909

Ty Gwyn Outfall Ynys, ,

Archaeological Assessment

GAT Project No. 2159 Report No. 909 December, 2010

Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Craig Beuno, Ffordd y Garth, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2RT Archaeological Assessment: Ty Gwyn Outfall, Ynys, Harlech

Report No. 909

Prepared for

Environment Agency

December 2010

By

Andrew Davidson

Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Craig Beuno, Ffordd y Garth, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2RT CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. Aims and Specification 3. Methodology 4. Location and Topography 5. Historical and Archaeological Background 6. The Study Area 7. Impact and Recommendations 8. List of sources consulted

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Location of scheme Fig 2: Location of archaeological sites Fig 3: OS Second Edition 1900 Fig 4: Sketch by Allom. Mid-19th century Fig 5: Sketch by Turner.

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Ty Gwyn from north Plate 2: Ty Gwyn from east Plate 3: Wooden posts north of Ty Gwyn Plate 4: Wooden posts north of Ty Gwyn Plate 5: Llechollwyn from east Plate 6: Steps at Clogwyn Melyn Plate 7: River channel looking west Plate 8: River channel looking east 1. INTRODUCTION

Gwynedd Archaeological Trust was asked by the Environment Agency to provide an archaeological assessment in advance of proposed improvements to the outfall at Ty Gwyn, Ynys, Harlech.

The outfall runs from the tidal gates at Ty Gwyn (at SH59973547) some 300m north into the Dwyryd estuary and then 500m west parallel to the coast, finishing at approximately SH59533588. The outfall lies within the intertidal zone throughout its length.

2. AIMS AND SPECIFICATION

A detailed brief has not been prepared for this work. This design will follow the guidelines specified in Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1994, rev. 2004). The advice of the Development Control Archaeologist should be sought before recommendations are finalised.

A desk-based assessment is defined as “a programme of assessment of the known or potential archaeological resource within a specified area or site on land, inter-tidal zone or underwater. It consists of a collation of existing written, graphic, photographic and electronic information in order to identify the likely character, extent, quality and worth of the known or potential archaeological resource in a local, regional, national or international context as appropriate” (Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment 1994, rev. 2004).

The aims of the assessment are:  to identify and record the cultural heritage within the defined study area;  to evaluate the importance of what has been identified;  to recommend ways in which impact upon the cultural heritage can be avoided or minimised.

To comply fully with the aims expressed above it can be necessary to undertake a programme of Field Evaluation following the Desktop study and Field Visit. This is because some sites cannot be assessed by desktop or field visit alone, and additional fieldwork is therefore required. This typically takes the form of geophysical survey or trial excavation, although measured survey is also a possible option. A full programme of assessment and evaluation may therefore consist of:

 Desktop study  Field walkover  Initial report  Field evaluation  Draft report  Final report

This assessment includes the first three phases only, and recommendations will be made for any field evaluation required.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Desk top study

The desktop study comprised the consultation of maps, documents, computer records, written records and reference works, which form part of the Historic Environment Record (HER), located at Gwynedd Archaeological Trust (GAT), Bangor. The archives held by the Meirionnydd Record Office, and were also consulted. Information about listed buildings was consulted by means of the CARN (Core Archaeological Index), which is the online index of the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historic Monuments, . Relevant aerial photographs from the collection at RCAHM, Wales were examined.

1 3.2 Field Search

The course of the proposed outfall and surrounding area was visited in November 2010. Notes were taken, and a photographic record was made of the area and features.

3.3 Report

The available information was synthesised to give a summary of the archaeological and historic background and of the assessment and recommendations, as set out below. The separate features, their evaluation and recommendations are listed separately, and a summary of the overall assessment of the area is given at the end.

The criteria used for assessing the value of features was based upon those used by the Secretary of State for Wales when considering sites for protection as scheduled ancient monuments, as set out in the Welsh Office circular 60/96.

4. LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Ty Gwyn is the name given to a former harbour and dockside warehouse which lie on the west side of a small estuary on the north side of Morfa Harlech. This small estuary carries both the Afon Glyn and Harlech drains (a group of water courses which drain the low lying fields of the Morfa) which flow into the much larger estuary of the Afon Dwyryd. North of Ty Gwyn, and still lying within the Dwyryd estuary is a small island called Ynys Giftan. On the north side of the Dwyryd estuary lies (formerly a small harbour called Aber Ia), whilst beyond the end of the peninsula can be seen and the south coast of the Llyn peninsula. The Dwyryd estuary is crossed some 3 Km north-east of Ty Gwyn by Pont Briwet road and rail bridge. Below Pont Briwet the estuary is usually referred to as Traeth Bach, whereas above the bridge it becomes Afon Dwyryd. The estuary is tidal, however, as far as Maentorog.

