patriarchate, 54–56, 214, 216, 220, 221–29, authority of, 309, 325, 634, 640 250–51, 263–64, 270, 301, 594 conciliar vs. papal documents, 305 penance in, 402, 408–09, 413, 414 election of pope, canonicity of, 261 reform, concept of, 351–53 on penitential practice, 325, 412 saints, formal recognition of, 594 private homes or chapels, celebration of Sasanian contention over eastern liturgy in, 304, 305 provinces. See under Sasanian empire property rights, 300, 321–22 Slav Christianities and. See under Slav reform, concept of, 356, 357 Christianities Roman legacy of, 300, 307–08 “Standing Synod”, 264 sacral nature of rulers in, 302, 307 theological identities in late Roman secular law and, 299 Christianities and, 21–30 Trullan or Quinisext Council, 10a, 14, uniformity, Greek concern with, 215–17 303–09 in twelfth century, 639 Cadwallon (British king), 96 women in, 310, 315 Caedmon (Anglo-Saxon poet), 125, 546 canon of mass, 457 Caesarius of Arles, 34, 37, 230, 280, 404, 544 canonization of saints, 593–95, 633 Cain´ Adamnain´ (Law of Adomnan),´ 93–94, cantatorium, 485 100, 101 Canterbury’s place in English church, 89 Callixtus II (pope), 379 Carantocus, 88 Camaldoli, monks of ( = Camaldolese), 288 Carloman (mayor of the palace), 256, 343 Candlemas, 487 Carolingian rule. See Charlemagne and canon law, 299–326 Carolingian rule adaptive strategies of, 300–03 Carthusians, 359 arbitration in, 308 cartularies (collections of charters), 329, authorities for, 299, 305 378–79 biblical law and, 306–07, 312 Casimir (Polish ruler), 143 bishops and, 307, 308, 316–17, 322 Cassian. See John Cassian Byzantine orthodoxy and, 50, 304, 305–07, Cassiodorus, 31, 533, 545 322–23, 338 Cathach of Colomba (psalter), 533 in Carolingian period, 309, 311–18 Cathars, 63, 369, 525, 528 Christendom, concept of, 642 Catla (in Life of Anskar), 237 collections of, 272, 308–13, 315–18 celi´ De´ (culdees or “clients of God”), 105 criminal procedure in ecclesiastical issues, celibacy 316, 319 of clergy, 304, 357, 360, 459, 637–38 ecclesiological texts, 272 monastic vow of, 281

810

Index

purity requirements for mass and Cerularius, Michael (patriarch of Eucharist, 459 Constantinople), 223 virginity, late Roman exaltation of, 44 Chalcedon, Council of Celtic Christianities, 86–106 Christological controversy, 16, 22–25, 39, Adomnan,´ Law of, 93–94, 95, 96 47–49, 54, 56, 250, 493–95. See also Anglo-Saxons, evangelization of Christologies, and under Near Eastern Bede’s claim of failure of British church Christianities to evangelize, 88–100, 232 monasticism, 276, 282 Irish missionary activities, 232–33 chant, liturgical, 486 anointing of sick in Ireland, 391, 392 charistike, 297, 340 art of insular Gospel books of, 94 Charlemagne and Carolingian rule. See also biblical exegesis, 542, 548–50 Franks and Francia; Germanic bishops in, 89, 97–102, 254–55 Christianities Bretons, 86, 88, 89, 102, 104 Adoptionist controversy, 496, 511–15 canon law in Ireland, 310–11 baptismal reforms, 388, 401 churchyard burials, 103–04 Bible and biblical exegesis, 531–32, 538, 544, Continental Christianity’s ignorance of 546–48 survival of Christianity in Ireland, 13 canon law, 309, 311–18 culdees (“clients of God” or celi´ De´), 105 Celtic Christianities and, 102, 104–05 division from and reconciliation with classical learning, revival of, 118 Rome, 88–94 crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III, 218 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 254–55 deathbed rites, 391–92 education and learning in, 90–91, 100, 101 ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 256, 261 Gregorian mission to English, effects on ecclesiological views, 271 British church of, 86, 88–89 filioque controversy, 498 “Hibernians” vs. “Romans” in Ireland, 92 Greek vs. Latin Christianities and, 217–21 identity of Celtic church and people, human sacrifice as capital crime under, 464 86–88 iconoclastic controversy and, 53, 218–19, literature and religion, 94–97 501, 523 martyr cults in Ireland, 599 Islam, diplomatic relations with, 192, 195 medical practice in Ireland, dearth of, 423 Jews and Judaism, 167, 174, 175 missionary activities, 42, 232–33, 238 medical amateur, Charlemagne as, 422 monasticism of, 97–102, 104–05 missions to Saxons and Avars, 233, 234, 238 organizational differences between British penance, 407, 409–12 and English churches, 89–91 reforms of, 102, 104–05, 282, 284–87, 350, otherworld, Irish concepts of, 612, 614 356–58, 634 paschal (Easter) controversy, 92–93, 542 Roman world, attempts to emulate/ relationship between British and Irish replace, 629 churches, 86, 88–91 sacrifice and gift under, 462, 467, 468 remnants of Roman Christianization in vernacular languages and, 126 Britain, 7, 12–13, 232 Charles the Bald (Carolingian ruler), 168, 318, Roman world, weakening ties to, 86–87 322, 332, 343, 357, 462, 503, 518 tariffed or private penance and Irish Charles the Fat (Carolingian ruler), 609, 613, monasticism, 403–06 615 Vikings, impact of, 100, 102–03 Charles Martel (mayor of the palace), 256, 339, violence, attitude towards, 95–96 343 Whitby, Synod of, 87, 92 charters and cartularies, 328–30, 344, 378–79 women in Ireland, 310 children cemeteries. See burial practices at birth. See birth and death cenobitism, 59, 60, 277, 279, 280, 288, 289, 290. gendered hierarchy of Benedictine See also monasticism monastery, effect of presence of boys Centuriators of Magdeburg, 349 on, 441–43 Ceolfrith of Wearmouth-Jarrow, 87, 546 as oblates, 387, 397, 464

811

Index

China bishops, control of, 265–70 Church of the East in, 5, 68, 73, 81–82 canon law and, 303 court interest in Western affairs, 3 Carolingian reforms of church, 102, 104–05, chorbishops, 268 282, 284–87, 350, 356–58, 634 Chosroes I Anoshirwan (Sasanian emperor), consolidation of ecclesiastical control, 3, 5 24–30, 33, 263–66, 269–70, 271, 303, Chosroes II Aparwez (the Victorious) 307–08 (Sasanian emperor), 3, 47, 70–72 conversion, role of rulers in. See under Christendom, concept of conversion apostolic Christianity, last gestures of, 13, 17 excommunication and interdiction used as in canon law, 642 papal disciplinary tools over secular central point, twelfth-century lack of, 629 rulers, 263 “de-centered” view of, 4, 16 in Germanic Christianity, 122–24 empire, centrality of concept of, 6–18 Investiture Controversy, 266, 361, 541, globalization of culture in Middle East and, 625–26 17 monasticism, 282–86, 290–97 “ideology of attraction” and, 9–13, 17 operating jointly in kingdom of Christ and kingdoms of the Carolingian empire, 217–21, 270 world, 2–6 eastern Roman empire, 217, 261, 264, penumbra of recently Christianized, 282–86, 520 de-Christianized, and unchurched Visigothic Spain, 165 communities, 11–13 papal elections, role of clergy and people rulers, Christian role of, 8–10 in, 261 sense of antiquity of, 6–7 property issues, 327–28, 342–44 in twelfth century, 641–43 sacral nature of rulers christening. See anointing ceremonies; canon law and, 302, 307 baptism Germanic Christianities’ retention of, Christine de Pizan, 638 119–22 Christodulus of Patmos, 61 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 302, Christologies. See also Incarnation; Trinitarian 307 doctrines saints’ cults and Chalcedonian controversy, 16, 39, 47–49, 54, aristocratic women as living saints, 586 56, 250, 493–95. See also under Near changing role of living holy men in, Eastern Christianities 588–90 of Church of the East, 67–68, 493–94 early Christian martyrs and saints, dyophysites in Near East. See under Near 599–601 Eastern Christianities; Byzantine separation of ecclesiastical control, 264, orthodoxy; Church of the East 303, 307–08, 312–13, 316–17, 344 ﬁlioque controversy, 219, 220, 221–29, 497–99 victory in battle, sacriﬁces and gifts God, early medieval concepts of, 493–94 associated with, 467–68 Islam and. See under Islam church architecture and church-building, miaphysites. See miaphysites 363–79 monergism, 48–49, 73, 74, 494 biblical tradition and, 364, 365, 369 monophysitism, 47, 52, 65, 520 in Bulgaria, 133, 135 monothelitism, 48–49, 75, 215, 216, 494, 495 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 61–63 of non-Chalcedonian churches of Near cemeteries. See burial practices East, 69–70 centrality of parish church to community, triumphant to suffering Christ, twelfth 631 century transition from, 635 concentric ecclesial zones surrounding Chrodegang (bishop of Metz), 356, 459 church, 376–78, 394 church and state, 8, 642. See also the church as consecration ritual, 367–68, 373, 379 an institution; political and social conversion of nation to Christianity and, order 366

812

Index

doubts about sacralization of church relationship with political and church buildings, 364, 369 hierarchies, 276 early house churches, 372 Near Eastern Christianities, 251–53 East Slav/Rus, 150 parishes/local churches, 268–69, 373–74, ecclesia, meanings of, 364, 368 377, 630–31 female iconography of ecclesia, 368 patriarchate, 54–56, 214, 216, 220, 221–29, Germanic private or proprietary churches, 250–51, 263–64, 270 122 private or proprietary churches, 122, 268 Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, churches Slavic Christianities, 257–60 modeled on, 601 church fathers. See patristics in late Roman Christianities, 34–36 Church of the East (Nestorian Church), 4–5, as liturgical space, 61–63, 476–79 17 personalization of, 370 in China and Asia, 5, 68, 73 in reform period of 11th and 12th centuries, Chinese philosophical expressions adopted 368–70 by, 68 refuge/asylum/sanctuary, church as legal Christology of, 67–68, 493–94 place of, 366, 377, 410 dyophysite nature of, 65 Roman civil law, first recognition of church ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 251–52 as sacral site in, 365 Heraclian reconquest of eastern provinces sacraments, development of systematic and, 73 theology of, 369–71 heresy and orthodoxy in Byzantium and, saints’ relics and, 363, 366, 372 520 settlement patterns and, 373–74 under Islamic rule, 5, 76, 77, 80, 81–82, 199 single specialized unit, coalescence into, martyr cults of, 598 371–73 self-definition under Islamic rule, 200–04 social body, as site of configuration and theological identities in late Roman control of, 379 Christianities and, 21–30 territorialization Ciaran´ mac int Sha´ır, (founder of church as cultic site and national Clonmacnois), 98 conversion process, 366 Cicero (classical author), 445, 448 of church as institution Cistercians, 288, 359, 469 (“inecclesiamento”), 374–76 cities. See towns and villages of monastic communities, 378–79 civil law. See law theology/ecclesiology of cultic sites, classical learning, revival of 364–70 absorption into educational and cultural the church as an institution, 249–74. See also profile, 638 bishops; canon law; papacy; in Byzantine orthodoxy, 57 property Carolingian renaissance, 118 Byzantine orthodoxy, 250–51, 260, 263–64 Christian Arab translation of, 205 Celtic Christianities, 254–55 gender construction, classical echoes of. clergy, orders of, 260, 481–82 See gender and the body ecclesiological concepts of, 270–74 Germanic use of pagan myth compared, family relationships and ecclesiastical 118 position, 343 monastic role in, 293 Germanic Christianities, 253–57 Claudius of Turin, 174, 501–02, 523, 542 “inecclesiamento” (territorialization of Clemens (heretical preacher), 526 church as institution), 374–76 Clement of Alexandria, 539, 616 monasticism. See also monasticism Clement (martyr), 150 bishops, conflicts with, 269, 281–90 Clement (missionary to Slavs), 134–39 early development, hierarchical clergy. See also bishops; church as an attempts to control, 277 institution pastoral role of, 268, 292, 332, 406 anticlericalism, 637 reforms and innovations, 281–90 Augustinian rule, 361

813

Index

clergy (cont.) Conrad of Constance, 191 canon law aimed at control of, 304 consecration celibacy of, 304, 357, 360, 459, 637–38 of cemeteries, 376 gender and body anxieties. See gender and of churches, 367–68, 373, 379 the body Constance (wife of Robert II of France), 527 Gregory VII and Gregorian reforms, 361–62 Constans II (Byzantine emperor), 191 liturgical implements, office conferred by, Constantine (pope), 305, 420 479–82 Constantine I (Roman emperor), 117, 275, 463, in liturgy and ritual, 479–82 533, 537, 538, 554, 556, 601, 626 monks, distinguishing, 281, 282, 290–91, 459 Constantine V (Byzantine emperor), 50, orders of, 260, 481–82 51–52, 60, 500 ordination rites, 479–82 Constantine VI (Byzantine emperor), 52, 218 separate juridical status, repercussions of, Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Byzantine 637–38 emperor), 58, 132, 146, 422, 475, 594 sickness and healing, involvement in, 421, Constantine IX Monomachus (Byzantine 424 emperor), 84, 192 stole, reception of, 461 Constantine X Ducas (Byzantine emperor), 84 support of, 461 Constantine the African, 420 “clients of God” (celi´ De´ or culdees), 105 Constantine of Mananalis, 63 Clonmacnois, 98 Constantine (Slav translator), 138 Clothar II (Merovingian king), 335 Constantinople. See also Byzantine orthodoxy clothing and gender and Byzantine state, 138 monastic garb and girded loins, 448–49 Alexandria, rivalry with, 22 veiling and unveiling of women, 445 book production in Byzantium. See under Clovis I (Merovingian king), 30, 41, 108, 461 books Cluny (monastery), 287, 296, 339, 343, 358, 359, canon law aimed at conditions in, 304 378–79, 396, 397, 466, 469 cemeteries of, 393 Cnut (king of England and Denmark), 116, Crusade of 1204 sacking, 642 257, 334 earthquakes in, 51 Codex Ragyndrudis, 547 Ecumenical Councils of, 54, 57, 70, 75, 250 Codex Vindobonensis, 533 Hagia Sophia, 53, 55, 223, 263–64, 329, 554, Coemgen (Kevin) of Glendalough, 103 570, 594 Cogitosus (Irish hagiographer), 99 Islamic conquest of, 554 Collectio Canonum Hibernensis, 310–11 Latin travelers to, 31 Collectio Vetus Gallica, 309 libraries of, 571 Collectio XXX capitulorum, 311 medical guilds in, 423 Columba (saint), 86, 92, 93, 96, 100, 232, 254, monasteries of, 60, 281, 288, 290, 431, 538, 331, 606 558, 569 Columbanus (saint), 42, 86, 88, 89, 108, 284, naming of, 554 404–07, 545 patriarchate, 54–56, 214, 216, 220, 221–29, commemoration of the dead, 394–96 250–51, 263–64, 270, 301, 594. See also commerce, holy (sacrum commercium). See specific patriarchs economy of salvation pilgrimage to, 190, 602 communion. See Eucharist relics in, 306, 602 “compact nests” of Rus villages, 151, 154 religious riots in, 25 conciliar documents, late Roman Rome, relationship with, 22, 26, 47, 213–14, proliferation of, 39 250, 301, 304. See also Greek vs. Latin confession. See penance Christianities confirmation, 387 saints’ cults in, 599, 600 confrontations between belief systems. See sieges of, 47, 50, 180, 217 encounters/confrontations between Constantius (Roman emperor), 393 different belief systems contemplative tradition, 491, 492 Conrad III (German emperor), 348 “contempt for the world” literature, 637

