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Illustrated Atlas on the Zoobenthos of Kuwait

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Illustrated Atlas on the Zoobenthos of Kuwait ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT Faiza Y. Al-Yamani, Valeriy Skryabin, Natalya Boltachova, Nikolai Revkov, Mikhail Makarov, Vladimir Grintsov and Elena Kolesnikova Illustrated Atlas on the Zoobenthos of Kuwait Faiza Y. Al-Yamani, Valeriy Skryabin, Natalya Boltachova, Nikolai Revkov, Mikhail Makarov, Vladimir Grintsov and Elena Kolesnikova Illustrated Atlas on the Zoobenthos of Kuwait Published in Kuwait in 2012 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait Copyright © Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2012 All rights reserved Design by Mariposa Marketing & Advertising Creative Director: Melad Helani Printed and bound by Lucky Press First Edition Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher) ISBN 99906-41-40-4 No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or manual, including photocopying, recording or by any information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MACROZOOBENTHOS FROM KUWAIT 11 WATERS SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF ZOOBENTHOS SPECIES FROM KUWAIT 13 WATERS IDENTIFICATION AND TAXONOMY OF BENTHIC SPECIES FROM KUWAIT 30 WATERS Phylum CNIDARIA 30 Class HYDROZOA 30 Order Thecata 30 Family Campanulariidae 30 Class ANTHOZOA 31 Order Actiniaria 31 Phylum ECTOPROCTA 34 Class GYMNOLAEMATA 34 Order Cheilostomata 34 Family Bugulidae 34 Family Schizoporellidae 36 Phylum PHORONIDA 36 Phylum ANNELIDA 38 Class POLYCHAETA 38 Subclass Aciculata 38 Order Amphinomida 38 Family Amphinomidae 38 Order Eunicida 40 Family Dorvilleidae 40 Family Eunicidae 42 Family Lumbrineridae 44 Family Onuphidae 48 Order Phyllodocida 50 Family Chrysopetalidae 50 Family Glyceridae 52 Family Goniadidae 56 Family Hesionidae 57 KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Nephtyidae 58 Family Nereididae 61 Family Pilargiidae 64 Family Phyllodocidae 67 Family Polynoidae 68 Family Syllidae 70 Subclass Canalipalpata 72 Order Sabellida 72 Family Sabellidae 72 Family Serpulidae 74 Order Spionida 77 Family Chaetopteridae 77 Family Magelonidae 78 Family Poecilochaetidae 79 Family Spionidae 80 Order Terebellida 83 Family Ampharetidae 83 Family Cirratulidae 86 Family Flabelligeridae 88 Family Pectinariidae 91 Family Sternaspidae 92 Family Terebellidae 93 Family Trichobranchidae 94 Subclass Scolecida 96 Family Capitellidae 96 Family Cossuridae 100 Family Maldanidae 101 Family Paraonidae 104 Family Opheliidae 109 Family Orbiniidae 110 Phylum ECHIURA 113 Class ECHIUROIDEA 113 Order Echiurida 113 Family Echiuridae 113 Family Ikedidae 114 ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT TABLE OF CONTENTS Phylum SIPUNCULA 115 Class SIPUNCULIDEA 115 Order Golfingiida 115 Family Phascolionidae 115 Class Phascolosomatidea 118 Order Phascolosomatida 118 Family Phascolosomatidae 118 Phylum BRACHIOPODA 118 Class LINGULATA 118 Order Lingulida 118 Family Lingulidae 118 Phylum MOLLUSCA 120 Class POLYPLACOPHORA 120 Order Neoloricata 120 Family Ischnochitonidae 120 Class GASTROPODA 121 Subclass Caenogastropoda 121 Family Cerithiidae 121 Family Cerithiopsidae 126 Family Naticidae 127 Family Cassidae 128 Family Planaxidae 129 Family Littorinidae 130 Family Vermetidae 131 Family Epitoniidae 132 Order Hypsogastropoda 132 Family Caecidae 132 Family Calyptraeidae 133 Family Conidae 135 Family Columbellidae 135 Family Turridae 137 Family Costellariidae 138 Family Muricidae 139 Family Mitridae 145 Family Ranellidae 145 KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Cypraeidae 146 Family Cystiscidae 149 Family Iravadiidae 151 Family Eulimidae 152 Family Nassariidae 153 Family Rissoidae 156 Family Strombidae 157 Family Drilliidae 159 Family Terebridae 160 Family Tonnidae 161 Family Vanikoridae 162 Order Neogastropoda 162 Family Olividae 162 Family Buccinidae 164 Subclass Heterobranchia 165 Order Heterostropha 165 Family Acteonidae 165 Family Architectonicidae 167 Family Amathinidae 168 Family Pyramidellidae 169 Family Ringiculidae 173 Order Heterobranchia 174 Family Omalogyridae 174 Infraclass Opisthobranchia 175 Order Cephalaspidea 175 Family Haminoeidae 175 Family Bullidae 177 Family Cylichnidae 178 Family Retusidae 179 Family Scaphandridae 180 Order Basommatophora 181 Family Siphonariidae 181 Order Cycloneritimorpha 182 Family Neritidae 182 Order Eupulmonata 183 ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Ellobiidae 183 Order Nudibranchia 184 Family Dotidae 184 Family Eubranchidae 185 Family Flabellinidae 186 Family Tergipedidae 187 Order Sacoglossa 188 Family Limapontiidae 188 Subclass Vetigastropoda 189 Family Fissurellidae 189 Family Phasianellidae 190 Family Trochidae 191 Family Turbinidae 197 