The development of the estuary at Ty Gwyn is closely related to the development of Morfa Harlech. This is one of two expanses of Morfa (the other being Morfa Dyffryn) which lie at the north end of Cardigan Bay, and form the coast edge between the Dwyryd estuary in the north and the Mawddach estuary to the south. Morfa Harlech is triangular in shape, and measures some 6Km north to south and 5Km east to west along the north edge. The west side of the triangle is formed by the coast edge, the east side by the rising edge of the Harlech Dome (which marks the original shoreline), and the north side by the Dwyryd estuary. The castle and borough of Harlech lie at the south point of the triangle.

The Morfa is, in general, very low lying, most of it below 10m OD, with the exception of small areas of higher ground which would have been former islands. The largest of these is Ynys on the north edge of the Morfa, and on which stands the church of Llanfihangel y Traethau.Ty Gwyn lies on the east side of Ynys, and on the west side of the Afon Glyn estuary. Lasynys, birthplace of the writer Ellis Wynne, is smaller and located on the east edge of the Morfa. Also lying above the floor of the Morfa are the sand dunes which now divide the Morfa from the sea along the west coast.

The geomorphological model argued by Steers (1964, 132-6) and more recently by May (2003, 449- 53) is that the area that was to become the Morfa originally lay within the tidal estuary of the Dwyryd. The original coastline, or south-east edge of the estuary, is marked by the rising Cambrian rocks of the Harlech Dome, whilst Ynys was an island within the mouth of the estuary. The remaining area of the Morfa lay under water, or within tidal waters. A shingle ridge developed north from Harlech, around which sand dunes grew. The date of this is uncertain, but development of the ridge is likely to have started in prehistoric times. Between the shingle ridge and the original shoreline an area of salt marsh developed. This was fed by tidal ingress either side of Ynys. When the castle was built in the late 13th century tidal waters or channels through the salt marsh allowed access to the water gate. This access may have been around the north end of the developing shingle ridge, which in turn would have sheltered the castle water gate from the sea. As the shingle ridge, and in particular the sand dunes developed, so access to the castle by boat became impossible. In his conclusion, May (ibid, 453) states ‘Morfa Harlech is the result of several phases of as yet undated spit growth, and the progressive sedimentation and land-claim of the area between the beach and the former rocky sea cliff upon which stands’.

2 The west side of the Morfa, inland of the sand dunes, remained an area of salt marsh, known as Harlech Marsh, until the Enclosure Act of 1806, when defensive sea banks were built at Ty Gwyn to the west of Ynys to control tidal waters, and the former marsh was sub-divided into large square or rectangular fields. A central north-south ridge within the Morfa had, however, already been drained and enclosed as early as the 15th century, and the strips of this field system can still be seen. To the east of this field system, between the fields and the original coastline, lies wetter ground, now better drained, but in the 16th century it was described as a turbary (for peat cutting).

The general drainage of the Morfa flows from south-west to north-east, and whilst the Morfa is criss- crossed by a grid of small drains, three principal drains cross the area and merge before discharging into the Afon Dwyryd alongside Afon Glyn. It is probable that these form a critical part of the medieval enclosure of the Morfa. On aerial photographs it is possible to trace shadows of former marsh creeks that lay along the tidal reaches towards the castle in between these drains.

Ty Gwyn also lay on one of the principal crossings of Traeth Bach. This led across the sands from Ty Gwyn to Abergafran below . Ferries crossed at high tide from Ty Gwyn, or just west at Clogwyn Melyn where the inn the ‘Ferry Arms’ was located (Lewis 1989, 59). A path also led from around the north side of Ynys Giftan and across to Aber Ia. The route of the Afon Dwyryd within the estuary has changed location on a number of occasions, and in particular formerly ran south of Ynys Giftan, before changing to the north side in 1816.

5. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

The general landscape development is described above. This suggests that until the Middle Ages the area which now forms Morfa Harlech was tidal, and unsuitable for habitation, though the salt marshes and wide intertidal mud flats would have formed useful hunting and grazing grounds. The island of Ynys was suitable for occupation, however no evidence has yet come to light for prehistoric or Roman settlement on the island. There is, however, considerable evidence for settlement of all prehistoric and Roman periods within the higher ground of the Harlech Dome to the east of the Morfa.