814

Index

Contra Judaeos literature, 169–77 criminal procedure in ecclesiastical issues, conversion. See also missionary activities 316, 319 birth and death, christianization of, 385 Crispin, Gilbert (abbot of Westminster), 176 Christians under Muslim rule, 79–81, 209 Croatia, 258 church as cultic site and national Cross conversion process, 366 iconoclasm and sign of, 51 faith-based conversion of Christians to Islamic bid for political, cultural, and social Judaism, 170, 175, 176 hegemony and, 200 in Germanic Christianities non-Christians, spiritual power for, 10–11, “organic” conversions by contact, 111 147, 151 rulers’ role in conversions, 109, 111, 121 penetration of Christianity and sign of, 12 Jews and. See under Jews and Judaism Seven Sleepers of Ephesus and, 7 reform, paradigm shift from conversion to, True Cross 633–36 apocalyptic and, 622 Rus rulers’ role in, 154 Contra Judaeos literature and, 172 of Slavs. See under Slav Christianities Jerusalem relic captured by and Coptic Christians. See Near Eastern recovered from Persians, 48, 71, 73 Christianities Crusades Corippus, 28 Baltic Crusades, 245 Cosmas and Damian (saints), 599 Byzantine responses to, 213, 229 Cosmas Indicopleustes (the India-Merchant), First Crusade, 629 3–4, 14 biblical exegesis and, 552 Cosmas the Priest, 63, 137–38, 525 as culmination of Christocentrism, Cotton Genesis (manuscript book), 560 506 Councils. See also canon law Jews and, 162, 169, 176 bishops, 266 liberation of Jerusalem, 379 Bordeaux, 306 papacy and, 640 canon law, papal vs. conciliar, 305 Cu´ Chulainn (Irish hero), 96 Chalcedon culdees (“clients of God” or celi´ De´), 105 Christological controversy, 16, 39, 47–49, cult of saints. See saints 54, 55, 250, 493–95 cultic sites, Christian. See church architecture monasticism, 276, 282 and church-building conciliar documents, late Roman cultural and intellectual issues. See proliferation of, 39 intellectual and cultural issues in Constantinople, First Ecumenical Council early medieval Christianities of, 54, 70, 250 Cummian (Irish abbot), 92, 100, 102–03, 399, Constantinople, Sixth Ecumenical Council 400, 407 of, 75 Cuno, count of Swabia, 338 Constantinople, Third Ecumenical Cuthbert (saint), 331, 405 Council of, 57 cynocephali (dogheaded men) in Scandinavia, Ephesus, 22, 30, 65 239–40, 243 Hiereia, 283, 500 Cyprus, 332 Mantzikert, 69 Cyriacus of Kalamon, 573 Nicaea, First Council of, 21–22, 70, 89 Cyril (Constantine-Cyril, saint and Nicaea, Second Council of, 166, 172, 218–19, missionary to Slavs), 134, 258 283, 296, 352, 498, 523 Cyril of Alexandria, 22, 24, 47, 65, 70, 72, 199, papal authority to call, 640 539 regional church councils and synods, Cyril of Scythopolis, 44, 59, 587 reform in context of, 354–55, 357 Cyrus of Alexandria, 48 Trullan or Quinisext Council, 38, 39, 50, Czechs, 140, 143, 144 166, 216–17, 282, 303–09, 351, 499, 543 Covenant of ‘Umar, 199 Dado (Frankish monastic patron), 88 Crete, 189, 332 Dagobert (Frankish king), 88

815

Index

Damianus (miaphysite patriarch of devotion/spirituality Alexandria), 9 Byzantine orthodoxy and church Danelis (Slav noblewoman), 131 architecture, 61–63 Danes and Denmark, 110, 112, 128, 148, 236, pilgrimage in late Roman Christianities, 238–40, 256. See also Scandinavia 31 Daniel the Stylite, 44 popular devotions in twelfth century, 633, Daniel, Vision of, 622 635, 637 David (Welsh saint), 88 relics, late Roman transportation deans, 269 throughout empire, 31 death, 383–98. See also burial practices; sacrifice and gift, spiritualization of, 454, otherworld 470. See also sacrifice and gift in Latin anointing of the sick, 391, 392 Christianity assimilation of communities of living and dhimm¯ı, 209–12, 521 dead, 392–94 dialectic. See rhetoric and dialectic Carolingian deathbed rites, 391–92 D´ıcuil (Irish scholar), 102 Christianization of, 385 Didymus the Blind, 539 commemoration of dead, 391, 394–96 different belief systems, confrontations/ economy of salvation and, 391, 394–96 encounters between. See encounters/ Eucharist as deathbed rite, 391, 392 confrontations between different families, importance to, 385, 386, 390, 396, belief systems 397 Dionysio-Hadriana (canon law collection), 272, final rites for dying persons, 390–92 311, 356 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 383, 384, Dionysius the Areopagite 387, 394 (Pseudo-Dionysius), 48, 62, 72, 491, indulgences, 397 492, 507, 549, 554, 572 infanticide, 114, 387, 389 Dionysius Exiguus, 31, 305, 505 marginalized persons, burial of, 394 Dioscorides (classical-period physician and monastic communities and, 385, 395, 396, author), 419, 560 397 Dioscorus of Alexandria, 22, 23 opposition to rites of, 396 diplomatic contacts between Islam and patristic view of ceremonies surrounding, Christendom, 191–92 390 disease. See also sickness and healing penance as deathbed rite, 391, 392, 402 cure of requiem masses, 465 hospitals for, 430–32 saints, postmortem cults of, 590–95 by magic, 426–30 social categories of living reproduced in medical, 420–24 treatment of dead, 394 by religion, 426–30 sources of information regarding, 384 excessive grief as, 390 women’s involvement in, 385, 386 physical, 190, 422 commemoration of the dead, 396 sin and, 427, 444 self-mutilating displays of grief, spiritual, 416–20, 426–30 390 disputations Defensor of Liguge,´ 544 between Christians, Muslims, and Jews, Demetrius (saint), 130, 132, 599 166, 172, 176–77, 211 demographics quodlibets, 639 of Christians under Muslim rule, 80–81, divine, concepts of. See Christologies; God, 206, 209 concepts of Denmark and Danes, 110, 112, 128, 148, 236, divorce 238–40, 256. See also Scandinavia cases of, 52, 451 Descent narratives, 608 conditions for, 161n5 Desiderius of Cahors, 429 rules against, 314–15, 403 deviance and orthodoxy. See heresy and Dobrava (Bohemian princess and wife of orthodoxy Mieszko I of Poland), 141, 241, 258

816

Index

doctors, 422–24, 428, 430–31. See also medical urban focus, retention of, xvi, 7, 33–34 science; sickness and healing earthquakes dogheaded men (cynocephali) in Scandinavia, Constantinople affected by, 51, 60 239–40, 243 iconoclasm and, 50, 51 Dome of the Rock, 200 East Slavs, 145–55 Domesday Book, 334, 335 Easter (paschal) controversy in Britain and Dominic Guzman (saint), 632 Ireland, 92–93, 542 Dominic of Silos, 589, 590–91 eastern Christianities. See Byzantine Dominic of Sora, 330 orthodoxy and Byzantine State; Donation of Constantine, 463 Church of the East (Nestorian Donatus (rabbi), 168 Church); Jacobites; Melkites; Dorotheus (monk of Gaza), 57, 59, 60 miaphysites; Near Eastern double monasteries, 279, 280, 294 Christianities double or twinned predestination, 508, 517–18 Ebbo (archbishop of Rheims and bishop of drama, liturgical, 487 Hildesheim), 238 Drogo of Paris, 508 Ebroin (mayor of the palace of Neustria), 293, Dryhthelm (visionary), 609, 613 405 dualist theologies, persistence of, 525 ecclesia, meanings of, 364, 368 Duby, Georges, 373 ecclesiastical hierarchies. See the church as an Dungal of Pavia, 501 institution Duns Scotus, 498 ecclesiastical property. See property Dunstan (archbishop of Canterbury), 287 ecclesiological concepts, 270–74 Dura Europos (Syria), house church at, 372 ecclesiology of church buildings, 364–70 Durham Gospels, 94 Ecgberht (bishop of York), 337, 355–56 Durrow, Book of, 94 Echternach Gospels, 94 dyophysites in Near East. See Church of the economic issues. See also property; trade and East, Byzantine orthodoxy, and under commerce Near Eastern Christianities books as luxury objects, 533, 578–79 monasticism’s economic and social role, Eadburg (abbess of Thanet), 237 276, 290–98 early medieval Christianities (600–1100), sacrifice and gift in new money-based xv–xviii economy, 470 apostolic Christianity, last gestures of, 13, 17 economy of salvation changes and continuities in, xv birth and death practices, 383–86, 395, Christendom. See Christendom, concept of 396–97 defining Christianity vs. paganism, 230 Incarnation. See Incarnation different belief systems and. See sacrifice and gift. See sacrifice and gift in encounters/confrontations between Latin Christianity different belief systems Edgar (Anglo-Saxon king), 287, 359 geographical foci. See geographical foci of Edict of Milan (the Peace of the Church), 275, early medieval Christianities 372, 583 historiography of, 626–29, 641 education and learning. See also books; intellectual and cultural issues. See classical learning,revivalof intellectual and cultural issues in in Byzantine orthodoxy, 58 early medieval Christianities in Celtic Christianities, 90–91, 100, 101 as lived experience. See lived experience of libraries, 568–71 Christianity literacy and orality, 558, 573–78 plural, reasons for use of, xvi–xvii, 643 monastic role in, 293, 573 political and social institutions. See political twelfth century, rise of masters and and social order bookmen in, 638–39 survey of Christianities “university” library in Constantinople, 570 in 600, 1–18 of women, 550, 574, 638 in 1100, 625–43 Edwin (king of Northumbria), 232, 237

817

Index

effeminacy. See under gender and the body Etherius (anti-Adoptionist cleric), 496 Egica (Visigothic king), 163, 164 Etherius of Lyons, 309 Egyptian Christians. See Near Eastern Ethiopia. See Axum Christianities Eucharist. See also mass Einhard (author and courtier of azymes (unleavened bread), 222–23, 459, Charlemagne), 366, 411, 412 504 Elias of Nisibis, 203 baptism, paradigm shift to Eucharist from Eligius of Noyon, 592 emphasis on, 633, 636 Elipandus (archbishop of Toledo and bread and wine, increasing sanctity of, Adoptionist), 496, 502, 512–14 458–60 Ella Atsbeha (king of Axum), 14–15 deathbed rites, 391, 392 Ely (monastery), 333, 334, 336, 342 “eulogia” at, 460 embassies between Islam and Christendom, excommunication as exclusion from, 458 191–92 frequency of, 460 emigration. See migrations God, concepts of, 503–05 empire, concept of, 6–18 liturgical implements of, 460, 461 encounters/confrontations between different offering procession, 459 belief systems, xvii. See also Greek vs. offering, service of, 455–57 Latin Christianities; Islam; Jews and popular devotions centered on consecrated Judaism; non-Christians; paganism host, 633 Arab Jewish kingdom of Himyar and purity requirements, 458–60 Christian kingdom of Axum, 14–17 realist vs. symbolist debate regarding, 456, disputations between Christians, Muslims, 516, 519. See also transubstantiation and Jews, 166, 172, 176–77, 211 reception by communicants, 460 “end” of Roman Empire, Christian as sacriﬁce and gift, 454–61 unawareness of, 7 saints’ cults and relics, 603–04 End Times sexual activity and reception or offering of, death and afterlife. See otherworld 458, 460 Second Coming or Last Judgment. See spiritual meaning, evolution of, 455–57 apocalyptic symbol and sign in, 504 energeia, 494 euergetism, 292 Engeltrude (daughter of Matfrid), 315 Eufrasius of Clermont-Ferrand, 34 England. See British Isles Eugenius II (bishop of Toledo), 536 Ephesus, Council of, 22, 30, 65 Eugenius of Carthage, 41 Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of, 7 Eugippius, 42 Ephraim the Syrian (exegete), 30, 38, Eulabes (Symeon Eulabes), 595, 603 544 Eulogius (Spanish churchman), 514 epidosis, 297 Eunomius (4th century heretic), 491 epigraphy. See scripts eunuchs, 434, 437, 452 Epiphanius of Cyprus, 568 Euric (Visigothic king), 40 episcopate. See bishops Eusebius of Caesarea, 533, 538, 540, 556 Ercanbert of Fulda, 539, 549, 550 Euthymius (Byzantine anti-heretical writer), eremitism, 59, 277, 279, 288, 289, 290, 333–35, 525 359. See also monasticism Euthymius (Capadocian monk), 278 Erkenfrida (Frankish noblewoman), 123 Euthymius of Sardis (saint), 592 Ermanaric (Gothic king), 127 Euthymius Zigabenus, 63 Ermengard (wife of Oliba, count of Eutyches, 23, 26 Cerdanya), 376 Eutychians, 513 Ervig (Visigothic king), 163, 164 Eutychius of Alexandria, 203 eschatology Evagrius Ponticus, 25, 493, 616 death and afterlife. See otherworld evangelists, saints’ cults of, 599 Second Coming or Last Judgment. See excommunication, 263, 315, 440, 458 apocalyptic exemption or immunity, charters of, 344

