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The Cost of Home: Local Models + National Policy for Affordability

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The Cost of Home: Local Models + National Policy for Affordability THE COST OF HOME Local Models + National Policy or A ordability The Cost of Home Curated and written by Sue Mobley and designed by Justin Shiels of This Creative Venture, with research and design assistance by Shoshana Gordon. Who We Are The Exhibit The Albert and Tina Small Center for The Cost of Home exhibit works to demystify Collaborative Design is the community design the landscape of affordable housing by center of the Tulane School of Architecture. visualizing the programs, policies, and Small Center brings together students, design politics that have shaped and continue community-based organizations, and faculty to shape New Orleans and the nation, to advance design in New Orleans. During the while expanding understanding of public past 11 years, Small Center has collaborated intervention in the market and the role on over 85 projects and is recognized as a of policy in shaping outcomes. Through leader in the field of public interest design. case studies, the exhibit contextualizes the limited range of current models of design Small Center offers a variety of curricular and program to providing housing for low to and public services from technical design moderate income residents in New Orleans assistance to research, advocacy, and while proposing underutilized alternatives. educational programming. Client driven design, deep engagement with a broad range As part of the Center’s ongoing Affordable of stakeholders, and a highly collaborative Housing research thread, The Cost of Home process characterize Small Center’s project builds on a series of panels and projects that based work. Each project is initiated by a work to expand our engagement with the community-based organization through the public towards a more equitable city. This Center’s annual Request for Proposals and exploration includes past projects with Jane projects range from small built structures Place Neighborhood Sustainability Initiative, to graphic explorations of design that help Jericho Road, Greater New Orleans Fair organizations connect with funders and Housing Action Center, and Greater New developers. Orleans Housing Alliance, along with related panel discussions and guest speakers. The Center also uses design tools to create graphic materials to explain city-wide issues and to empower citizens to advocate for positive change in our community, from protecting renters’ rights to addressing Why Digitize lead contamination in drinking water. To As a community design center and as part encourage exchange across disciplines and of a university, we want to make important expertise, Small Center offers exhibits, information accessible and available to the workshops, and discussions year-round. public. Affordable housing in New Orleans is a far-reaching issue that intersects with many In the past two years, Small Center has other problems in the city; we think this organized three different exhibits – Oretha exhibit will provide much needed information Castle Haley Boulevard: Past, Present, Future; to people who live and work in New Orleans, Locating New Orleans: An Exploration on from renters and landlords, to policy makers Shaky Ground; and now, most recently, The and affordable housing non-profits. Cost of Home: Local Models and National Policy for Affordability. HOW DID WE GET HERE? A look at policy and events on a national and local timeline. 1890 1930S NATIONAL NATIONAL Jacob Riis’s How The Other Half Lives is published. Under the strain of the Depression, labor unions Its descriptions and photographs of the conditions struggle to maintain their worker housing of life in the tenements on New York’s Lower East cooperatives, begun as a logical expansion of union Side draw media attention to ‘slum districts’ and efforts for a safer work environment. builds support for Progressive reform efforts. 1929-1935 1896-1915 NEW ORLEANS NEW ORLEANS New Orleans population rises by 60,000, but Drainage systems installed in back of town only around 2,000 new private dwellings swampland, clearing new land for development are constructed. towards the lake. Beginning in 1905, new houses are built in Lakeview, followed by Broadmoor, and lower lying parts of Gentilly. 