Studia Quaternaria, vol. 31, no. 1 (2014): 39–50. DOI: 10.2478/squa-2014-0004

PALYNOL OGY AND AR CHAEOLOGY OF LATE VISTULIAN AND EARLY HOLOCENE SITES IN LUBUSKIE LAKE DISTRICT, WESTERN

Iwona Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka Pol ish Acad emy of Sci ences, In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy and Eth nol ogy, Cen tre for Pre his toric and Me di eval Research, ul. Rubie¿ 46, 61-612 Poznañ, Poland, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Ab stract The Lubuskie Lake Dis trict played an im por tant part in recolonisation of the Pol ish Plain due to its loca tion and the char ac ter of the ter rain. De spite that, it is and es pe cially its north ern part, poorly ex plored re gard ing both his tory of Late Glacial and early Holo cene settle ments, and the natu ral envi ron ment. The paper presents results of multidiscipli- nary re search in this area. The most spec tacu lar dis cover ies were connected with remains of settle ments of the Ham- burgian cul ture so ci et ies at Myszêcin – cur rently the rich est site of this cul ture over the en tire North Eu ro pean Plain. In the vicin ity of this site several Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settle ments of varied functions were recorded. First palynological re cords came from the Youn ger Dryas sed i ments in this area. In a log with a palynological spec trum compris ing Youn ger Dryas and the be gin ning of the Ho lo cene, a char coal dust was found and it could in di cate hu man ac tivity as humans lived at a lake shore. An impor tant comple ment to the image of the Late Glacial settle ment at the Lubuskie Lake District was pro vided by the re search near Lubrza that re sulted in data re gard ing set tle ments of the Federmesser and Œwiderian cul ture so ci et ies. This re gion was not typ i cal in a palynological spec trum of de posits dur - ing AllerÝd but also in di cated highly di ver sified thick ness of basal peat in a small area.

Key words: Lubuskie Lake District, Late Vistulian, Early Holo cene, palynology, archae ology.

Manuscript received 2 September 2013, accepted 15 May 2014

IN TRO DUC TION In recent years, a number of Late Palaeo lithic and Early Mesolithic ar chae o log i cal sites have been dis cov ered and in - Ar eas which have been scarcely ex plored are partic u - vesti gated by ex cava tions in the north ern part of the Lu- larly inter est ing for multidisciplinary research. The Lubuskie buskie Lake District (Fig. 1). Among those, only the site 42 at Lake District and espe cially its north ern part is among such Lubrza (Kabaciñski, Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011a–c) enabled regions. There have been partial studies of both the history of multidisciplinary stud ies that per mit ted multi-as pect anal y sis the Late Gla cial and early Ho lo cene set tlements (Kobusie- of the set tle ment, be gin ning with flint in ven to ries, through wicz, 1999; Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011) and the natu ral envi - ra dio car bon dat ing up to re con struc tion of nat u ral en vi ron - ronment (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, 2005). Palynological re - ment which, to a large extent, enabled devel op ment of the search was conducted in Sulechów area at Pomorsko and the set tle ments. sites at , Liny, and Wojnowo, all Among the crucial aims of the re search carried through described by archae ol o gists as the Wojnowo region (Fig. 1). by both geoscientists and human ists is direct corre la tion be- Reg u lar ex ca va tion have been car ried out in ces santly in tween trans for ma tions of nat u ral en vi ron ment and di ver si- the Wojnowo region since 1968 by Micha³ Kobusiewicz on fied ar chae o log i cal ev i dence. be half of the then In sti tute of Ma te rial Culture His tory (at pres ent In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy and Eth nol ogy) of the Po- lish Acad emy of Sci ences and eleven ar chae o log i cal sites STUDY AREA were ex am ined (Fig. 1). They were mainly camps of so ciet ies The Lubuskie Lake Dis trict is lo cated be tween the Go- from the ear li est pre his tor i cal pe ri ods, be gin ning with the rzów Basin in the north, the Middle Oder Valley in the south first hu man groups that were the rein deer hunt ers, who and the topo graphic low used by the Obra River in the east recolonized the area of the Polish Plain at the termi na tion of (Kondracki, 2009). The varied terrain of this area was for- the Pleisto cene, through the settle ments of hunter-gath erers med by the Scandi na vian ice sheet during its advance and re- in the Mid dle Stone Age, un til the early Lausatian cul ture of treat, in cluding also a glaciofluvial activ ity. The pla teaus and the Bronze Age (Kobusiewicz, 1999). ice-mar ginal streamways cre ated lat i tu di nal land strips, sep - 40 I. OKUNIEWSKA-NOWACZYK & I. SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA

Fig. 1. Palynological and impor tant Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites in the Lubuskie Lake District (drawing by P. Szejnoga, A. Tabaka). 1 – Oœno Lubuskie, site 7 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2010a, b), 2 – Lubrza, site 42 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka 2011a, b), 3 – Lubrza, site 11 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011a, b), 4 – Lubrza, site 10 (Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2013), 5 – Lubrza (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, 2011a), 6 – Myszêcin, site 19 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2012), 7 – Myszêcin (Okuniewska- Nowaczyk, 2013, 8 – Wilenko, site 16 (Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2013), 9 – Wilenko, site 13 (Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2013), 10 – Liny, site 1 (Kobusiewicz, 1973), 11 – Liny (Kobusiewicz et al. (1987), 12 – Wojnowo, sites ‘a’ and 2 (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1988; Kobusiewicz, 1999), 13 – Wojnowo (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.), 14 – Wojnowo, site 3 (Bobrowski, 1996), 15 – Chwalim, site 1 (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1993), 16 – Chwalim (Wasylikowa, 1993), 17 – Pomorsko, site 1 (Kobusiewicz et al., 1987), 18 – Pomorsko (Tobolski, 1972 in Nowaczyk 1976; Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.), 19 – Smolno Wielkie (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.). arated by longi tu di nal river gorges. Due to its landscape, this likowa (1993) dedi cated an en tire exten sive chapter of area has been at trac tive for the Late Gla cial so ciet ies in terms Chwalim’s monograph to the history of vege ta tion at the site. of camp lo ca tion and con ve nient hunt ing ter ri to ries. Other chapters also included results of a dendrological and In 1960s inter disci plin ary studies were carried out in the malacological anal ysis con ducted by A. Dziêczkowski area of Sulechów (sites: Chwalim, Liny, Pomorsko, Smolno (1993a, b). Wielkie, Wojnowo), located in the –Berlin Prado- A mono graph of the Wojnowo site (Kobusiewicz et al., lina (War saw–Berlin ice-marginal streamway); as well as in in press) is being prepared for publi ca tion. the Basin and the Krosno Odrzañskie reach of the The area of Jordanów–Niesulice tun nel val ley is the cen - Mid dle Oder Val ley. tre of in ves ti ga tion at pres ent. This area is lo cated to the west The Pomorsko site under went a mutli-aspect analy sis: of the Lubrza–£ugów–Rzeczyca end mo raines of the Poznañ geol ogy done by Nowaczyk (1974, 1976, 1978, 1979) and phase of the last Scandi na vian glaci ation (Kozarski, 1995; Nowaczyk et al. (1985) (Fig. 2), palynology by Tobolski ¨ynda, 1963, 1967). (1972 in: Nowaczyk, 1974, 1976) (Fig. 3), malacology by Urbañski (in: Nowaczyk, 1976), Alexandrowicz (1980) and Alexandrowicz and Nowaczyk (1982), archae ology by Ko- STAGE OF RE SEARCH busiewicz (1973, 1996, 1999 and in: Nowaczyk, 1976) and Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski (1991), pedology by Kowal- Two stages of research can be distin guished in devel op - kowski (1977a, b) and ra diocar bon dating (Pazdur et al., ment of Late Palaeo lithic and Mesolithic set tle ments at the 1979; Nowaczyk et al., 1985). Lubuskie Lake District. The ear lier one, was car ried out in Ar chae o log i cal and en vi ron men tal stud ies were com - the Wojnowo region and the more recent one was connected pleted for the Liny site (Kobusiewicz et al., 1987) and with res cue ar chae o log i cal ex ca va tions con nected with con - Chwalim (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1993). K. Wasy- struction of highways and ring roads. LATE VISTULIAN AND EARLY HO LOCENE SITES 41

Fig. 2. Pomorsko. A – phases and subphases of the Vistulian Gla ci ation af ter Kozarski (1995), B – geomorphological map show ing the sourroundings of Pomorsko after Nowaczyk (1979). 42 I. OKUNIEWSKA-NOWACZYK & I. SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA

Fig. 3. Pomorsko. A sim pli fied pol len di a gram of organic de posits fill ing a bot tom of a subglacial tun nel val ley af ter Tobolski (1972, in: Nowaczyk, 1976).