818

Index

exegesis florilegia, 543–44, 562, 576, 609 apocalyptic, 552, 622 Florus of Lyons, 173, 174, 502, 544 Carolingian interest in, 173–75, 531–32, 538, “fools of God” or saloi, 279 544, 546–48 forced conversion. See conversion Crusades and, 552 forgery/falsification Greek and Latin exegesis, divergence of, of canonical documents, 317–18, 320, 640 543–45 of property charters, 329 heresy and orthodoxy in, 546, 550–51 Four Branches of the Mabinogi (Mabinogian), 97, iconoclasm and, 547 611 Irish, 542, 548–50 Foy (saint of Conques), 364 monasticism and, 545–48 Francis of Assisi, 632, 635 monothelitism and, 495 Franks and Francia. See also Charlemagne and patristics, influence of, 538, 544 Carolingian rule; Gaul; Germanic pilgrimage and, 552 Christianities reform, concept of, 346, 351, 353, 356, 362, barbarians, Roman/Greek view of Franks 551–53 as, 218 rhetoric and dialectic in, 531, 542 bishoprics in Frankish Gaul in, 7, 600 Exultet rolls, 483–85 Bretons, 86, 88, 89, 102, 104 Bulgaria, missionizing of, 220, 227 Facundus of Hermiane, 27 Catholicism and Arianism, 40, 41 Falco (canon of cathedral of Autun), 336 conquest of Gaul by Franks, 30, 32 falsification/forgery ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 255–56 of canonical documents, 317–18, 320, ecclesiological views of Carolingian 640 churchmen, 271 of property charters, 329 filioque controversy, 219, 220, 498 families Greek Christianity and. See under Greek vs. birth and death practices, importance of, Latin Christianities 385, 386, 390, 396, 397 iconoclasm and, 53, 218–19, 501, 523 See also birth and death Islamic raids, 182 donations of ecclesiastical property and Jews and Judaism, 167–69, 173–76 inheritance rules, 338–42 linguistic evidence for missionary actitivies ecclesiastical position and family of, 238 relationships, 343 medical practice in Francia, 423 godparents/sponsors of baptized infants, missionizing of other Germanic tribes by, 388, 397 108 oblates, children given to church as, 387, monastic life, rulers retiring to, 122 397, 464 monastic reform, 284 fathers of the church. See patristics papal alliance with, 217–21 Felix III (pope), 24 penance, introduction of, 407 Felix (bishop of Urgel), 496, 502, 512–14, 518, theological positions taken by, 218–19 519, 528 Trojan origin myth appropriated by, 118 Ferdinand I (king of Castile), 589 Frederick Barbarossa (German emperor), Ferrandus (North African deacon), 27 348 Fifteen Martyrs of Tiberiopolis, 134, 139 Free Spirit, heresy of the, 528 Fifth-Sixth Council. See Trullan or Quinisext friars (mendicant orders), 632 Council Frideburg (in Life of Anskar), 237 filioque controversy, 219, 220, 221–29, 497–99 Frisians, 108, 110, 231, 235, 236 F´ınan´ (bishop of Lindisfarne), 92 Frotharius (bishop of Toul), 336 Fingal Ron´ ain´ , 96 Fulbert of Chartres, 550 Finnian (author of penitential), 403, 407 Fulk Nerra (count of Anjou), 191 Finns, 145, 151 fur trade Fis Adomnan´ , 618–21 between Islam and Christendom, 193 Flavian of Constantinople, 23 from Scandinavia to Byzantium, 145

819

Index

Fursey (Irish abbot and visionary), 284, 604 eunuchs, 434, 437, 452 future, late Roman Christianities’ sense of, hermaphrodites, 437 41–42, 45 heterosexuality viewed as pathology, 450 homosexuality Gabriel (Bulgarian tsar), 138 boys in Benedictine monasteries as Gagik II (Armenian king), 84 potential sexual objects, 441–43 Gaiseric (Vandal king), 30 of priests, monks, and nuns, 443 Galen (physician) and Galenism, 416, 420–22, internal and external genders, 443–48 424, 429 living saints, 585–87 Gallus Anonymous (Polish chronicler), 141, masturbation, 447 143 monasticism Garamantes, 9 Benedictine rule, 439–43 Garcia (king of Navarre), 589 clothing of monks, 448–49 Garsias (monk of St. Michel de Cuxa), 478 secular/lay vs. monastic bodies, 451–52 Gaudentius-Radim (archbishop of Cracow), mouth/voice, 433–34, 440, 441–42, 443, 446, 142 451, 452 Gaul. See also Franks and Francia one-sex vs. two-sex models, 436 Arianism in, 40–41 penis, 435–36, 447–48 bishoprics in Frankish Gaul in, 7, 600 rape, 445 Burgundians in, 32 secular/lay vs. monastic bodies, 451–52 canons promulgated in, 39 sex as material/anatomical fact, early deathbed rites in, 391 medieval understanding of, 436–39 Frankish conquest of, 30, 32 society and culture viewed in terms of, See also Franks and Francia 627 Hun invasions of, 32 testicles, 447 missionary activity in, 42 vocabulary of, 435–36 penance in, 402, 404, 406 vulva, 435–36, 445–47 Visigoths in, 30, 32 Gennadius of Marseilles, 511 Gebuin II (bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne),ˆ 527 Geoffrey Martel (count of Anjou), 519 Gelasius I (pope), 25, 271, 375 geographical foci of early medieval gender and the body, 433–52. See also women Christianities, xvii. See also Byzantine Anti-Christ, body of, 449–50 orthodoxy and Byzantine State; body ﬂuids (semen and menstrual blood), Christendom, concept of; Germanic 438, 445, 446, 448 Christianities; late Roman boys in Benedictine monasteries, effect on Christianities; Slav Christianities; gendered hierarchy of, 441–43 speciﬁc countries and regions, e.g. clothing and gender Armenia monastic garb and girded loins, 448–49 central point, twelfth-century lack of, 629 veiling and unveiling of women, 445 Mediterranean region, shift away from, xv cultural construction of gender, early western Europe as center of Christianity, medieval understanding of, 439 xv–xvi difference between sex and gender, early George (Nestorian catholicos), 68 medieval confusion about, 437 George Arsas (Alexandrian miaphysite), 494 effeminacy Georgia of Anti-Christ, 449 Armenian church, split from, 71 excessive sexual desire and, 434–35, 436, Islam and, 74, 79, 83 448, 449, 450 Geraint (king of Dumnonia), 90 as key to early medieval gender anxiety, Gerard (monk of Saint-Denis), 286, 287 450–52 Gerard of Cambrai, 364 monastic garb, concerns about, 448–49 Gerard of Toul, 594 vices of body and mind associated with, Gerberga (Frankish noblewoman), 315 439, 444 Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II), in voice, 433 536

820

Index

German Empire. See also Charlemagne and Gervasius and Protasius (saints), 367, 393 Carolingian rulers; Franks and Geza´ (Hungarian ruler), 148, 259 Francia Gezo of Tortona, 504 Charlemagne crowned Emperor by Pope Ghassanid (Arab) tribal federation, 66 Leo III, 218 ghaz¯ ¯ıs, 180, 188, 189 Greek vs. Latin Christianities and. See gift and sacrifice. See sacrifice and gift in Latin under Greek vs. Latin Christianities Christianity Investiture Controversy, 266 Gilbert (duke of Lotharingia), 287 military victory as sign of divine favor in, Gilbert Crispin (abbot of Westminster), 176 467 Gildas (British churchman), 13, 91, 95, 429 monastic property and royal patronage, girded loins, 448–49 340–42 Gisla (Carolingian nun), 550 Ottonian reforms, 221–29 Gisulf I (duke of Benevento), 334 women’s role in commemoration of dead globalization of culture in Middle East, 17 in, 396 God. See also Christologies Germanic Christianities, 107–29. See also concepts of, 491–09 specific Germanic ethnic groups and Adoptionism, 495–96, 501, 502 locations, e.g. Franks and Francia apocalyptic and time, 505–06 among rural and peasant classes, 115–16 Chalcedonian controversy, 493–95 Arianism, 107–08 contemplative tradition of, 491, 492 of barbarian successor-states to Roman economy of divine person. See Incarnation Empire, 107–09 filioque controversy, 497–99 bishops, 109, 122–24, 253–57 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 492, 506, conversion pressures 509, 618–19 “organic” conversions by contact, 111 iconoclasm and iconodulism, 493, 499–502, rulers’ role in conversions, 109, 111, 121 503, 504, 505 distinctiveness of, 109, 110–11, 128 ontological argument, 507 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 253–57 otherworld, Greek vs. Latin visions of, heroic culture and values, survival of, 618–19 116–18, 127 in patristic theology, 491, 492 identity political and social order influencing, 491 ethnic and geographic, 107–08 reason and logic as means of, 506–09 paganism and, 118 sacraments/Eucharist, 502–05 Islam, diplomatic contact with, 192 symbol and sign Jews and Judaism under, 167–69, 173–76 Augustine of Hippo on, 504, 506, 509 lay authority and church affairs, 122–24 iconoclastic controversy, 502, 504 literature and religion, 117–18, 124–28 in transubstantiation debate, 504 missionizing by. See missionary activities theological discourse about, 492 missionizing of Germans, 108, 128 See also theology monasticism, 110, 122 theophany, 492 paganism and. See under paganism theosis, 492, 493 political and social order Godescalc of Orbais, 507, 517–18, 528, 610 conversions, role of rulers in, 109, 111, 121 Y Gododdin, 94 lay authority and church affairs, 122–24 godparents/sponsors of baptized infants, 388, sacral nature of rulers, retention of, 397 119–22 Goths, 11–12, 107. See also Ostrogoths; saints’ cults in, 115, 121 Visigoths supposed accommodation of paganism, Gottschalk (Abodrite ruler), 244–45 110–15, 116–18 government. See political and social order at top of social scale, 116 Gozechinus (master of Liege),` 508 vernacular languages and, 124–28 grace, 165, 364, 370, 399, 403, 492, 504, 589, 638. Germanus (patriarch of Constantinople), 50, See also sacraments 51, 62, 352, 571 Grandmontines, 469

821

Index

Gratian (canon lawyer), 165, 412, 631 Lombard invasions, 214 “grazers” or boskoi, 279 on medicine, 427 Greek language, Western loss of, 534–36 miracles, ambivalence regarding, 584 Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 213. See also mission to Anglo-Saxons, 8, 12–13, 14, 16, 17, Byzantine orthodoxy and Byzantine 24, 28, 36, 38, 43, 44, 112, 113, 116, 232, state; papacy 233, 254, 354 apocalpytic in, 622–23 monasticism, 280, 281, 284, 285, 292 Bible, 306–07, 536, 543–45, 549 on otherworld, 606, 610–11, 612, 614 birth and death practices, 383, 384, 387, 394 reform, concept of, 347, 351–53 canon law, 304, 305–07, 322–23 on sin, 404, 444 constriction of Greek and Latin worlds, York, archepiscopate of, 355 214–17 Gregory VII (pope) ﬁlioque controversy, 219, 220, 221–29, 497–99 canon law and papal authority, 319, 325, Franks/German empire 634 Ottonian reforms, 221–29 on catholicity, 642 papal alliance with, 217–21 the church as an institution and, 253, 263, theological positions taken by, 218–19 272 three-way relationship between Franks, heretical movements, rise of, 529 papacy, and Byzantines, 220–21 Investiture Controversy, 266, 361, 541, God, concepts of, 492, 506, 509, 618–19 625–26 See also God, concepts of monastic reforms and, 287, 296 heresy and orthodoxy, 215–17 North Africa, last papal contact with See also under heresy and orthodoxy Christian remnants in, 629 historiography of schism, 228–29 paganism and missionary activities, 241 imperial power and, 217, 261, 264, 282–86 penance and inward contrition, concern intercession, 620–21 with, 414 Islamic conquests, effects of, 214, 217 reform, concept of, 345–50, 361–62 Islamic rule, development of Christianities Slav Christianities and, 144 under, 202 Gregory IX (pope), 642 literacy rates, 558, 573 Gregory of Cassano, 226, 227 Lombard invasions, effects of, 214, 218 Gregory of Catino, 329 monastic contacts between, 224–28, 281 Gregory the Illuminator, 599 otherworld, views of, 616–22 Gregory of Narek, 83 patriarchate, status of, 214, 216, 220, 221–29, Gregory of Nazianzus, 562, 563 301 Gregory of Nyssa, 616 penance, 408–09, 414, 617 Gregory Pacurianus, 329 sacral nature of rulers, 302, 307 Gregory of Tours, 6, 33, 35, 40, 43, 87, 88, 280, sickness and healing in, 426, 429, 431 402 Slav invasions, effects of, 214 Gregory of Utrecht, 235, 236 Slav missionizing by, 220, 226, 227 Grgur (bishop of Nin), 258 uniformity, Greek concern with, 215–17 Grimald (hagiographer of Dominic of Silos), Gregory I the Great (pope) 591 on apocalyptic, 622 Grosseteste, Robert, 414 on Benedict of Nursia, 587 Grottaferrata, 225–28 biblical exegesis, 541, 542, 544, 546 Guibert of Nogent, 604 church of St. Peter in Rome, architectural Guizot, Franc¸ois, 350 organization of, 372 Gundualdo and Gundi family, 340 commemoration of dead, 391, 395 Gunther (archbishop of Cologne), 315 conciliar style of, 301 Gyula (Hungarian ruler), 259 on gender and the body, 449, 451 Greek interest in, 225 Hadrian I (pope), 218, 219, 272, 311, 467, 496, on images, 219, 502 498 on Jews and Judaism, 160–62, 163, 169, 171 Hadrian II (pope), 315

822

Index

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 53, 55, 223, Henry II (German emperor), 168, 176, 222, 263–64, 329, 554, 570, 594 242, 499 hagiography Henry IV (German emperor), 162, 168, 263, cautious use of, 583 349, 412, 529, 625–26 in Celtic literature, 95–97 Henry of Lausanne, 397 early Christian martyrs and saints, 596, 597 Heraclius (Byzantine emperor), 47, 72–73, 74, Germanic Christianities and, 112, 126, 127 165, 171–73, 181, 215 in late Roman Christianities, 38–39 Hererich (donor to monastery of Prum),¨ 336 living saints influenced by tradition of, 587 heresy and orthodoxy, 510–30 martyrologies popular with Christians apocalyptic, 526, 529 under Islamic rule, 210 biblical exegesis and, 546, 550–51 missionary activities birth and death, opposition to rites of, in Bede, 233 396 Carolingian missions to Saxons, 233–34 in Byzantine orthodoxy property, as source of information about, defining orthodoxy, 53, 63–64 330 formal proclamation of orthodoxy, 53 rape in, 445 Latin church vs., 215–17 on sickness and healing, 416–20, 424 learned disputes, 519–24 writing of, 576 “popular” heresies, 524–30 Haimo of Auxerre, 515, 539, 548, 549 church structures, questioning Hakon´ (Norwegian jarl), 120 sacralization of, 364, 369 Hakon the Good (Norwegian king), 240, 257 deviance/variation within Christian Halitgar of Cambrai, 407, 409 practice, 230–31 Hallfreðr vandræðaskald,´ 112 as dialectic exchange, 511 Hamburg-Bremen church dualist theologies, persistence of, 525 institutional structures of, 253, 256 iconoclastic controversy, 521–23 missionizing of intolerance, rise of, 519, 528–29 Balts, 244–46 Islam and, 520–22 in Scandinavia, 240–41 Jews as sole religious dissidents in Harald Bluetooth (Danish king), 110, 148, 240 West, 162 Harald Finehair (Norwegian king), 240 in Latin church Harald Gormsson (Danish king), 256 Byzantine orthodoxy vs., 215–17 Harald Klak (Danish king), 256 learned disputes, 510–19 Harding, Stephen, 535, 539 “popular” heresies, 524–30 Harold Godwinson (king of England), 468 learned disputes Har¯ un¯ al-Rash¯ıd (caliph), 181, 192 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 519–24 Hasdai ibn Shaprut, 167 in Latin church, 510–19 healing. See sickness and healing patristic-era heresies, continuing influence Heaven. See under otherworld of Heiric of Auxerre, 548 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 520 heirs to family estates and donations of in Latin church, 511–16 ecclesiastical property, 338–42 “popular” heresies, learned view of, Helena (mother of Roman emperor 524–25 Constantine), 146 political and social threat posed by heresy, Hell. See under otherworld 527–28 Helmold of Bosau, 245 “popular” heresies in Latin and Greek Henry (duke of Burgundy), 339 churches, 524–30 Henry (German cleric in disputation with reform, concepts of, 529 Jews), 176 rise of popular heresy in eleventh century, Henry Borivoj (Abodrite leader), 140 reasons for, 528–30 Henry I (German king), 341, 468 rise of unpopular heresy in eleventh Henry I (king of France), 519 century, reason for, 215–17 Henry II (king of England), 637 specific heresies

