Chapter 10 Nantong Municipal Archives, Dasheng Business Enterprises Collection I¥71Llif
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Chapter 10 Nantong Municipal Archives, Dasheng Business Enterprises Collection i¥71llif~~tg*!t1t*~~ Introduction The Nantong Municipal Archives (Nantong shi dang'anguan mli tjrijf; ~ij) was established in 1959. It has more than 260 collections, with a total of 100,655 volumes of documents. The archive is particularly noted for its documentary collection on Zhang Jian Y&f:. (1853-1926) and his Dasheng business enterprises. Zhang Jian and His Dasheng Business Enterprises Zhang Jian (zi: Jizhi $1r.; hao: Se' an if~) earned a reputation for his activities in business, education, and politics. Despite receiving the highest honor in the Qing metropolitan civil service examination, Zhang's faith in commerce as a means to national salvation (as signified in the phrase "enterprise to save the nation" shiye jiuguo jf~$>l!l) prompted him to seek a career outside the imperial bureaucracy. In 1895, Zhang returned to Nantong from Beijing hoping to raise capital for a textile factory. Four years later, his Dasheng Textile Mill (Dasheng shachang .:fci.f.O.'Jit) was in full operation. Although most Chinese capitalists struggled during the years before and after the Revolution of 1911, Zhang's mounting profits encouraged him to invest in a second mill in 1913. Although Zhang's goals of political reform and local self-government met with disappointment, his economic success continued. The years during and after World War I were particularly profitable, and he opened two more mills in 1922 and 1923. But Zhang's business interests were not confined to industrial production. In 1901 he formed the Tonghai Reclamation Company (Tonghai kenmu gongsi li~f:t5c0-if.J) to tqmsform the Nanhuai salt-yard region of Jiangsu's coastal Tonghai district into farmland. Between 1914 and 1922, almost half of the 45 companies operating in the Tonghai area either belonged to Zhang's Dasheng consortium or had some kind of relationship with it. Besides commerce, Zhang also viewed education as an essential building block of national development. He founded China's first teacher-training institution, Tongzhou Normal School (Tongzhou shifan xuexiao ll1·1'1 $ipfB~~), in Nantong in 1902 and the country's first modern museum, the Tongzhou Museum (Tongzhou bowuyuan litH rt#./f!1), in 1905. Furthermore, over the years he set up dozens of technical schools and institutes specializing in agriculture, textiles, medicine, and other professions and assisted in establishing over 300 public and private elementary schools in Nantong county alone. In terms of higher education, Zhang played an instrumental role in the founding of China's first teacher's college, Three Rivers Normal School 110 Chapter 10 Nantong Municipal Archives (Sanjiang shifan xuetang .=:.:ti~rp~~~)-the earliest precursor to Nanjing University-and helped finance Zhendan Public School (Zhendan gongxue I: .EL-0-~), also called Fudan Public School (Fudan gongxue it.EL-0-~), which later became Fudan University in Shanghai; Hehai Special School (Hehai zhuanmen xuexiao ~PJ~.$. F~ ~{St), later Nanjing Hehai University (Nanjing hehai daxue it]JjOPJ~*~); Shanghai Wusong Commerce and Shipping School (Shanghai wusong shang chuan xuexiao J:..~~Jt~ ~ $-~{St); and the Suzhou Railroad School (Suzhou tielu xuexiao ** 3+1 ~ft.}~~), among others. The Nantong Municipal Archives holds an estimated 10,000 volumes of Dasheng documents. In addition, the Nantong Library has a small collection of published books and periodicals related to Zhang Jian and his enterprises. Part of the Nantong Library's documentary collection has recently been published in the six-volume Zhang Jian quanji *-l-±1t (Comprehensive collection of Zhang Jian) (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1994). Economic History Archives I. Zhang Jian This collection contains correspondence between Zhang Jian and important historical figures such as Sun Yat-sen, Yuan Shikai, Han Guojun ~I i5:J, and high officials of the late Qing. Some of these letters, for example, reveal Zhang's attitudes toward the Sino-Japanese War, Empress Dowager Ci Xi, and the Reform Movement of 1898. The collection also contains information on his Dasheng businesses, a three-volume set of paternal instructions to his son, Zhang Xiaoruo (~ #-*), and collections of Zhang's personal inscriptions, couplets, and notes. In addition, the Nantong Municipal Archives houses published works relating to Zhang Jian's life. These include Zhang Jian riji ~-~- E1 ~E (Zhang Jian's diaries), Zhang Jizhi zhuanji **11. 1* ~E (Biography of Zhang Jizhi), Zhang Jizhi jiulu *$1Ln~ (Nine records on Zhang Jizhi), Se Weng kenmu shoudie ti,T t~ ~15c. -f-ftt. (The Venerable Se' s correspondence on land reclamation and livestock raising), Tongzhou xingban shiye zhi lishi iiJI'IJ!-1Jff~*.±..JJf.R (The industrial history of Tongzhou), and Ershinian lai zhi Nantong ~ +.1f *-.±..it] :ii (Nan tong in the past twenty years). The Nantong Municipal Archives also houses records pertaining to Zhang Jian's activities in agriculture and water conservancy. In fact, the records of the Huainan salt-yard companies are the only extant papers in China documenting the transition from traditional small-scale farming methods to large-scale agricultural production. In terms of water conservancy, in 1911 Zhang funded technical teams to survey the Huai River system. He also served terms as superintendent of the Huai River (dao-Huai duban ~SliftJ.$). Plans, maps, charts, and other papers related to Zhang's Huai River projects are available at the Nantong Municipal Archives and the Nantong Library. 111 .