World Wildlife Crime Report

Pre-publication DRAFT REPORT Confidential – not for not for quotation

Introduction to the pre-publication draft

Illicit trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna is a widespread organized criminal activity, involving transnational networks. There is a growing mobilization of the international community to respond to this threat and UNODC has been asked by Member States to play an active role in multilateral efforts to counter it. In 2013, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) adopted a resolution (E/RES/2013/40) requesting UNODC, in consultation with Member States and in cooperation with other competent intergovernmental organizations, such as the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the World Customs Organization (WCO), INTERPOL, the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), to undertake case studies that focus on organized crime networks involved in the illicit trafficking of specific protected species of wild fauna and flora, their parts and derivatives. Subsequently, the General Assembly called upon UNODC, in line with the aforementioned resolution, to continue to collect information on patterns and flows of illicit trafficking in wildlife and to report thereon (A/RES/69/314).

UNODC Executive Director Yury Fedotov announced at the 23rd Session of Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (May 2014) that UNODC would initiate a “vigorous and dedicated research and analysis effort on wildlife and forest crime, with the aim to help generate the systematic assessments that the international community needs to inform responses.” This research would take stock of the present wildlife crime situation and conduct a broad assessment of the nature and extent of the problem at the global level.

The World Wildlife Crime Report presents the findings of the global research effort to empirically assess illicit trafficking of specific protected species of wild fauna and flora, their parts and derivatives at the global level. It is based on a World Wildlife Seizures Database compiled by UNODC with the support of the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC), comprised of the CITES Secretariat, INTERPOL, the World Bank, WCO, and UNODC. The Report gives a global overview of wildlife seizures in the context of the global trade in protected species. It includes case studies of seven key wildlife product markets: ivory, rosewood, oud (agarwood), live parrots, caviar, pangolin, and reptile skins. The detailed descriptions of each of these markets comprise the bulk of the report. The report gives insight into the way illegally sourced wildlife is introduced into legal wildlife product markets worldwide.

The prepublication draft of the World Wildlife Crime Report contains the statistical material, including tables, maps and graphs, that could be assembled up to 31 October 2015. The document is to be used exclusively for review by Member States and is not for quotation or dissemination. The final report is scheduled for publication in May 2016.

The document can be downloaded from the UNODC website at: www.unodc.org/unodc/wwcr/index.html User id: wildlife Password: 2015wwcr

The information in the prepublication draft will also be made available for circulation to CITES Management Authorities.

Governments wishing to comment on the statistics are requested to send in their observations to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Research and Trend Analysis Branch, by 20 January 2016 cob. Only comments received before the above mentioned deadline in writing will be considered.

Please send comments to:

UNODC Research and Trend Analysis Branch (RAB) Vienna International Centre PO Box 500,1 400 Vienna, Austria Fax: (43 1) 26060 5827 E-Mail: [email protected]

Explanatory Notes

This report has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The names of territories and administrative areas are in italics. Countries and areas are referred to by the names that were in official use at the time the relevant data were collected. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. The designations used in this study are based on the United Nations M.49 geographical regions for statistical use, which have been developed, used and maintained by the United Nations Statistical Division. Maps are in line with the United Nations Secretariat standards. A dotted line represents approximately the line of control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The parties have not yet agreed upon the final status of Jammu and Kashmir. Disputed boundaries (China/India) are represented by cross hatch due to the impossibility of detail. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

The following abbreviations have been used in this report:

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES ETIS CITES Elephant Trade Information System EIA Environmental Investigation Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO FIGIS FAO Fisheries Global Information System INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IUCN/SSC International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission IUCN/SSC/AFESG IUCN/SSC/African Elephant Specialist Group TAWIRI Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute TEFAF The European Fine Art Foundation UN COMTRADE United Nations Comtrade Database, International Trade Statistics,- Import/Export Data UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WCO World Customs Organization

Weights and measurements: u Unit lt Litre kg Kilogram ha Hectare mt Metric ton

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Sources of Information

The prepublication draft of the World Wildlife Crime Report is based primarily on the World Wildlife Seizures Database compiled by UNODC with the support of ICCWC.

UNODC has been able to assemble seizure data from the CITES annual, biennial and special reports, as well as the WCO’s Customs Enforcement Network Database (CEN). This was supplemented by other sources, such as the regional Wildlife Enforcement Networks (WENs), when necessary and where available. Data from all the mentioned sources have been cleaned and standardised to produce a global wildlife database which currently contains some 160,000 seizures from 114 countries.

The following data sources are used in the World Wildlife Seizures Database (see Annex 1 for a summary table of wildlife seizures and sources by country):

 ASEAN WEN – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Wildlife Enforcement Network is a wildlife law enforcement network that involves police, customs and environment agencies of all 10 ASEAN countries - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand.  Australian Permits Administration Database  Brazil National Data - National wildlife seizure data provided by the ‘Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis’ (Ibama).  CITES Annual Reports - Under Article VIII, paragraph 7, CITES requires each Party to submit an annual report on its CITES trade, containing a summary of information on, inter alia, the number and type of permits and certificates granted, the States with which such trade occurred, the quantities and types of specimens, and the names of species as included in Appendices I, II and III.  CITES Biennial Reports - Under Article VIII paragraph 7, CITES also requires each Party to submit a biennial report on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken to enforce the Convention. Among the data gathered are seizures of illicit wildlife products.  CITES SRR and other reports – This includes information extracted from CITES reports resulting from Special Reporting Requirements, as well as reports of the Standing Committee, Plants Committee and Animals Committee.  COBRA3 - Operation COBRA III was the biggest ever coordinated international law enforcement operation targeting the illegal trade in endangered species. Conducted in two phases between mid-March and the end of May 2015, saw the participation of law enforcement teams and agencies from 62 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia and America.  EAGLE - Eco Activists for Governance and Law Enforcement is comprised of several NGO's operating in Western Africa aimed at detecting, combating, and regulating corruption and wildlife crime. EAGLE is currently active in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Togo, Benin, Senegal, and Uganda.  Environment ZA - The Department of Environmental Affairs of the Republic of South Africa.  EU-TWIX - A database that has been constructed to provide an overview of wildlife seizures in the EU, and aid law enforcement agencies in their efforts to detect, analyse and regulate illegal activities related to trade in flora and fauna.

 Lusaka Agreement Taskforce Secretariat - The Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora.  Mexican National Data - National wildlife seizure data from Mexico provided by the ‘Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente’.  NECER - National Environmental Compliance & Enforcement Report is an annual report prepared by the Department of Environmental Affairs of South Africa which provides an overview of enforcement efforts, progress, and notable seizures.  Peru National Data - National wildlife seizure data provided by the Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre through the Permanent Mission, Vienna.  Philippines National Data - National wildlife seizure data provided by the Department of Environment and National Resources, Biodiversity Management Bureau.  USFWS-LEMIS - United States Fish and Wildlife Service Law Enforcement Management Information System.  WAPPRIITA – Environment Canada, Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act.  WCCB - Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, Ministry of Environment and Forests, India.  WCO-CEN - World Customs Organization, Customs Enforcement Network.  Pangolin Working Group - Intersessional working group on pangolins established at the CITES Standing Committee 65.  WPSI - Wildlife Protection Society of India.

Data limitations and methodological considerations

Wildlife seizure data, like any other seizure data, are complicated to interpret. Each incident is like a single pixel in a large and complex hidden picture, a brief glimpse into a clandestine world. Any crime analysis of wildlife seizure data must overcome four main challenges: estimating the true prevalence of wildlife trafficking; the issue of uneven sampling; the difficulty of comparing unlike products; and the fact that not all seizures result from criminal intent.

Use of triangulation methods and qualitative information to overcome prevalence and sampling problems

Raw seizure data are not an adequate indication of the size of the underlying illicit contraband flow. Conscientious and well-resourced law enforcement agencies may seize a large share of a small flow, while much larger contraband movement can be missed entirely by those without the means to detect it. Some countries do not have the mechanisms in place to collection wildlife seizure data at a national level, or collect only aggregated information. As a result, the current global wildlife seizures database is somewhat incomplete in its coverage. Despite substantial data from most key destination markets, some regions are underrepresented, and efforts are underway to gather these data.

Taking the seizure information that does exist and triangulating it with other sources of data can help to paint a more complete picture. For example, surveys have been conducted on the extent of demand for illicit products. Data on the illegal trade can be triangulated with data on legal trade and scientific information about the number and location of protected species. Known unregulated wildlife markets, both real and virtual, can be monitored for data such as price trends. Finally, qualitative work can greatly enhance the analysis. Those who make their v

living from legal and illegal wildlife markets can often give an estimate of scale and trend to complement the recorded statistics.

Comparing unlike products and eliminating noise

A more profound complication comes with the extreme heterogeneity of illegal wildlife products. To compare illegal wildlife flows, to aggregate multiple seizures, and to track trends over time requires some sort of amalgamation. But how does one compare a box of 10,000 seahorses, a shipping container of rosewood, and a suitcase with three rhino horns? Does each seizure count as “one”? Should the logs be counted and the comparison done by the number of detachable items? Or should each item be weighed on a scale and compared on the basis of kilograms of product?