823

Index

heresy and orthodoxy (cont.) Hippocrates (classical-period physician), 420, Adoptionism, 163, 495–96, 501, 502, 422 511–15, 516, 521, 523, 524, 547 Hisham¯ II (caliph), 184 Aphthartodocetism, 70 Hispana (canon law collection), 310 Arianism, 21, 40–41, 107–08, 162, 495, 498, historiography 512, 515, 520, 545, 546 of canon law, 302, 324 Bogomils, 63, 137–38, 139, 152, 154, 396, of church locations and settlement 524–26, 528 patterns, 373–74 Cathars, 63, 369, 525, 529 of early medieval Christianities, 626–29, Free Spirit, Heresy of the, 529 641 Manicheanism, 26, 63, 513, 515, 522, 524–25 of Greek/Latin schism, 228–29 Messalianism, 82, 524–25 of liturgy and ritual, 472–73 Montanists, 26 reform, concept of, 345–51, 362 Nestorianism, 22, 23, 25, 26, 52, 351, of saints, 583 493–94, 513 of transubstantiation, 504 Orleans, heretics of, 527–28 history Paulicians, 63, 166, 522, 524–25 Bible as focus for, 532, 540, 542, 552–53 Pelagianism, 13, 515, 517 ecclesiology of medieval historical Sabellianism, 82 writings, 272 uniformity, Greek Christianity’s concern martyr cults, lack of historical for, 215–17 information about and malleability Heribert (priest and discoverer of heretics of of, 599–601 Orleans), 527 saints at intersection of temporal past and Hermann of Metz, 272 apocalyptic future, 582, 595 Hermann of Rheims, 508 holy commerce (sacrum commercium). See hermaphrodites, 437 economy of salvation Hermenegild (Visigothic king), 41 Holy Lance, 121 hermits, 59, 277, 279, 288, 289, 290, 333–35, 359. Holy Land, pilgrimages to, 81, 190–91, 278 See also monasticism holy war. See Crusades; jihad Hermogenes (medical author), 422 homilies Hesse, 110, 236 books preserving, 562 heterosexuality viewed as pathology, Carolingian exegetical use of genre, 544 450 in German Christianities, 113, 126, 127 Hibatallah¯ (Arab Christian writer), 208 in late Roman Christianities, 37–38 “Hibernians” vs. “Romans” in Ireland, 92 literacy and orality, 575–76 Hiereia, Council of, 283, 500 penance as theme in, 411 Hilary of Arles, 36 purpose and form of, 454 Hilary of Poitiers, 544 rhetoric and dialectic, 575 Hildebrand (pope). See Gregory VII homosexuality Hildebrandslied, 128 boys in Benedictine monasteries as Hildegard of Bingen, 627, 635 potential sexual objects, 441–43 Himyar, Jewish kingdom of, 14–17 of priests, monks, and nuns, 443 Hincmar of Laon, 318, 343 Honorius I (pope), 48, 216 Hincmar of Rheims Honorius III (pope), 507 on canon law, 314, 315, 317, 322, 324 Horace (classical poet), 448 on the Church as an institution, 273 Hormisdas (pope), 25 church buildings, theology/ecclesiology hospitals, 430–32. See also sickness and healing of, 377 houses on gender and the body, 451 canons forbidding celebration of liturgy in on heresies, 518 private homes or chapels, 304, 305 on property, 343 early house churches, 372 reform, concept of, 357 Hrabanus Maurus on transubstantiation debate, 503 biblical exegesis of, 535, 539, 541, 548

824

Index

the Church as an institution and, 273 Franks on, 53, 218–19, 501, 523 on gender and the body, 446, 448, 449, 450, God, concepts of, 493, 499–502, 503, 504, 452 505 Germanic Christianities and, 118 Greek vs. Latin Christianities and, 217, on heresies, 515, 517, 518 218–19, 228 on Jews and Judaism, 174, 175 heresy and orthodoxy, concepts of, 521–23 on liturgy and ritual, 474, 486 imperial authority and, 50 on penance, 409 Islam and, 500, 521–22 on property, 333 Jews, Judaism and, 51, 166, 172, 500 on transubstantiation debate, 503 monasticism and, 282–83 on world-soul, 518 Paulicians and, 522 Hubert of Lavardin, 504 penance and, 408 Hugh (nephew of Charles Martel), 343 reform and, 351–52 Hugh of Saint-Victor, 364, 369, 370 symbol and sign in, 502, 504 human nature identity of Christ. See Christologies baptism and, 387, 397 sin, predisposition to, 399 Bible as focus for, 532 threefold division of, 539 Germanic Christianities human sacrifice, 464 ethnic and geographic identity, 107–08 Humbert of Silva Candida, 222–23, 358, 361, paganism and, 118 498 theological identities in late Roman H. unayn ibn Ish. aq¯ (Arab Christian translator), Christianities, 21–30 205 in twelfth century, 639 Huneric (Vandal king), 40, 41 Igor (Rus prince), 146 Hungarians, 140, 141, 148, 234–36, 242, 259, Ilarion (Rus churchman), 149 468. See also Magyars illness. See disease; sickness and healing Huns, 32 illuminated manuscripts. See books and medieval manuscripts for specific Iaropolk (Rus prince), 148 volumes Ibas of Edessa, 22, 24, 27 Imbat (Armenian catholicos), 252 Iberian peninsula. See Portugal; Spain immigration. See migrations Ibn Ab¯ı‘Amir¯ al-Mansur (Ummayad caliph), immunity or exemption, charters of, 183, 189 344 Ibn H. azm (Andalusian Muslim polemicist), Imram or Voyage tales, 95 203 Incarnation Ibn Killis (Fatimid vizier), 172 Chalcedonian controversy and, 493–95 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (Muslim philosopher), filioque controversy, 219, 220, 221–29, 205 497–99 Ibn S¯ına¯ (Avicenna) (Muslim philosopher), Islamic influence on Near Eastern 205 Christianities’ expression of, 204 Ibn Taymiyya (Muslim writer on dhimm¯ı incest, 312, 314, 450–51 populations), 211 indulgences, 397, 640 Ibrahim (Aghlabid amir), 188 “inecclesiamento” (territorialization of Iceland, 110, 114, 116–19, 120, 126, 128, 240, 609. church as institution), 374–76 See also Scandinavia infant baptism, 387–89 iconoclasm, 50–53 infanticide, 114, 387, 389 Adoptionism and, 523 Ingund (Frankish wife of Visigothic king biblical exegesis and, 547 Hermenegild), 41 books as holy presences and, 571–73, 577 inheritance law and donations of Byzantine orthodoxy and, 46, 50–53, 55 ecclesiastical property, 338–42 Cross, representations of, 51 Innocent I (pope), 495 cult of saints and, 588, 597, 602–03 Innocent III (pope), 348, 349, 630, 639, 641, earthquakes, relationship to, 50, 51 642

825

Index

institutional issues in early medieval emigration of, 80–81 Christianities generally. See political Georgia, 74, 79, 83 and social order influence of Islam on character of intercession, concepts of, 620–21 Christianities, 85 interdiction, 263 intellectual life, 204–08 intertextuality, 576 isolation of, 78–79, 85 Investiture Controversy, 266, 361, 541, 625–26 jizya (poll-tax), 80, 209 Ioannicius (saint), 55 literature of, 201–02, 203, 204–08, 210, Iona (monastery), 92, 103, 254, 331 211 Ireland. See Celtic Christianities Maximus the Confessor, influence of, 49 Irenaeus of Lyons, 491 “Nazarenes,”, 198–99 Irene (Byzantine empress, iconophile), 52–53, Near Eastern Christianities, 60, 218, 288, 522, 523 self-definition of, 200–04 Irene (Byzantine empress, wife of John II), 431 polemic and apologetics of, 201–02, 203, Isaac Mrut, 70 211 Isaac the Syrian, 616, 617 political, cultural, and social hegemony, Isidore of Pelusium, 40 Islamic bid for, 199, 204–08 Isidore of Seville variations in treatment of different Celtic Christianities and, 99 Christian communities, 77 the Church as an institution and, 273 conquests and frontiers, 179–81 De ortu et obitu patrum, 366 in Crete and Cyprus, 189, 332 on gender and the body, 433–34, 436–39, 443, Cross, use of the sign of, 10, 200 444, 445, 446, 447, 451 diplomatic contacts with Christendom, on Jews and Judaism, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 191–92 170 Francia, raids into, 182 on Latin language, 535 ghaz¯ıs¯ , 180, 188, 189 Islam, 178–96. See also Crusades;Muh. ammad; globalization of culture in Middle East and, Qur’an¯ 17 Adoptionism as accommodation to, 514–15, heresy and orthodoxy in Byzantine Empire 521 and, 520–22 Arab foederati, effects of Byzantium’s iconoclasm and, 500, 521–22 weakening support for, 67 intermarriage of Christian princesses and Byzantium and, 46, 48, 83–85, 181, 184–86, Islamic rulers, 184 191–92 in Italy and Sicily, 187–89, 250, 331 Christendom, early concepts of, 2 jihad¯ . See jihad¯ Christian reconquests, 184–87 martyr cults and, 514, 597 Christians under Muslim rule, 75–81, monasticism affected by, 59 197–212 Near East, Arab conquest of, 73–75 Adoptionism as accommodation to in North Africa, 179, 188 Islamic theology, 514–15, 521 patriarchate and, 54 Arab conquest of Near East, 73–75, 214 peaceful contacts between Christendom Arab language, use of, 197, 200–01, 204, and, 184, 189–96 205, 207 polemic regarding Christianity, 211 Armenia, 74, 79, 83 raiding bands, 187, 188, 195 Christological controversies and, 72–73, as rediscovered primordial monotheism, 75–77, 83–85, 186, 199, 215 75 Church of the East, 5, 76, 77, 80, 81–82, Rus/East Slavs and, 145, 148 199 Sasanian (Persian) empire conquered by, conversions, 79–81, 209 48, 73–75 culture of, 204–08 in Spain and Portugal, 182–84, 186–87 demographics, 80–81, 206, 209 trade between Christendom and, 192–95 as dhimm¯ı , 209–12, 521 of Volga Bulgars, 148 early Islam’s view of, 75–77, 197–200 Ismundus (abbot of Moyenmoutier), 336

826

Index

Iso‘yahbˇ II (Nestorian catholicos), 73, 82 Arabian peninsula, Jewish kingdom of Isu‘dadˇ of Merv, 82 Himyar on, 14–17 Itala of Quedlinberg (copy of Book of Kings), in “barbarian” kingdoms, 159 533 in Byzantium, 64, 165–67, 171–73, 215 Italicus, Michael, 425–26 canon law on, 165 Italy and Sicily children, threat to sieze and convert, 164, apocalyptic expectations regarding woes 176 of, 44, 622 Christian attitudes to Judaism, evolution bishoprics in, 7, 600 of, 160–62 Greek Christians settling in, 217 Contra Judaeos literature, 169–77 Jews of, 167 conversion, 162 Lombards. See Lombards Byzantium, forced conversion and Muslims in, 187–89, 250, 331 repression in, 165–67 Norman kingdom in, 222, 223, 250 faith-based conversion of Christians to Ostrogothic kingdom, 30, 31, 32, 108, 159, Judaism, 170, 175, 176 520, 545 German restriction of forced conversion otherworld, Sicilian lava pits as entrance and repression, 168 to, 612 slaves of Jews, conversion to Judaism of, Ottonian involvement in, 221 170 penance in, 402, 407 Visigothic Spain, forced conversion and Roman noble families, 221, 261, 266 repression in, 163–65 Iudicail (Breton king), 88 crusades, 162, 169, 176 Ivo of Chartres, 165, 370, 412 disputations between Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 166, 172, 176–77 Jacob Baradaeus, 29, 34, 42, 66, 67, 71, under Germanic Christianities, 167–69, 251 173–76 Jacob (patriarch of Alexandria), 69 iconoclasm and, 51, 166, 172, 500 Jacobites, 67, 199, 200–04, 251–52, 265, 493. See Islam also Near Eastern Christianities Byzantine attitudes towards Jews, effect Jacques de Vitry, 348, 629 of Islamic conquests on, 171–72, 173 Ja‘far ibn Yusuf¯ (Kalbi amir), 189 disputations between Jews, Christians, Jarrow (monastery), 87, 332 and Muslims, 172, 211 Jerome (exegete) Jews living under, 75–76, 159 biblical exegesis and, 533, 538, 540, 541, Justinian’s condemnation of, 26 544–45, 550 in Khazaria, 148, 166 gender and the body in, 448 migrations north, 159 on heresy, 526 Nestorius, “Jewish” practices of, 351 on Jews and Judaism, 162, 170, 171 objections to Christianity on Last Things, 609 condition of world as proof that Messiah on monasticism, 277, 295 has not yet come, 1 Jerusalem icon veneration, 51 Christian church in, 48, 59, 73, 252 patristics regarding, 159, 160–62, 169–70 See also Near Eastern Christianities polemic regarding Christianity, 160 Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Church of Rus prince Vladimir’s exploration of, 148 the Resurrection), 71, 81, 192, 363, 601 as sole religious dissidents in West, 162 Dome of the Rock, 200 Theodosian Code on, 159, 160, 167 Holy Sepulcher, churches modeled on, 597 in Visigothic Spain, 163–65, 171, 175 liberation in First Crusade jihad¯ ceremony of liberation, 379, 506 concept of, 178–79 pilgrimage to, 81, 190–91, 278, 281, 601–02 early Muslim jihad¯ state based on raid and relics in, 601–02 expansion, 195 Jews and Judaism, 159–77 frontier stabilization and, 184 anti-Semitism, 163–65, 170 ghaz¯ıs¯ and, 180