Order Systellommatophora 199 Family Onchidiidae 199 Class BIVALVIA 200 Subclass Heterodonta 200 Order Carditoida 200 Family Carditidae 200 Order Euheterodonta 202 Family Periplomatidae 202 Family Galeommatidae 202 Family Cardiidae 203 Family Chamidae 205 Family Corbulidae 207 Family Lasaeidae 208 Family Donacidae 209 Family Psammobiidae 210 Family Kelliidae 212 Family Lucinidae 213 Family Mactridae 213 Family Semelidae 215 Family Tellinidae 216 Family Veneridae 223 Family Trapezidae 235 KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Solenidae 235 Family Lucinidae 236 Subclass Pteriomorphia 237 Order Arcoida 237 Family Arcidae 237 Family Glycymerididae 241 Family Noetiidae 243 Order Mytiloida 244 Family Mytilidae 244 Order Pectinoida 246 Family Pectinidae 246 Family Spondylidae 247 Order Nuculanoida 248 Family Yoldiidae 248 Family Nuculidae 248 Family Ostreidae 249 Family Malleidae 252 Family Pinnidae 252 Family Pteriidae 253 Class SCAPHOPODA 254 Order Gadilida 254 Family Gadilidae 254 Order Dentaliida 255 Family Dentaliidae 255 Phylum ARTHROPODA 256 Subphylum CRUSTACEA 256 Class MAXILLOPODA 256 Infraclass Cirripedia 256 Order Sessilia 256 Family Balanidae 256 Class MALACOSTRACA 259 Order Amphipoda 259 Suborder Gammaridea 259 Family Ampeliscidae 259 Family Ampithoidae 261 ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Cyproideidae 264 Family Corophiidae 265 Family Isaeidae 268 Family Ischyroceridae 271 Family Lysianassidae 272 Family Melitidae 273 Family Oedicerotidae 275 Family Platyischnopidae 276 Family Urothoidae 277 Suborder Caprellidea 279 Family Pariambidae 279 Family Photidae 280 Order Tanaidacea 281 Family Apseudidae 281 Order Isopoda 283 Family Anthuridae 283 Family Arcturidae 284 Family Gnathiidae 285 Order Cumacea 286 Family Bodotriidae 286 Family Nannastacidae 290 Order Mysida 291 Family Mysidae 291 Order Decapoda 292 Infraorder Caridea 292 Family Alpheidae 292 Infraorder Achelata 294 Family Scyllaridae 294 Infraorder Anomura 295 Family Hippidae 295 Family Diogenidae 297 Family Porcellanidae 300 Infraorder Thalassinidea 302 Family Callianassidae 302 Infraorder Brachyura 304 KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Camptandriidae 304 Family Dotillidae 304 Family Grapsidae 306 Family Leucosiidae 307 Family Majidae 308 Family Camptandriidae 309 Family Ocypodidae 310 Family Portunidae 311 Family Xanthidae 312 Family Macrophthalmidae 316 Subphylum CHELICERATA 318 Class PYCNOGONIDA 318 Order Pantopoda 318 Family Ascorhynchidae 318 Family Phoxichilidiidae 318 Phylum ECHINODERMATA 320 Subphylum Asterozoa 320 Class OPHIUROIDEA 320 Order Ophiurida 320 Family Amphiuridae 320 Family Ophiotrichidae 323 Subphylum Echinozoa 323 Class ECHINOIDEA 323 Order Echinothuroida 323 Family Diadematidae 323 Family Echinometridae 323 Order Spatangoida 325 Family Brissidae 325 Order Temnopleuroida 326 Family Temnopleuridae 326 Order Cidaroida 327 Family Cidaridae 327 Order Clypeasteroida 328 Family Clypeasteridae 328 Family Astriclypeidae 329 ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT TABLE OF CONTENTS Class HOLOTUROIDEA 330 Order Aspidochirotida 330 Family Holothuriidae 330 Order Dendrochirotida 331 Family Phyllophoridae 331 Class ASTEROIDEA 332 Order Valvatida 332 Family Asterinidae 332 Phylum HEMICHORDATA 332 Class ENTEROPNEUSTA 332 Order Enteropneusta 333 Family Harrimaniidae 333 Phylum CHORDATA 334 Subphylum UROCHORDATA 334 Class ASCIDIACEA 334 Order Aplousobranchia 334 Family Polyclinidae 334 Order Phlebobranchia 335 Family Ascidiidae 335 Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA 336 Class LEPTOCARIDII 336 Order Amphioxiformes 336 Family Branchiostomidae 336 Subphylum VERTEBRATA 338 Class ACTINOPTERYGII 338 Order Perciformes 338 Family Gobiidae 338 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BENTHIC SPECIES FROM THE WATERS OF 341 KUWAIT AND ROPME SEA REFERENCES 360 INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES 364 KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PREFACE “Let every individual and institution now think and act as reponsible trustee of Earth, seeking choices in ecology, economics and ethics that will provide a sustainable future, eliminate pollution, poverty and violence, awaken the wonder of life and foster peaceful progress in the human adventure.” John McConnell Founder of International Earth Day 12i ILLUSTRATED ATLAS ON THE ZOOBENTHOS OF KUWAIT PREFACE This illustrated guide includes the common macrozoobenthos species inhabiting selected locations of Kuwait’s intertidal and subtidal areas during the summer, fall, winter and spring seasons. Material for the study was collected from 17 stations in December 2004; from five stations in Kuwait Bay during December 2009 and March, June and September 2010; and from 16 stations from November
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