The weight and number of seizures cannot be used as an indicator of poaching, because it is meaningless to compare or add the different wildlife products. Although it represents an oversimplification of the issues, the simplest means of comparison is some form of standardised valuation. Transnational organized crime is crime committed for material gain. To understand the criminal incentive structure, it is important to know the rough monetary values involved. With sufficiently detailed study, the monetary value of any wildlife contraband flow can be estimated. But even more importantly, monetary values provide an index by which unlike commodities can be compared and tracked across time. Moreover, valuation can be used to filter data noise. Many seizures result from ignorance of the law, not smuggling. To use the seizure records as a tool for crime analysis, this data noise must be filtered. Since, as noted above, organized crime is profit driven, it is highly unlikely that low value shipments were made with criminal intent.

Wildlife Seizure Index

As noted above, in order to be able to speak about “wildlife trafficking” as a category, it is necessary to combine seizures of very unlike commodities through valuation. Since legal trade does occur among all species products, including those listed on CITES Appendix I, it is possible to derive standard prices from import records in a common market. Based on the valuations thus derived, it is possible to determine an index value for global wildlife seizures, and to track this value across time. It is also possible to determine which species and species products are most implicated in illicit trade. It was on the basis of initial valuation of World WISE that the case study species products were identified. Although subsequent data and analysis have changed the picture, these seven species still make up a significant share of the value of the entire database (69% - see graph on page 3).

The methodology used to derive the value index is as follows:

 Let commodity x have n number of reported declared values; {v1, v2…….vn}  Assuming that each report involves several units of the commodity {x1, x2,……xn},  the value assigned to each report is: {x1*v1, x2*v2,………xn*vn} 푛  Thus, the value of all the reported amounts of the commodity x is:∑푖=1 푥푖 ∗ 푣푖  The value index for commodity 푥 used for this report is the weighted average 푛 ∑푖=1 푥푖 ∗ 푣푖 푣푥 = 푛 ∑푖=1 푥푖

This method takes into account each reported value and assigns weight to the valuation according to the amount of the commodity associated with each report.

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Table of Contents

Introduction to the pre-publication draft ...... i

Explanatory Notes ...... iii Sources of Information ...... iv Data limitations and methodological considerations...... v

Table of Contents ...... viii

Chapter 1: Defining Wildlife Crime ...... 1

Wildlife Crime Map ...... 1

Chapter 2: The World Wildlife Seizure Database (World WISE) ...... 2

I: World WISE General Maps ...... 2 II: Wildlife Seizure Index ...... 3

Chapter 3-9 Case Studies ...... 4

Agarwood (Oud) Case study ...... 5

I: Agarwood (Oud) World WISE data...... 5 II: Agarwood (Oud) CITES Legal Trade Data ...... 7 III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Agarwood (Oud) Chapter...... 8

Caviar Case Study ...... 11

I: Caviar (Sturgeon) World WISE data ...... 11 II: Caviar (Sturgeon) CITES Legal Trade Data ...... 13 III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Sturgeon (Caviar) Chapter ...... 14

Ivory Case Study ...... 22

I: Ivory World WISE Seizure Data ...... 22 II: Draft Tables and Figures in the Ivory Chapter (including rhino horn) ...... 24

Pangolin Case Study ...... 33

I: Pangolin World WISE Data ...... 33 II: Pangolin CITES Legal Trade Data ...... 35

Parrot Case Study (New World and Afro-tropical Parrots)...... 36

I: Parrot (New world and Afro-tropical) World WISE Data ...... 36 II: Parrot (New world and Afro-tropical parrots) CITES Legal Trade Data ...... 38 III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Parrot Chapter ...... 39

viii

Reptile Skin Case Study ...... 43

I: Reptile Skin World WISE data ...... 43 II: Reptile Skin CITES Legal Trade Data...... 45 III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Reptile Skin Chapter ...... 46

Rosewood Case Study ...... 49

I: Rosewood World WISE Data ...... 49 II: Rosewood CITES Legal Trade Data ...... 51 III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Rosewood Chapter ...... 52

Chapter 10: Cross-sectoral analysis and implications ...... 61

ANNEX 1 ...... 62

Chapter 1: Defining Wildlife Crime

Wildlife Crime Map

Figure. Penalties for CITES violations

Chapter 2: The World Wildlife Seizure Database (World WISE)

I: World WISE General Maps

Below maps are based on the data included in the current global wildlife seizures database (World WISE) which is not complete in its coverage. Despite substantial data from most key destination markets, some regions are underrepresented

Figure. Total number of seizures reported by country, 2004-2015

Figure. Source countries of seized shipments, 2004-2015

II: Wildlife Seizure Index

The figures below present an analysis of the data in the World Wildlife Seizure Database using the Wildlife Seizure Index to aggregate species specific information (see page vi for a description of the Wildlife Seizure Index).

Figure. Share of indexed species specific seizures as part of the total indexed seizures

Chapter 3-9 Case Studies

Agarwood (Oud) Case study

I: Agarwood (Oud) World WISE data Analysis of illegal agarwood (oud)(kg) data was based on seizure records in World WISE, 2007 to 2014. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country. Chips, bark, oil, and powder by weight were used in the analysis and conversions were applied for oil. See table for details on conversions.

Figure. Seized Agarwood (kg), 2007 to 2014. Conversions applied.

Table. Summary of Seized Agarwood (kg) in World WISE, 2007 to 2014. Units (no. of Commodity types Weight/volume Comments items)

Includes wood chips, bark, oil and powder all Final Wood conversions 49,730.70 kg - converted to wood. See conversion factors below

Original chip/bark 12,217.97 kg 358 Original values of chips by weight were used.

Original powder 12,513.16 kg 42 Powder in KG was converted to wood (1:1 ratio). Oil in LT/KG was converted to wood (1 LT or KG oil from Original oil 57.36 kg and 17.215 LT 381 143.6kg of wood). 4821.59 kg and 233.88 Original derivatives 30724 Not included in analysis LT Original extracts 8,526.21 kg and 2.382 LT 168 Not included in analysis Original medicine 408.17 kg and 10 LT 5401 Not included in analysis

Original unspecified 3,223.22 kg Not included in analysis

Sources: World WISE

Summary tables for weight of agarwood (oud) (kg) seized, according to seizure records in World WISE, 2007 to 2014. Conversions applied.

Table. Weight of agarwood (kg) seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2007 to 2014. Conversions applied. Converted to % of total Converted to % of total Summary of Source Summary of Destination Wood (kg) seized Wood (kg) seized Source of shipment 33,854 96% Destination of shipment 28,700 81%

Unknown 1,587 4% Unknown 6,741 19%

Total seized 35,441 100% Total seized 35,441 100%

Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, weight of agarwood (kg) seized from 2007 to 2014. Conversions applied. Top 10 source countries and Converted to % of total Top 10 destination countries Converted to % of total territories Wood (kg) seized and territories Wood (kg) seized Indonesia 12,906 36% Saudi Arabia 21,476 61%

Malaysia 7,449 21% United Arab Emirates 5,279 15%

India 7,170 20% United States of America 1,403 4%

United Arab Emirates 4,647 13% Japan 431 1%

Saudi Arabia 680 2% India 60 0%

Kuwait 483 1% Qatar 17 0%

Bahrain 238 1% Kuwait 89 0%

Niger 72 0% Thailand 8.00 0%

Oman 65 0% Canada 6.00 0%

Qatar 33 0% Romania 5.00 0%

Other 10 countries and 110 0% Other 5 countries and 6 0% territories territories Unknown 1,587 4% Unknown 6,741 19%

Total 35,441 100% Total 35,441 100%

Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

II: Agarwood (Oud) CITES Legal Trade Data Summary tables for the weight of Agarwood (kg) exports, according export data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 2005 to 2013. Chips, bark, oil, and powder by weight were used in the analysis. Conversions were used for oil. See table below for details.

Table. Conversions for legal Agarwood (kg) exported, 2005 to 2013. Commodity types Weight/volume Comments Final Wood conversions 13,271,382 kg Includes wood chips, bark, oil and powder converted to kg of wood. Original chip 5,895,489 kg Original values of chips by weight were used. Original powder 4,112,158 kg Powder in KG was converted to kg of wood (1:1 ratio) Oil in LT/KG was converted to kg of wood (1 LT oil from 143.6kg Original oil 22,728 kg wood) Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. Weight of agarwood (kg) reported in export data, with information on import or export country, 2005 to 2013. Conversion applied. Source of shipment Converted to % of total Destination of shipment Converted to % of total summary Wood (kg) trade summary Wood (kg) trade 13,271,382 100% Destination of shipment 13,271,282 99% Source of shipment Unknown 0 0% Unknown 100 >1%

Total 13,271,382 100% Total 13,271,382 100%

Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. The top 10 importing and exporting countries and territories trading in agarwood (kg), 2005 to 2013. Conversions applied. Top 10 source countries Converted to % of total Top 10 destination Converted to % of total and territories Wood (kg) trade countries and territories Wood (kg) trade Indonesia 7,048,293 53% Saudi Arabia 3,984,463 30%

China 3,140,596 China 91,965 Thailand 3,280,825 25% China, Hong Kong SAR 57,900 24% China, Macao SAR 39,395 Taiwan Province of China 2,951,335 Malaysia 2,107,579 16% Singapore 2,481,115 19%