827

Index

jihad¯ (cont.) Justinian I (Byzantine emperor) jizya, 70, 80, 209 Byzantine orthodoxy and, 46, 63 popular feeling without state support, 186 canon law and, 303, 642 ruler’s legitimacy and, 181, 189 Christendom, concept of, 3, 7, 8, 642 in Spain and Portugal, 182–84 on Jews and Judaism, 165 Joachim of Fiore, 499, 635 legislation of, 165, 166, 277, 299, 574, 642 John (bishop of Hexham), 417 on monasticism, 291, 294 John I Tzimiskes (Byzantine emperior), 61 saints, 601 John II (Byzantine emperor), 431 theological identities in late Roman John II (Rus metropolitan), 152 Christianities and, 24–29, 32 John VII the Grammarian (patriarch of Justinian II (Byzantine emperor), 50, 216, 217, Constantinople), 543, 570 303, 499 John of Antioch, 340 John of Avranches, 273 Kells, Book of, 94 John Beleth (English liturgist), 460 Kevin (Coemgen) of Glendalough, 103 John of Biclaro, 9 Khazaria, kingdom of, 145, 148, 166 John Canaparius (abbot of SS. Boniface and Khludov Psalter, 564 Alexius), 242 Kii (legendary founder of Kiev), 130 John Cassian (ascetic writer), 277, 295, 399, Kingdom of Christ and kingdoms of world in, 400, 401, 493 2–6, 600 John Chrysostom, 22, 38, 43, 54, 135, 390, 476, kings. See political and social order 540, 549, 562, 575, 638 Kirghizstan, 10 John Climacus (John of Sinai), 57, 59, 60, 275, Kokkinobaphos manuscripts, 579 278, 493 Krum (Bulgarian khan), 53, 132 John of Constantinople, 25 John Courcouas (Gurgen),¯ 83 Lactantius (teacher of rhetoric), 533 John of Dailam, 416 laity John of Dalyatha, 82 altar gifts given at mass, 459, 461, 464 John of Damascus (John Damascene), 49, 51, anticlericalism, 637 201, 203, 500, 521, 536, 543, 577 Germanic Christianities, lay authority and John of Ephesus, 25, 27, 29, 33, 44 church affairs in, 122–24 John the Exarch, 136 lay abbacies, 296, 297 John the Faster, 409 liturgical role of, 479 John of Gaza, 40, 57, 59, 60 monastic status relative to clerics and lay John of Gorze, 359, 360 people, 281, 282, 290–91 John Gualbert (monastic founder), 359 property, repercussions of lay donations of, John Italus, 58 338–43 John Moschus, 44, 59, 572 separate from clerical caste, 637–38 John of Ojun,¯ 69, 70 sexuality, 451–52 John Philoponus, 536 Lakhmid (Arab) tribal federation, 67, 80 John of Rila, 61, 136–37 Lambert of Paris, 551 John Scottus Eriugena, 492, 497, 503, 507, 508, Lambert of Saint-Omer, 551 517, 518, 519, 549, 616 Lanfranc of Bec (archbishop of Canterbury), John Vladislav (Bulgarian tsar), 138, 154 504, 519, 551, 552 Jonas of Bobbio, 42, 404 language Jonas of Orleans, 501 Latin, Western loss of Greek and exclusive Jordan (missionary bishop to Poland), 141, 258 use of, 534–36 Joseph (monk of Canterbury), 601–02 vernacular. See vernacular language and Judaism. See Jews and Judaism literature Julian of Halicarnassus, 69 Last Things Julian of Toledo, 1–2, 3, 9, 10, 171, 609, 612 death and afterlife. See otherworld Justin I (Byzantine emperor), 26 Second Coming or Last Judgment. See Justin II (Byzantine emperor), 28, 29 apocalyptic

828

Index

late Roman Christianities, 21–45 Leontius (Constantinopolitan presbyter and art and architecture of, 34–36, 43 homily-writer), 38 conciliar documents, proliferation of, 39 Leontius of Neapolis, 173 episcopal definition and control of Leudegar of Autun, 405 Christian communities, 32–41 Leutard (heretical preacher), 527, 528 future, sense of, 41–42, 45 Liber Pontificalis, 272 geopolitical destabilization, effects of, 30–32 libraries, 568–71 hagiography, 38–39 Lichfield Gospels, 94, 105 interrelationship of doctrinal and Liemar (archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen), geopolitical turmoil, 32 241 liturgy Lindisfarne Gospels, 94, 331 church architecture and, 35 Lisois (heretic), 527 homilies, 37–38 literacy and orality, 558, 573–78 missionary convictions of, 41–43 literature and religion. See also books; monasticism of, 44 vernacular language and literature theological identities in, 21–30 apocalpytic literature. See apocalyptic Lateran synod (649), 48 authorship, concept of, 577 Latin church Bible as literary work, 532, 533 ecclesiastical structure of, 260–63 Celtic Christianities, 94–97 Greek church vs. See Greek vs. Latin “contempt for the world” literature, 637 Christianities Contra Judaeos literature, 169–77 heresy and orthodoxy in Germanic Christianities, 117–18, 124–28 Byzantine orthodoxy vs., 215–17 Islamic rule, Christians under, 201–02, 203, learned disputes, 510–19 204–08, 210, 211 “popular” heresies, 524–30 otherworld, literature about. See papacy. See papacy otherworld sacrifice and gift in. See sacrifice and gift in Romance literature, 637 Latin Christianity sagas Latin, Western loss of Greek and exclusive in Celtic literature, 95–97 use of, 534–36 Germanic Christianities, survival of Laurence (archbishop of Canterbury), 89 heroic culture and values in, 116–18, lavras or sketes, 59, 278–79, 280, 288, 289–90. 127 See also monasticism liturgical implements law clerical office conferred by, 479–82 Adomnan,´ Law of, 93–94, 95, 96, 100, 101 as sacrifice and gift, 460, 461 Bible as, 536–37 liturgy and ritual, 472–88. See also mass; of church. See canon law sacraments Roman legacy of, 300, 307–08 actors and objects in, 479–82 Ulfljotr’s´ Law, 117 books, role of, 479–85, 562 Lazarus of Mt. Galesion, 61, 279, 283, 330, in Byzantine orthodoxy, 55, 475–76 571 cemeteries, consecration of, 376 Lebuin (missionary to Saxons), 235, 237 churches, consecration of, 367–68, 373, Leo (abbot of St. Alexius), 226 379 Leo I the Great (pope), 23, 271, 640 clergy, role of, 479–82 Leo III (Byzantine emperor), 50–51, 55, 166, dramaturgy in, 487 250, 352, 500, 521, 547 early Christian martyrs and saints, Leo III (pope), 218, 219, 320, 498 liturgical distribution of, 596 Leo IV (Byzantine emperor), 52, 166 ecclesiology of liturgical commentaries, Leo V the Armenian (Byzantine emperor), 53, 273 352, 570 historiography of, 472–73 Leo VI (Byzantine emperor), 131, 323, 538 Jerusalem, liberation of, 379 Leo IX (pope), 55, 222, 257, 535, 594 in late Roman Christianities Leo Bible, 564 church architecture and liturgy, 35

829

Index

liturgy and ritual (cont.) iconoclasm and, 501 homilies, 37–38 Jews and Judaism, 167, 174, 175 lay faithful, role of, 479 monastic and clerical reforms, 285, 459 light, important role of, 487 public penance undertaken by, 411, 412 multidimensional character of, 474, 475, reform, concept of, 350, 356, 357 486 sacriﬁces and gifts by, 467 olfactory dimension of, 486 Louis II the German (Carolingian ruler), 238, open air celebrations, 477 258, 447 paradigm shift from emphasis on baptism Lucian of Samosata, 540 to Eucharist, 636 Lull (bishop of Mainz), 235 penance, 412–13 Lupus of Ferrieres,` 518 physical needs of, property supplying, 334, 335 Mabinogion (Four Branches of the Mabinogi), 97, private homes or chapels, celebration of 611 liturgy in, 304, 305 Maccuritae, 9 Roman liturgical administration, 261 Macedonian dynasty of Byzantine emperors, Roman rite, universal adoption of, 630 46, 55, 56 saints, veneration of, 562 Macedonian renaissance, 56–58 sound, music, and chant, 486–87 magic, 315, 416–20, 424–26 space or location for, 61–63, 476–79 Magyars, 244, 245, 257, 258, 259. See also stational, 475, 633 Hungarians vernacular, use of, 355 Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), 205 Liudger (bishop of Munster),¨ 235, 236, 237 Man, Isle of, 103 Liutizi, 140 Maniacoria, Nicholas, 535 Liutold (count of Swabia), 338 Manicheanism, 26, 63, 513, 515, 522, 524–25 Liutprand of Cremona, 221 Mantzikert, battle of, 84 living saints, 585–90 Mantzikert, Council of, 69 local churches, 268–69, 373–74, 377, 630–31 manuscripts. See books and medieval Loingsech mac Oengusso´ (king of Tara), manuscripts for speciﬁc volumes 93 Maphrian of the East, 265 Lombards Mar Aba (Christian Iranian and traveler), 3, 5, apocalyptic expectations associated with 17 depredations of, 44, 622 Marcellinus and Peter (saints), translation of, Arianism of, 520 366 Byzantine orthodoxy and, 55 Marcionites, 40, 76 Germanic Christianities and, 107, 108 Margaret of Scotland (queen and saint), 587 Greek and Latin Christianities affected by Mark (evangelist), theft of relics of, 190, 600 invasions of, 214, 218 Marmoutier, Sacramentary of, 479–82 Islam and, 188 Maronites, 75, 79, 203 Jews and, 162 marriage late Roman Christianities and, 7, 28, 32 baptism and, 401 Lorica of Gildas, 429 canon law on, 315 Lothar I (Carolingian emperor), 518 of clergy, 304, 357, 360, 459, 637–38 Lothar II (Carolingian emperor), 314, 315, divorce and. See divorce 450–51 incestuous, 312, 314 Louis I the Pious (Carolingian emperor) intermarriage of Christian princesses and biblical exegesis and, 548 Islamic rulers, 184 books owned by, 554, 572 living saints, married women as, 587 Brittany and, 104 performed by clergy, 631, 638 Byzantium and, 219 in twelfth century, 637 canon law and, 315 Martial (classical author), 448 the Church as an institution and, 261 Martin I (pope), 24, 48 ecclesiastical property and, 343 Martin of Braga, 230, 304, 333

830

Index

Martin of Tours, 42, 44, 587 Codex Vindobonensis, 533 martyrs and martyrdom Cotton Genesis, 560 bloodless or white martyrdom Durham Gospels, 94 of living saints, 584 Durrow, Book of, 94 monasticism as, 402 Kells, Book of, 94 of convert kings, 598 Khludov Psalter, 564 early Christian martyrs and saints, Kokkinobaphos manuscripts, 579 continuing veneration of, 595–601 Leo Bible, 564 holiness, evolution of what constitutes, Lichfield Gospels, 94, 105 583–85 Lindisfarne Gospels, 94, 331 iconoclastic controversy and, 597 “Palaiologina” group of manuscripts, 579 Islam as stimulant to martyr cults, 597 Paris Gregory, 579 lack of historical information about and Rossano Gospels, 560 malleability of cults, 599–601 Uspensky Gospels, 56 liturgical distribution of, 596 Vienna Dioskourides, 560, 578 martyrologies and other writings, 596, 597 Vienna Genesis, 543, 560 missionary activity and, 598–99 Meinhard of Bavaria, 508 sin, as means of remedying, 401 Melkites, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 199, 200–04, 251, Martyrs of Cordoba, 514, 629 252, 253. See also Near Eastern Mary, mother of Jesus. See Virgin Mary Christianities Masona (bishop of Merida),´ 431 Mellitus (missionary to England), 112 mass. See also Eucharist Menas (saint), cult in Abu Mina (Egypt), 597 altar gifts given at, 459, 461, 464 mendicant orders (friars), 632 canon of the, 457 menstrual blood and semen, 438, 445, 446, deathbed rites, 391 448 excommunication as exclusion from, 458 merchants. See trade and commerce liturgical implements of, 460, 461 Merovingians. See Franks and Francia; Gaul offering procession, 459 Messalianism, 82, 524–25 offering, sacrifice of, 455–57 Methodius I (patriarch of Constantinople), 53, payment for, 465 55, 592 private masses, 457, 465 Methodius (saint and missionary to Slavs), requiem masses, 465 134, 258 as sacrifice and gift, 454–61 metropolitan bishops, 265, 266 social impact and role of, 458 miaphysites. See also under Near Eastern Word, service of, 454–55 Christianities masturbation, 447 Arabian peninsula, involvement in Mathilda of Swabia, 143 religious conflicts of, 16–18 Matilda (empress), 587 empire and concept of Christendom for, 9 Maurice (Byzantine emperor), 29, 32, 47, 67, God, concepts of, 493–95 70, 72 heresy and orthodoxy in Byzantium and, Maximus the Confessor, 48–49, 57, 59, 492, 520 493, 495, 549, 616 theological identities in late Roman medical science, 420–24 Christianities and, 21, 25 Galen (physician) and Galenism, 416, use of term, 65 420–22, 424, 429 Michael I (Byzantine emperor), 53 interplay with religion and sorcery, 416–20 Michael II (Byzantine emperor), 572 midwives, 386–87, 423, 636 Michael III (Byzantine emperor), 53, 271 physicians, 422–24, 428, 430–31 Michael I Cerularius (patriarch of public health, 429 Constantinople), 55 sex and gender in, 436, 441, 443 Michael Psellus, 57, 58 theology and, 427–30 Michael (Theodore the Studite’s biographer), medieval manuscripts 352 Codex Ragyndrudis, 547 midwives, 386–87, 423, 636

831

Index

Mieszko I (Polish ruler), 141–42, 145, 148, 241, aristocratic families, ties to, 294–95, 297 258 Benedictine. See Benedictine rule Mieszko II (Polish ruler), 143 benefices, 296–97 Migetius (cleric and Adoptionist), 496 biblical exegesis and, 545–48 migrations biblical inspiration for, 276 Christian repopulation of areas taken from birth and death practices, involvement in, Islam by Byzantium, 185 385, 395, 396, 397 of Christians under Muslim rule, 80–81 as bloodless martyrdom, 402 of Greek Christians to Latin West, 217 books and libraries, 568–71, 573 Jewish migrations north, 159 in Bulgaria, 136–37, 154, 525 Slav invasion of Balkans, 7, 32, 47 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 58–61, 282–83, military victory, sacrifices and gifts associated 289–90 with, 467–68 Carolingian reforms, 102, 104–05, 282, millennialism. See apocalyptic 284–87, 356 miniatures in illuminated manuscripts Carthusians, 359 Byzantine texts, 560–61, 563–68 celibacy, vow of, 281 liturgy and ritual, role of books and their of Celtic Christianities, 97–102, 104–05 images in, 479–85 cenobitism, 59, 60, 277, 279, 280, 288, 289, marginal illustrations, 564 290 ornamented letters, 558 and Chalcedon, Council of, 276, 282 miracles Cistercians, 288, 359, 469 of living holy men, 588–90 clergy distinguished, 281, 282, 290–91, postmortem cults and, 590–95 459 missionary activities, 233–34. See also clothing of monks, 448–49 conversion; paganism commemoration of the dead, 395, 396 alien worlds, sense of, 238–41, 243–44 confinement, monasteries as places of, 293 Anglo-Saxons in England, Christianization double monasteries, 279, 280, 294 of, 12–13, 43, 232–33 in economic and social life, 276, 290–98 Anglo-Saxon missionaries east of Rhine, education and learning, role in, 293, 573 238, 240 “fools of God” or saloi, 279 to Balts, 244–46 gender and the body in Bede, 233 Benedictine rule, 439–43 Byzantine church and, 523 lay vs. monastic bodies, 451–52 Carolingian missions, 233–34 in German Christianities, 110, 122 of Celtic churches, 42, 232–33, 238 Grandmontines, 469 of Church of the East in China and Asia “grazers” or boskoi, 279 generally, 5, 68, 73, 81–82 Greek and Latin Christianities, contacts to Germanic peoples generally, 108, between, 224–28, 281 128 Gregory I the Great and, 280, 281, 284, 285, late Roman Christianities, missionary 292 convictions of, 41–43 Gregory VII and, 287, 296 linguistic evidence for, 238 hermits/eremitism, 59, 277, 279, 288, 289, martyr cults and, 598–99 290, 333–35, 359 Saxony, Carolingian missions to, 233, iconoclastic controversy, 282–83 235–36 initial development of, 276–81 in Scandinavia, 110, 236, 237, 238–41 knowledge transmission, role in, 292 to Slavs. See under Slav Christianities in late Roman Christianities, 44 Vikings’ effect on, 240, 245 lavras or sketes, 59, 278–79, 280, 288, 289–90 women, role of, 237 lay abbacies, 296, 297 Mo Chutu (founder of Lismore Abbey), 97 in Near Eastern Christianities, 67, 278 monasticism, 275–98 obedience, vow of, 284 administration of monastic houses, 295–97 oblates, children given to church as, 387, apologetic literature of, 359 397, 464

