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1987:1 the Legacy of Dag Hammarskjöld development A journal of international development cooperation published by the Dag Hammarskjöld dialogue Foundation, Uppsala 1987:1 The Legacy of Dag Hammarskjöld Dag Hammarskjöld and the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Editorial 1 International Leadership: The Legacy of Dag Hammarskjöld Brian Urquhart 6 Landmarks. Photographs by Dag Hammarskjöld 17 United Nations Notebook: The Relationship of Dag Hammarskjöld with the Press Kay Rainey Gray 33 Olof Palme and the Struggle against Apartheid Speech in Memory of Olof Palme Carl Tham 62 South Africa and the Nordic Countries Olof Palme 64 Another Development in Southern Africa Alternative Strategies for Development—A Clarion Call! His Majesty King Moshoeshoe II 77 Another Development for SADCC Countries: An Agenda for Action 88 Another Development in Latin America Alternative Resources for Grassroots Development Jorge Jatobá 114 The Right to the City John Friedmann 135 Brasília Teimosa: The Organization of a Low-income Settlement In Recife, Brazil Alexandrina Sobreira de Moura 152 The Emerging Third System Neither Prince nor Merchant: Citizen—An Introduction to the Third System Marc Nerfin 170 Reaching the Grassroots: Publishing Methodologies for Development Organizations Christopher Zielinski 196 Dag Hammarskjöld Seminars, Workshops and Conferences 1962—87 205 Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation Publications 1962—87 214 Editors: Development Dialogue is published with the sup- Sven Hamrell port of the Swedish International Development Olle Nordberg Authority (SIDA). Advisory Editorial Committee: The opinions expressed in the journal are those of Just Faaland the authors and do not necessarily reflect the Chr. Michelsen Institute views of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation or Fantoft, Norway SIDA. Joseph Ki-Zerbo Photo credits: UNT-bild, page 7; Hans Gedda, c/o Dag Hammarskjöld page 60; Mats Åsman, page 65; Harald Hamrell, Foundation page 77; John Friedmann, pages 136, 138, 139, 141; Uppsala, Sweden Interamerican Foundation, page 143. Marc Nerfin Place du Marché 1260 Nyon, Switzerland Göran Ohlin ISSN 0345-2328 United Nations New York, USA Subscribers are kindly requested to inform the Dag Juan Somavia Hammarskjöld Centre of any changes of address or Callao 3461, El Golfe subscription cancellations. Santiago, Chile Editorial Office: The Dag Hammarskjöld Centre Övre Slottsgatan 2 S-752 20 Uppsala, Sweden During 1986, Development Dialogue Telex: 76234 DHCENT S was only published in the form of a spe- cial issue in Spanish, Desarrollo a Escala Printers: Humana: una opción para el futuro. An Motala Grafiska AB English translation is being prepared. Motala, Sweden Dag Hammarskjöld and the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation On September 18,1986, twenty-five years had passed since Dag Hammar- skjöld met his death in the mysterious plane crash at Ndola in Southern Africa. And when this issue of Development Dialogue reaches its readers, twenty-five years will have passed since the Dag Hammarskjöld Founda- tion was established, in 1962, as a living memorial to his work as Secretary- General of the United Nations 1953-61. In commemoration of Dag Hammarskjöld's death in 1961, the Foundation organized in September 1986 a seminar on 'The State and the Crisis in Africa: In Search of a Second Liberation' at the Dag Hammarskjöld Centre in Uppsala. On the initiative of the Vice-Chancellor of Uppsala University and also as part of the seminar, a commemoration ceremony was held in the aula of the University, where Hammarskjöld's friend, collaborator and biographer. Sir Brian Urquhart, spoke about his significance as a symbol of the kind of international leadership that is needed more than ever in this age of cynicism and ruthless nationalism which has found its most vulgar and sinister expression in the idea of 'A World without a UN'. Addressing those who had gathered at Dag Hammarskjöld's grave and in the University of Uppsala, the town where he grew up and began his remarkable career, Brian Urquhart recalled Hammarskjöld's own appre- ciation of the qualities needed for true leadership, qualities that made him—to use a phrase that has now fallen into disrepute—a truly 'Great Communicator'. 