Research in the southern part of the Lubuskie scope of explor atory research in this area, result ing in loca - Lake Dis trict tion of the Liny site, as well as other Late Palaeo lithic and Mesolithic camps (Kobusiewicz, 1999). The post-second world war history of research on the Wojnowo region Wojnowo re gion dates back to the end of 1960s. The studies The re gion is located ca. 100 kilo metres to the west of re sulted in ex ca va tion of 11 Palaeo lithic, Mesolithic and Poznañ, at crossing of natu ral commu ni ca tion routes, in a para-Neo lithic sites at Smolno Wielkie, Liny, Pomorsko, drain age ba sin of two small rivers (Gni³a Obra and Ko- Wojnowo and Chwalim, and were fragmentarily published panica), limited in the south by a northern edge of the War - (Kobusiewicz et al., 1987; Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, saw–Berlin ice-mar ginal streamway. Ar chae o log i cal re - 1992, 1993). Si multa neously, surface survey and test exca - search in the Wojnowo region was initi ated in 1920s by Otto vations carried out in the valleys of the Gni³a Obra River and Dobrint, a German ama teur ar chae ol o gist and a teacher from the Obra River and along the edge of the Warsaw–Berlin Wielka Wieœ. We owe him our knowledge about the Late ice-marginal streamway resulted in discov er ing 24 sites from Palaeo lithic sites at Chwalim, Liny, Wojnowo and Smolno the Early and Middle Stone Age. A research in the Wojnowo Wielkie. He also car ried out ex plor atory re search in the vi - region has been con ducted in coop era tion with J. Bower from cinity of Babimost and Kargowa. Among the sites mentioned Iowa State Univer sity in Ames, Iowa, USA, since 1984 earlier, the most promi nent was the Hamburgian culture site (Kobusiewicz, 1996). The aim of the research was to com - at Liny, from which three finds were pub lished in a mono - pare cultural de vel op ment of the Late Palaeo lithic and Meso- graph by Rust (1943). The notes of Dobrint inspired a wide lithic hunter-gath erers of the North Euro pean Plain and the LATE VISTULIAN AND EARLY HO LOCENE SITES 43

Ta ble 1 Wojnowo, site 2. Radio car bon dating compar i son: uncor rected age in years BP and after cali bra tion with the program OxCal v. 4.2.3 (Bronk Ramsey, Lee 2013); appli ca tion available on https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html

Age BC/AD Site Material Lab. no. 14C BP* 68.2% 95.4% Wo 2 char coal Gd-2976 9,880 ± 170 9,762 – 9,202 10,046 – 8,833 Wo 2 char coal Gd-2975 10,130 ± 120 10,049 (56.4%) – 9,650 10,277 – 9,314 Wo 2 char coal Gd-5045 10,260 ± 100 10,218 (63.3%) – 9824 10,562 – 9,558 Wo 2 char coal Gd-6096 10,340 ± 130 10,472 (67.7%) – 10,013 10,633 – 9,692 Wo 2 char coal Gd-2577 12,540 ± 120 13,148 – 12,578 13,252 – 12,272 *Accord ing to Kobusiewicz (1999) so ciet ies from the Palaeo-In dian Stage of the Ar chaic Stage Lake Babimojskie–Tuchola (Kobusiewicz, 1999; Figs 1, 4). in the middle-east ern United States, who lived in a simi lar Just like at the site Wojnowo ‘a’, flint artefacts had no pre- natu ral envi ron ment (Bower and Kobusiewicz, 1988, 2002). served stratigraphic sequence in the soil hori zons A and B to a depth of 1 m. The accu mu la tion, ca. 13 m in diam e ter, Liny formed an irreg u lar oval in which 3 pits were distin guished, 30–70 cm deep, with pink ish tinge in filling caused by pres- The site 1 at Liny is the ear liest explored Pol ish site of the ence of hema tite. In the north-western part of the site there Hamburgian culture soci et ies that recolonized the Polish was a round hearth, ca. 125 cm in di am eter, built of burnt Plain af ter deglaciation of the area. It was discov ered dur ing rocks. From the explored area of 77 m2 ca. 3000 flint artefacts surface surveys in 1928 by Dobrint and it was in vesti gated by were exca vated. These were con nected with a settle ment of him during exca va tions in 1940. In late 1960s the site was the soci et ies of a Pedunculated Tanged Points Technocom- dis cov ered again and ex plored dur ing three con sec u tive sea - plex (Kobusiewicz, 1999). Charcoal from a peat bog adja - sons by Kobusiewicz (1973). cent to the site was radio car bon dated (Ta ble 1). The site was lo cated in sand and gravel outwash ter race at the north ern edge of the Lake Ma³e Liny, at an western Pomorsko edge of a ditch link ing this reser voir with the Lake W¹- chabno. Both lakes occurred at the south-west ern end of the The site is located at a top of a high dune ridge being a exten sion of the Nowy Tomyœl outwash, cut with water - part of a dune several kilo metres long, which is ad jacent to a courses that emerged in the Leszno Phase of the last Scandi - res er voir that was cre ated by melting of a buried dead ice navian glaci ation (Fig. 2). As a result of the research 932 artefacts made of Cre taceous er ratic flint were found and connected with a settle ment of the Hamburgian culture soci - eties (Kobusiewicz, 1975).

