Some Ecological Aspects of the Land Hermit Crab Coenobita Scaevola (Coenobitidae) at Wadi El-Gemal Protected Area, Red Sea
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Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish., Vol. 17, No. 3: 89-106 (2013) ISSN 1110 – 6131 Some ecological aspects of the land hermit crab Coenobita scaevola (Coenobitidae) at Wadi El-Gemal protected area, Red Sea Abd Al-Kader M. Hassan1, Besar, M.H.2, Hanafy MH3 and Mohamed M. Abu-Zaid1 1- Marine Biology and Icthiology branch, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University- Cairo 2- Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency- Cairo 3- Department of Marine Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt ABSTRACT Gastropod shells can be a limiting factor in allowing hermit crab populations to increase. The impact of this factor on population size of the land crab Coenobita scaevola (Forskäl, 1775) was examined. Extensive and intensive works were conducted on a sandy beach of Wadi El-Gemal island and the protected area coast (35°04’0”E, 24°42’0”N). Activity, spatial and temporal distribution, food foraging, and impact of human tourism activities for this hermit crab were discussed. A total of 365 crab individuals were collected from the sandy beach of Wadi El-Gemal island during August 2007 to July 2008, among these 137 were used for frequency measurements of occupied shells by the land hermit crabs. The hermit crabs were found occupying seventeen species of gastropod shells. A significant regression and correlation were recorded between the shell aperture and chelae. However, our data showing no significant regression values between total body weight of crabs and for each of the shell weight and internal volume. From the other angle, the correlation relationship recorded high significant value for the same relationships. This may reflect that some smaller crabs tend to occupy larger shells than the preferred ones. Moreover, the shell species occupation as a function of chelar hermit crabs size. While the negative results between body weight of crab and both shell internal volume and weight it may be due to the variations behavior of some land hermit crab individuals within population. It is logical that fit the size of chelae with aperture of shell to achieve protection from predators while some members of the population that occupied shell is greater than the size of his body to the unavailability of appropriate shells. Keywords: Coenobitidae, population, shell occupation, Wadi El-Gemal Island, protected area, Red Sea Coast. INTRODUCTION About 800 species of hermit crabs carry empty snail shells as their shelter (Hazlett, 1981; Kuhlmann, 1992; Angel, 2000; and Rotjan et al., 2004). To grow the body size larger, the individual must change the shell to another larger shell (Sato and Seno, 2006). The terrestrial hermit crabs (Family Coenobitidae) include 15 species of Coenobita and a single species of another genus, Birgus latro. The family is of marine origin and whilst its members have effectively colonised supra-littoral and terrestrial habitats, they continue to carry and live in mollusc shells (Harms, 1938). Hermit crabs are decapod crustaceans most of which have noncalcified abdomens requiring protection from predation and desiccation. (McLaughlin, 1983 and 2003). Hermit crabs are best known from intertidal areas where they are conspicuous and ecologically important scavengers and predators (Whitman et al., 2001). When a predator comes near, the hermit crab pulls its body into the shell and covers the shell with its claw (Hazlett, 1981; Kuhlmann, 1992; Angel, 2000; and Rotjan et al., 2004). On other hand, Shells are also a limiting resource for these crabs and may regulate their fecundity (Childress, 1972 and Bertness, 1981). www.ejabf.eg.net 90 Abd Al-Kader M. Hassan et al. Hermit crabs represent an important part of the many intertidal and moderately deep benthic marine communities worldwide, where they play an important role in the food chain (Fransozo and Mantelatto, 1998). This semi-terrestrial species is very abundant above the sea level on the beaches of the Red Sea and the highly arid shores of Sinai Peninsula, but is totally dependent on the sea for water and consequently limited to the nearshore area (Achituv and Ziskind, 1985). Coenobita scaevola is the only species representing the family Coenobitidae inhabiting the Red Sea (Sallam et al., 2008). One of the major goals in the field of ecology is to determine what limits or regulates the size of a population. Research investigating aspects available worldwide on coenobitid hermits has focused on reproductive aspects (Tudge and Lemaitre, 2006) the mechanism of migration (Barnes, 2003; and Nives- Rivera and Williams, 2003). The shells utilization (Sallam et al., 2008). Since movement is particularly costly in the terrestrial environment, the crabs must carry their shells all the time and sometimes inadequate ones in function of their size and weight. Little information is available to our knowledge about the pattern of ecological limiting factors on hermit crabs of the Red Sea. The purpose of the present study is to provide a review of field observations to understand ecological limiting