Medieval occupation of Ynys is evidenced by the church of St Michael. The date of construction of the church is commemorated on a stone alongside the church. The inscription reads

HI(c) EST SEPULCHRU(m) WLEDER MAT(r)IS ODELEU Q(u)I P(r)EMU(m) EDIFICAV(it) HANC EC(c)L(esi)A(m) IN TE(m)P(o)OR(e) EWINI REG(is)

Here is the tomb of Wleder, the mother of Odeleu, who first built this church in the time of King Owain. (Nash-Williams 1950, 169).

Neither Wleder nor Odeleu are known from other documentary sources, but King Owain is assumed to be Owain Gwynedd, who ruled 1137 to 1170. The 12th century was a period of reform within the Welsh church, which included the establishment of a parochial system within each diocese. It has been argued that Llanfihangel y Traethau, and Llanfair were, prior to the 12th century, all part of a larger parochiae under the church of Llandannwg (Davidson 2001; Davidson 2009; Pryce 2001), but that in the 12th century the area was divided into parishes each with its own church. The location of medieval settlements on Ynys is not known, though their former existence cannot be doubted.

It is difficult now to re-create the medieval landscape on Ynys, but it is likely that much of the existing pattern of tracks, fields and farms dates from then, and the present pattern was certainly in place by the 17th century, as several of the farms are mentioned in documents of that date.

Ty Gwyn (also called Ty Gwyn y Gamlas) is mentioned as a place of some significance in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a Jury verdict dated 1650 it is said ‘the bailiffs of the said liberties [of Harlech] were accustomed to have, & had, of every ship, or other vessels, lading of any kind of grain or salt, unlading, or selling the same, at Bermouth, Machres, & Gamlas, one Winchester measure, to be used in selling and venteing the said lading’ (reprinted in Wynne 1847, 54). The three harbours associated with Harlech at this time were, therefore, , which was well to the south, Mochras a short distance south at Pensarn, and Ty Gwyn y Gamlas to the north. A 16th century house formerly lay alongside the

3 harbour at TyGwyn, though it was damaged and taken down in 1927 (Lloyd 1987, 47). Shipbuilding was undertaken here, and the harbour was painted by both Turner and Varley. Gamlas can be translated as ‘canal’, and it has been suggested that a canal lay through the marsh from here to the castle (Lloyd 1987, 38-9). There is little evidence for this, but certainly it is feasible, and what subsequently becomes the Harlech Drain runs from Ty Gwyn y Gamlas direct to the foot of the castle water-gate. The farm of Ty Gwyn, which included Carreg y Ro, was owned in 1819 by John Pritchard. An auction was advertised in that year at ‘the house of Mr John Pritchard, at Ty-gwyn-y-Gamllas’ for the ‘frame of a new brig partly built and on the stocks in a convenient building yard at Ty –gwyn-y- Gamllas’ (Lloyd 1991, 46). The tithe map of 1842 records the owner as Mr Robert Pritchard, who lived at Cefn Gwyn. No mention is made of the house of Ty Gwyn, though a house on the site of the present warehouse is called Ty Croen.

The greatest change to the landscape in recent times occurred following the granting, in 1806, of an Act for inclosing lands in the parishes of and Llanfihangel y Traethau, in the county of Merioneth. The actual work of enclosure was carried out over the succeeding 10 years or so. A series of sea walls and banks were built which reclaimed the west side of Morfa Harlech and areas east and south of Ty Gwyn. One bank was built from Ty Gwyn in a south-east direction to Glyn. This effectively reclaimed the west side of Morfa Harlech and the area between Ynys and Glyn. A second bank was constructed on the opposite side of the Afon Glyn, which initially ran parallel to the first bank, but then diverged and followed the east coast past Draenogau to Talsarnau. The village of Talsarnau largely developed after this date, though a township of that name is mentioned in 1674 (UWB Maes y Neuadd, 277), and its original name of Talsarnau would suggest it lay on the route of a raised road across the marshes which would have crossed to Penrhyn or Minffordd on the opposite coast. The construction of the banks at Ty Gwyn would have prevented access to any water-borne transport beyond Ty Gwyn. However, the continued use of Ty Gwyn as a harbour, warehouse and shipbuilding centre is evidenced by both paintings which post-date 1810 and references to its use. In 1833 it was said ‘vessels of small burden can ascend the river as far as Ty Gwyn y Gamlas, within a few hundred yards of the church, where they receive or discharge their freight’ (Lewis 1833, LLA). Though a major harbour never developed here Ty Gwyn was nevertheless typical of the small rural harbours which contained little more than a warehouse and, occasionally, a yard for shipbuilding. This latter industry, though it never produced a great number of boats, also took place at Llech Collwyn and Carreg y Ro, small farms west of Ty Gwyn (Lewis 1989).