Wojnowo, site ‘a’ The site was located at the northern end of Wojnowo vil- lage or more precisely, at a south-eastern shore of the south- ern end of the Lake Babimojskie–Tuchola, near the isth mus between the Lake Wojnowskie and the Lake Babimojskie (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1988; Figs 1, 4). The artefacts were found at the top of the sand and gravel terrace, carved out by a rib bon lake in an outwash youn ger than the Poznañ Phase of the last glaci ation (Nowaczyk, 1976). A num ber of accu mu lations of flint were found at the site, with two of them being later explored. As many as 10,000 items of flint artefacts were depos ited to 0,8 m depth but with out any pre- served stratigraphic se quence. All artefacts were made of Cre taceous erratic flint. Tech - no log i cal and ty po logi cal struc ture of ma te ri als in di cated that the inven tory could be connected with soci et ies of a technocomplex with Pedunculated Tanged Points that oc cu- pied the Polish Plain, mainly during the Younger Dryas.

Wojnowo, site 2 Fig. 4. Wojnowo. Stra te gic loca tion of the Late Palaeo lithic and Mesolithic sites at Lake Tuchola and Lake Wojnowskie, Digi tal The site was lo cated at a sandy gravel shore of the Lake Ter rain Model (N-33-140-D-a-3) after Kobusiewicz (2008), modi - Wojnowskie, near a narrow isthmus that sepa rated it from the fied. 44 I. OKUNIEWSKA-NOWACZYK & I. SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA

Ta ble 2 Pomorsko, site 1. Radio car bon dating compar i son: uncor rected age in years BP and after cali bra tion with the program OxCal v. 4.2.3 (Bronk Ramsey, Lee 2013); appli cation available on https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html

Age BC/AD Site Place Material Lab. no. 14C BP* 68.2% 95.4% Pomorsko 1; Pr no. 2 hearth char coal Gd-2700 7,330±100 6,260 (60.7.%) – 6,070 6400 – 6020 Pomorsko 1; Pr no. 10 hearth char coal Gd-2704 7,740±100 6,656 – 6,464 7021 – 6412 Pomorsko 1; Pr no. 9 out side hearth char coal? Gd-2701 6,660± 90 5,646 – 5,512 5728 – 5472 *Accord ing to Kobusiewicz (1999)

(Figs 1, 2). The dune occurred in a ravine of the 1st and 3rd that the settle ment could have been connected with the mid- ter races of the War saw–Berlin ice-marginal streamway (No- dle Preboreal Pe riod (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1993). waczyk, 1976). The area near Pomorsko has been ex am ined A history of palynological re search dates back to 1970s. in detail since 1966 and flint pieces with traces of process ing It was then that Tobolski (1972, in: Nowaczyk, 1976) com - by humans were found on a proxi mal slope of a dune pleted an analy sis of depos its from the site at Pomorsko. He (Nowaczyk, 1976). The artefacts were handed over to M. proved that depo si tion of organic depos its began in the pine Kobusiewicz, who conducted detailed and special ized ar- phase of AllerÝd, however, due to some inter fer ence a paly- chae o log i cal re search in 1970–1971. nological spec trum of the Late Vistulian is fragmen tary only Un for tu nately, plen ti ful re mains of the Palaeo lithic set - (Fig. 3; Table 4). When archae olo gists were invited to partic - tlement were cov ered by equally abun dant re mains of a later ipate in re search, the re gion became a sub ject of inter est to Mesolithic set tle ment and it has been vir tu ally impos si ble to geoscien- tists once again. Studies were completed for the dif fer en ti ate flint in ven to ries tax o nom i cally base on a strati - fol low ing sites: Liny (Kobusiewicz et al., 1987), Chwalim graphic se quence or a type of mate rial. The only cri terion (Kobusiewicz and Kabaciñski, 1993), Wojnowo (Kobu- used to dif feren tiate the artefacts was a typology of flint tools siewicz and Kabaciñski, 1988, 1992; Bobrowski, 1996; Bo- and cores (Kobusiewicz, 1999). browski et al., 2013; Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.), The later, Mesolithic stage of the set tle ment in this area Smolno Wielkie (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.). Unfor - (Table 2) was corre lated with the At lantic Period, basing on tunately, they did not encom pass the entire unin ter rupted radio car bon dating of charcoal in a shallow pithouse with time scope of the Late Vistulian and the Ho lo cene (Ta ble 4). hearths inside. Burnt ani mal and human bones were found in A his tory of the transi tion of the Late Vistulian veg e ta tion the north-western and middle part of the site (Kobusiewicz was recorded in depos its of differ ent ori gin: in sand with de- and Kabaciñski, 1991). tri tus, in gyttja and peat of varied thickness. The earli est de- posits – from the pre-AllerÝd period – were found at Liny (Kobusiewicz et al., 1987). Na ture of de po si tion, in clud ing Chwalim preva lent presence of sand with a lit tle amount of plant de tri- The site was lo cated at a sand and gravel ter race, at an tus, resulted in a fragmen tary palynological spectrum only. edge of a peat-filled oxbow lake (Schild, 1993). The flint in - At the sites Smolno Wielkie and Wojnowo organic depo si - ventory with 226 items was exca vated from the lower or- tion began during Younger Dryas. The palynological dia - ganic lay ers ad jacent to the edge of the sand and gravel gram from the site Wo 3 depicted an image of this inter val terrace of the Gni³a Obra River. Apart from the flint artefacts, that it was var ied through out the time (Fig. 5). It re mains still bones of a deer (Cervus elaphus), an elk (Alces alces) and a dis put able to what ex tent it has re sulted from sed i menta tion bi son (Bi son bonasus) were found. Ra diocar bon dating (Ta- and to what extent it reflected changes of climate condi tions. ble 3) and palynological re search of K. Wasylikowa re vealed