832

Index

papacy, foundations under protection of, Byzantine emperor Heraclius and, 181 287 Christian–Jewish conflict over kingdom of pastoral role of, 268, 292, 332, 406 Himyar and, 15, 16, 18 penance and, 403–05, 408–09, 413, 414 on Islam as rediscovered primordial peregrinatory ascetics, 277, 279, 280 monotheism, 75 pilgrimage to, 295 music in liturgy and ritual, 486 poverty movement, 469–70 Muslims. See Islam poverty, vow of, 276, 336, 337, 344 Mu‘tas.im (caliph), 183 prayer, role of, 291 Myrobiblion, 57 property ownership and, 294–97, 333–35, 359, 378–79, 464–67. See also property, Najran, Christian martyrs of, 15, 16 reform, concept of, 281–90, 347–48, 360, Namatius (bishop of Clermont-Ferrand), wife 469–70 of, 35 relationship with political and church naming practices, 387, 633 hierarchies, 276 Narsai (Syriac scholar), 22, 68, 199 bishops, conflicts with, 269, 281–90 Nasir-i Khusraw (Islamic traveler), 195 early development, hierarchical Naum (Slav translator), 138 attempts to control, 277 “Nazarenes” in Qur’an,¯ 198–99 reforms and innovations, 281–90 Near Eastern Christianities, 65–85 relics, 295 Chalcedonian (dyophysite) and sacrifice and gift, spiritual fruits in return non-Chalcedonian (miaphysite) for, 464–67, 469–70 communities, 65–66 in Scandinavia, 110 See also Armenia; Church of the East sickness and healing, involvement in, 421, Arab conquest and, 73–75 432 Byzantine reconquests, 72–73, 83–85, 186 size of monasteries, variation in, 333 competing Christologies, synopsis of, status of monks relative to clerics and lay 67–70, 493–95 people, 281, 282, 290–91 on eve of Persian conquest, 66–67 Studite, 52–53, 55, 56, 57, 60–61, 224, 283, heresy and orthodoxy in Byzantium 288–89, 352, 558, 569 and, 520 stylitism, 59, 279, 280 Islam’s view of Christianity influenced territorialization of communities, 378–79 by controversies of, 75–77 in twelfth century, 631–33 monasticism and, 67, 278 Victorines, 462 monergism, 73, 74 women and, 279, 280, 286, 287, 294, 310, 632 monothelitism, 75 monergism, 48–49, 73, 74, 494 under Persian rule, 70–71 monophysitism, 47, 52, 65, 520 ecclesiastical hierarchies of, 251–53 monothelitism, 48–49, 75, 215, 216, 494, 495 homilies in, 38 Montanists, 26 under Islamic rule. See under Islam Monte Cassino (monastery), 225–27, 327, 587 in late Roman period. See late Roman Moravia, 258, 323 Christianities Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides), 205 monasticism in, 67, 278 Mostich, gravestone of, 136 self-definition under Islamic rule, 200–04 Mount Athos (monastic community), 61, theological identities in late Roman 224–25, 289–90, 295, 297, 328, 329, 333, Christianities and, 21–30 334 urban focus of, 34 Mount Olympus, monasteries on, 289 Neoplatonism, 492, 501, 507, 511, 517 mouth, voice, and gender, 433–34, 440, 441–42, Nestorian Church. See Church of the East 443, 446, 451, 452 Nestorius and Nestorianism, 22, 23, 25, 26, 52, Mu‘awiya¯ ibn Ab¯ıSufyan¯ (governor of Syria), 351, 493–94, 513 191 Nicaea, First Council of, 21–22, 70, 89 Muh. ammad. See also Islam Nicaea, Second Council of, 166, 172, 218–19, as Apostole of God, 18 283, 296, 352, 498, 523

833

Index

Nicephorus I (Byzantine emperor), 53, 132, 522 Olaf Haroldsson (Saint Olaf; Norwegian Nicephorus II Phocas (Byzantine emperor), king), 115, 257, 598 61, 289, 297, 337 Olaf Cuaran´ (king of Dublin), 103 Nicephorus I (patriarch of Constantinople), Olaf Tryggvason (Norwegian king), 110, 112, 53, 283, 501, 609 240, 257 Nicephorus (author of Short History), 50, 55 Olga (Rus ruler), 146–48, 259 Nicetius, 6 Oliba (abbot of Saint-Michel de Cuxa), 478 Nicholas Mysticus, 135 Oliba (count of Cerdanya), 376 Nicholas I (pope), 55, 133, 258, 259, 271, 315, 318, Olympus, monasteries on, 289 323 Omurtag (Bulgarian khan), 132 Nicholas II (pope), 261, 361 orality and literacy, 558, 573–78 Nicolaitans, 515 ordination, 479–82, 630 Nika riots, 26 organization of church. See church as an Niketas of Herakleia, 543 institution Nikon “Ho Metanoeite” (the Preacher of Origen, 69, 399, 400, 402, 539, 542, 575, 616 Repentance), 61, 592 original sin, 503, 610 Nilus of Ancyra, 40 Orleans, heretics of, 527–28 Nilus of Rossano, 225–28, 587, 589 orthodoxy and deviance. See heresy and Nine Chapters (Pact of Union), 48 orthodoxy Nisibis, School of, 23 Ostrogoths, 30, 31, 32, 108, 159, 520, 545 nobility. See aristocracy Oswald (Northumbrian king), 96, 115, 232, Norbert of Xanten, 632 598 Norman kingdom in southern Italy and Oswald (bishop of Worcester), 592 Sicily, 222, 223, 250 Oswiu (Northumbrian king), 232 North Africa Otfrid of Weissenberg, 125 bishoprics in, 7, 600 otherworld, 606–24 Christian remnants in late eleventh as allegorical or spiritual concept, 611, century, 629 614–15 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 253 amnesty vs. penance in, 617 Muslims in, 179, 188 “apocryphal” or informal sources of theological identities in late Roman information about, 608–09 Christianities and, 21–30 authority structures in, 616–22 Vandal conquest of, 30 Bible on, 607, 608 Northild (Frankish noblewoman), 314 diversity of expectations regarding, 606, Northumbria, 92 611, 616 Norway, 110, 120, 128, 240, 257. See also ﬁxed tripartite geography as minority Scandinavia view, 615 Notker (monk of St. Gall and medical fundamentals, agreement on, 607 expert), 432 God, concepts of, 618–19 Nubians, 16, 74, 78, 253 Greek vs. Latin views of, 616–22 Nunnaminster, Book of, 533 heaven church art and architecture oaths representing, 36, 43, 62, 365, 371, 379, in canon law, 300–01, 319, 320, 321 479 on testicles, 448 expectations of, 44, 126, 632 obedience, monastic vow of, 284 geography of, 612–13, 616 oblates, children given to church as, 387, 397, before the Last Judgment, 607 464 meditation on, 623 Oda (Polish senatrix), 142 numbers of, 612 Oderisius II (abbot of Monte Cassino), relics and, 462, 596 327 saints as mediators with, 584, 590, 595 Odilo (abbot of Cluny), 287, 396 suffering as means of reaching, 427 Odo (abbot of Cluny), 349, 358, 361, 504 Virgin Mary’s bodily ascent into, 600

834

Index

visions and sermons rarely describing, canon law on pagan holdovers, 304, 306 615 Church of the East and, 73 Western vs. Eastern concepts of, defining Christianity versus, 230 616–22 deviance/variation within Christian hell practice, 230–31 before the Last Judgment, 607 Germanic Christianities and double predestination and, 508 animism, 115 emptying of, 622 heroic culture, survival of, 116–18 geography of, 611, 612, 615, 616, 619 identity and attachment to pagan past, harrowing of, 103, 608 118 meditation on, 623 rulers, genealogies of descent from popularity of literature about, 623–24 gods, 119–22 punishments in, 411, 619–20 sacrifice and gift, 464 repentance bringing protection from, supposed accommodation of paganism, 455 110–15 visions and sermons rarely describing, Germanic paganism, 231–32 615 Justinian’s condemnation of, 26 Western vs. Eastern concepts of, 616–22 otherworld, pre-Christian conceptions of, intercession in, 620–21 611 landscape and geography of, 611–16 sacrifice and gift, 464 patristic or official sources of information secular/sacred gap, lack of, 113 about, 608, 609–11 shamans, 152–53 pre-Christian conceptions of, 611 Slavic reasons for popularity of narratives alien world, missionaries’ sense of, regarding, 623 243–44 Otto I the Great (German emperor) Bulgars, 132 and Byzantium, 221 Rus, 147–48, 149, 151, 152–53 the church as an institution and, 259, 260 West Slavic/Polish, 140, 143–45 Germanic Christianities and, 109, 110 women and, 246 Jews and Judaism, 162, 168 “Palaiologina” group of manuscripts, military victory, sacrifice and gift for, 467 579 property issues, 341 Palladius, 13, 44 Slav Christianities and, 141, 147 papacy, 260–63. See also Greek vs. Latin Otto II (German emperor), 168, 341 Christianities, and specific popes, e.g. Otto III (German emperor), 142, 242, 258, 339, Honorius I 629 authority of, 309, 325, 634, 640–41 Otto (missionary bishop to Poles), 143 canon law and Otto of Bamburg, 245 authority of papacy, 309, 325, 634, 640 Otto-William (count of Burgundy), 339 conciliar vs. papal documents, 305 Ottonian Germany. See German Empire election of pope, canonicity of, 261 Ovid, 346 Celtic division from and reconciliation with Rome, 88–94 Pachomius (monastic founder), 59, 60, 277, consolidation of power of, 630 295, 568, 573 councils, authority to call, 640 Pact of Union (Nine Chapters), 48 Crusades and power of, 640 paganism, 246. See also conversion; Donation of Constantine, 463 missionary activities; specific ecclesiological development of, 271–72 non-Christian beliefs, e.g. election to, 261, 640 Zoroastrianism Franks, alliance with, 217–21 in Anglo-Saxon England, 231–33, 393 imperial power and, 217, 261, 264, 282–86 Bede on, 231, 232–33 institutional structure of, 260–63 burial practices in response to Christianity, on Jews and Judaism, 160–62 393 Liber Pontificalis, 272

835

Index

papacy (cont.) Paulinus of Aquileia, 411, 513 monastic foundations under protection of, Paulinus of Nola, 538 287 Pax Romana, 1 Ottonian reforms, 221–29 peace, concepts of, 626, 635, 640–43 patriarchate and, 54, 55, 214, 216, 220, Peace of God (Pax Dei), 529 221–29, 301 Pechenegs, 243 reform, decretals as instruments of, 634, Pelagius (British heretic) and Pelagianism, 13, 640 515, 517 Roman noble families, 221, 261, 266 Pelagius I (pope), 28 saints, formal recognition of, 594, 633 penance silk trade, 193 amnesty vs., 617 theological identities in late Roman in Byzantine orthodoxy, 402, 408–09, 413, Christianities and, 21–30 414 Paradise. See otherworld canon law on, 325, 412 parishes/local churches, 268–69, 373–74, 377, in Carolingian world, 407, 409–12 630–31 deathbed rites, 391, 392, 402 Parthenius the tax collector, 33 divine economy and, 503 Pascal II (pope), 378 on early lists of remedies for sins, 400 paschal (Easter) controversy in Britain and episcopal control of, 407–08, 413 Ireland, 92–93, 542 in Greek vs. Latin Christianities, 408–09, Paschasius Radbertus of Corbie, 369, 456, 503, 414, 617 516, 519 handbooks, penitential, 403–07, 408, Patarini (clerical reform movement), 528, 409–11, 412, 413, 435 529 liturgy and ritual of, 412–13 patriarchal basilicas, 261 after military victories, 468 patriarchate, 54–56, 214, 216, 220, 221–29, monasticism and, 403–05, 408–09, 413, 250–51, 263–64, 270, 301, 594. See also 414 specific patriarchs otherworld punishments, 619–20 Patricius (St. Patrick), 13, 42, 88, 96, 612 outward behavior vs. inward contrition, patristics 414 biblical exegesis, influence on, 538, 544 political uses of, 411 Byzantine orthodoxy and, 56 private penance, 403–07, 408 God, concepts of, 491, 492 as public ritual, 402, 408, 409, 411 heresies of patristic period, continuing sacrifice and gift as form of, 464–66, 468, influence of, 469 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 520 in twelfth century, 635 in Latin church, 511–16 “People of the Book,”, 75–76, 178, 198 “popular” heresies, learned view of, peregrinatory asceticism, 277, 279, 280 524–25 Persian Empire. See Sasanian (Persian) Jews and Judaism, attitudes towards, 159, Empire 160–62, 169–70 Peter I (Armenian catholicos), 84 late Roman Christianities and, 38 Peter I (Bulgarian tsar), 136, 137, 525 otherworld, information about, 608, Peter Abelard, 414, 508, 551, 635 609–11 Peter of Albano, 378 theology as revealed theophany for, 492 Peter of Bruys, 397 Paul IV (Byzantine emperor), 52 Peter Damian, 358, 361, 449, 452, 504, 508 Paul Albar (Spanish churchman), 514 Peter Lombard, 364, 370 Paul of Antioch, 29 Peter the Monk, 137 Paul of Bernried, 625 Peter the Venerable, 397 Paul of Latros, 136 Philoxenus of Mabbug, 25, 199 Paul of Samosata, 522, 547 Phocas (Byzantine emperor), 32, 47 Paulicians, 63, 166, 522, 524–25 Photian schism, 220 Paulinianists, 40 Photinus (semi-Arian bishop), 513