The first edition 25” map OS map of 1889 shows Ty Gwyn y Gamlas with the warehouse alongside. North of this, on the coast edge, is Glan Meirion, a late 19th century house on land formerly belonging to the farm of Llechollwyn (owned by William Ormesby Gore as part of the Glyn estate) and west again lay Carreg y Ro, which formed part of the Ty Gwyn and Cefn Gwyn lands owned by the Pritchard family. West again is Clogwyn Melyn, another late 19th century development on marginal land. An inn (the Ferry Arms) was to be established here at the southern end of one of the crossing points, and steps still lead down onto the shore. Another house, Mor Edrin, was built in the early 20th century between Carreg y Ro and Clogwyn Melyn. This was to become the home of Richard Hughes, author of High Wind in Jamaica, until his death in 1976.

6. THE STUDY AREA

6.1 Statutory and non-statutory designations

Listed Buildings No listed buildings lie within the area of impact, however the following listed buildings lie adjacent to the proposed works:

83471 Ty Gwyn Mawr. Grade II. 83467 Pont Ty-gwyn Gamlas. Grade II.

Scheduled Ancient Monuments There are no scheduled ancient monuments within or immediately adjacent to the study area.

Conservation Area The study area does not lie within a Conservation Area.

4 Landscapes of outstanding Historic Interest in Wales The study area lies within the Landscape of outstanding historic Interest in Wales (HLW (GW) 2; Cadw et al 1998, 76).

World Heritage Site Harlech forms part of the Castles and Town Walls of Edward I in Gwynedd World Heritage Site (Cadw 2004). The study area lies outside the defined ‘essential setting’, though within site of the castle (Cadw 2004, map H2.4.7).

National Park The study area lies wholly within the National Park.

Environmental designations Morfa Harlech is designated a National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest.

6.2 Gazetteer of features within the study area The gazetteer below lists the principal features within the development area, and categorises their importance on a scale of A (National); B (Regional); C (Local); D (Other). Impact is graded Low, Medieum, High.

The works are to consist of widening the existing river channel north from Ty Gwyn then west out to a point opposite Clogwyn y Melyn. The channel north of Ty Gwyn cuts through wide tidal mud-flats. Two or three rows of wooden posts are visible in the mud, but no other features are visible. Once the channel has turned to the west, a broad band of salt marsh, varying in width between 5m and 200m lies between the channel and the shore. No features are visible within the salt marsh.

1. Ty Gwyn Mawr Category A Listed II SH 59963549 Impact: Low

An unusual coastal warehouse and dwelling, which was built following completion of the enclosure works in the early 19th century. It is a three-storey stone built building with slate roof. The east side is a warehouse, and within the east gable are doorways opening out over the water, with a winch support in the gable. The west side is a house, with sash windows on each floor. The main front with door faces south.

2. Site of Ty Gwyn Category D SH 59963546 Impact: Low A 16th century house formerly stood immediately south of the present warehouse (site 1). It is shown on a number of paintings and sketches of the estuary, and was a two-storey stone built house with tall end chimneys and slate roof. It was finally demolished following damage during a severe flood in 1927, and the stones used to repair the adjacent dam. It was owned by the Cors y Gedol estate until its sale to John Pritchard in the early 19th century (see map UWB Mostyn 8605).

3. Dam and sluice gates Category C SH 59953546 Impact: Unknown A tidal dam across the estuary built c. 1810 following the Enclosure Act of 1806. The water which runs through the Harlech Drain and Ffos Ddu, two of the principal water courses which drain Morfa Harlech, pass through two sluice gates at the west end of the dam. The original gates are at the extreme west end of the dam, alongside the warehouse (site 1). The second, later gates are a short distance east, and were built sometime between 1949 and 1971.