Bangladesh 505,064 4% United Arab Emirates 1,752,260 13%

Viet Nam 260,702 2% Japan 469,718 4%

United Arab Emirates 18,543 0% Viet Nam 456,098 3%

Kuwait 17,800 0% Bahrain 294,426 2%

Lao People's Democratic 16,659 0% Malaysia 203,211 2% Republic Papua New Guinea 7,963 0% India 170,782 1%

Saudi Arabia 7,864 0% Kuwait 134,183 1%

Other 3 countries and Other 39 countries and 90 0% 184,430 1% territories territories Unknown 0 0% Unknown 100 0%

Total 13,271,382 100% Total 13,271,382 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Agarwood (Oud) Chapter

Figure: World exports of essential oils, resinoids, and terpenic by-products

Source: ITC Trade Map

Figure: Metric tons of agarwood legally exported

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: Metric tons of wild-sourced agarwood exported, 2005-20141

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: Metric tons of agarwood seized by source of shipment, 2005-20132

1 Oil exports converted to agarwood equivalents at a ratio of 1:146. Powder exports are assumed to be resin- infused and so are deemed equivalent to chip or timber exports. See: 2 Oil exports converted to agarwood equivalents at a ratio of 1:146. Powder exports are assumed to be resin- infused and so are deemed equivalent to chip or timber exports. See: 9

Figure: Metric tons of wild-sourced agarwood imported, 2005-20143

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: Metric tons of agarwood seized by destination of shipment, 2005-20144

Source: World WISE

3 Oil exports converted to agarwood equivalents at a ratio of 1:146. Powder exports are assumed to be resin- infused and so are deemed equivalent to chip or timber exports. See: 4 Oil exports converted to agarwood equivalents at a ratio of 1:146. Powder exports are assumed to be resin- infused and so are deemed equivalent to chip or timber exports. See: 10

Caviar Case Study

I: Caviar (Sturgeon) World WISE data Analysis of illegal caviar (kg) data was based on seizure records in World WISE from 1999 to 2014. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country.

Figure. Seized Sturgeon Caviar (kg), 1999 to 2014.

Summary tables for weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) seized, according to seizure records in World WISE, 1999 to 2014.

Table. Weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 1999 to 2014. Source of shipment Weight of % of total Destination of shipment Weight of % of total summary caviar/eggs (kg) seized summary caviar/eggs (kg) seized Source of shipment 20,332 86% Destination of shipment 23,516 99% Unknown 3312 14% Unknown 128 1% Total seized 23,644 100% Total seized 23,644 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) seized from 1999 to 2014. Top 10 destination Top 10 source countries Weight of % of total Weight of % of total countries and and territories caviar/eggs (kg) seized caviar/eggs (kg) seized territories Russian Federation 13,943 59% United States of America 20,613 87% Kazakhstan 3,097 13% France 1,160 5% China 801 China 781 3% Germany 563 2% China, Hong Kong SAR 20 Taiwan Province of China <1 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 620 3% Switzerland 371 2% Azerbaijan 425 2% United Arab Emirates 369 2% Hungary 328 1% United Kingdom 127 1% Uruguay 145 1% Turkey 55 0% Ukraine 107 0% Russian Federation 47 0% United Arab Emirates 85 0% Poland 33 0% Germany 77 0% Australia 26 0% Other 51 countries and Other 21 countries and 705 3% 151 1% territories territories Unknown 3312 14% Unknown 128 1% Total 23,644 100% Total 23,644 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. Weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) seized by year, 1999 to 2014. Weight of % of total Time series caviar/eggs (kg) seized 1999 4,683 20% 2000 3,248 14% 2001 8,048 34% 2002 2,377 10% 2003 784 3% 2004 66 0% 2005 214 1% 2006 431 2% 2007 284 1% 2008 1,257 5% 2009 694 3% 2010 243 1% 2011 331 1% 2012 257 1% 2013 530 2% 2014 196 1% Total 23,644 100% Sources: World WISE

II: Caviar (Sturgeon) CITES Legal Trade Data Summary tables for the weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) exported, according export data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 1999 to 2013.

Table. Weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) reported in export data, by source and year 1999 to 2013. Weight of captive- Weight of wild/unknown Weight of all sources Time series sourced caviar (kg) sourced caviar (kg) of caviar (kg) 2000 1,089 279,345 280,434 2001 1,787 285,917 287,704 2002 4,432 172,718 177,150 2003 6,137 148,834 154,971 2004 17,546 103,042 120,589 2005 39,077 69,088 108,165 2006 50,167 10,611 60,778 2007 67,064 21,038 88,102 2008 49,511 14,435 63,946 2009 56,248 7,066 63,314 2010 81,548 6,619 88,167 2011 111,452 3,147 114,600 2012 177,641 2,325 179,966 2013 174,050 2,839 176,889 Total 837,750 1,127,022 1,964,773 Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. Weight of sturgeon caviar (kg) reported in export data, with information on importing or exporting country, 1999 to 2013. Source of shipment Weight of % of total Destination of shipment Weight of % of total summary caviar/eggs (kg) trade summary caviar/eggs (kg) trade Source of shipment 1,963,537 99% Destination of shipment 1,962,751 99% Unknown 1,235 <1% Unknown 2,022 <1% Total seized 1,964,773 100% Total seized 1,964,773 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. Top 10 importing and exporting countries and territories trading in sturgeon caviar (kg), 1999 to 2013. Top 10 source countries Weight of % of total Top 10 destination countries Weight of % of total and territories caviar/eggs (kg) trade and territories caviar/eggs (kg) trade Iran (Islamic Republic of) 556,741 28% United States of America 430,794 22% China 231,415 China 231,307 12% Germany 316,064 16% China, Hong Kong SAR 1108 Kazakhstan 208,596 11% France 302,192 15% Italy 201,007 10% Japan 167,139 9% Russian Federation 171,165 9% Switzerland 118,437 6% China 127,344 China 23,380 France 118,098 6% China, Hong Kong SAR 103,474 6% China, Macao SAR 325 Taiwan Province of China 164 United States of America 89,875 5% United Arab Emirates 98,267 5% Germany 89,749 5% Belgium 66,153 3% Azerbaijan 83,964 4% Australia 53,253 3% Uruguay 59,652 3% Luxembourg 52,830 3% Other 32 countries and Other 109 countries and 153,276 8% 230,279 12% territories territories Unknown 1,235 0% Unknown 2,022 0% Total 1,964,773 100% Total 1,964,773 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Sturgeon (Caviar) Chapter

Figure: World fish production by sector in 2012 (millions of tons)

Source: Elaborated from FAO data5

Figure: Fish capture and aquaculture

Source: Elaborated from FAO FIGIS6

5 FAO, The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome: FAO, 2012. 6 http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-aquaculture-production/query/en; http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-capture-production/query/en 14

Figure: World per capita production of fish as food

Source: FAO7

Figure: Caspian Sea sturgeon population estimates

Source: Khodorevskaya, Ruban and Pavlov, 2009 8

7 FAO, The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture, 2002, 2008, and 2014 editions. 8 R. P. Khodorevskaya, G. I. Ruban and D. S. Pavlov, Behaviour, Migrations, Distribution and Stocks of Sturgeons in the Volga-Caspian Basin. Neu Wulmstorf; World Sturgeon Conservation Society Special Publication, No. 3, 2009. 15

Figure: Global sturgeon meat production

Source: Elaborated from FAO data

Figure: World aquaculture production of sturgeon meat in 2012

Source: Elaborated from FAO data

Figure: Caviar wild-sourced exports and aquaculture production

Source : De Meulenaer 1996, Williamson 2003, and CITES Trade database9

Figure: Price of osetra caviar

Source: Petrossian, A. 2006, and Jones, A. from private sources10

9 Exports represent those of Russia and Iran. See Tom De Meulenaer and Caroline Raymakers, Sturgeons of the Caspian Sea and the international trade in caviar. Cambridge: Traffic International, 1996. Williamson, D. F. 2003. Caviar and Conservation: Status, Management and Trade of North American Sturgeon and Paddlefish. TRAFFIC North America. Washington D.C.: World Wildlife Fund. 10 Armand Petrossian, The Traders Perspective. Proceedings of the International Sturgeon Enforcement Workshop to Combat Illegal Trade in Caviar. Prepared by TRAFFIC Europe for the European Commission, 2006. Brussels, Belgium. 17

Figure: CITES Caspian caviar export quotas reported exports

Source: CITES trade database

Figure: Wild sourced imports of caviar by species, 1998-2013 (metric tons)

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: Wild sourced caviar exports, 1998 to 2013 (metric tons)

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: Kilograms of caviar seized in the United States

Source: US Fish and Wildlife, LEMIS data

Figure: Origin of seized caviar shipments by weight, 1999-2014

Source: World WISE

Figure: Provenance of seized caviar shipments by weight, 1999-2014

Source: World WISE

Figure: World farmed caviar production for 2014 (metric tons)

Source: Survey of caviar producers11

Figure: Metric tons of farmed caviar reported exported in 2012

Source: CITES Trade Database

11 Performed by Dr. Alan Jones in 2015. For a slightly different assessment, see P. Bronzi and H. Rosenthal, ‘Present and future sturgeon and caviar production and marketing: A global market overview’. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, No 30, 2014, pp 1536-1546. 21

Ivory Case Study

I: Ivory World WISE Seizure Data Analysis of illegal ivory (kg) data was based on seizure records in World WISE from 2005 to 2014. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country. Ivory and ivory pieces were used in the analysis and conversions were applied to convert number of items to kg. See table for details on conversions.

