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Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE September 2014 Twentieth Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018. INDIA September 2014,Twentieth Issue 1 Journal of Indian History and Culture Board of Editors Dr. K. V. Raman Dr. Nanditha Krishna Editor : Dr.G.J. Sudhakar Referees Dr. A. Chandrsekharan Dr. V. Balambal Dr. S. Vasanthi Dr. Chitra Madhavan Dr. G. Chandrika Published by Dr. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 / 2435 9366 Fax : 91-44-24351022 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org ISSN : 0975 - 7805 Layout Design : M. Mariappan Sub editing by : Mr. Narayan Onkar Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 1 issue) Rs. 290/- (for 2 issues) 2 September 2014,Twentieth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS Pre-historic cultural sequence in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh Dr. D.Mercy Ratna Rani & Dr. P.C.Venkata Subbiah 7 Sea-faring Aryans S. N. Arya 29 Kanchipuram in Sangam literature J. Sumathi 35 Trade during the Sangam Age as depicted in Sangam Literature Dr. S. Babu 43 Epigraphy and folk medicine Dr. K.G. Vasantha Madhava 63 Bhadrakali worship in Kerala Nanditha D Prabhu 73 Embracing Christianity: Tracing Parathavar conversion in the light of sixteenth century socio-political ruptures Dr.Vinod Vincent Rajesh 92 Jaina institutions Dr.T.Surya Prakash 113 Status of women in the period of Rajaraja I Dr. M. Valliammal 132 Education as a tool for social change– a Study of the educational works of the basel Evangelical Mission in Malabar Dr. M. Madhavan 147 Parlakhemundi under Gajapati Raj family Dr. N.P.Panigrahi 160 September 2014,Twentieth Issue 3 Journal of Indian History and Culture Financial eevelopment in Travancore under Col.Munro P. Junais 169 Tribal Culture- a case study of religious adaptations of Lambadis (Banjaras) G. Krishnan 178 Local chiefs versus British: A study of Chittoor Palegars’ revolt, 1804-05 Dr. Mohammed Mustafa 206 The Oriyas and their social evolution- the economic and cultural condition in Ganjam- a case study Dr. Ramesh Chandra Sahu 218 Historical status of legislative processes in Travancore Dr. P. Anil kumar 229 The episode of Gandhi’s presidentship of the Indian National Congress (1911) Dr. Prabha Ravi Shankar 248 The contribution of the Corporation of Madras to elementary school education in the city of Madras Dr. G.J. Sudhakar 258 Genesis of the Communist Party in Kerala T. Ajayan. 265 BOOK REVIEWS Sanskrit Education and Literature in Ancient and Medieval Tamil Nadu - An Epigraphical Study - Chithra Madhavan by G.Balaji 281 Indigenous and Western Medicine in Colonial India by Madhuri Sharma by Dr. S. AnanthaKrishnan 285 4 September 2014,Twentieth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture EDITOR’S NOTE The Journal is going strong. Looking from any angle- it is fine! Quality or Quantity – refereeing or ISSN number: everything is there! But still we are ambitious. We would like our contributors to send abstracts of their research articles along with the key words in the beginning of their papers. I would like to thank Prof. V. Balambal, Prof. A. Chandrasekharan, Prof. G. Chandhrika, Dr. S. Vasanthi and Dr. Chithra Madhavan for sparing their valuable time to referee our papers. Coming back to the discussion of the Journal, this 20th issue is truly All-India in its composition. We have a good paper from Prof. S.N. Arya of Magadh University and another from Mumbai by Dr. Prabha Ravi Shankar of S.N.D.T. Women’s University. Orissa and Andhra Pradesh scholars continue to show a lot of interest in our Journal. Kerala is joining in these days. Tamilnadu has to improve its contribution. Most of the papers are well researched. We have encouraged not only younger scholars but also new scholars to contribute to this issue. Senior scholars like Dr. K.G. Vasantha Madhava of Karnataka continue to evince interest in publishing in our Journal. We are requesting a few scholars to revise their papers and send it back to us for publishing in the 21st issue of the Journal. Dr. S. Ananthakrishnan of A.M. Jain College, Chennai, has reviewed Madhuri’s Sharma’s brilliant work on “Western and Indigeneous Medicine”. Mr. G. Balaji of The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation has reviewed Dr. Chithra Madhavan’s “Sanskrit Education in Ancient and Medieval Tamilnadu” for this issue. We are grateful to them. I would like to thank Dr. Nanditha Krishna, Mrs. Malathy Narasimhan, Mr. Narayan Onkar, Mrs. V. Santhanalakshmi and all other staff members of the Foundation who were associated with the publishing of this Journal. Dr. G. J. Sudhakar September 2014,Twentieth Issue 5 Journal of Indian History and Culture 6 September 2014,Twentieth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture PRE-HISTORIC CULTURAL SEQUENCE IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH Dr. D. Mercy Ratna Rani Asst.Professor