1932-1947 NATIONAL Federal Government establishes Federal Home Loan 1880-1930 Bank Board, Federal Savings and Loan Insurance NATIONAL Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association Mass Immigration from Europe change the (V.A. home loans), Housing Home Finance Agency demographics of industrializing cities in the and through the National Housing Act of 1934, the Northeast and West, adding 25 million new Federal Housing Administration. Americans and causing overcrowding of tenements. Great Migration 1933 First wave of the Great Migration brings 1.5 NATIONAL million Blacks north, where housing segregation and violence limit the expansion of established Redlining Black neighborhoods, causing overcrowding and The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation is created exacerbating dangerous living conditions. and introduces the practice of redlining, marking in red ink swaths of neighborhoods in cities in which banks discouraged lending. It rated white neighborhoods as the least risky and black 1914-1918 neighborhoods as the most. When the Federal WWI Housing Administration opened its doors a year later, it adopted the same practices. As a result, 98 percent of the loans the FHA insured between 1934 1920S and 1962 went to white borrowers. NATIONAL Private philanthropy and public health 1935 organizations work to address concentrations of poverty and disease through slum clearance. NATIONAL Derelict buildings are destroyed and replaced by Eminent Domain new model tenements; displacing families to other New York City Housing Authority v. Muller slum districts and replacing them, in much smaller upholds the use of eminent domain in pursuit of numbers, with the “worthy poor.” public projects, including slum clearance and low cost housing construction. 1927 Great Mississippi 1937 NATIONAL River Flood Housing Act of 1937 Also known as the Wagner-Steagall Act, provides subsidies from the federal government to local public housing agencies for improving living 1929-1939 conditions for low-income families. Great Depression 1937-1938 NEW ORLEANS The Housing Authority of New Orleans (HANO) reports that 50 percent of New Orleans housing is in substandard condition and 40 percent of all dwellings are below levels of minimal acceptance. 1937-1943 1962 NEW ORLEANS President Kennedy signs EO 11063, Equal The first city to benefit from the federal US Opportunity in Housing, banning discrimination in Housing Act, HANO begins building segregated federally subsidized housing. public housing projects in 1937, including the St. Thomas and Iberville (White) projects, along with BW Cooper/Calliope and CJ Peete/Magnolia (Black) projects; the St. Thomas project is the first contract 1963 in the country to be signed by President Roosevelt under the US Housing Act. JFK assassination 1939-1945 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of WWII 1964, which outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, focusing on voting rights, school choice and workplace 1945 discrimination. Pointedly, this landmark act does not address housing discrimination. NATIONAL With the end of World War II, a grateful nation makes available vast amounts of credit to returning NEW ORLEANS HANO desegregates all public housing projects in soldiers, who can borrow money through the GI New Orleans. Bill to buy their dream homes in the suburbs. The Veterans Administration and the FHA officially The Melpomene projects are built as a 12 story high support racial covenants banning African rise building in Central City. Americans in new suburban developments until 1950, refusing to underwrite loans that would bring “incompatible” racial groups into newly created white areas. 1965 NEW ORLEANS 1949 Hurricane Betsy NATIONAL NATIONAL American Housing Act of 1949 authorizes Urban Department of Housing and Urban Development Renewal, and sets a goal of, “a decent home and (HUD) is created to consolidate disparate federal suitable living environment for every American housing programs in a cabinet-level agency within family” to be enacted in part by building 100,000 the federal government. public housing units a year for 10 years. Through the 1950s and 60s, Urban Renewal, further funded by the Housing Act of 1954, supports local governments’ use of eminent domain in the 1966 development of highways, slum clearance, public housing projects, and downtown development. Model Cities Program Derelict buildings are destroyed and replaced by new model tenements; displacing families to other slum districts and replacing them, in much smaller 1967 numbers, with the “worthy poor.” Nationwide Riots 1954 NATIONAL 1968 Brown v. Board of Education NATIONAL Brown v. Board of Education establishes that Kerner Commission separate is never equal, opening the door to school The Kerner Commission’s searing conclusion on integration and a new wave of legal challenges to the race riots of 1967 — that the United States was Jim Crow. However, school integration also prompts “moving toward two societies, one black, one white “White flight,” hastening the movement of White — separate and unequal” — is enshrined in the working and middle class families and their tax history books. What is less well-remembered was dollars, from urban centers and into the suburbs. the basis for that finding. The commission blamed housing segregation for the riots. “What white NEW ORLEANS Americans
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