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Reproduksi Simbolik Inom Dalam Struktur Budaya Orang Dani Di Lembah Baliem, Jayawijaya

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Reproduksi Simbolik Inom Dalam Struktur Budaya Orang Dani Di Lembah Baliem, Jayawijaya DISERTASI REPRODUKSI SIMBOLIK INOM DALAM STRUKTUR BUDAYA ORANG DANI DI LEMBAH BALIEM, JAYAWIJAYA INOM SYMBOLIC REPRODUCTION IN DANINESE CULTURAL STRUCTURE IN BALIEM VALLEY, JAYAWIJAYA Disampaikan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Mendapatkan Gelar Doktor Pada Program Studi Antropologi Oleh : GERDHA K.I. NUMBERY P0900312405 PROGRAM PASCASARJANA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN Makassar, 2018 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur yang tak terhingga kupanjatkan kepada Tuhan Allah atas anugrah dan pertolonganNya menyertai perjalanan studi hingga di akhir penulisan disertasi ini. Disertasi yang berjudul Reproduksi Simbolik Inom Dalam Struktur Budaya orang Dani Di Lembah Baliem, Jayawijaya telah menjadi suatu karya studi yang dicapai dengan perjuangan yang panjang dan menjadi suatu pengalaman berharga dalam mermaknai proses perjalanan hidup saya. .Ketika memulai studi di Program Pascasarjana FISIP Unhas ini, berbagai tahapan telah dilalui, kuliah tatap muka, penulisan proposal, ujian kualifikasi, ujian proposal, hasil penelitian dan penulisan naskah disertasi merupakan suatu proses tuntutan kegiatan akedemik yang ketat, berbagai tantangan dan suka-duka pun menjadi bagian dalam proses ini namun semuanya dapat dilalui dengan baik. Untuk itu pertama-tama saya memberi apresiasi kepada teman-teman seperjuanganku, mahasiswa S3 antropologi Unhas angkatan 2012 yang telah dipromosikan gelar doktoralnya, Pa Yahya, Pa Laode, Pa Asyer, Ibu Ivon dan Ibu Yuli, terima kasih untuk kebersamaannya, telah berbagi pengetahuan dan memberikan motivasi untuk menyelesaikan studi ini. Penyelesaian disertasi ini tentunya tidak berarti sama sekali jika hanya mengandalkan kemampuan diri sendiri. Lewat pertolongan Tuhan bantuan dari berbagai pihak telah memberikan dukungan yang optimal. Untuk itu pada kesempatan ini, ungkapan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang sebesar-besarnya penulis menyampaikan kepada : Bapak Prof. Dr. H Pawennari Hijjang, MA selaku Promotor dan Bapak Dr. Johoszua R. Mansoben, MA dan Dr. Munsi Lampe, MA selaku Ko-Promotor, yang penuh kesabaran dan ketulusan hati telah meluangkan waktu membimbing penulis dalam menyelesaikan disertasi ini. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya juga kepada Tim Penguji/Penilai, Bapak Prof. Mahmud Tang, MA, Bapak Prof. Dr. M. Yamin Sani, MS, Bapak Dr. v Enos Rumansara, M.Si dan Bapak Dr. Tasrifin Tahara, M.Si yang dengan penuh kesabaran dan ketulusan hati telah meluangkan waktu memberikan bimbingan dan saran yang konstruktif untuk menyempurkan disertasi ini. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada para dosen atas bimbingan dan pengetahuan yang diberikan selama mengikuti perkuliahan di Program S3 Antropologi FISIP Unhas. Kepada Bapak Prof. Hamka Naping, MA, Bapak Prof.Dr. Supriadi Hamdat, MA, Ibu Prof. Nurul Ilmi Idrus, Ph.D, Prof Dr. Darmawan Salman, M.Si, Bapak Prof. Dr. Dadang Ahmad Suriatmiharja, M.Eng, Dr. Moh. Basir, MA, dan Dr. Anshar, M.Si Demikian capaian ini menjadi bagian dari dukungan struktural dan kepedulian empatik banyak pihak dan berkenan penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih.: 1. Rektor Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar, Prof. Dr. Dwia Ariestina Pulubuhu, MA yang telah memberikan kesempatan kepada penulis untuk melanjutkan studi di Universitas kebanggaan kita bersama. 