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The Evidence from Quebrada Santa Julia

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The Evidence from Quebrada Santa Julia Volume 23, Number 3 ■ July, 2008 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 www.centerfirstamericans.com A Bull’s-eye in Chile Quebrada Santa Julia wasn’t a lucky find. Archaeologists Donald Jackson and César Méndez of the University of Chile–Santiago studied paleo landforms and chose an ancient ravine that drains into the nearby Pacific Ocean as a likely site to find evidence of terminal-Pleistocene human occupation. After a dig more than 30 ft deep (the photo shows Dr. Jackson beside the impressive stratigraphic profile) they found an occupa- tion floor that dates to the end of the Clovis culture in North America. Here Paleo- americans also chipped fluted points—but of quartz, not chert—and despite their proximity to the ocean chose a subsistence based largely on the horse instead of marine life. There are more surprises, too, in our story that starts on page 10. CLAUDIA CONTRERAS AND GLORIA ROMÁN he Center for the Study of the First Americans fosters research and public T interest in the Peopling of the Americas. The Center, an integral part of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, promotes interdisciplinary scholarly dialogue among physical, geological, biological and social scientists. The Mammoth Trumpet, news magazine of the Center, seeks to involve you in the peopling of the Americas by reporting on developments in all pertinent areas of knowledge. Volume 23, Number 3 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology July, 2008 Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352 ISSN 8755-6898 World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.org and http://anthropology.tamu.edu 4 Calibrating the genetic clock DNA from the remains of an early American found in a cave on an island off the Alaska coast is a godsend to geneticist Brian Kemp, for it proves that our estimate of the rate of mutation was much too slow. 10 Chilean Clovis contemporaries Their points aren’t Clovis or fishtails. One thing is certain about Quebrada Santa Julia, investigators Jackson and Méndez assure us: It isn’t any- thing like Monte Verde. 14 Cashing in on obsidian’s special property ALL PHOTOS: ASHLEY SMALLWOOD Unlike chert, obsidian absorbs water over time. Using hydration by Ashley Smallwood Dan Joyce of Kenosha Museum describes dating, three Western scientists disarticulated mammoth bones and are revising the dating of Great Basin points. HE TIMING AND NATURE of the peo- associated lithic tools from the Schaefer pling of the Americas remain conten- site, evidence of pre-Clovis human 18 An unholy heavenly visitor Ttious issues. With more and more evi- presence in Wisconsin. for Clovis people and Ice Age dence of potential pre-Clovis occupations in megafauna? North America, archaeologists recognize for the Study of the First Americans, Texas North America may already have the critical need to establish evidentiary Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), suffered the nightmare of nuclear winter. Evidence collected by and methodological criteria that will ensure Southeastern Paleo American Survey, and geophysicist Allen West’s team a higher level of confidence in early sites. the Smithsonian Institution, the workshop points to a continent-shaking This was the primary goal of the Paleo- reviewed specific early-occupation sites, cometary impact. american Origins Workshop, held last Feb- models for the peopling of the Americas, 8 Remembering Robert Weber ruary 14–16 in Austin, Texas. Researchers and rules of evidence necessary to confi- from around the world, convened bearing a dently verify human presence. wide spectrum of views, open minds ready The workshop was organized by Tom organization that conducts archaeo- to evaluate the body of evidence, and a Pertierra, a co-organizer of the Southeast- logical conferences and workshops. scholarly discourse to constructively ad- ern Paleo American Survey (SEPAS) and SEPAS.Inc. also provides logistical dress broad issues. Hosted by the Center founder of SEPAS.Inc., a citizens support support to archaeological projects 2 Volume 23 ■ Number 3 that promote public education and coop- each site based on the rules of evidence: debate, appears to have taken place after eration between professional, avoca- the artifact assemblages, geologic con- the last glacial maximum by subhaplo- tional, and amateur archaeologists. Per- text, and the reliability of their dates. groups genetically distinct from Siberian tierra had high hopes for the conference. Ted Goebel, Associate Director of groups. In sum, the genetic signature of “Our goal for the conference,” he re- CSFA, presented recent evidence from the First Americans didn’t evolve until marks, “was to bring together key re- molecular genetics that southern Siberia after humans spread out of Siberia. searchers directly involved with the Peo- is the ancient homeland of