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An Archaeological Investigation Into Social Organization and Political Reform in the Reserve Area of New Mexico, A.D

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An Archaeological Investigation Into Social Organization and Political Reform in the Reserve Area of New Mexico, A.D University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2019 An Archaeological Investigation into Social Organization and Political Reform in the Reserve Area of New Mexico, A.D. 1000–1350 Cameron D. Benton University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Benton, Cameron D., "An Archaeological Investigation into Social Organization and Political Reform in the Reserve Area of New Mexico, A.D. 1000–1350" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1647. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1647 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION INTO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND POLITICAL REFORM IN THE RESERVE AREA OF NEW MEXICO, A.D. 1000-1350 ________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of Denver ________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts ________________ by Cameron D. Benton November 2019 Advisor: Lawrence Conyers ©Copyright by Cameron D. Benton 2019 All Rights Reserved Author: Cameron D. Benton Title: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION INTO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND POLITICAL REFORM IN THE RESERVE AREA OF NEW MEXICO, A.D. 1000-1350 Advisor: Lawrence Conyers Degree Date: November 2019 ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes archival data from archaeological sites with great kivas in the Reserve region of west-central New Mexico dating to A.D. 1000-1350 and examines sociopolitical organization and reform between the dynamic Reserve (A.D. 1000-1100) and Tularosa (1100-1350) Phases. Specifically, studies in this thesis compare great kiva architecture and ceramic types present between sites using methods of descriptive statistics and quantitative analysis, which allowed for interregional variation and change to be identified between those time periods. The results of those analyses are correlated with the archaeological histories of the Mimbres and Chaco societies that bordered the Reserve area in prehistory and used to propose ideas on integration at a regional scale and social reform in response to changing ecological and political climates. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I must share my gratitude with my advisor Dr. Lawrence Conyers. Larry spent countless hours teaching me the fundamentals of radar, assisting in my research, and telling outlandish stories. Without the persistence and patience of Dr. Conyers, I would never have learned to conclude, and this thesis certainly would not have been possible. Many thanks to my wife Hannah and dog Pablo for their support in my duration of graduate school. Hannah encouraged me to further my degree in the subject of Anthropology and put up with my late nights of manic writing and months away in the field during the summers. And Pablo, for sleeping at my feet while I typed away at this thesis. He really is a good boy. Thank you to my academic leaders. Dr. Bonnie Clark, for taking me on as a chief in her field school summer of 2018. Dr. Esteban Gomez for serving on my defense committee and his dry sense of humor, which is necessary for work in the Southwest. And to Dr. Markus Schneider, for being my outside committee member and listening to me talk about grad school while drinking half-caf americanos. A special thanks goes to Dr. Michele Koons and Dr. Erin Baxter from the Denver Museum of Nature and Science for providing me with valuable resources and insights for this research. You all deserve a round of applause for all you do as teachers and mentors. Finally, thank you to my parents. For raising me to pursue higher education and a drive to never stop learning. And of course, my friends, who now know more about archaeology then they ever thought they would. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………......................vi LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...……vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1 Archaeological Histories and Chronology of the American Southwest…..3 Data Acquisition and Methods of Analysis…….…………………………7 Research Topics and Hypotheses………………………………………...11 Project Involvement and Initial Research Interests……………………...13 Conclusions and Results…………………………………………………15 CHAPTER 2: GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND AND SETTING…………….……….20 Climate…………………………………………………………..….……22 Topography and Geology……………………………………….……….25 Soils……………………………………………………………….……..28 Water Resources…………………………………………………………30 Vegetation and Faunal Resources……………………………………..…32 Conclusions………………………………………………………………33 CHAPTER 3: CULTURAL BACKGROUND………………………….