Figure. Seized Ivory (kg), 2005 to 2014. Conversions applied.

Table. Conversions for seized ivory in World WISE, 2005 to 2014. Commodity types Weight Units (no. of items) Comments

Includes Ivory pieces and tusks all Final Ivory conversions 124130kg 0 converted to kilograms.

A conversion ratio of 1 ivory piece to Ivory Pieces 24920 kg 5640 3.66 kg of ivory was used. A conversion ratio of 1 tusk to 5.45 kg Tusks 99209 kg 9296 of ivory was used.

Summary tables for weight of ivory (kg) seized, according to seizure records in World WISE, 2005 to 2014. Conversion applied.

Table. Weight of ivory (kg) seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2005 to 2014. Conversion applied. Weight of Ivory % of total Weight of Ivory % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment (kg) seized (kg) seized Source of shipment 103,121 83% Destination of shipment 95,636 77%

Unknown source 21,009 17% Unknown destination 28,494 23% Total seized 124,130 100% Total seized 124,130 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, weight of ivory (kg) seized from 2005 to 2014. Conversion applied. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Weight of Ivory % of total Weight of Ivory % of total countries/territories of countries/territories for (kg) seized (kg) seized shipment shipment China 41,844 34% Kenya 24,289 20% China 26,831 China, Hong Kong SAR 14,960 Taiwan province of China 53 United Republic of 10,986 9% Malaysia 10% Tanzania 11,905

South Africa 9,562 8% Thailand 10,615 9%

Togo 8,525 7% Viet Nam 5,140 4%

Uganda 7,856 6% Kenya 4,926 4%

Malaysia 6,430 5% United States of America 4,296 3%

Nigeria 4,324 3% Cambodia 4,080 3% Lao People's Democratic Mozambique 4,195 3% 2% Republic 2,810

Cameroon 4,089 3% United Arab Emirates 1,979 2%

United Arab Emirates 3,526 3% Germany 1,835 1% Other 79 countries and Other 44 countries and 19,338 16% 6,207 5% territories territories

Unknown 21,009 17% Unknown 28,494 23%

Total 124,130 100% Total 124130 100% Source: World Wise Source: World Wise

II: Draft Tables and Figures in the Ivory Chapter (including rhino horn)

Figure: Probable elephant populations in Africa in 2013

Source: IUCN/SSC/AFESG African Elephant Specialist Group

Figure: Elephant population estimates in the Selous-Mikumi and Ruaha Rungwa ecosystems

Source: TAWIRI 201312 (vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals)

12 Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute 24

Figure: Estimated number of elephants poached (model-based method)

Source: Elaborated from Wittemyer et al 201413

Figure: Probable elephant populations in the 11 African countries with insurgencies14

Source: IUCN/SSC/AFESG African Elephant Specialist Group

13 George Wittemyer, Joseph M. Northrup, Julian Blanc, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, Patrick Omondi, and Kenneth P. Burnham, ‘Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants’. PNAS, vol. 111 no. 36, 2014. 14 Countries with insurgencies include those affected by Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, and Chad), the Lord’s Resistance Army (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan), the South Sudanese civil war, the CAR civil war, the Somali civil war, and the various insurgent groups active in the DRC, Ethiopia, and Burundi. While it has been alleged that Al Shabaab is deriving income from poaching in Kenya, very little evidence has been marshalled to defend this claim. See RUSI 2015. 25

Figure: Exporting region of global large-scale (>500 kg) ivory seizures in kilograms

Source: CITES ETIS

Figure: Weight of ivory (metric tons) by country identified in trade chains of large- scale ivory seizures (>500 kg), 2009-2014

Source: CITES ETIS15

15 “China” includes Hong Kong Province of China. 26

Table: Most recent assessments of the number of ivory objects for sale by geographic area Objects/weight Year Location documented Source 2014 Luanda 10,888 Martin and Vigne 2014 Beijing 6,272 Vigne and Martin 2014 Shanghai 2,172 Vigne and Martin 2013 Lao PDR 1,929 Vigne 2013 Thailand 14,512 Doak 2011 Cairo 918 Martin and Stiles 2011 Fuzhou 282 Vigne and Martin 2011 Guangzhou 6,437 Vigne and Martin 2010/2011 Manila 264 Martin, Martin, and Vigne 2008 Vietnam 2,444 Stiles 2006 Myanmar 8,244 Nijman and Shepherd 2006 USA16 23,825 Martin and Stiles 2005 Mozambique 3,254 TRAFFIC 2004 Germany 16,444 Martin and Stiles 2004 London 8,325 Martin and Stiles 2004 Paris 1,123 Martin and Stiles 2004 Barcelona 381 Martin and Stiles 2004 Madrid 240 Martin and Stiles 2004 Milan 240 Martin and Stiles 2004 Rome 126 Martin and Stiles 2003 Nigeria 4,988 TRAFFIC 2003 Ivory Coast 1,553.80 kg TRAFFIC 2003 Senegal 353.4 kg TRAFFIC 2002 Japan 5,358 Martin and Stiles 2002 Hong Kong SAR 35,884 Martin and Stiles 2002 Taiwan POC 1,382 Martin and Stiles 2002 South Korea 36 Martin and Stiles 2001 Cambodia 1,683 Martin and Stiles 2000 DRC 3,324 Martin and Stiles 2000 Gabon 462 Martin and Stiles 2000 CAR 2,021 Martin and Stiles 2000 Cameroon 3,231 Martin and Stiles 2000 Chad 459 Martin and Stiles 2000 Ethiopia 9,996 Martin and Stiles 2000 Zimbabwe 20,475 Martin and Stiles 2000 South Africa 6,512 Martin and Stiles

16 This includes surveys in Boston, New York City, Washington D.C., Palm Beach, Miami, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Las Vegas, San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Honolulu. 27

Figure: Distribution of ivory objects surveyed retail markets by region

Source: Table

Figure: Destination of detected illegal ivory shipments 1999-2015 (n=87MT)

Source: World WISE

Figure: Sales of art at auction in China

Source: TEFAF 201117

Figure: Share of total weight of ivory items produced by legal Chinese carving factories in 2013 by weight class of item produced

Source: Detecting Centre for Wildlife, Harbin, as quoted in Moyle and Conrad 201418

17 Claire McAndrew, The international art market in 2011. Helvoirt, The European Fine Art Foundation, 2011, p. 23. 18 Brendan Moyle and Kirsten Conrad, Dirty Laundry: Are Chinese Legal Ivory Factories Using Poached Ivory as an Input? 29 October 2014. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2516504 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2516504? 29

Figure: Breakdown of elephant ivory items for retail sale seen in Beijing in May 2014

Source: Vigne and Martin 201519

Figure: Total weight of large-scale (>500 kg) ivory seizures recorded by ETIS

Source: CITES ETIS20

19 Vigne and Martin 2015. Lucy Vigne and Esmond Martin, China faces a conservation challenge: the expanding elephant and mammoth ivory trade in Beijing and Shanghai. Nairobi: Save the Elephants, 2015 20 “China” includes Hong Kong Province of China. 30

Figure: African rhinos poached by country

Source: Emslie 2015. Personal communication from Dr. Richard Emslie, Scientific Officer, IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group.

Figure: Number of rhino horns seized by source of shipment

Source: World WISE

Figure: Number of rhino horns seized by destination of shipment

Source: World WISE

Pangolin Case Study

I: Pangolin World WISE Data Analysis of pangolin data was based on seizure records in World WISE, 2005 to 2015. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country. Scales and live/bodies of pangolins were used in the analysis and conversions were applied for scales and weight of pangolins. See table for details on conversions.

Figure. Number of Seized Pangolins, 2005 to 2015. Conversions applied

Table. Conversion for seized pangolins in World WISE, 2005 to 2015. Commodity types Weight Units (no. of items) Comments Includes kg of live and dead Final Pangolin conversions 0 kg 84,677 pangolin, and pangolin scales, all converted to whole pangolins Conversion ratios: 4.33 kg : 1 Manis Kg of Live/dead pangolins 54392.22 kg 42,552 pentadactyla. 4.96 kg : 1 Manis javanica, 4.96 kg : 1 Manis culionensis Conversion ratios: 573.47 g scales : 1 Manis pentadactyla, 360.51 g scales : scales 25870.3123 kg 42,214 1 Manis javanica, 360.51 g scales : 1 Manis culionensis

Summary tables for the number of pangolins seized according to seizure records in World WISE, 2005 to 2015. Conversions applied.