Ta ble 3 Chwalim, site 1. Radio car bon dating compar i son: uncor rected age in years BP and after cali bra tion with the program OxCal v. 4.2.3 (Bronk Ramsey, Lee 2013); appli cation available on https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html

Age BC/AD Bed Material Lab. no. 14C BP* 68.2% 95.4% 9,140 (36.4%) – 8,970 Basal part of Bed 2 char coal Gd-1164 9,565± 90 9,234 – 8,658 8,947(31.8%) – 8,797 Top of bed 2 wood Gd-1165 9,385± 75 8,756 – 8,564 9,116 (92.5%) – 8,352 9,120 (25.8%) – 9,004 Top of bed 2 / very base of bed 2a char coal Bln-1766 9,500± 75 8,218 (4.0%) – 8,896 9,151 – 8,629 8,866 (37.6%) – 8,710 *Accord ing to Schild (1993) LATE VISTULIAN AND EARLY HO LOCENE SITES 45

Ta ble 4 Lubuskie Lake District. The age of depos its from the sites exam ined with pollen analysis

Sites Smolno Wielkie Wojnowo Wojnowo Chwalim I/77 Chwalim 1/78 Liny Pomorsko Pomorsko SM W-2 Wo-2 Wo-3 (anal. K.W.) (anal K.W.) (anal. I.O-N.) (anal. K.T.) (anal. I.O-N.) Chronol ogy (anal. I.O-N.) (anal. I.O-N.) (anal. I.O-N.) Subatlantic Subboreal At lan tic Bo real Preboreal Youn ger Dryas AllerÝd Pre-AllerÝd Black – uninetrrupted sedimentatioon; dark-grey – inter rupted or epi sodic sed imen ta tion; light-grey epi sodic sed imen ta tion, chronol ogy ubcertain; I. O-N – Iwona Okuniewska-Nowaczyk; K.W – Krystyna Wasylikowa; K.T – Kazimierz Tobolski