'Contrary to what seems to be popular belief, Hammarskjöld wrote, 'there is no intellectual activity that more ruthlessly tests the solidity of a man than politics. Apparently easy successes with the public are possible for a jug- gler, but lasting results are achieved only by the patient builder.' Having quoted this and some of the rules Dag Hammarskjöld had pre- scribed for himself in his posthumously published Markings, Brian Ur- quhart noted that already during Hammarskjöld's lifetime it was clear that 'an exceptional degree of self-discipline and spiritual preparation was the basis for the extraordinary position he occupied among world leaders. His intellect and moral integrity shone through the mystique and reserve of his personality and communicated itself strongly to those he was dealing with.' Believing that a new international order could only be built patiently 'by making precedents and by case law', thus transforming the United Nations 'from an institutional mechanism into a constitutional instrument recog- nized and respected by all nations', Dag Hammarskjöld took pride in the idea that he was participating—to use his own words—'in the beginning of 2 Editorial an organic process through which the diversity of peoples and their govern- ments are struggling to find common ground upon which they can live together in the one world which has been thrust upon us before we were ready'. Dag Hammarskjöld's ideas as briefly exemplified here and carefully elab- orated in Brian Urquhart's speech—and reflected in Kay Rainey Gray's 'United Nations Notebook'—have had and continue to have a significant impact on the moulding of international public opinion. But they have also influenced and continue to influence the foreign policies and international development programmes of Sweden and the other Nordic countries as these have been expressed in support of the UN peace-keeping operations and development activities and in the bilateral cooperation programmes with the Third World and especially with the countries of Southern Africa. A particularly important role in this context was played by the late Prime Minister of Sweden, Olof Palme, who—as Carl Tham reminds us in this issue of Development Dialogue—'more than anyone else was responsible for the Government Bill No 100 in 1962, which laid down the guidelines for Swedish aid' and which have basically remained the same ever since. Speaking on behalf of the Swedish Government at the commemoration ceremony in Uppsala, Birgitta Dahl, Minister for Energy and Environ- ment, who once served as Secretary to the Foundation, expressed her appreciation of the work of the Foundation in the following words: 'After Dag Hammarskjöld's tragic death, a national fund-raising took place in Sweden. It was felt that Dag Hammarskjöld's memory would best be honoured by creating an institution, where it would be possible, in the spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld, to further promote peace and development in the world ... Over the years the Foundation has organized an impressive number of seminars and workshops both here in Uppsala and in the Third World. Many important government members, officials, and scholars have participated in these gatherings. The Foundation has developed a compre- hensive network of individuals, institutions and research centres all over the world ... I would like to use this opportunity to express the deep apprecia- tion of the Swedish Government for the important contribution of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation to the Swedish tradition of working for peace and development. Let me also express deep esteem for the continuous support lent both morally and practically by the University of Uppsala to the activities of the Foundation.' Working in collaboration with the Swedish International Development Authority, the University of Uppsala and many sister institutions, particu- Dag Hammarskjöld Secretary-General of the United Nations 1953—1961 4 Editorial larly in the Third World, the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation has over the past twenty-five years organized more than 90 conferences, seminars and workshops. It has issued about 75 publications arising from these events, printed in several hundred thousand copies and distributed globally, parti- cularly to institutions and individuals in the Third World. As is evident from the list of seminars and publications provided in this issue of Development Dialogue, the activities of the Foundation developed from training courses in the strict sense into more comprehensive projects with in-built research components. Thus, it may be said that the early experi- ences gathered by the Foundation crystallized in the 1975 Dag Hammar- skjöld Project on Development and International Cooperation. This was a huge undertaking directed by Marc Nerfin, in which the Foundation was privileged to cooperate with 120 leading policy-makers and scholars and which resulted in the 1975 Dag Hammarskjöld Report What Now: Another Development. It has been published in Arabic, English, French, German, Polish and Spanish and forms the intellectual basis of the work of the Foundation. As readers of Development Dialogue are well aware, the Foundation has over the past decade concentrated heavily on the sectoral aspects of Another Development in areas such as rural development, health, educa- tion, science and technology (especially plant genetic resources and biotechnology), international
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