2. Direkturr Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin beserta asisten Direktur I, II, dan III. 3. Dekan FISIP Universitas Hasanuddin, Bapak Prof. Dr. Andi Alimuddin Unde, M.Si 4. Ketua Program Studi S3 Antropologi FISIP Universitas Hasanuddin, Bapak Prof. Dr. H. Pawenarri Hijjang, MA, selaku Ketua Tim Promotor ku, yang selalu mengkomunikasikan hal-hal berkaitan dengan proses perkuliahanku. 5. Bapak-Ibu staf administrasi yang telah melayani ku sepanjang proses penyelesaian studi ini; bapak Muhammad Idris, Bapak Irman Dardy, Bapak Yunus, Ibu Muassirah, Ibu Kasmawati, Ibu Darma, Ibu Ima, Ibu Rosmina dan Bapak Ismail. Tak lupa juga, kepada Bapak Andi Lukman yang menyisihkan waktu menfasilitasi pengurusan jurnal. 6. Rektor Universitas Cenderawasih Papua, Dr. Onesimus Sahuleka, SH, MH yang telah memberikan kesempatan dan dorongan kepada vi penulis untuk melanjutkan studi pada jenjang S3 di Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. 7. Dekan FISIP Uncen Bapak Dr. Septinus Saa, M.Si yang telah memberikan izin untuk melanjutkan Studi S3 di Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar. 8. Ketua Jurusan Antropologi Uncen dan rekan-rekan sekerja, Ibu Dr. Marlina Flasy, Bapak Dr. S. Abdi Frank, M.Si, Bapak Drs. Frans Apomfires, M.Si, Bapak Andi Rumbiak, M.Si, Bapak Agus Samori, M.Si, Bapak Agus Wenehen, M.Hum, Bapak Dr. Akmad Kadir, M.Hum, Ibu Dr. Ivonne Poli, M.Si,Ibu Dr.Lenny Manalip, M.Si, dan Adik Emillie Mansoben, Christin Sanggenafa dan Simson M, yang senantiasa memotivasi saya dalam menyelesaikan studi ini. 9. Bupati Kabupaten Jayawijaya, Bapak John Wempi Wetipo yang telah memberikan rekomendasi untuk melaksanakan penelitian di wilayah Lembah Baliem. 10. Kepala Distrik Kurulu, Bapak Yuda Dabi, S.Sos yang telah memberikan izin melaksanakan penelitian di Kurulu, Jayawijaya. 11. Pengelolah kampung wisata Sompaima, Bapak Yonas Mabel, Bapak Ananias Mabel dan warga kampung Jiwika Bapak N. Sorabut, Kepala kampung Jiwika Ibu H. Logo dan Sekretaris Kampung Jiwika Bapak Daven Dabi. Bapak dan Ibu Liberius Mabel, Bapak dan Ibu Linus Oaigai dan warga Kurulu yang telah melayani penulis selama melaksanakan penelitian. 12. Adik Niko Asso dan Selvi Yeimo, sebagai rekan kerja selama melaksanakan penelitian di Kurulu. Keterlibatan adik berdua sangat membantu penulis dalam proses pengumpulan data di lapangan. Akhirnya kebahagian ini juga merupakan bagian dari refleksi pengorbanan orang-orang yang telah menyatu dalam kehidupan penulis Peran dan dukungan dari orang-orang tercinta, yaitu orang tuaku, bapa tersayang Alex Numberi (Alm), dan mama tersayang F Wanenda yang senantiasa mendoakan perjalanan studi ini. Kaka tersayang (Alm), Seppy vii Numberi yang tidak sempat menyaksikan kebahagiaanku. Kedua adik ku, Mama Beth, Om Yes dan juga Mama Len, terima kasih banyak untuk bantuan doa dan dukungannya selama proses studi ini. Keponakan- keponakan ku, kaka Apin, Yen, Etos, terima kasih telah meringankan tanggung jawab ku yang ku tinggalkan selama mengikuti pendidikan ini. Untuk suamiku tercinta Frits Y Mambrasar, terima kasih banyak untuk kesabaran dan pengorbanannya. Kedua anakku tercinta, Laura Virginia Mambrasar dan Emmanuel Mambrasar, terima kasih untuk pengertiannya telah memberikan