Research in the northern part of the Lubuskie lithic and Mesolithic settle ments that played var ied func - Lake Dis trict tions: from camps of the Œwiderian cul ture so ci et ies at Wi- lenko site 16 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2010a, b; Re cently, num ber of Late Gla cial ar chae o log i cal sites Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2013), to traces of pene tra tion of this have been dis covered and exam ined, mainly during rescue area by the aforementioned societies at Wilenko sites 9 and ex ca va tions. Palaeoenvironmental research was also car ried 10 (Bobrowski, 2010a, b). out for each of those sites. Moreover, remains of camps of Mesolithic hunter-gath - erers were recorded in the form of dwelling structures and flint artefacts. The sites 13 and 16 at Wilenko were par ticu - The Myszêcin re gion larly in ter est ing. A lim ited set of artefacts orig i nat ing pre - The most spec tac u lar dis cov er ies were con nected with sum ably from the Early Mesolithic hearth was discov ered at remains of set tlements of human groups that colo nized the the first site and a rel a tively large col lection of artefacts from Pol ish Plain just af ter ice sheet re treat, namely the Ham- Early Mesolithic camp at the second one (Sobkowiak-Ta- burgian cul ture so ciet ies. The site 19 at Myszêcin, where baka, 2013). nearly 12,000 flint artefacts were discov ered, is currently the Within the project that was completed this year, multi- rich est site of this culture in the whole North Euro pean Plain dis ciplin ary stud ies were car ried out near Myszêcin at the site (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2012; Fig. 1). Traces Wilenko (Fig. 1). First palynological records in the de posits of the Hamburgian hunters’ were also dis covered at Oœno Lu- at this site came from the Youn ger Dryas. In the palynolo- buskie site 7 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2010a, b) gical spectra from both that pe riod and the be ginning of the as well as at ¨ó³win site 10 (Kabaciñski et al., 1998). Holo cene a charcoal dust was found, which could indi cate The site Myszêcin was lo cated on the north-east ern slope hu man ac tiv ity, be cause human groups lived at a lakeshore. of a small valley created by a left-bank tribu tary of the Obra Because of a sedi ment gap, the next infor ma tion about the River in the vi cinity of the Poznañ–Berlin highway. Re mains palaeoenvironment came from the Subboreal Period only of the set tlement of the Hamburgian culture soci et ies oc- and was incom plete. As the palynological dat ing proves, curred on the east ern valley slope of a small wa ter course that sup ported by ra dio car bon dat ing (3985±35 14C BP, Poz- is completely bur ied at pres ent. Dur ing the re search 13 ac cu - 43653), a part of the sedi men tary sequence from ca. 4000 mula tions of flint mate rial were found. They encom passed years ago was preserved (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, unpubl.). the area of 80–250 m2 and most artefacts were lo cated within the hori zon B of the contem po rary soil, 50–60 cm below the Oœno Lubuskie surface (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2012). Both loca tion of the site at an edge and a slope of an ex- The site at Oœno Lubuskie was lo cated on a ter race of a pansive valley and pres ence of depres sions with out out flow former subglacial tunnel valley (Fig. 1). Origi nally, the val- and spots of marshland within the area of the valley close to ley bottom was mantled with a peat, but it has been exploited the site have hinted at the pos sibil ity of discov er ing not only to make room for fish ponds. Anthropogenic transfor ma tions fur ther ar chae o log i cal sites con nected with Late Palaeo lithic pre vented ob tain ing un touched de pos its for palynological set tlements, but also organic and mineral depos its of the Late examination. Pleis to cene, con nected with the set tle ment chro no log i cally. Res cue ex ca va tions con nected with con struc tion of a The aforemen tioned loca tion of the site together with results ring road at Oœno Lubuskie turned out that the settle ment re- of res cue ex cava tions were the rea son for sys tematic ex plor - mains formed a pe cu liar pa limp sest. In di vid ual artefacts atory works in the area of the Hamburgian site at Myszêcin. were re corded, indi cat ing pene tra tion of this area by the As a re sult, a number of ar chae o log ical sites were dis cov ered Hamburgian culture soci et ies at the begin ning of the Late and ex ca vated. The sites were con nected with Late Palaeo - Gla cial. They were cov ered by settle ment traces of the Œwi- 46 I. OKUNIEWSKA-NOWACZYK & I. SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA derian cul ture so ci et ies con nected with sev eral con cen tra - kowski, 1966; Nowaczyk, 1994, 2008; Tobolski, 2003; tions of flint mate rial (Younger Dryas/Preboreal pe riod?), B³aszkiewicz, 2005, and others). In the exam ined reser voir a followed by traces (two dwell ing structures and numer ous peat was up to several dozen centi metres thick, but var ied flint artefacts) of so ci et ies liv ing at a cusp of the Bo real and across even closely lo cated cores. Such sig nif icant dif fer - Atlan tic periods (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, ences in thickness were proba bly a result of varied micro-re - 2010a, b) lief favour able to emergence of micro-hab i tats and en abling de vel op ment of veg e ta tion that re quired dif fer ent hab i tat condi tions. A highly varied level of decom po sition of a peat Lubrza might re flect a sedimentatary envi ronment. As far as re con - An impor tant comple ment to the image of the Late Gla- struc tion of the set tlement pro cesses was con cerned, it was of cial set tle ment at the Lubuskie Lake Dis trict was pro vided by inter est to deter mine both extent of the reser voir in specific re search near Lubrza. It resulted in collec tion of data re gard - pe ri ods of Late Vistulian and its char ac ter i.e. ac ces si bil ity to ing set tlements of the Federmesser and Œwiderian cul ture so - Palaeolithic humans. In order to deter mine this, a detailed ciet ies (Fig. 1). Re mains of the former so ciet ies, pres ence of geo log i cal doc u men ta tion has be ing con ducted by nu mer ous which was gen er ally as so ci ated with AllerÝd, was re corded drillings along more than ten sections across the organic in two ac cu mula tions of flint artefacts at Lubrza site 42 accumulation plain. This was accom panied by palaeobotanic (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011a–c) and one bac- examination and radiocarbon dating of cores. ked-blade at the neigh bouring site 8 (Py¿ewicz et al., 2008). Results of res cue ex ca va tions en cour aged to a more de tailed DIS CUS SION ex plo ra tion of the Late Palaeo lithic set tle ment in this area within a sepa rate re search pro ject. This year’s re search, con - Sys tematic research in the Lubuskie Lake Dis trict was not ducted already within the aforemen tioned project, has con - only a multidisciplinary one, as it has been a standard in mod ern firmed pres ence of settle ment re mains of the Federmesser inves ti gations, but also by posed questions and seeked an- cul ture soci et ies also at Lubrza site 10. swers, put both by a geoscientist and an archae ol o gist. Re mains of the set tle ment of the Œwiderian cul ture so ci - Par tic u larly valu able was the ex am i na tion of tran si tions eties were re corded at three sites: at Lubrza, namely 42, 11 of nat u ral en vi ron ment in a re gional di men sion. De spite a (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011a, b; Sobkowiak- high accor dance between chronostratigraphy based on corre - Tabaka, 2011) and 37 (Fig. 6). Remains of the Mesolithic la tion with the Greenland oxy gen iso tope curves and the in de- hunters-gath er ers were also known from other sites at Lubrza: pendent chronol o gies, a scope of its use in regional contexts, 10, 11 and 42 (Kabaciñski and Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2011b, c; and es pe cially local ones, was very limited. Be cause of this, Sobkowiak-Tabaka, 2013). for years there have been po- stulates in liter a ture to cre ate a The site 42 at Lubrza provided in ter est ing data regard ing new pan-re gional scheme based on results of differ ent palaeoenvironment of the Late Vistulian start ing from BÝl- environmental markers from respec tive regions (Litt et al., ling (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, 2011a, b). They were charac - 2001, 2003; de Klerk, 2004). ter ized by sub stan tial vari abil ity of de pos its and veg e ta tion The stud ies in the Lubrza region rep resented such nature succes sion, differ ent than in a tra ditional scheme (Fig. 7). It of research. Among the aims of these studies there was recon - seemed pos si ble that it man i fested vari abil ity of hy dro log i cal struc tion of the reser voir both in time and in space. Was there and/or cli matic con di tions. Palynological spec tra of AllerÝd a sin gle large lake dur ing Late Vistulian or were there several repre sented a record of not very dense birch-pine forests, fol - buried ice blocks of differ ent size, covered with sedi ments of lowed by pine-birch forests, to display a smaller share of pine dif fer ent thick ness and hence melting at a dif fer ent pace? Is at the boundary of gyttja only, thus indi cat ing differ ent char- there any cultural diver sity of settle ment around the reser - acter from a conven tional bipartition of this period to a youn- voir? Can the ex istence of traces of a so ciety of a given cul - ger birch phase and an older pine phase. A lower participa- ture at one shore of a water res er voir, and the lack thereof at tion of Pinus sylvestris at the final stage of AllerÝd could re- an other be a re sult of the size of this lake? Was the res er voir flect a drop of tem per a ture, in di cat ing the up com ing Youn - at the time of its ac tiv ity smaller and were the artefacts later ger Dryas. un der water? To answer these questions, it has been planned The above mentioned problems were inves ti gated by after a detailed geomorphological and geolog i cal study to multidisciplinary re search within a special in ter na tional pro - conduct a palaeobio logi cal anal ysis of the cores obtained ject under taken at the site 10. Already previ ous geomorpho- along the shore of the fossil water reser voir in order to recon - log i cal and palynological stud ies cor rob o rated a vary ing struct vege ta tion during suc ces sive phases of Late Vistulian. thickness of organic depos its in a small area. Both the first A de ter mi na tion of the age of veg e ta tion tran si tions recorded explor atory drill ing (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, 2011b) and in biogenic deposits will be corroborated by numerous ra- the transects per formed within the project (Ratajczak- diocarbon datings. Szczerba et al., 2013) indi cated high di versity of thickness of Moreover, the site at Lubrza is one of few that provided a basal peat, starting from none through layers several centi- pos si bil ity for com plete re con struc tion of nat u ral en vi ron - metres thick and up to 80 centi metres. Emergence of such a ment con ditions for the entire Late Vistulian and the Ho lo- peat was con nected with dead-ice melt ing during warm cli- cene, owing to a sequence of organic layers spanning this ma tic os cil la tions. In light of sci en tific lit er a ture, a thick ness period. This was indi cated not only by palynological analy - of organic depos its set directly on a mineral substrate could sis, but also by radio car bon dating of the plant macrofossils be equal from several up to more than 10 centi metres (Wiêc- (Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, 2011a). A con tin u ation of the re- LATE VISTULIAN AND EARLY HO LOCENE SITES 47 search of that scope was an oppor tu nity to cre ate a bench mark site for that area, which would become a refer ence point in the stud - ies of tran si tions of the nat u ral en vi ron ment during Late Vistulian and early Holocene. The recog ni tion of these issues was fun- da men tal to the de lib er a tions on the set tle - ments of hunter-gath erer so ci et ies, which were highly depend ent upon the envi ron - mental condi tions in which they lived.