4. Wooden posts in river silts Category D SH 60003555 and SH 59983569 Impact: High Three lines of wooden posts, two close together immediately south of the confluence with Afon Glyn, and one immediately north of the confluence. The posts protrude above the river silts and muds. Their original function is unknown, though it is unlikely they were fence posts. They might have supported landing stages, though they are sited on the wrong side of the river for easy access. Second World War

5 defences were built in the area, but no features are visible on the aerial photographs dated 1946 and 1971, so this is also unlikely.

5. Glan-meirion house Category B SH 59873576 Impact: Low A mid-19th century house set in a small enclosure. It is not shown on the tithe map, so post-dates 1842. It is set end-on to the road, and is two-storey, stone built with slate roof. A small garden folly of three small, low circular enclosures lies on the north side of the road opposite the house.

6. Llechollwyn Category B SH 59683583 Impact: Low A farm belonging to the Glyn (Lord Harlech) estate. The origins of the farm are uncertain, and records earlier than the 18th century have not been found. A farmhouse and farmyard with buildings of 18th and 19th century date is reached by the road which runs along the shore. A limekiln lies in the field a short distance west of the house. Tracks lead from here up the hill to the church.

7. Carreg y Ro Category B SH 59213567 Impact: Low A small farm which was owned by John Pritchard as part of the Ty Gwyn holding in the 19th century. It is in two parts, one part close by the shore and the other higher up the slope. The part adjacent to the shore consists of a single-storey small cottage with an adjacent range of buildings. The latter have now been converted into domestic accommodation.

8. Mor Edrin Category B SH 59093559 Impact: Low An imposing two-storey house, ‘U’ shape in plan, built in the early years of the 20th century. It was the home from 1949 until his death in 1967 of the author Richard Hughes and his family. Hughes bought the property from Clough Williams-Ellis. Garden features, including a terraced trackway and stone steps, run along the shoreline. Hughes apparently dug a channel from the house through the saltmarsh to the main estuary to help launch and moor sailing boats kept there. The channel is still visible – though it also carries a small freshwater stream.

9. Clogwyn Melyn Category B SH 58943562 Impact: Low A two storey stone-built house set above the shore. It was formerly the ‘Ferry Inn’, and one of the crossing points to Porthmadog and Penrhyndeudraeth. Steps lead down on to sloping rocks, with a sharp break down on the one side, where the ferry could, perhaps, come alongside.

7. DISCUSSION OF IMPACT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Direct Impact

The proposed digging out of the channel will impact directly upon site 3 – the wooden posts. Their function and date are not currently known, though further local enquiries may establish their exact function. There may also be impact on the sluice gates adjacent to Ty Gwyn. The level of this impact is currently unknown.

There are no other known remains within the direct line of the proposed channel, however the area has a long history of use as a harbour and local port, and boat remains of all periods could be preserved within the tidal muds and silts.

Recommendations If the excavations can proceed with no impact upon the posts (Site 3), these should be left undamaged, however if this is not possible they should be recorded and their location surveyed prior to impact.

The sluice gates should be recorded by photographic survey and written description prior to any impact.

A watching brief should be maintained during excavations to look for buried wood remains.

6 7.2 Indirect Impact

The information supplied suggests the development will result in no long-term indirect impact.

8. LIST OF SOURCES CONSULTED

8.1 Maps

Speed, J. 1610 Map of Merionethshire (with town map of Harlech) Collins, G., 1693 The Great Britain Coasting Pilot Morris, L., 1735-6 Cambrian Coasting Pilot, Anglesey Record Office, WM/1905/1 Tithe Map of Llandanwg (1840) and Llanfihangel y Traethau (1842). Ordnance Survey 25” County Series 1889, 1900 Merioneth Sheets XVIII.16; IXX.13; XXV.4; XXVI.1.

8.2 Unpublished sources

Davidson, A., 2007 ‘Harlech’ in GAT Report No. 568 Davidson, A., 2010 ‘Morfa Harlech’, GAT Report 868