kesempatan kepada mama untuk melanjutkan studi ini. Akhirnya atas segala bantuan dari semua pihak yang telah diberikan kepada saya, kiranya Tuhan Sumber Berkat senantiasa menyertai dan memberkati kehidupan bapak/ibu. Amin. Makassar, 23 Januari 2018 Gerdha K. I. Numbery viii ix DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL ………………………………………………….. i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ………………………………………… ii ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….. iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………... iv KATA PENGANTAR ………………………………………………… v DAFTAR ISI ………………………………………………………….. ix DAFTAR TABEL …………………………………………………….. xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ………………………………………………….. xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ………………………………………… 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ……………………….. 1 1.2 Masalah Penelitian ……………………………... 15 1.3 Pertanyaan Penelitian ………………………….. 18 1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ……………………………….. 18 1.5 Manfaat Penelitian …………………………….. 19 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA KONSEP …. 21 2.1 Tinjauan Pustaka ……………………………….. 21 2.1.1 Penelitian Sebelumnya ………………………… 21 2.1.2 Kajian Penelitian Perubahan dan Buku Teks .. 28 2.2 Kerangka Konsep ………………………………. 30 2.2.1 Struktur Budaya ………………………………… 30 2.2.2 Simbol ……………………………………………. 36 2.2.3 Reproduksi Kebudayaan ………………………. 39 2.2.4 Habitus dan Arena dari Bourdieu …………….. 42 ix BAB III PROSES PENELITIAN ………………………………….. 48 3.1 Setting Penelitian ……………………………….. 48 3.2 Jenis Penelitin …………………………………... 49 3.3 Subyek Penelitian ………………………………. 51 3.4 Lokasi Penelitian ………………………………... 52 3.5 Waktu Penelitian ………………………………... 53 3.6 Teknik Pengumpulan Data …………………….. 53 3.7 Analisa Data …………………………………….. 56 3.8 Pengalaman Peneliti …………………………… 57 BAB IV DESKRIPSI LOKASI PENELITIAN …………………….. 61 4.1 Lokasi dan Lingkungan Alam …………………. 61 4.2 Demografi ……………………………………….. 68 4.3 Sejarah Asal-Usul Orang Dani ………………... 73 4.4 Beberapa Aspek Budaya Orang Dani ………... 79 4.4.1 Pola Pemukiman Tradisonal …………………... 79 4.4.2 Sistem Mata Pencaharian Hidup ……………… 94 4.4.3 Sistem Kekerabatan ……………………………. 102 4.4.4 Sistem Perkawinan ……………………………... 114 4.4.5 Sistem Kepemimpinan …………………………. 120 4.4.6 Sistem Perang …………………………………... 126 4.4.7 Sistem Religi …………………………………….. 129 BAB V INOM : KEBERADAAN LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN 146 DALAM STRUKTUR BUDAYA ORANG DANI ………... 5.1 Struktur Simbolik Dunia Laki-laki dan Perempuan dalam Kebudayaan Orang Dani … 147 5.1.1 Ruang Kosmologi ………………………………. 147 5.1.2 Ruang Silimo ……………………………………. 157 5.1.3 Ruang Berladang Tradisonal ………………….. 164 5.1.4 Kelompok Klen Senior …………………………. 170 x 5.1.5 Kepemimpinan Adat ……………………………. 174 5.1.6 Benda-benda Perang …………………………... 179 5.2 Transformasi Budaya Orang Dani Melalui Struktur Inom ……………………………………. 185 BAB VI PERJUMPAAN DENGAN ORANG LUAR DAN 194 PERUBAHAN STRUKTUR BUDAYA ORANG DANI … 6.1 Aksesibilitas Dunia Luar : Perjumpaan Awal Orang Dani Dengan Dunia Luar ……………… 195 6.1.1 Ekspedisi Bangsa Eropa Dan Pertemuannya Dengan Orang Dani ……………………………. 196 6.1.2 Kontak Intensif Orang Dani Lewat Missionaris dan Lembaga Pemerintahan Belanda ……….. 204 6.1.3 Integrasi Orang Papua (Orang Dani) ke Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia ……….. 210 6.2 Kompleksitas Budaya : Dinamika Realita Kehidupan Orang Dani
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