the First Tom Stafford (Stafford Research pling of the Americas to collectively share Americans. Their dispersal from Siberia Laboratories) called for a “moratorium on and consider their evidence in a collegial into Beringia was a single major founding complaining” and urged that every site be atmosphere and to establish acceptable migration. Furthermore, dispersal into excavated as if it had the archaeological evidentiary criteria for evaluation of pro- America from Beringia, the leg of the trip potential for occupation earlier than posed early sites.” It’s high time scholars that largely appeals to the Paleoamerican Clovis. take stock of the current base of knowl- edge. “Frankly,” says Pertierra, “it was time for proponents and critics to openly discuss the early-entry issue face-to-face.” The 3-day workshop was an intense evaluation of the state of the Paleo- american origins debate. On days 1 and 2, researchers gave 40-minute presenta- tions, each followed by a 40-minute dis- The Mammoth Trumpet (ISSN 8755-6898) is published quarterly by the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352. Phone (979) 845-4046; fax (979) 845-4070; e-mail [email protected]. Periodical postage paid at College Station, TX 77843-4352 and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Mammoth Trumpet Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 Copyright © 2008 Center for the Study of the First Americans. Permission is hereby given to any non-profit or educational organization or institution to reproduce without cost any materials from the Mammoth Trumpet so long as they are then distributed at no more than actual cost. The Center further requests that notification of reproduction of materials under these conditions be sent to the Center. Address correspondence to the editor of Mammoth Trumpet, 2122 Scout Road, Lenoir, NC 28645. Michael R. Waters Director and General Editor e-mail: [email protected] Ted Goebel Associate Director and Editor, Current Research in Andy Hemmings of TARL has an interest- the Pleistocene ing use for a Clovis shaft wrench. e-mail: [email protected] James M. Chandler Editor, Mammoth Trumpet cussion period, giving scholars the e-mail: [email protected] unique opportunity to present and dis- Laurie Lind Office Manager cuss face-to-face archaeological evidence C & C Wordsmiths Layout and Design from specific sites that elude the tradi- World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.com tional Clovis-first model. The Center for the Study of the First Americans is a non-profit organization. Sub- scription to the Mammoth Trumpet is by membership in the Center. Day 1: Plotting the course and taking stock Mammoth Trumpet, Statement of Our Policy A brief introduction by Michael Collins, Many years may pass between the time an important discovery is made and the acceptance of research TARL, welcomed speakers and guests to results by the scientific community. To facilitate communication among all parties interested in staying the exciting event. Then it was straight to abreast of breaking news in First Americans studies, the Mammoth Trumpet, a science news magazine, provides a forum for reporting and discussing new and potentially controversial information important the facts. Michael Waters, Director of to understanding the peopling of the Americas. We encourage submission of articles to the Managing the Center for the Study of the First Editor and letters to the Editor. Views published in the Mammoth Trumpet are the views of Americans (CSFA), encouraged research- contributors, and do not reflect the views of the editor or Center personnel. ers to thoroughly evaluate and discuss –Michael R. Waters, Director July ■ 2008 3 The rest of day 1 was devoted to presentations Michael Collins (left) of TARL describing the empirical or archaeological evi- confers with Mike Waters of CSFA. dence on review. The first group of sites pre- sented included sites once positioned along the ring. Allen West (GeoScience glacier ice margin. Dan Joyce (Kenosha Public Consulting) and Jim Kennet (De- Museum) described his reevaluation of the mam- partment of Geological Sciences, moth remains from Schaefer site, Wisconsin. He University of California–Santa Bar- suggests that the disarticulated mammoth and bara) presented evidence of spikes associated lithic remains were found in a low- in the incidence of extraterrestrial energy pond deposit that dates to 12,300–12,500 particles that suggest a comet im- RCYBP. (A study by Waters and Stafford pub- pact with North America at about lished in Science in 2007 defines the span of the 11,000 RCYBP. The fiery airburst, Clovis culture from about 11,100 to 10,765 RCYBP, they argue, halted ocean circula- or about 13,125 to 12,925 CALYBP.) Eileen tion in the North Atlantic, led to Johnson (Director of Lubbock Lake Landmark, Texas) dis- widespread megafauna extinctions, and triggered the collapse cussed the Mud Lake and Hebior sites, two other sites along the of the Clovis culture.
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