Table. The number of pangolins seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2005 to 2015. Conversions Applied. Number of % of total Number of % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment Pangolins seized Pangolins seized Source of shipment 29,011 34% Destination of shipment 61,431 33% Unknown 55,755 66% Unknown 23,335 67% Total seized 84,766 100% Total seized 84,766 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, by number of pangolins seized from 2005 to 2015. Conversion Applied. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Number of % of total Number of % of total countries/territories of countries/territories for Pangolins seized Pangolins seized shipment shipment China 33,284 China 31,914 Indonesia 13,462 16% 39% China, Hong Kong SAR 1,290 Taiwan Province of China 80 Uganda 7,022 8% Viet Nam 10,390 12% Myanmar 4,413 5% Thailand 4,528 5% Côte d'Ivoire 1,883 2% Philippines 3,874 5% Cameroon 588 1% Malaysia 2,692 3% Thailand 524 1% Myanmar 2,461 3% Malaysia 462 1% Indonesia 1,905 2% China 334 0% Mali 555 1% Lao People's Democratic 0% 512 1% Gabon 89 Republic Lao People's Democratic 0% India 493 1% Republic 67 Other 23 countries and Other 16 countries and 169 0% 736 1% territories territories Unknown 55,755 66% Unknown 23,335 28% Total 84,766 100% Total 84,766 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

II: Pangolin CITES Legal Trade Data Summary tables for pangolin exports, according export data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 2005 to 2013. Scales and live/bodies of pangolins were used in the analysis and conversions were applied. See table below for details.

Table. Conversions for legal pangolins exported, 2005 to 2013. Commodity types Weight Units (no. of items) Comments

Final Pangolin Includes kg of live and dead pangolin, and pangolin 0 kg 9168 conversions scales, all converted to whole pangolins Conversion ratios: 4.33 kg : 1 Manis pentadactyla. 4.96 Kg of Live/dead pangolins 0 kg 618 kg : 1 Manis javanica, 4.96 kg : 1 Manis culionensis Conversion ratios: 573.47 g scales : 1 Manis scales 3055 kg 8550 pentadactyla, 360.51 g scales : 1 Manis javanica, 360.51 g scales : 1 Manis culionensis

Table. Number of pangolins reported in export data, with information on import or export country, 2005 to 2013. Conversion applied. Number of % of total Destination of Number of % of total Source of shipment pangolins trade shipment pangolins trade Source of shipment 9,168 100% Destination of shipment 9,168 100% Unknown source 0.00 0% Unknown destination 0.00 0% Total 9,168 100% Total 9,168 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. The top 10 importing and exporting countries and territories trading in pangolins, 2005 to 2013. Conversions applied. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Number of % of total Number of % of total countries/territories countries/territories pangolins trade pangolins trade of shipment for shipment Singapore 7767 85% China 7767 85% Togo 1157 13% Thailand 569 6% Uganda 194 2% Viet Nam 394 4% Lao People's Gabon 0% 300 3% 19 Democratic Republic Cameroon 14 0% Japan 35 0% Cambodia 6 0% United Kingdom 25 0% United Kingdom 3 0% Italy 20 0% Malaysia 2 0% Tongo 20 0% Benin 2 0% Spain 15 0% South Africa 1 0% Czech Republic 10 0% other 3 countries and Other 8 countries and 3 0% 13 0% territories territories Unknown 0 0% Unknown 0 0% Total 9168 100% Total 9168 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Source: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Parrot Case Study (New World and Afro-tropical Parrots)

I: Parrot (New world and Afro-tropical) World WISE Data Analysis of illegal parrot data was based on seizure records in World WISE from 2007 to 2014. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country. Only New World and Afro-tropical parrots were assessed.

Figure. Seized Parrots (New world and Afro-tropical), 2007 to 2014.

Summary tables for the number of parrots seized (New World and Afro-tropical parrots) according to seizure records in World WISE, 2007 to 2014.

Table. The number of parrots seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2007 to 2014. Number of % of total Number of % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment parrots seized parrots seized Source of shipment 8616 92% Destination of shipment 4997 53% Unknown 799 8% Unknown 4418 47% Total seized 9415 100% Total seized 9415 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, by number of parrots seized from 2007 to 2014. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Number of % of total Number of % of total countries/territories of countries/territories for parrots seized parrots seized shipment shipment Cameroon 3592 38% Bahrain 1420 15% Mexico 2989 32% Nigeria 700 7% Democratic Republic of the 523 6% United Arab Emirates 557 6% Congo Pakistan 330 4% Singapore 523 6% Qatar 301 3% Mexico 322 3% Argentina 175 2% Saudi Arabia 300 3% Oman 115 1% United States of America 225 2% Lebanon 109 1% Turkey 200 2% Saudi Arabia 104 1% Spain 123 1% Morocco 53 1% Serbia 108 1% Other 44 countries and Other 34 countries and 325 3% 519 6% territories territories Unknown 799 8% Unknown 4418 47% Total 9415 100% Total 9415 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

II: Parrot (New world and Afro-tropical parrots) CITES Legal Trade Data

Summary tables for the number of parrots exported (New World and Afro-tropical parrots), according export data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 2007 to 2014.

Table. The number of parrots reported in export data, by source and year 2007 to 2014. Number of captive- Number of wild/Unknown sourced Number of all Time series sourced parrots parrots sources of parrots

2007 23,060 60,173 83,233 2008 45,631 65,622 111,253 2009 59,844 83,563 143,407 2010 92,072 88,933 181,005 2011 104,268 103,141 207,409 2012 159,365 98,085 257,450 2013 28,527 116,208 144,735 2014 2,485 5,309 7,794 Total 515,252 621,034 1,136,286 Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. The number of parrots reported in export data, with information on import or export country, 2007 to 2014. Number of % of total Number of % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment parrots trade parrots trade Source of shipment 1,136,286 100% Destination of shipment 1,135,184 99% Unknown 0 0% Unknown 1,102 <1% Total 1,136,286 100% Total 1,136,286 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table. Top 10 importing and exporting countries and territories trading in live parrots, 2007 to 2014.

Top 10 source countries Number of % of total Top 10 destination Number of % of total and territories parrots trade countries and territories parrots trade Uruguay 518,875 46% Mexico 558,373 49% South Africa 362,002 32% United Arab Emirates 64,390 6% Congo 37,966 3% Bahrain 55,867 5% Argentina 37,714 3% Singapore 55,574 5% Guyana 34,369 3% Oman 35,559 3% Suriname 25,039 2% Israel 34,523 3% Singapore 17,363 2% Pakistan 34,517 3% United States of America 14,422 1% Malaysia 25,829 2% China 67,918 Peru 13,725 1% China 23,218 6% China, Hong Kong SAR 20,973 Taiwan, Province of China 23,727 Mali 13,476 1% Thailand 20,729 2% Other 110 countries and Other 103 countries and 61,335 5% 181,905 16% territories territories Total 1,136,286 100% Unknown 1,102 0% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Total 1,136,286 100%

Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Parrot Chapter

Figure. CITES-listed bird orders dominant in international trade, export data.

Source. Export data from CITES Trade Database. Note: Passeriformes decline in 1990 was due to no export data reported by some of the prominent exporting countries (but imports were reported by receiving countries). A similar event occurred in 1997 to a lesser extent, but also in 1998 imports were much higher than exports suggesting that some 1998 imports were from 1997 exports.

Figure. Source of Psittaciformes in legal international trade, 1975-2013

Source: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Figure. Importing countries for live parrots (Psittaciformes), CITES export data 1976 to 2013.

Source: CITES Trade Database Export data.

Figure. Top destinations of live parrots (Psittaciformes), CITES export data, 2007 to 2013.21

Source: CITES Trade Database export data.

21 Import data was sometimes reported in lower or higher amounts than export data. Import data from Mexico was 584,100 live parrots, United Emirates was 108,293 live parrots, Singapore was 80,506 live parrots, China was 25,152 live parrots (Hong Kong SAR 22,462 and China 2,690), Bahrain had nothing (joined CITES in 2012), Malaysia was 20,568 live parrots, Israel was 17,532 live parrots, Thailand was 9,427 live parrots, Oman was 281 live parrots, Pakistan was 6 live parrots, and all remaining countries and territories was 116,421 live birds). 40

Figure. Top exporting countries of live parrots (Psittaciformes), CITES export data, 2007 to 2013.

Source: CITES Trade Database export data.

Figure. International trade of new world and Afro-tropical parrots, CITES export data 2007 to 2014.

Source: CITES Trade database

Figure. Number of new world and Afro-tropical parrots seized, according to seizures in World WISE 2007 to 2014.

Source: World WISE

Reptile Skin Case Study

I: Reptile Skin World WISE data Analysis of illegal reptile skin data was based on seizure records in World WISE from 2005 to 2014. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country.

Figure. Seized Reptile Skins, 2005 to 2014.

Summary tables for the number of reptile skins, according to seizure records in World WISE, 2005 to 2014.