Dept.of History, Archaeology & Culture Dravidian University, Kuppam Chittoor District, A.P.. & Dr. P.C. Venkata Subbiah Asst.Professor Dept.of History, Archaeology & Culture Dravidian University, Kuppam Introduction Chittoor District, A.P. “Pre-history deals with a vast, illimitable period stretching back to the dim past, during which time there was no writing of any kind” [H.D.Sankalia 1974]. The term pre-history was first used by Daniel Wilson in 1851. Like any other areas in India, research on Pre-history in Andhra Pradesh dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of pre-historic relics in the form of Paleoliths was made by C.A.E. Oldham in Rayachoti Taluk of Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh as far back as 1864. Since, then a number of individual scholars and institutions have carried out investigations into the Stone Age cultures in different parts of Andhra Pradesh. The pre-historic period is mainly divided into two: Paleolithic culture and Mesolithic culture and the former further divided into Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic cultures. These two periods basically represent the hunting-gathering communities that fall within the time span of Middle Pleistocene to the Early Holocene. The artefactual assemblages of these cultures in Andhra Pradesh represent typo- September 2014,Twentieth Issue 7 Journal of Indian History and Culture technologically a cross-cultural feature and show some affinities to those from other parts of India. The area The district is bounded on the east by Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and Chinglepet district of Tamilnadu, on the west by Kolar district of Karnataka, on the north to a greater extent by Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh and on the south by North Arcot and Dharmapuri districts of Tamilnadu. It is roughly divided into two geographical regions, namely (1) the hills and uplands (2) the plains. The Eastern Ghats are the most extensive range of hills which enter the district in the Kuppam taluk, forming the southwestern corners. There are no perennial rivers in the district. Some of the important minor rivers flowing in the district are the Papaghni pincha, Koudinya, Palar, Ponne, Arani, Suvarnamukhi, Bahuda, Kalyani and Kusathali. Apart from the above mentioned rivers, the Pedderu and Chinneru are the smaller rivers that flow in the district. The plateau region of the district has an elevation ranging from 305 to 457 m. MSL. Most of the area is occupied by pre-Cambrian granites which are highly magmatised and do not possess any important mineral content economically workable. Cuddapah and Upper Gondwans occur as outliers at one or two places. More than three-fourths of the area is occupied by Archaeans which are the oldest rocks belonging to Dharwarian system with basic intrusions. 8 September 2014,Twentieth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture An outline of the pre-historic cultures in the region: Lower Paleolithic Culture [500,000-55,000 BP] The Lower Paleolithic in Andhra Pradesh belonged to pebble tool as well as Achulian techno-complex. The tools are both bifacial and unifacial. The tool assemblages include hand axes, cleavers, picks, polyhedrons, discoids, choppings tools, scrapers and flakes. The techniques employed for the manufacture of tools were block- on-block, stone-hammer and cylinder hammer. The latter was especially used for the finishing of tools by secondary retouch. There are numerous open air sites in primary and semi primary contexts. Quartzite is the major raw material used for tools although other materials like sandstone and even quartz are reported to have been used to a minor extent. A majority of the sites are found in the horizons associated with red soils, red loam and a few with black soils. Middle Palaeolithi culture [55,000-30,000BP] The Middle Palaeolithic culture is dominated by flake tools. The tool assemblages are miniature hand axes, cleavers, scrapers, awls, borers, points, flakes and thus represent the techniques used for the manufacture of tools such as stone hammer, cylinder and levallois. The stone hammer technique is used for the initial dressing of cores; while the cylinder hammer technique is used to shape the tools by further working and secondary retouch. Levallois is a specialized technique employed whereby the core is worked and the flake struck off as such that core needs no further working. Quartzite was the most preferred raw material for the production of this industry and most was associated with red soils and red loam. Site dimensions indicate that human groups of this period consisted of few members of a small band to large groups occupying areas near water sources for short periods to prolonged occupations at some places where resource potentials September 2014,Twentieth Issue 9 Journal of Indian History and Culture are found enough to sustain their economy for a considerable period of time.