836

Index

Photius (patriarch of Constantinople), 55, 56, papal authority, 309, 325, 634, 640–41 57, 62, 220, 323, 497, 561, 571 penance, political uses of, 411 Bibliotheke of, 561, 571 role of government in Christianity, 8–10 physicians, 422–24, 428, 430–31. See also sacrality of rulers medical science; sickness and healing Germanic Christianities’ retention of, Piast dynasty of Poland, 141–45 119–21 Picts. See Celtic Christianities; Scotland saints in pilgrimage aristocratic women as living saints, 586 biblical exegesis and, 552 changing role of living holy men, 588–90 to Jerusalem, 81, 190–91, 278, 281, 601–02 early Christian martyrs and saints, in late Roman Christianities, 31 599–601 to monasteries, 295 theological identities in late Roman monasticism and, 278, 281 Christianities and imperial authority, to Rome, 263 21–30 Pippin III (mayor of the palace and Frankish polytheism. See paganism king), 218, 256, 285 popes. See papacy, and speciﬁc popes, e.g. Pirmin (saint and monk), 545 Honorius I pisanki (clay egg rattles), 145, 154 Poppo (missionary to Danes), 240 Placidus Varinus (abbot of Corvey), 503 poverty, monastic vow of, 276, 336, 337, 344 Plato and Platonism, 57, 69, 518 poverty movement, 469–70 Plautus (classical playwright), 448 Pragmatic Sanction, 28 Pliny the Elder (classical author), 448 prayer polemic afterlife fate improved by, 615 of Christians under Islamic rule, 201–02, churches as places for, 364, 372 203, 211 for the dead, 96–97, 384, 389, 391, 395–98, Contra Judaeos literature, 169–77 610, 615 of Jews, 160 for the dying, 390–91 Poles, Poland, and Polish Christians, 139–45, economy of salvation and, 383 148, 154, 155, 241–44, 258 girding of the loins as preparation for, 449 political and social order. See also canon law; to icons, 500 the church as an institution; in Islam, 204 monasticism; property; reform lay knowledge of Creed and Lord’s Prayer, apocalpytic and, 622, 623, 624 113, 125, 355, 455 barbarian intrusions into late Roman liturgical, 454, 455, 457, 481, 486–88 Empire, effects of, 30–32 in monastic life, 291 bishops, role of, 269–70 penitential, 414, 465 Byzantine orthodoxy and imperial power, property supporting, 327 217, 261, 264, 282–86, 520 saints’ and holy persons’ prayer, power of, consecration of rulers, 121, 302, 307 136, 137, 142, 487, 603 Donation of Constantine, 463 saints’ cults involving, 593, 595, 596, 603 donation of property to ecclesiastical sickness and healing, role in, 419, 427, 428, institutions, repercussions of, 338–43 430 ecclesiastical hierarchies and imperial sponsorship of/payment for, 124, 142, power, 217, 261, 264, 282–86 465–67, 469 in Germanic Christianities precarial grants, 339 conversions, role of rulers in, 109, 111, 121 presbyters. See clergy lay authority and church affairs, 122–24 Pribislav of the Stodorane, 140 God, inﬂuence on concepts of, 491 priests. See clergy heresy, threat posed by, 527–28 private homes iconoclasm and imperial authority, canons forbidding celebration of liturgy in, relationship between, 50 304, 305 mass, social impact and role of, 458 early house churches, 372 otherworld, authority structures in, 616–22 private masses, 457, 465

837

Index

private or tariffed penance, 403–07, qnoma, 68 408 Quid significent duodecim candelae Procopius of Caesarea, 12, 28 (commentary on church consecration Procopius of Gaza, 543 ritual), 368 property, 327–44 Quinisext or Trullan Council, 38, 39, 50, 166, of bishoprics, 335 216–17, 282, 303–09, 351, 499, 543 canon law and, 300, 321–22 Quintianus of Rodez, 34 charters and cartularies, 328–30, 344, Quintilian (classical rhetorician), 433 378–79 quodlibets, 639 control and use of, 335–37 Qur’an.¯ See also Islam criticism of ecclesiastical holding of, 337 Christian–Jewish arguments articulated in, exemption or immunity, charters of, 344 15 family relationships and ecclesiastical on Christian martyrs of Najran, 16 position, 343 Christians addressed by, 197–99 as gift. See sacrifice and gift in Latin “Nazarenes,”, 198–99 Christianity. Near Eastern Christianities influenced by, hagiography as source of information 202, 205 about, 330 pacifist and bellicose traditions in, 178–79 lay donations, repercussions of, 338–43 “People of the Book,”, 75–76, 178, 198 liturgical needs, meeting, 334, 335 view of Christians, pagans, and Jews in, monastic, 294–97, 333–35, 359, 378–79, 75–76 464–67 oral rituals conferring, 328, 330 Rabbula Gospels, 560 precarial grants of, 339 Radegund (Frankish queen and saint), 280, proprietary churches, 122, 268, 300, 321–22, Ramihrd593 (heretical preacher), 528 340–41 Ratger (abbot of Fulda), 336 royal confiscation of, 342–43 Rather of Verona, 273, 357, 358, 361, 504 as social resource and status indicator, Ratramnus of Corbie, 239, 369, 456, 503, 516, 327 518, 519 sufficiency of holdings to support realist vs. symbolist debate regarding ecclesiastical institutions, 332–35 Eucharist, 369, 456, 503–05, 516, 519 tithes as, 337 Reccared (Visigothic king), 41, 107, 162, 163, violence and warfare affecting, 330–32, 495, 498, 512 343 Recceswinth (Visigothic king), 163 written records of, 328–30, 344 Redemptus (bishop), 622 proprietary churches, 122, 268, 300, 321–22, reform, concept of, 362 340–41 baptismal practices, 388 Prudentius (Roman Christian poet), 538 in Bede’s letter to Ecgberht, 355–56 Prudentius of Troyes, 518 Bible and biblical exegesis, 346, 351, 353, 356, Prussians, 142 362, 551–53 Pseudo-Clement, 544 in Byzantine orthodoxy, 351–53 Pseudo-Cyprian, 544 canon law, 356, 357 Pseudo-Dionysius (Dionysius the Carolingian reforms, 102, 104–05, 282, Areopagite), 48, 62, 72, 491, 492, 507, 284–87, 350, 356–58, 634 549, 554, 572 conversion to reform, paradigm shift from, Pseudo-Hincmar, 518 633–36 Pseudo-Isidore (canon law collection), 262, 272, Gregory I and, 347, 351–53 315–18, 325, 640 Gregory VII and “Gregorian reform,”, Pseudo-Jerome, 174 345–50, 361–62 public penance, 402, 408, 409, 411 historiography of, 345–51, 362, 626 punishments in otherworld, 619–20 Investiture Controversy, 266, 361 purgatory, 404, 607. See also otherworld in monastic context, 281–90, 347–48, 360, Pyrrhus of Chrysopolis, 74 469–70

838

Index

Ottonian reforms, 221–29 Rimbert (missionary to Scandinavia), 236, 237, papal decretals as instruments of, 634, 640 239–40, 243, 244 in Pauline epistles, 346, 351, 353, 356, 362 ritual. See liturgy and ritual regional church councils and synods, Robert I (duke of Burgundy), 339 354–55, 357 Robert II the Pious (king of France), 527–28, sacrifice and gift in Latin Christianity, 529, 550 468–70 Robert Grosseteste, 414 refuge, church as legal place of, 366, 377, 410 Rodulfus Glaber, 191, 360, 363, 379, 505 Regino of Prum,¨ 271, 274, 325, 412 Roger I (bishop of Chalon),ˆ 527 relics, 601–05 Roman church. See Latin church altars containing, 456 Roman Empire in Bulgaria, 134, 138 canon law’s legacy from, 300, 307–08 burial practices and, 392 Celtic Christianities and, 86–87 church as cultic site, centrality of concept of empire to theology/ecclesiology of, 363, 366, Christendom, 9–13 372 Christian worldview and, 2–6 in Constantinople, 602 Christianities of. See late Roman defined, 584 Christianities Eucharist and, 603–04 church building as sacral site first iconoclasm and, 602–03 recognized in civil law of, 365 in Jerusalem, 601–02 Donation of Constantine, 463 monastic, 295 fracturing and destabilization of, purposes served by, 596 30–32 sacral nature of ruler in Germanic sense of Christian antiquity of, 6–7 Christianity and, 121 theological identities and imperial sacrifices and gifts at shrines and graves authority, 21–30 containing, 462–63 Roman noble families, 221, 261, 266 translation throughout empire, 31, Romance literature, 637 598 Romanus the Melodist, 577 Western critique of, 603–05 Romanus I Lecapenus (Byzantine emperor), Remigius of Auxerre, 539, 548 166, 342 religious tolerance. See also conversion; Rome missionary activities beginnings of Christianity, place in, Christian tolerance 89 in Byzantium, 165–67 Charlemagne in, 311 under Carolingians and Franks, 167–69 churches of, 336, 367, 372, 461, 540 divergent views, rise in intolerance of, Constantinople, relationship with, 22, 26, 519, 546–47 47, 213–14, 250, 301, 304. See also Greek of Jews, 159–69, 215 vs. Latin Christianities between Latins and Greeks, 228 cross-dressing festivals in, 304 of paganism, 36, 114, 116–17, 127 empire. See Roman Empire of Paulicians, 522 German influences in, 222 Visigothic Spain, anti-Jewish extremism meanings of, 109 in, 163–65 monasteries of, 217, 225–26, 242, 406, 558, Islamic tolerance of Jews and Christians, 581 76, 77, 178, 253, 521 noble families of, 221, 261, 266 in Sasanian empire, 71 papacy. See also papacy requiem masses, 465 administrative system in Rome, 261–62 rhetoric and dialectic city of Rome, papal authority practically in biblical exegesis, 531, 542 limited to, 262 God, and concepts of, 506–09 role of clergy and people in election of in homilies, 575 pope, 261 Richard of Saint-Vanne, 593–94 pilgrimages to, 190, 256, 263

839

Index

Rome (cont.) saints, 581–05. See also hagiography; martyrs relics of, 331, 336, 367, 602 and martyrdom; relics; specific saints, saints’ cults in, 367, 600 e.g. Martin of Tours sieges and invasions of, 214, 517n30, 541 apostles and evangelists, 599 Romuald (monastic founder), 359, 594 Bulgarian cults, 134, 138 Rossano Gospels, 560 burial practices and, 392 Rothad of Soissons, 318 early Christian martyrs and saints, Rotruda (Carolingian nun), 550 continuing veneration of, 595–01 royalty. See political and social order Eucharist and, 603–04 Rudiger Huozman (bishop of Speyer), 168, female 508 aristocratic women, 586 Rudolf (duke of Swabia), 625 living holy women, 585–87 Rudolf (king in western Francia), 286, 287 Virgin Mary. See Virgin Mary rulers. See political and social order formal recognition of (canonization), rules (monastic) 593–95, 633 Augustinian, 361 Germanic Christianities and, 115, 121 Benedictine. See Benedictine rule healing miracles of, 416–20, 426–30 runic alphabet, 124 historiography of, 583 Rupert of Deutz, 499 holiness, what constitutes, 583–85 Rus, 130, 144, 145, 243, 244, 259, 358, 421, 523 iconoclasm and cult of, 602–03 Ruthwell Cross, 124 iconoclasm and manifestations of holiness, 588 Sabas (monastic founder), 278, 294, 587 intercession, Greek vs. Latin concepts of, Sabellianism, 82 620–21 sacraments. See also baptism; Eucharist; at intersection of temporal past and marriage; penance apocalyptic future, 582 classification and number of, 370 liturgical books regarding veneration of, confirmation, 387 562 deathbed rites, evolution of, 390–92 living saints, 585–90 development of systematic theology of, miracles 369–71 of living holy men, 588–90 God, concepts of, 502–05 postmortem cults and, 590–95 ordination, 479–82, 630 naming practices and, 387, 633 paradigm shift from emphasis on baptism in political and social order to Eucharist, 633, 636 aristocratic women as living saints, 586 sickness and healing, role in, 430 changing role of living holy men in, sacrifice and gift in Latin Christianity, 453–71 588–90 sacrum commercium (holy commerce). See early Christian martyrs and saints, economy of salvation 599–601 sagas postmortem cults, 590–95 in Celtic literature, 95–97 sacrifices and gifts to, 462–63 Germanic Christianities, survival of in twelfth century, 633 heroic culture and values in, 116–18, western critique of cult of, 603–05 127 Sala (bishop of Urgel), 377 Saharan Africa Salerno, medical school at, 423 Berbers and Tuaregs, 10 Saliba (Nestorian catholicos), 82 Garamantes, 9 saloi or “fools of God,”, 279 Maccuritae, 9 Samaritans, 26 Nubians, 16, 74, 78, 253 Samuel (Bulgarian tsar), 138, 154 St. Alexius, later SS. Boniface and Alexius Samuel (rabbi), 168 (mixed Greek/Latin monastery), San Vincenzo al Volturno (Italian Rome, 226, 242 monastery), 331, 332, 334 St. Gall (monastery), 432, 466 sanctuary, right of, 366, 377, 410

840

Index

Sardinia, 14 Scotland. See also British Isles; Celtic Sasanian (Persian) Empire Christianities Arab conquest of, 48, 73–75 apostle Andrew, cult of, 599 bishoprics in, 7, 600 Margaret of Scotland, 587 Christian worldview and, 2–6 scripts Church of the East under, 252 British and Irish scripts, 86 eastern provinces of Byzantine empire, Byzantine book production, 557–60 annexation of Caroline majuscule and minuscule, Byzantine orthodoxy and, 47 558 Jews, effect on Byzantine attitude cursive minuscule, 56 towards, 171 monastic “script revolution,”, 293 Near Eastern Christianities after Roman epigraphy in Britain, 87 Heraclius’s reconquest, 72–73 runic alphabet, 124 Near Eastern Christianities on eve of, Sea of Azov, Christianized Goths of, 11–12 66–67 Second Coming. See eschatology Near Eastern Christianities under rule Seg´ ene´ (abbot of Iona), 92 of, 70–71 Seljuk Turks relationship with late Roman Empire, 32 Abassid caliph Mu‘tas.im’s use of, 183 Saxo Grammaticus, 117, 244 incursions into Armenia, 84 Saxony Jews in Byzantium and, 167 Carolingian mission to, 233, 235 Mantzikert, battle of, 84 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 256 semen and menstrual blood, 438, 445, 446, Sayf al-Dawla (Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo), 448 185 Senchas Mar´ , 306 Scandinavia Seneca (classical author), 346 dogheaded men (cynocephali) in, 239–40, Serapion (bishop of Thmuis), 568 243 Serenus of Marseilles, 502 East Slavs/Rus and, 145, 146, 147, 148 Sergius (Chalcedonian archbishop of ecclesiastical hierarchy in, 256–57 Damascus), 226 missionizing of, 110, 236, 237, 238–41 Sergius (patriarch of Constantinople), 47, 72, paganism, supposed accommodation of, 74, 494, 570 112, 114, 115, 116–19 Sergius (saint), cult at Rusafa, 597 private or proprietary churches, 123 Sergius I (pope), 217, 305 rulers, retention of sacral nature of, 119, sermons. See homilies 120, 121 settlements. See towns and villages vernacular language and literature, 124, Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, 7 125, 126, 127, 128 Severinus (saint), 42 Vikings. See Vikings Severus of Antioch, 8, 25, 26, 29, 69, 199 schisms Severus ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (Coptic Christian Acacian, 24 writer), 208 of Armenian and Georgian churches, 71 sexuality. See also gender and the body; of Greek and Latin churches, marriage; penance; women historiography of, 228–29. See also incest, 312, 314, 450–51 Greek vs. Latin Christianities purity requirements for mass and papal, 630, 640 Eucharist, 458, 460 Photian, 220 rape, 445 scholasticism shamans, 152–53 church buildings, theology/ecclesiology Shams al-Ri’asa¯ Abu¯ l-Barakat¯ (Ibn Kabar) of, 369, 370 (Coptic encyclopedist), 208 on external behavior vs. internal Shenoute (Coptic ascetic writer), 30 contrition, 414 Shenuda I (patriarch of Alexandria), on ﬁlioque controversy, 498 69 on sacriﬁce and gift, 470 Sicily. See Italy and Sicily