8.3 Published sources

Bowen, E. G., and Gresham, C. A., 1967 History of Merioneth Vol 1; Dolgellau. King, D. J. C., and Kenyon, J., 2003 ‘The Castles: A Study in Military Architecture’ in Smith and Smith 2001, 386-421. Clark, G. T., 1875 ‘Harlech Castle’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 4th series, XXII, 100-115. Cadw, 2004 World Heritage Site Management Plan: The Castles and Town Walls of Edward I in Gwynedd. Cadw, CCW and WAG, 2007 Guide to Good Practice on using the Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest I Wales in the Planning and Development Process. 2nd edition. Coburn, A. L., 1920 The Book of Harlech. Davidson, A., 2001 ‘The Parish Churches’ in Smith and Smith. Davies, R. R., 1997 The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr Evans, J., 1812 The Beauties of England and Wales: ; London. Gernsheim, H. and A., (ed) 1966 Alvin Langdon Coburn, Photographer: An autobiography. Reprinted 1978. Gruffydd, K. Lloyd, 1987 ‘Sea Power and the Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1210-1410’, Maritime Wales, 11, 28-53. Harker, M., 1979 The Linked Ring: The Secession Movement in Photography in Britian, 1892-1910. Hughes, H., 1913 ‘Harlech Castle’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 6th series, XIII, 275-316. Hughes, P., 1984 Richard Hughes, Author, Father; Alan Sutton. Lewis, E. A., 1912 The Medieval Boroughs of Snowdonia; London. Lewis, M. J. T., 1989 Sails on the Dwyryd. Lewis, S., 1833 Topographical Dictionary of Wales; London. Lloyd, L., 1977 ‘Harlech and Ardudwy’, Journal of the Merioneth Historical and Record Society, 16- 26. Lloyd, L., 1987 The Book of Harlech; 2nd Impression 1991, Barracuda Books Limited, Buckingham. May, V. J. 2003 ‘Morfa Harlech, Gwynedd’ in V. J. May and J. D. Hansom, Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain, Geological Conservation Review Series, 449-453. Moon, K., 1993 George Walton, Designer and Architect; Oxford. Neaverson, E., 1947 Medieval Castles in North Wales: A Study of Sites, Water Supply and Building stones; London. Osman, C., 2004 ‘George Davison’ in Dictionary of National Biography. Pennant, T., 1781 Journey to Snowdon; London. Richards, A. J., 1999 The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales and their Railways. Llanrwst. Smith, J. B., and Smith, L. B., 2001 History of Merioneth, Vol II The Middle Ages; Cardiff. Smith, L. B., 2003 ‘Towns and Trade’, in Smith and Smith 2001, 225-253. Smith, L. T., (ed), 1906 The Itinerary in Wales of John Leland 1536 to 1539; London.

7 Soulsby, I., 1983 The Towns of Medieval Wales; Chichester. Smith, J. B., 1998 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Prince of Wales, Cardiff. Stead, P., 1977 : The first fifty years; Cardiff. Steers, J. A., 1964 The Coastline of England and Wales; Cambridge. Peers, C. R., 1921-2 ‘Harlech Castle’, Trans. Of the Hon. Soc of Cymmrodorion, 63-82. Taylor, A. J., 1974 The King’s Works in Wales; London. Taylor, A. J., 2002 Harlech Castle. Cadw 4th edition. Wynne, W. W. E., 1846 ‘Documents relating to the town and castle of Harlech’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, I, 246-267. Wynne, W. W., E., 1847 ‘Additional documents relating to the town and castle of Harlech’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, II, 49-55.

8 Ty Gwyn channel maintenance

Legend

0 90 180 270 m. © Crown Copyright and database right 2010. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey licence number 100026380.

Figure 1: Location of proposed development. Figure 2: Location of archaeological sites. Scale 1:6,000 at A4. Figure 3: Location of archaeological sites on OS Second Edition 1900. Scale 1:6,000 at A4. Figure 4: Ty Gwyn showing late medieval house by Thomas Allom mid-19th century British Museum AN298105001

Figure 5: Ty Gwyn by William Turner 1798 (Sketchbook, Tate Gallery, London) Plate 1: Ty Gwyn Mawr from north. The two sets of sluice gates are visible to the left of Ty Gwyn.

Plate 2: Ty Gwyn rom the east showing the warehouse doors in the east gable. Plate 3: Site 4 Wooden posts north of Ty Gwyn

Plate 4: Site 4 Wooden posts north of Ty Gwyn Plate 5: Site 6 Llechollwyn farm from the east. The tidal channel lies to the right of the road, just out of view.

Plate 6: Site 9 Stone steps lead down from Clogwyn Melyn, possibly to serve the former ferry which crossed from here. Plate 7: The river channel at low tide looking west towards the open sea

Plate 8: The river channel at low tide looking east up Traeth Bach and the Dwyryd estuary. 9-$$)2)%$/,!%4( '79.%$$ !2#(!%/,%'/, !2#(!%/,/')#!, '79.%$$ 42534

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