Table. Summary of the number of reptile skins seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2005 to 2014. Number of % of total Number of reptile % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment reptile skins seized skins seized Source of shipment 24,699 95% Destination of shipment 24,069 93% Unknown 1,217 5% Unknown 1,847 7% Total seized 25,916 100% Total seized 25,916 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, number of reptile skins seized from 2005 to 2014. Top 10 source countries Number of % of total Top 10 destination Number of reptile % of total and territories reptile skins seized countries and territories skins seized Indonesia 7,311 28% Spain 7,890 30% Argentina 5,011 19% Singapore 4,189 16% Colombia 2,607 10% United States of America 3,988 15% China 2,688 Malaysia 2,533 10% China 1,498 10% China, Hong Kong SAR 1,190 United State of America 1,156 4% France 979 4% Mexico 875 3% Italy 875 3% Senegal 780 3% Thailand 815 3% France 596 2% Turkey 422 2% Viet Nam 383 1% Netherlands 390 2% China 345 China 37 1% Republic of Korea 281 1% China, Hong Kong SAR 282 Taiwan, Province of China 26 Other 82 countries and Other 40 countries and 3,102 12% 1,552 6% territories territories Unknown 1,217 5% Unknown 1,847 7% Total 25,916 100% Total 25,916 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

II: Reptile Skin CITES Legal Trade Data

Summary tables for the number of reptile skins exported, according export data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 2005 to 2013.

Table. The number of reptile skins reported in export data, by source and year 2005 to 2013. Number of Captive-sourced Number of Wild/Unknown Number of all sources Time series reptile skins sourced reptile skins of reptile skins 2005 1,041,663 2,355,418 3,397,081 2006 1,571,070 2,654,060 4,225,130 2007 1,234,160 1,852,255 3,086,415 2008 1,121,272 1,469,305 2,590,577 2009 741,512 1,305,440 2,046,952 2010 1,073,074 1,368,011 2,441,085 2011 1,198,878 1,254,078 2,452,956 2012 1,183,913 1,318,289 2,502,202 2013 1,241,142 651,298 1,892,440 Total 10,406,684 14,228,154 24,634,838 Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Note: Skins from in meters were converted to number of skins using an average length of Python molurus (5 m) and Python reticulatus (4m).

Table. The number of reptile skins reported in export data, with information on importing or exporting country, 2005 to 2013. Number of % of total Number of % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment summary summary reptile skins trade reptile skins trade Source of shipment 24,634,838 100% Destination of shipment 24,626,429 99% Unknown 0 0% Unknown 8,409 <1% Total 24,634,838 100% Total 24,634,838 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

Table Top 10 importing and exporting countries and territories trading in reptile skins, 2005 to 2013. Top 10 source countries Number of % of total Top 10 destination countries and Number of % of total and territories reptile skins trade territories reptile skins trade Colombia 6,056,679 25% Singapore 9,366,694 38% Indonesia 5,658,990 23% Mexico 2,870,601 12% United States of America 3,022,603 12% Italy 2,808,236 11% Malaysia 2,304,963 9% France 1,849,640 8% Viet Nam 1,979,160 8% Japan 1,355,062 6% Argentina 1,842,558 7% Germany 1,220,371 5% Zimbabwe 628,623 3% United States of America 1,215,408 5% South Africa 353,795 1% Thailand 940,655 4% Venezuela (Bolivarian 339,438 1% Republic of Korea 609,248 2% Republic of) Thailand 334,080 1% Spain 602,998 2% Other 45 countries and 1,012,337 4% Other 103 countries and territories 1,787,516 7% territories Total 24,634,838 100% Unknown 8,409 0% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database Total 24,634,838 100% Sources: Export data from CITES Trade Database

III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Reptile Skin Chapter

Table. Species in the reptile skins trade in Indonesia. Protected Harvested English common Known to be CITES Harvested Species Local names under in north name important in trade listing in Java Indonesian law Sumatra Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle Penyu sisik  I  Python Python reticulatus Reticulated Python kembang;  a II   Ular sanca Python brongersmai Ular sawah Short-tailed Python gendang  II  Python curtus (gendong) Varanus salvator Water Monitor Biawak  II   Gold-ringed Cat Cincin emas; Boiga dendrophila   Snake cincin kuning Kobra; Kobra Naja sputatrix Javan Spitting Cobra jawa; Ular  II  sendok; Ular Puff-faced Water Ular air; Ular   Homalopsis buccata Snake air belang Ptyas mucosus Oriental Rat Snake Ular jali  II  Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra King kobra II  Python bivittatus Python Burmese Python; bodoh;  II  (Protected as P. molurus ) Rock Python python batu; Ular sanca Ular jali ( often Indo-Chinese Rat Ptyas korros confused with  Snake Ptyas Ular lanang Coelognathus radiatus Radiated Rat Snake  sapi Acrochordus javanicus Elephant Trunk Snake Ular karung    Rainbow Water Ular air; Ular Enhydris enhydris*  Snake air pelangi Xenochropis piscator* Checkered Keelback Ular Macan  Black Copper Rat Coelognathus flavolineata* unknown  Snake Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile Buaya muara  II  Equatorial Spitting Ular sendok; Naja sumatrana^ II  Cobra ular kobra Ular sendok; Ophiophagus hannah^ King Cobra II  king kobra (Source: interviews; Auliya, 2010a). Protected species are not permitted to be hunted or traded. a. Not protected, but no harvest allowed on Java; * Reported from Auliya, 2010a; ^ Primarily for consumption rather than skin

Table. Species in the reptile skins trade in Malaysia. Known to be Protected listing Harvested in English common CITES Harvested Harvested Species important in under Malaysian Peninsular name listing in Sabah in Sarawak trade legislation Malaysia Python reticulatus Reticulated Python  Protected II    Varanus salvator Water Monitor  Protected II    Coelognathus radiatus Radiated Rat Snake Protected  Puff-faced Water Protected  Homalopsis buccata Snake Ptyas mucosus Oriental Rat Snake Protected II  Python breitensteini Bornean Short-tailed Protected II  (Listed as Python curtus) Python Brongersma's Short- Python brongersmai Totally Protected II  tailed Python Naja naja*^ Asiatic Cobra Protected II  Totally Protected (Peninsular Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile Malaysia)    Protected (Sabah and Sarawak) Varanidae*  Protected II    Pythonidae*  Protected II    Sea snake sp Not protected  (Source: interviews, CITES Trade Data, Auliya, 2010b)

Figure. Value distributions for hypothetical trade chains for a 3 metre export grade P. reticulatus skin. Both charts show the total revenue for two hypothetical value chains and show the percentage of revenue returned to each actor. Figures are based on reported prices paid by actors located in Jember, Bali, and Jakarta, drawn from Table below. In the graph on the left, “tanner / exporter” is based on figures from Jakarta, while in the right, both the skinner / tanner and the “product manufacturer” are located in Bali. All other actors are located in East Java.

Source: Interviews by TRAFFIC

Table. Value chain of a Python reticulatus skin. Actor Value of whole skin Product

Collector USD30 - 40 up to USD60 Live wild-caught Python reticulatus Skinner/ Exporter USD50 - 70 up to USD100 Raw skin Product manufacturer USD200 – 500 Locally produced bag and retailer USD3,000 - 5,000 up to Bag produced by high-end USD10,000 European fashion house Source: Interviews by TRAFFIC

Rosewood Case Study

I: Rosewood World WISE Data Analysis of rosewood (kg) data was based on seizure records in World WISE from 2005 to 2015. Source of shipment does not necessarily indicate origin of the specimen. Destination of shipment does not necessarily indicate the final destination and could indicate a transit country.

Figure. Seized Rosewood (kg), 2005 to 2015. Conversions applied.

Table. Conversions for seized rosewood in World WISE, 2005 to 2015. Commodity types Weight Units (no. of items) Comments

Includes logs and timber of Final Rosewood Dalbergia and Pterocarpus 8373245 kg 0 conversions santalinus, all converted to kilograms.

Dalbergia 6210149 kg 21075 Conversion Ratio of 1 log : 125 kg

Pterocarpus santalinus 2163096 kg 4858 Conversion Ratio of 1 log : 15kg

Summary tables for weight of rosewood (kg) seized, according to seizure records in World WISE, 2005 to 2015.

Table. Weight of rosewood (kg) seized with information on source of shipment or destination of shipment, 2005 to 2015. Kilograms of % of total Kilograms of % of total Source of shipment Destination of shipment Rosewood seized Rosewood seized Source of shipment 6,798,911 83% Destination of shipment 6,014,407 72% Unknown source 1,574,334 17% Unknown destination 2,358,838 28% Total seized 8,373,245 100% Total seized 8,373,245 100% Sources: World WISE Sources: World WISE

Table. The top 10 countries and territories for source and destination of shipment, weight of rosewood (kg) seized from 2005 to 2015. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Kilograms of % of total Kilograms of % of total countries/territories of countries/territories for Rosewood seized Rosewood seized shipment shipment China 5232318 Madagascar 4,491,875 54% China 718543 62% China, Hong Kong SAR 4460129 Taiwan province of China 53646 India 1,177,545 14% United Arab Emirates 338,421 4% Thailand 618,375 7% Malaysia 231,149 3% Tanzania 500,000 6% Mozambique 135,875 2% Cambodia 9,000 0% Liberia 61,789 1% Burkina Faso 2,116 0% Viet Nam 8,705 0% Other countries and territories 0 0% Indonesia 4,023 0% Unknown 1,574,334 19% United States of America 886 0% Total 8,373,245 100% Ukraine 751 0% Sources: World WISE Thailand 176 0% Other 5 countries and 314 0% territories Unknown 2,358,838 28% Total 8,373,245 100% Sources: World WISE

II: Rosewood CITES Legal Trade Data Summary tables for the weight of rosewood (kg) exported, according to import data in the CITES Wildlife trade database, 2006 to 2013.