CON CLU SIONS Because of its loca tion and the nature of the ter rain, the study area played an impor - tant part in recolonization of the Pol ish Plain. A de tailed anal ysis of a large number of arte- facts – obtained mainly by means of exca va tions – and the results of stud ies of the nat u ral en vi ron ment tran si tions, which were ex tremely sig nif i cant for the so ci et ies of the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, al - lowed to con clude that the area played a key part in the pro cess of set tle ment transi tion during Late Vistulian and early Holo cene in this part of western Poland.

Ac knowl edge ments The research at Myszêcin and Wilenko was car ried out within the pro ject no. 0645/R/H03/ 2009/06 ‘Multidisciplinary studies as a method of re con struc tion of set tle ment and cul tural tran - sitions, west ern Wielkopolska in the pre history and the Mid dle Ages’, fi nanced by the Min istry of Sci ence and Higher Ed uca tion, and completed in 2009–2012 un der a lead er ship of Profes sor M. Kobusie- wicz. The research near Lubrza (sites 10 and 37) is go ing to be con tin ued within a re- search project enti tled ‘Late Glacial hunter-gath- Fig. 5. Loca tion of the Late Paleolithic sites in the Lubrza region (sites 9 and 44 – erer soci et ies of the Lubuskie Lake District; Late Palaeolithic; site 10 – Federmesser culture, site 11 and 37 – Œwiderian culture; site chro nol ogy, systema- tics and sub sistence strat e - 42 – Federmesser cul ture, Œwiderian cul ture); x – lo ca tion of the core for palynological gies’ (UMO-2011/01/D/HS3/04134), fi nanced studies (draw ing of artefacts J. Mugas). by the Na tional Sci ence Cen tre in 2011–2014, led by I. Sobkowiak-Tabaka.

Pom er a nian Lakeland). Geo graph ical Stud ies, 201 (in Pol ish REF ER ENCES with English summary). Bobrowski P., 1996. Mesolithic site Wojnowo 3, Kargowa Com mune, Alexandrowicz S.W., 1980. Ag gre ga tions of molluscs in lake Zielonogórskie Province (orig i nal: Stanowisko mezolityczne chalks of the Lubuskie Re gion (orig i nal: Zespo³y malakofauny Wojnowo stan. 3, gm. Kargowa, woj. zielonogórskie). Wielko- w kredach jeziornych Ziemi Lubuskiej). In lake chalk and polskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 4, 5–22 (in Pol ish). gyttja. Na tional sci en tific and tech no log i cal con fer ence – post- Bobrowski P., 2010 a. Flint in ven to ries from Wilenko, site 9 (AUT con fer ence pa pers, Lubniewice, 8-10.11.1979 (Kreda jeziorna 47) (orig i nal: Materia³y krzemienne ze stanowiska Wilenko 9 i gytie. Krajowa konferencja naukowo-techniczna – materia³y (AUT 47)). Manu script in the au thor’s ar chives (in Pol ish). pokonferencyjne, Lubniewice, 8-10.11.1979). Polskie Towa- Bobrowski P., 2010 b. Flint in ven to ries from Wilenko, site 10 rzystwo Przyjació³ Nauk o Ziemi, Oddzia³ Ziemi Lubuskiej, (AUT 46) (origi nal: Materia³y krzemienne ze stanowiska Wi- Urz¹d Wojewódzki in Gorzów Wlkp., Gorzów Wlkp.-Zielona lenko 9 (AUT 47)). Manu script in the au thor’s ar chives (in Pol - Góra, vol. 2, 24–32 (in Pol ish). ish). Alexandrowicz S.W., Nowaczyk B. 1982. Late gla cial and Holo - Bobrowski P., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Goslar T., Kobusiewicz M., cene lake sed i ments at Pomorsko near Sulechów. Questiones Lityñska-Zaj¹c M., Okuniewska-Nowaczyk I., 2013. A work Geographicae, 8, 5–17. of the Neanderthals or the Late Pleisto cene hunt ers? A wooden B³aszkiewicz M., 2005. Late Glacial and Early Holo cene evolu tion ob ject from Wojnowo, Kargowa Com mune, Lubuskie Prov - of the lake ba sin in the Kociewskie Lakeland (East ern part of ince (origi nal: Dzie³o Neandertalczyków czy póŸnoplejsto- 48 I. OKUNIEWSKA-NOWACZYK & I. SOBKOWIAK-TABAKA

Fig. 6. Lubrza, site 42. Sim pli fied pol len di a gram (AP + NAP = 100%) of Late Gla cial af ter Okuniewska-Nowaczyk (2011a).

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