……….………34 The Mogollon Culture Concept and Chronology…..……………………37 History of Research in the Mogollon Highlands…………………...……40 The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods……………………………...…….43 The Pithouse Period (A.D. 200-1000)………………………………...…45 The Pueblo Period (A.D. 1000-1350)……………………………...…….51 Post-Mogollon Occupation and Historic Use……………….……...……59 Cultural Histories for the Mimbres and Chaco Societies….……….…….60 Conclusions………………………………………………………………75 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF SITES WITH GREAT KIVAS IN THE RESERVE AREA, A.D.1000-1350………………………...………………...………77 Data Acquisition……………………………………………..…………..79 Research Goals and Hypotheses…………………………………..……..80 Geographic Setting and Settlement Patterns in the Reserve Area….……82 Great Kiva Architectural Comparisons……………………………….….89 Ceramic Analysis……………………………………………….………103 Conclusions…………………………………………………….……….142 CHAPTER 5: DATA SYNTHESIS AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES.............145 The Reserve Phase (A.D. 1000-1100): Social Integration……………...145 The Tularosa Phase (A.D. 1100-1350): Political Reform………….…...154 Ecological Perspectives on Social Organization………………………..159 iv Conclusions………………………………………………….……….…163 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………..…165 Future Research………………………………………………………...169 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………................172 APPENDIX I………………………………………………………………...…………198 APPENDIX II…………………………………………………………………………..201 APPENDIX III………………………………………………………………………….234 APPENDIX IV……………………………………………………………………….…240 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Cultural chronologies for the Reserve Mogollon, Ancestral Pueblo, and Mimbres Mogollon culture groups that occupied the American Southwest in prehistory….…………………………………………………………………..6 Table 3.1: Phase designations by region…………………………………………………39 Table 3.2: Chronological summary of ecological, behavioral, and material shifts discussed in this section as they appear to have occurred over time…………76 Table 4.1: The interior features present among great kivas in the Reserve area…...……95 Table 4.2: The relationship between great kiva and other forms of architecture within sites over time……………………………………………………….………97 Table 4.3: Chi-squared test comparing the total ceramic counts to an expected set of counts in the categories of plain, textured, and painted wares for all sites dating to the Reserve Phase…………………………………………...……114 Table 4.4: Chi-square test comparing total counts of ceramics in the categories of plain, textured, and painted ware between the Higgins Flat and Sawmill sites…...116 Table 4.5: Chi-square test comparing total counts of ceramics in general ware categories between the Higgins Flat and Dry Prong sites…………………………..…..117 Table 4.6: Chi-square test comparing total counts of ceramics in the categories of plain, textured, and painted ware between the Sawmill and Dry Prong sites…….118 Table 4.7: Chi-squared test comparing the ceramic counts for painted wares to an expected set of counts only in the categories of Cibola White Ware and Mimbres White Ware for all sites dating to the Reserve Phase……………122 Table 4.8: Chi-squared values comparing counts of Cibola White Wares and Mimbres White Wares between the different Reserve Phase sites…………...………123 Table 4.9: Chi-squared test comparing the total ceramic counts to an expected set of counts for all sites dating to the Tularosa Phase..………...…………..….…129 Table 4.10: The results of chi-squared tests comparing ceramic counts in general ware categories from Higgins Flat to ceramic counts from other Tularosa Phase sites in the sample…………………………………………………………131 Table 4.11: The results of chi-squared tests comparing ceramic counts in general ware categories from the Hough site to ceramic counts from other Tularosa Phase sites in the sample…………………………………………………………132 Table 4.12: The results of chi-squared tests comparing ceramic counts in general ware categories from WS Ranch, Apache Creek, and Valley View to ceramic counts from other Tularosa Phase sites in the sample………………….…133 Table 4.13: Chi-squared test comparing the ceramic counts for painted wares to expected counts all sites dating to the Tularosa Phase.…………………………...…137 Table 4.14: Chi-squared tests comparing the ceramic counts for painted wares for sites dating to the Tularosa Phase………………………………………….…...139 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map of the greater American Southwest and prehistoric culture groups and topographic map of the general Reserve area ………………………………..2 Figure 1.2: Map of all previously recorded rectangular great kivas that were constructed in the Southwest between A.D. 1000-1400.………………… ………………9 Figure 1.3: A recent satellite image of the Toriette Lakes valley and great kiva depression and great kiva walls exposed during excavations…………………………...14
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