Table. Conversions for rosewood in CITES import data, 2006 to 2013. Units (no. of Commodity types Weight Comments items) Final Rosewood Includes logs of Dalbergia and Pterocarpus 8239387 kg 0.00 conversions santalinus, all converted to kilograms. Dalbergia 5276895 kg 143351.11 Conversion Ratio of 1 log : 125 kg Pterocarpus santalinus 2962492 kg 2933.16 Conversion Ratio of 1 log : 15 kg

Table. Weight of rosewood (kg) reported in import data, with information on import or export country, 2006 to 2013. Kilograms of Kilograms of Source of shipment % of trade Destination of shipment % of trade Rosewood Rosewood Source of shipment 7,823,717 95% Destination of shipment 8,239,387 100% Unknown source 415,670 5% Unknown destination 0 0% Total 8,239,387 100% Total 8,239,387 100% Sources: Import data from CITES Trade Database Sources: Import data from CITES Trade Database

Table. Weight of rosewood (kg) reported in import data, with information on import or export country, 2006 to 2013. Top 10 source Top 10 destination Kilograms of Kilograms of countries/territories of % of trade countries/territories for % of trade Rosewood Rosewood shipment shipment India 2,962,492 36% China 4,276,288 52% Lao People's democratic 1,682,974 20% Singapore 2,962,492 36% Republic Cambodia 998,105 12% Viet Nam 998,105 12% Panama 879,833 11% Switzerland 1,670 0% Viet Nam 475,055 6% Spain 759 0% Belize 440,617 5% Japan 73 0% Other countries and Nicaragua 217,593 3% 0 0% territories El Salvador 74,712 1% Unknown 0 0% Costa Rica 72,431 1% Total 8,239,387 100% Mexico 19,074 0% Sources: Import data from CITES Trade Database Other 2 countries and 832 0% territories Unknown 415,670 5% Total 8,239,387 100% Sources: Import data from CITES Trade Database

III: Draft Tables and Figures in the Rosewood Chapter

Figure: Value of global furniture production in 2012

Source: Elaborated from EC 201522

Figure: Value of tropical hardwood furniture by exporting country in 2013

Source: Elaborated from COMTRADE

22 The EU furniture market situation and a possible furniture products initiative. CEPS, Economisti Associati, CSIL and Demetra for DG Enterprise and Industry (authors). European Commission, Brussels. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=7918&lang=en&title=Study-on-the-EU- furniture-market-situation-and-a-possible-furniture-products-initiative-. Accessed 30 January 2015. 52

Figure: Value of exports of tropical hardwood furniture, 2000-2013

Source: Elaborated from COMTRADE

Figure: Recorded exports of tropical logs in 1000s of cubic meters, 2013 (n=16 million cubic meters)

Source: ITTO Statistics Database, preliminary data; COMTRADE

Table 1: Fourteen hong mu species most commonly traded in China

Price per Scientific Chinese CITES Hongmu ‘Class’ Common Name(s) Source Appen cubic Name classificatio dix metre23 n Dalbergia Chinese Rosewood Xiangzhi $1,500,000 Class odorifera / Huanghuali China I Dalbergia $2,000,000 Collectable tonkinensis Sua Vietnam Zitan II Class Pterocarpus Red sandalwood, (2007 $358,000 II santalinus Red sanders India ) Hei suanzhi II Dalbergia Bois de rose / (2013 $45,000 louvelii Malagasy rosewood Madagascar ) Hong II High Dalbergia Siamese rosewood / suanzhi Mekong (2013 $93,000 End cochinchinensis Thai rosewood Basin ) Hong II Dalbergia Black rosewood / suanzhi Central (2013 $32,000 retusa Cocobolo America ) Pterocarpus Huali macarocarpus Mekong $6,300 / cambodianus Burmese padauk Basin Mid- Dalbergia Hong

Ordinary end cearensis Kingwood suanzhi Brazil Class Dalbergia Hong oliveri/ Burmese rosewood suanzhi Mekong $9,200 bariensis / Tamalan Basin Hei suanzhi II Dalbergia Honduran Central (2013 stevensonii rosewood America ) Millettia Jichi Congo $850 laurentii Wenge Basin Low- Millettia Jichi Mekong end leucantha Sathon Basin Dalbergia Hei suanzhi $2,400 melanoxylon African blackwood East Africa Pterocarpus Kosso / Vene / Huali West $1,100 erinaceus African rosewood Africa Source: Adapted from Wenbin and Xiufang 2013.24

23 Price in China, best quality, latest available (Source: ITTO MIS Nov 2014, except D.odorifera/ tonkinensis, Wenbin and Xiufang, 2013. H. Wenbin. and S. Xiufang, Tropical Hardwood Flows in China: Case Studies of Rosewood and Okoumé. Forest Trends, 2013. Available at: http://www.forest- trends.org/documents/files/doc_4138.pdf, op cit, p. 4. 24 Wenbin and Xiufang 2013 (op cit) include Dalbergia cearensis and Milettia leucantha as being among the 16 most commonly traded rosewood species in China, but this study found little evidence of harvesting and trade. 54

Figure: CITES-listed rosewood log imports by species in metric tons, 2007-2014

Source: CITES Trade Database

Figure: CITES-listed rosewood log imports by importer in metric tons, 2005-2014

Source: CITES Trade Database

Table: Logging protections for kosso in some West African states Source Protection Law country Mali Felling prohibited Loi No 95-004 Fixant les conditions de gestion des ressources forestières (Article 17) (1995) Burkina Felling prohibited Arrêté ‘No 2004-019/MECV (Article 44) (2004) Faso Benin Felling prohibited Décret No 96-271 Portant modalités d’application de la Loi N093-009 du 2 Juillet 1993 (Article 25) (1996) Togo Transport of Note de Service No. 0251 MERF/SG/DRF, issued kosso prohibited 21 May 2015 Nigeria Determined by Varies state Ghana Species export moratorium Guinea- Logging Ministerial declaration, 1 April 2015 Bissau moratorium The Kosso protected Forest Regulations 1998 Gambia under Schedule 2

Table: Log export bans in top rosewood source countries Country Year of log export Rosewood species involved ban Lao PDR 1999 Dalbergia oliveri Pterocarpus macrocarpus Dalbergia cochinchinensis Millettia leucantha Myanmar 2014 Dalbergia oliveri Pterocarpus macarocarpus Dalbergia cochinchinensis Millettia leucantha Cambodia 1992, 200625 Dalbergia oliveri Pterocarpus macarocarpus Viet Nam 1992 Dalbergia oliveri Pterocarpus macarocarpus Dalbergia cochinchinensis Dalbergia tonkinensis Nigeria 1976 Pterocarpus erinaceous Ghana 1994 Pterocarpus erinaceous

25 Royal Government of Cambodia (2006) Sub-Decree No. 131 on Specific Forest Products-By-products or NTFPs, Article 3, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2012/03/Sub-Decree-131- on-Forest-and-Non- Timber-Forest-Products-Allow-For-Export-andImport_061128.pdf 56

Figure: Share of land area under forest cover

Source: Elaborated from World Bank26

Figure: Destination of red sanders seizures made in India (metric tons) 2007-2014

Source: World WISE

26 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS 57

Figure: Confiscated Timber

Source: Myanmar Forest Department 27

Figure: Total value of Chinese imports of rosewood logs

Source: World Trade Atlas, citing Chinese Customs

27 Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Director General, Myanmar Forest Department, 'Myanmar Timber Trade and Rosewood Policies', presentation to the International Workshop on Promoting Legal and Sustainable Trade and Investment of Forest Products, 26 March 2014, Shanghai. 58

Figure: Sources of rosewood log imports to China in 2014 by value

Source: World Trade Atlas, citing Chinese Customs

Figure: Volume of China imports of rosewood logs from selected West African countries

Source: World Trade Atlas, citing Chinese Customs

Figure: China imports of rosewood logs by volume through major customs district in 2013

Source: World Trade Atlas, cites China Customs

Chapter 10: Cross-sectoral analysis and implications

ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

AFRICA Eastern Africa

Year Comments Country Source 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Burundi No data available Comoros No data available Djibouti No data available Eritrea No data available CITES Annual reports 2 6 1 Ethiopia COBRA3 5 CITES Annual reports 2 4 1 2 1 COBRA3 27 Kenya Lusaka Agreement 1 6 8 8 4 WCO-CEN 5 1 15 Madagascar CITES Annual reports 4 CITES Annual reports 1 4 10 5 3 4 Malawi WCO-CEN 1 Mauritius No data available Mayotte CITES Annual reports 1 COBRA3 3 Mozambique WCO-CEN 9 6 22 2 CITES Annual reports 2 Reunion WCO-CEN 2 Rwanda CITES Annual reports 7 3 13 2 1 Seychelles CITES Annual reports 1 Somalia No data available South Sudan No data available COBRA3 13 Lusaka Agreement 2 6 Uganda WCO-CEN 1 5 3 EC Pangolin Working Group 2 1 5 1 COBRA3 4 United Republic of Tanzania Lusaka Agreement 2 EC Pangolin Working Group 1 3 6 CITES biennial report 108 Zambia COBRA3 6 WCO-CEN 2 Zimbabwe EC Pangolin Working Group 1 7 11 11