factors affecting population of C. scaevola inhabiting a sandy beach in the island of Wadi El-Gemal protected area, Red Sea. As an important step to evaluate the ecological limiting factors affecting population of land hermit crabs, is to analyze the relationship between hermit crabs and gastropod shells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site: The Wadi El-Gemal protected area is located at 50 km South Marsa Alam City on the Egyptian Red Sea coast (35°04’0”E, 24°42’0”N) (Fig. 1). Extensive and intensive works were conducted on a sandy beach of Wadi El-Gemal island and the protected area coast. Four sites namely, office of Wadi El-Gemal protectorate area at south of Shams Alam hotel, south of Ras Bogdady or Torfet El Mashayekh, Ras Hankorab and Marsa Wadi Umm El-abass were chosen to study the negative impact of human activities on the abundance of land hermit crab. Wadi El-Gemal within the hyper arid region characterized by an arid climate and dominated by hot, rainless summers and mild winters. The monthly mean temperature varies between 24‑38°C during summer and 12‑26°C during winter. The coastal regions present a wide variety of habitats, including: muddy, sandy, boulder and rocky shores and mangrove forests. Fig.1: Diagram map indicating the area of sampling at Wadi El‑Gemal, Marsa Alam, Red Sea, Egypt. Some ecological aspects of the C. scaevola at Wadi El-Gemal Red Sea 91 These types of habitats provide a variety of ecological niches for a large number of crustaceans including the hermit crabs. Field trips: A total of 365 individuals of land hermit crab (Coenobita scaevola) were hand-collected, it is occupying seventeen gastropod shell species. The collections were made monthly from August 2007 to July 2008 during diurnal low tides at different habitats of sandy shore of the study area. Crab specimens were fixed in 10 % formalin in sea water and transported to the marine biology laboratory, Department of zoology, Faculty of Sciences Al- Azhar University. Quantitative sample: Twenty quadrates covering different microhabitat through each season were investigated to measure abundance of Coenobita scaevola inhabiting the study area. The area of each quadrate is (1 m x 1 m) one m2. Activity and food foraging of Coenobita scaevola: Active sites were observed for hermit crab activity and food foraging every 30 minutes for a two-hour period starting an hour before sunset. Shell measures: A total 137 shells occupied by land hermit crabs gastropod shells species were identified weighed and measured for shell internal volume and shell aperture width (SAW) and length (SAL) (Fig. 2). Shell weight was obtained by subtracting crab body weight to the total weight (i.e. the weight of shell plus crab). Fig. 2: Diagram of gastropod shell and its aperture Where: SAL = shell aperture length and SAW = shell aperture width. Crab measurements: After, measuring and weighing the occupied shells, crabs were removed from their domiciles by carefully breaking the shells with a vice. Crab specimens were weighed (Wet Weight, WW; TBW), also both length (CL) and width (WL) of crabs chelae were measured (Fig. 3). Measurements were carried out using a 0.1mm venier caliper. Fig. 3 Diagram of Chelae hermit crab dimensions Where: CHL = Chelae length; CHW = Chelae width. 92 Abd Al-Kader M. Hassan et al. Shell identification: Gastropod shell species were identified according to Sharabti (1984) and Rusmore- Villaume (2008). Data analysis: statistical analysis of the data and its corresponding graph were performed using Statistic ver.7 program software. To determine correlations between the dimensions of hermit crabs and occupied shells, regression analyses were performed (Spearman test) and by correlation coefficients using the power function equation (Y=a.X b ) RESULTS A total of 365 individuals hermit crab of Coenobita scaevola were obtained for all measurements for each of the land hermit crab and shells occupied by the same (total body weight of hermit crabs, length and width of chelae as well as shell weight, length and width of shell aperture, and volume of internal shells) (Table 1), among these 137 were used for frequency measurements of occupied shells by the land hermit crabs. The hermit crabs were found occupying seventeen species of gastropod shells (Plates 1, 2, and 3) in different frequency and relative frequency respectively (Fig. 4 a & b). Data showed that, Nerita sanguinolenta was clearly the most occupied (28 shell, being 20%), followed by Volema paradisiaca nodosa (25 shell, being 18%), and Turbo radiates (15 shell, being 11 %) respectively. On the other hand, Nerita orbignyana, Cerithium rueppelli and C. adansonii were occupied only by lower percentage values (only one shell, being 1%). Table 1: Variations of measurements for both land hermit crab (Coenobita scaevola) and the occupied shell species. Shell measurements Coenobita scaevola measurements Occupied gastropod average average average average average average shell Species average shell shell aperture shell aperture Shell Chelae Chelae total body volume / ml3 length / cm width / cm weight/g length / cm width / cm weight /g Bursa granularis 2.2 1.4 5.0 7.0 1.1 0.9 2.0 Cerithium adansonii 1.3 1.1 4.1 11.0 0.9 0.9 2.3 C.