841

Index

sickness and healing, 416–32 missionizing and conversion amulets, 429 Balts, 244–46 in Greek vs. Latin worlds, 426, 429, 431 Bulgarians, 56, 131–39, 220, 227, 523 hospitals, 430–32 East Slavs, 145–55 interplay of medicine, religion, and Germanic missionaries in southern sorcery in, 416–20, 430, 432 Baltic region, 241–44 medicine. See medical science by Greek and Latin churches, 220, 226, midwives, 386–87, 423 227 monastic and clerical involvement in, 421, southern Balkans, 130–32 424, 432 West Slavs, 139–45, 241–44 public health, 429 monasticism in Bulgaria, 136–37, 154 sacraments, administration of, 430 paganism. See under paganism saints and other religious means of southern Balkans, conversion and healing, 416–20, 426–30 “Grecization” of, 130–32 sin and sickness, 427, 444 urban focus of, 34 sorcery and magic, 416–20, 424–26 vernacular language, use of, 134, 135, 138, 139 women’s involvement in, 418, 423 West Slavs, 139–45 Sicut Iudaeis, 161 slaves and slave trade sign and symbol between Islam and Christendom, 193–95 Augustine of Hippo on, 504, 506, Jews, conversion to Judaism of slaves of, 170 509 manumission of, 466 in iconoclastic controversy, 502, 504 Smaragdus (abbot of Saint-Mihiel), 336, 436, in transubstantiation debate, 504 452 sin, remedying, 399–415. See also penance Snorri Sturluson (Icelandic saga writer), 117, by baptism, 400–01 118, 119, 231 early lists of means of, 399–400 social order. See political and social order exterior manifestations of sin, 444 Sophronius of Jerusalem, 48, 59, 73 formal vs. informal means, 399–400 sorcery, 315, 416–20, 424–26 by martyrdom, 401 soul, materiality and consubstantiality of, 518 monasticism as bloodless martyrdom, Spain 402 Adoptionism in, 163, 495–96, 511–15 punishment in otherworld, 404 apostle James at Compostela, cult of, 599 sickness and sin, 427, 444 Arianism in, 41 Sisebut (Visigothic king), 163, 164 bishoprics in, 7 Sixtus (British martyr), 13 canon law in, 310 sketes or lavras, 59, 278–79, 280, 288, 289–90. deathbed rites in, 391 See also monasticism ecclesiastical hierarchy in, 253 Skylitzes (chronicler), 571 hospitals in, 431 Slav Christianities, 130–55. See also speciﬁc Jews and Judaism, 163–65, 171, 175 Slavic groups, e.g. Poles Martyrs of Cordoba, 514, 629 art, religious, 61 Muslims in, 182–84, 186–87 burial practices, public penance in, 402 East Slav/Rus, 146, 147, 151, 152, 154 Visigothic, 7, 30, 41, 107, 163–65, 171, 175, 391, in Poland, 144, 145 431, 512 Byzantine Empire, inﬂuence of, 154 Speyer, Jews of, 168 Byzantine orthodoxy, 56 spiritual power of Christianity for East Slavs/Rus, 145, 146, 149 non-Christians, 10–11 southern Balkans and Bulgaria, 130–39 spirituality. See devotion/spirituality West Slavs/Poland, 139–45, 241–44 Stanislav of Cracow, 144 East Slavs, 145–55 Stephen (Frankish count), 314 ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 257–60 Stephen (heretic), 527 invasion of Balkans by Slavs, 7, 32, 47, Stephen (protomartyr), 462 214 Stephen/Vajk (Hungarian ruler), 259, 363

842

Index

Stephen I (pope), 347, 354 church as cultic site and national Stephen III (pope), 218 conversion process, 366 Stephen of Muret, 469 of church as institution Stephen of Siwnik‘, 74 (“inecclesiamento”), 374–76 Stephen the Younger (saint and martyr), 52, of monastic communities, 378–79 55 Tertullian, 615 Stodorane, 140 tetragamy crisis, 220, 323 stole, clerical reception of, 461 Teutsind (abbot of Saint-Wandrille), 339 Strathclyde, kingdom of, 103. See also Celtic Theoderic (Ostrogothic king), 25, 30, 40, 66, Christianities; Scotland 127 Studite monasticism, 52–53, 55, 56, 57, 60–61, Theodora (Byzantine empress; ended 224, 283, 288–89, 352, 558, 569 iconoclastic period), 53, 55, 522 Sturm (abbot of Fulda), 235 Theodora (Byzantine empress; wife of stylitism, 59, 279, 280 Justinian), 27, 66 suburbicarian bishoprics, 261, 262 Theodore (protospatharius), 413 Sulpicius Severus (hagiographer), 42, Theodore Abu-Qurra¯ (Arab Christian 587 writer), 172, 173, 203, 204 Sutton Hoo, 393 Theodore of Bostra, 29 Svein Estrithson (Danish king), 245 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 27, 67, 199 Sventovit, cult of, 141 Theodore the Studite Sviatoslav (Rus ruler), 147, 148 book production at Studios scriptorium Sweden (Swear), 110, 128, 236, 237, 238–40, 257. and, 558, 569 See also Scandinavia Byzantine orthodoxy, emergence of, 52–53, Swithun (saint), 593 55, 56, 57, 60–61 Sylvester I (pope), 626 God, concepts of, 501 Sylvester II (pope), 536 monasticism, development of, 283, 288–89, symbol and sign 290, 294, 297 Augustine of Hippo on, 504, 506, 509 penance, 408–09 in iconoclastic controversy, 502, 504 postmortem cult of, 593 in transubstantiation debate, 504 reform, concept of, 352 symbolist vs. realist debate regarding Studite monasticism, 52–53, 55, 56, 57, Eucharist, 369, 456, 503–05, 516, 519 60–61, 224, 283, 288–89, 352, 558, Symeon (Bulgarian khan), 135–36, 143, 259 569 Symeon Eulabes, 595, 603 Theodore of Sykeon, 417 Symeon Metaphrastes, 597 Theodore of Tarsus (archbishop of Symeon the Mountain-dweller, 11, 33 Canterbury), 92, 114, 255, 354, 401, 406, Symeon the New Theologian, 61, 413, 492, 409, 542 594, 603 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 22, 24, 27, 44, 540 Symeon Stylites, 59, 279 Theodosian Code, 159, 160, 167, 276, 308, Symmachus (pope), 25 365 syncretism/accommodation of paganism in Theodosius I (Roman Emperor), 537 Germanic Christianities, 110–15 Theodosius II (Byzantine Emperor), 393 Syrian Christians. See Near Eastern Theodosius of Alexandria, 26, 29 Christianities Theodulf of Orleans, 173–74, 219, 308, 400, 448, 477, 501, 523 Tarasius (patriarch of Constantinople), 55, theology. See also Christologies; God, 218, 498 concepts of taxation of church buildings, 364–70 Islamic tax on Christians and Jews under Eucharist, real vs. symbolist debate Muslim rule, 80, 209 regarding, 369 stole, clerical reception of, 461 as formal discipline, 639 tithes. See tithes Franks/German Empire, theological territorialization positions taken by, 218–19

843

Index

theology (cont.) transubstantiation, origins of the term, 370, late Roman Christianities, theological 504 identities and imperial authority in, Trinitarian doctrines. See also Christologies 21–30 filioque controversy, 219, 220, 221–29, 497–99 medical science and, 427–30 Islamic influence on Near Eastern modern Western sense of, 508 Christianities’ expression of, 204 paradigm shift from emphasis on baptism Trota (female doctor) and Trotula, 423 to Eucharist, 636 Trudo (saint), 463 in patristic sense as revealed theophany, 492 True Cross reason and logic as means of, 506–09 apocalyptic and, 622 sacraments, development of systematic Contra Judaeos literature and, 172 theology of, 369–71 Jerusalem relic captured by and recovered Theopentus (Syrian bishop), 581 from Persians, 48, 71, 73 Theophanes the Chronicler, 50, 294, 352 Trullan or Quinisext Council, 38, 39, 50, 166, Theophanes Chrysobalantes (medical 216–17, 282, 303–09, 351, 499, 543 writer), 422 Tuaregs, 10 theophany, 492 Tujibis (Islamic marcher lords in Spain), 182, Theophilus (Byzantine emperor), 53, 181, 183 183 Turks. See Seljuk Turks Theophilus of Edessa, 536 twinned or double predestination, 508, 517–18 Theophylact of Ochrid, 134 theosis, 492, 493 Ulfljotr´ (Icelandic settler and law giver), 117 Theudebert II (king of Austrasia), 353 ‘Umar I (caliph), 48, 253 Theutberga (Carolingian queen), 314, 315, ‘Umar II (caliph), 80, 200 450–51 Unger (missionary bishop to Poland), 142 Theutmir of Psalmody, 501, 548 “university” library in Constantinople, 570 Thietmar of Merseburg, 140, 142, 150, 241, 244, Unni (archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen), 240 462 urban environments. See towns and villages Thiota (apocalyptic preacher), 526, 528 Urban II (pope), 375, 378, 379 Thoma¨ıs of Lesbos (saint), 593 Ursinus (master of Defensor of Liguge),´ 544 Thomas Aquinas, 364 Uspensky Gospel Book, 56 Thomas Becket, 637 Three Chapters Controversy, 27–29 Vajk/Stephen (Hungarian ruler), 259, 363 Thuringia, 110, 236 Vallumbrosans, 288 Tiberiopolis, Fifteen Martyrs of, 134, 139 vampires, 144 Tiberius II (Byzantine emperor), 29, 32, 41 Vandals, 28, 30, 32, 40, 108 Timothy I (Nestorian catholicos), 68 Vanne (bishop of Verdun and saint), 593 T´ırechan,´ 42, 99 Venantius Fortunatus, 87 tithes, 234, 295, 306, 337, 377, 469 the Venerable Bede. See Bede titular churches, 261 Verdun, treaty of, 221 towns and villages vernacular language and literature church buildings and settlement patterns, Arabic used by Christians under Islamic 373–74 rule, 197, 200–01, 204, 205, 207 early medieval Christianities’ retention of Bible circulating in multiple languages, urban focus, 7, 33–34 534–36 East Slav/Rus, 146, 150, 153, 154 of Celtic Christianities, 94–97 “ecclesial villages,”, 377 of Germanic Christianities, 124–28 trade and commerce liturgical use of vernacular, 355 fur trade, 145, 193 missionary activity, linguistic evidence for, between Islam and Christendom, 192–95 238 monastic involvement in, 295 of Slav Christianities, 134, 135, 138, 139 timber trade, 193 vicariates, 265 Transcaucasia. See Armenia; Georgia Victorines, 462

844

Index

Victricius of Rouen, 393 Wagrians, 244 Vienna Dioskourides (manuscript book), 560, Wala (abbot of Corbie), 175 578 Walafrid Strabo, 273, 371, 548 Vienna Genesis (manuscript book), 543, 560 Walcherus (disciple of Gozechinus), 508 Vigilius (pope), 27 Wales. See Celtic Christianities Vikings warfare. See violence and warfare apocalyptic and, 623 Wecelin (German cleric and convert to burial practices in British Isles and, 394 Judaism), 170, 176 Celtic Christianities, impact on, 100, 102–03 Welsh Christians. See Celtic Christianities ecclesiastical hierarchies, effect on, 253, 255 Wenceslas (saint), 154 missionary activities, effect on, 240, 245 Wenlock, monk of, 609, 613, 614 Norman kingdom in southern Italy and West Slavs, 139–45 Sicily, 222, 223, 250 Wetti of Reichenau, 609, 610, 611 property destruction by, 330–32 Whitby, Synod of, 87, 92 villages. See towns and villages Wibald of Stavelot, 348 violence and warfare widows, 313 Celtic Christianities’ attitude towards, Widukind (Saxon leader), 234, 467 95–96 Widukind of Corvey, 358, 467 gifts associated with military victory, Wilfrid (bishop of York and missionary to 467–68 Frisians), 92, 235, 336 Pax Dei (Peace of God), 529 Willehad (bishop of Bremen), 235, 419 property loss and destruction due to, William I the Conqueror (king of England), 330–32, 343 468 Virgil of Salzburg, 541 William of Aquitaine, 287 Virgin Mary William Durandus the Elder, 473 Assumption of, 600 William Durandus the Younger, 348 compassion of, 635 William of Volpiano, 360 intercession of, 620–21 Willibald (saint), 190–91, 406 in otherworld, 613, 618–21 Willibrord (missionary to Frisians), 235, 236, popularity as saint, 600 237, 256 as Theotokos (God-bearer), 22, 70, 493 Winnoch (Breton ascetic), 88 twelfth-century popular and ofﬁcial witchcraft, 315, 416–20, 424–26 devotions, rise in, 633, 635, 637 Witiza. See Benedict of Aniane virginity, late Roman exaltation of, 44 women. See also gender and the body Visigoths abbesses, 386, 400, 586 Arianism and, 41, 107, 162, 163, 495, 498, 512, birth and deathbed rites, involvement in, 520 385, 386 deathbed and burial rites, 391 commemoration of the dead, 396 Jews and, 163–65, 171, 175 conception, pregnancy, and childbirth, late Roman Christianities and, 30, 32, 40, 41, 386–87 108 self-mutilating displays of grief, 390 sickness and healing, 431 in canon law, 310, 315 in Spain, 7, 30, 41, 107, 163–65, 171, 175, 391, canonesses, 384–86 431, 512 deaconesses, 260 Vision of Daniel, 622 education and learning, 550, 574, 638 Vlachs, 134 Germanic Christianities, role of royal Vladimir of Duklja, 154 women in, 122 Vladimir of Kiev (Rus ruler), 148–53, 260, in Ireland, 310 572 midwives, 386–87, 423, 636 voice, mouth, and gender, 433–34, 440, 441–42, monasticism, 279, 280, 286, 287, 294, 310, 443, 446, 451, 452 632 Vojtech-Adalbert. See Adalbert of Prague noble women as church and monastic Voyage tales or Imram, 95 founders/donors, 314, 386

845

Index

women (cont.) Xosrovik the Translator, 70 nuns, 310–11, 384–86, 400, 443, 445, 568–69, 586, 632–33 Yah. ya¯ ibn al-Bit.r¯ıq (Arab Christian paganism and missionary activities, 237 translator), 536 priests’ wives, 35 Yah. ya¯ ibn ‘Ad¯ı (Christian Arab writer), 203, rape, 445 205, 206–08 as saints Yahyah of Antioch, 149 aristocratic women, 586 Yaz¯ıd II (caliph), 521 living holy women, 585–87 Yusuf¯ As‘ar Yath’ar (DhuN¯ uwas)¯ (king of Virgin Mary. See Virgin Mary Himyar), 15 sickness and healing, involvement in, 418, 423 Zachary I (pope), 261, 408, 526 in twelfth century, 637–38 Zaida (wife of Alfonso VI of Spain), 184 widows, 313 Zeno (Byzantine emperor), 24, 25, 26 Wulfram of Sens, 238 Zeno of Verona, 533 Wulfstan (archbishop of York), 127, 411, 609, Zoroastrianism, 5, 73, 581 623 Zwiefalten (Swabian monastery), 338

846