ICCROM-CHA Conservation Forum Series Revisiting authenticity Revisiting authenticity in the Asian context ICCROM-CHA Conservation Forum Series Forum Conservation ICCROM-CHA Revisiting authenticity in the Asian context Revisiting authenticity in the Asian context Temple of the Tooth Relic, Kandy, Sri Lanka by SachinthakaS (CC0) Revisiting authenticity in the Asian context Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Jonathan Sweet Forum on Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context 8–12 December 2014, Sri Lanka Forum Managers Dr Gamini Wijesuriya, Sites Unit, ICCROM Ms Eun-seon Jeong, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Forum Advisors Dr Stefano De Caro, Director-General, ICCROM Prof. (Ms) Rha Sun-hwa, Administrator, Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea Mr Joseph King, Unit Director, Sites Unit, ICCROM Mr Hee-ung Park, Director, International Affairs Division, CHA Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context Edited by Gamini Wijesuriya and Jonathan Sweet ISBN 978-92-9077-283-5 © 2018 ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele, 13 00153 Rome, Italy www.iccrom.org This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution Share Alike 3.0 IGO (CCBY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of any future ICCROM Open Access Repository. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICCROM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of ICCROM and do not commit the Organization. Designed by Soapbox www.soapbox.co.uk This volume was produced thanks to the generosity of the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), Republic of Korea. Temple of the Tooth Relic, Kandy, Sri Lanka by SachinthakaS (CC0) Contents Foreword chapter 6 8 Redefining authenticity in the Korean context: focusing on authenticity of form Acknowledgements Sujeong Lee 10 55 Introduction 11 chapter 7 Architectural heritage restoration chapter 1 and authenticity in Korea: a comparative analysis Revisiting authenticity in the Asian Seong-do Kim context: introductory remarks 65 Gamini Wijesuriya 17 chapter 8 chapter 2 The concept of authenticity in heritage conservation in Thailand: Tracing the roots of authenticity: a case study of anastylosis considerations on the Ship of Vasu Poshyanandana Theseus Paradox 77 Stefano De Caro 25 chapter 9 chapter 3 Discussion on authenticity in China: reflections on the Venice Charter Following the route of authenticity Guo Zhan Roland Silva 89 31 chapter 4 chapter 10 Authenticity & the Principles Drawing parallels: authenticity in the for the Conservation African context – until lions learn to write, of Heritage Sites in China hunters will tell their history for them Lu Zhou Webber Ndoro 95 37 chapter 5 chapter 11 If walls could speak: authenticity An exploration into in the Philippine context authenticity in archaeology for Eric Babar Zerrudo World Heritage nominations 103 Zuraina Majid 47 chapter 12 chapter 18 Authenticity and the safeguarding Authentic gold! Considerations on of cultural heritage in Nepal authenticity based on the gold plating at Kai Weise the World Heritage Site of Mahabodhi 119 Temple at Bodh Gaya in India Radhika Dhumal chapter 13 181 Challenges to the notion of authenticity in the context of chapter 19 temples in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Authenticity: resynchronizing Neel Kamal Chapagain and theory and practice – analysis of Sudarshan Raj Tiwari the decision‑making process in 133 the conservation arena of Bangladesh Abu Sayeed M. Ahmed and chapter 14 Naushad Ehsanul Huq 189 Authenticity in the Sri Lankan context: traditional maintenance systems, modern management systems, chapter 20 and present challenges Safeguarding authenticity in the context Prasanna B. Ratnayake of sustainable development at Angkor 141 World Heritage Site: the role of the site’s traditional hydraulic system chapter 15 Hang Peou 197 Authenticity in the context of living religious heritage: the Sri Lankan experience chapter 21 Nilan Cooray Considerations on authenticity in 153 post‑disaster recovery of cultural heritage: case studies from India chapter 16 Rohit Jigyasu 207 Authenticity in connection to traditional maintenance practices: sacred living Conclusions heritage sites of Sri Lanka 219 Ashley de Vos 163 Author biographies chapter 17 224 In search of the truth in the sacred art List of illustrations of India: perspectives on authenticity 230 Tara Sharma 171 8 Foreword This volume contains the collection of papers presented at the Second Annual ICCROM‑CHA Forum – Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context held in Sri Lanka in December 2014. The Forum was a result of a collaborative effort between the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) and ICCROM. It is a new thematic programme for developing contextual heritage policy guidance and/or principles for the Asian region. While focusing on Asia in particular and contributing to regional capacity building processes, the programme aimed to provide benefits on a global scale. The goals of the thematic programme were: 1 to explore, research, and debate key themes emerging from the Asian region that have implications for effective conservation and management of heritage; 2 to formulate policy guidance notes and/or principles related to the above themes for improved and effective conservation and management of heritage; and 3 to contribute to capacity building efforts in the region. The programme was launched in 2013. The theme of the first Forum was ‘Asian Buddhist Heritage: Conserving the Sacred’, and its proceedings have already been published. Following this tradition, the theme selected for the second Forum held in 2014 was ‘Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context’. 2014 marked the twentieth anniversary of the Nara Document on Authenticity. The Nara Document is considered an important watershed in the history of conservation, for expanding the concept of authenticity from earlier documents such as the Venice Charter and especially for drawing attention to cultural diversity within the heritage discourse. The full incorporation of the Nara Document into the Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage 9 Convention in 2005 made it relevant and essential for the listing and management of cultural heritage properties of Outstanding Universal Value, since authenticity is recognized as one of the three mandatory pillars supporting Outstanding Universal Value. In spite of this international recognition of authenticity and the Nara Document, there has been in‑depth discussion of its applicability in the African and American contexts through a series of meetings organized in the regions, such as the San Antonio meeting and associated Declaration in 1996 and the meeting on Authenticity and Integrity in an African Context in 2000. At its twentieth anniversary, Africa revisited its impacts for the second time on the conservation and management of heritage in the region, particularly in relation to World Heritage, the results of which were presented at this Forum. Although the Nara Document was developed in Asia, regional heritage practitioners felt the need to revisit it due to specificities and the challenges faced by them in the conservation of heritage. We wish to thank all those involved in organizing and participating in the Forum, the Sri Lankan heritage authorities in particular. It can also be considered as a tribute to Sri Lanka which was among the first seven founding members of ICCROM entering the organization on 4 September 1958 and to Roland Silva who indeed was also a former participant of ICCROM’s activities and later reached the helm of the conservation world by becoming the first non‑European President of ICOMOS, during which period the Nara Document was produced. This book, the first of its nature focused on a region and published by ICCROM, will undoubtedly contribute to the current debate on the theme of authenticity. Stefano De Caro Rha Sun-hwa Director-General Administrator of the Cultural of ICCROM Heritage Administration of the Republic of Korea 10 Acknowledgements Given that the volume contains the collection of papers presented at the second annual ICCROM‑CHA Forum – Revisiting Authenticity in the Asian Context, we would like to acknowledge with gratitude a number of organizations and individuals who contributed to the success of this publication: All the staff from ICCROM and the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), who were engaged in the development and implementation of the Forum; The Ministry of National Heritage, the Department of Archaeology, the Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya of Sri Lanka; Prasanna B. Ratnayake and Rasika Dissanayake of the Department of Archaeology, Sri Lanka; Dr Jonathan Sweet, Deakin University, Australia; who acted as Rapporteur for the Forum; All participants of the Forum; Paul Arenson and Jennifer Copithorne, ICCROM for facilitating the publication. A very special thanks to Ioannis Poulios who acted as a consultant to ICCROM and without whose tireless efforts this publication would not have been possible. Gamini Wijesuriya Jonathan