62 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

AFRICA Middle Africa

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Angola No data available CITES Annual reports 1 Cameroon EAGLE 7 2 10 15 15 11 24 53 18 WCO-CEN 8 4 37 16 Central African Republic No data available Chad No data available EAGLE 1 42 Congo Lusaka Agreement 2 1 1 3 2 3 WCO-CEN 1 WCO-CEN 4 6 2 Democratic Republic of the Congo Centre de Recherche en Science Naturelles (CRSN, Lwiro, DRC 1 Equatorial Guinea No data available CITES Annual reports 3 Gabon EAGLE 1 6 3 6 10 6 EC Pangolin Working Group 1 4 3 10 7 Sao Tome and Principe No data available

AFRICA Northern Africa

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Algeria No data available Egypt No data available Libya No data available Morocco No data available Sudan WCO-CEN 7 1 Tunisia CITES Annual reports 1

AFRICA Southern Africa

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Botswana COBRA3 1 Lesotho No data available Namibia COBRA3 2 CITES Annual reports 4 6 13 7 1 4 2 1 South Africa

63 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

COBRA3 8 South Africa Environment ZA 7 16 19 38 11 NECER 11 115 73 126 79 83 30 Swaziland No data available

AFRICA Western Africa

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Benin EAGLE 1 CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 1 Burkino Faso WPSI 1 Cabo Verde No data available Côte d’Ivoire No data available Gambia No data available Ghana No data available EAGLE 3 1 3 Guinea WCO-CEN 18 Guinea-Bissau No data available Liberia No data available Mali WCO-CEN 1 2 Mauritania CITES Annual reports 1 1 Niger WCO-CEN 1 Nigeria WCO-CEN 2 1 1 Senegal CITES Annual reports 1 Sierra Leone No data available Togo EAGLE 1

AMERICAS Caribbean

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Antigua and Barbuda No data available Bahamas No data available Barbados No data available Cuba WCO-CEN 1 2 Dominica No data available Dominican Republic CITES Annual reports 1 2 Grenada No data available Haiti No data available Jamaica No data available Martinique CITES Annual reports 1 2 Saint Kitts and Nevis No data available

64 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

Saint Lucia No data available Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No data available Trinidad and Tobago No data available

AMERICAS Central America

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belize No data available Costa Rico No data available El Salvador No data available CITES Annual reports 2 1 Guatemala CITES biennial report 24 Honduras CITES Annual reports 1 CITES Annual reports 3 4 2 23 27 8 3 3 9 Mexico CITES biennial report 15 Mexican national data 955 1135 780 604 735 1182 1318 1392 958 671 517 Nigaragua No data available Panama WCO-CEN 3

AMERICAS Northern America

Year Comments Country Source 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CITES Annual reports 4 2 1 1 Canada WAPPRIITA 149 Greenland CITES Annual reports 1 United States of America USFWS-LEMIS 4655 5008 5811 5248 5481 6172 6366 6617 6655 5530 4419 Received data from 1999 - 2015

AMERICAS South America

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CITES Annual reports 1 1 2 Argentina CITES biennial report 28 40 Bolivia (plurinatonal state of) No data available CITES Annual reports 1 Brazil Brazil national Data 6 23 22 24 23 17 21 7 11 2 Data received but not analyzed Chile CITES Annual reports 17 5 3 1

65 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

Colombia CITES Annual reports 6 Ecuador CITES Annual reports 1 French Guiana WCO-CEN 1 1 2 Guyana No data available Paraguay No data available Peru Peru National Data 107 Data received but not analyzed Suriname No data available Uruguay CITES Annual reports 8 1 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) CITES biennial report 64

ASIA Central Asia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Kazakhstan WCO-CEN 2 Kyrgyzstan WCO-CEN 1 1 Tajikistan No data available Turkmenistan No data available Uzbekistan CITES Annual reports 2 1 2

ASIA Eastern Asia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CITES Annual reports 1 2 3 2 CITES biennial report 24 71 86 65 1029 COBRA3 19 China EAGLE 1 WCO-CEN 55 CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 3 EC Pangolin Working Group 28 47 60 48 8 CITES Annual reports 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 China, Hong Kong SAR COBRA3 12 WCO-CEN 57 117 225 196 CITES Annual reports 1 China, Macao SAR CITES biennial report 3 10 Democratic Peoples's Republic of Korea No data available CITES Annual reports 7 16 34 4 29 8 13 3 1 Japan WCO-CEN 1 Mongolia WCO-CEN 5 1 Republic of Korea CITES Annual reports 2 1 2 1 2

66 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

ASIA South-Eastern Asia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Brunei Darussalam ASEAN WEN 1 ASEAN WEN 3 33 4 2 13 Cambodia CITES Annual reports 3 2 WCO-CEN 2 3 ASEAN WEN 7 27 14 25 38 CITES Annual reports 1 1 Indonesia CITES biennial report 80 108 73 14 28 12 18 30 6 COBRA3 9 ASEAN WEN 2 19 Lao People's Democratic Republic COBRA3 4 ASEAN WEN 39 25 26 35 26 CITES Annual reports 13 15 11 2 3 2 2 CITES biennial report 61 107 6 228 1 33 4 1 1 1 Malaysia CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 4 COBRA3 2 WCO-CEN 6 4 1 ASEAN WEN 25 78 65 27 6 Myanmar EC Pangolin Working Group 6 6 4 5 5 ASEAN WEN 7 4 40 50 51 CITES Annual reports 1 Philippines CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 8 Philippines national data 42 8 8 14 59 WCO-CEN 1 ASEAN WEN 15 8 4 8 CITES Annual reports 17 23 28 4 4 1 3 3 Singapore CITES biennial report 4 3 CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 5 1 COBRA3 3 ASEAN WEN 15 18 28 161 181 CITES Annual reports 14 3 5 24 CITES biennial report 18 181 126 Thailand CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 50 123 COBRA3 17 WCO-CEN 13 3 EC Pangolin Working Group 14 19 25 15 13 1 Timor-Leste No data available ASEAN WEN 16 58 39 138 31 CITES Annual reports 1 1 Viet Nam CITES SRR Species Specific Seizures 3 COBRA3 3 WCO-CEN 6 3 3

67 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

ASIA Southern Asia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Afghanistan No data available Bangladesh No data available Bhutan No data available ASEAN WEN 8 CITES Annual reports 1 COBRA3 6 India WCCB 141 207 221 207 218 266 265 WCO-CEN 5 5 13 WPSI 1043 Iran (Islamic Republic of) No data available Maldives No data available COBRA3 1 Nepal WCO-CEN 1 CITES Annual reports 2 Pakistan CITES biennial report 6 4 CITES Annual reports 3 Sri Lanka WCO-CEN 1 EIA 1

ASIA Western Asia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Armenia No data available Azerbaijan No data available Bahrain No data available Cyprus EU-TWIX 4 3 1 3 4 1 CITES Annual reports 1 Georgia CITES biennial report 2 6 WCO-CEN 4 2 Iraq No data available CITES Annual reports 14 7 1 1 3 1 5 Israel WCO-CEN 1 CITES Annual reports 3 3 Jordan WCO-CEN 4 CITES Annual reports 7 4 14 2 2 Kuwait CITES biennial report 3 4 WCO-CEN 1 2 Lebanon No data available Oman WCO-CEN 7

68 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

CITES Annual reports 1 1 3 2 Qatar CITES biennial report 2 11 WCO-CEN 1 1 CITES Annual reports 1 29 26 27 11 Saudi Arabia WCO-CEN 2 1 Syrian Arab Republic No data available CITES Annual reports 1 1 2 2 1 Turkey CITES biennial report 26 36 62 132 224 28 WCO-CEN 2 CITES Annual reports 81 2 2 2 64 38 6 5 United Arab Emirates CITES biennial report 49 106 175 73 61 64 35 46 106 WCO-CEN 7 6 4 2 Yemen WCO-CEN 5 1 1

EUROPE Eastern Europe

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Belarus No data available COBRA3 3 Bulgaria EU-TWIX 1 4 3 2 6 9 1 EU-TWIX 41 42 61 63 47 11 3 3 Czech Republic WCO-CEN 6 EU-TWIX 62 172 124 26 29 34 12 35 Hungary WCO-CEN 32 CITES Annual reports 1 COBRA3 13 Poland EU-TWIX 110 154 73 84 118 61 2 114 54 WCO-CEN 35 Republic of Moldova No data available COBRA3 2 Romania EU-TWIX 2 1 1 2 5 2 1 6 WCO-CEN 1 CITES Annual reports 2 3 2 1 2 Russian Federation COBRA3 3 WCO-CEN 9 4 20 COBRA3 1 Slovakia EU-TWIX 56 28 12 11 1 6 19 10 CITES Annual reports 2 3 2 1 Ukraine COBRA3 2

69 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

EUROPE Northern Europe

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 COBRA3 1 Denmark EU-TWIX 123 87 62 99 80 79 105 99 107 WCO-CEN 89 CITES SRR Species Specific Seziures 4 Estonia EU-TWIX 6 2 8 9 3 1 7 13 WCO-CEN 4 Finland EU-TWIX 2 3 1 1 1 1 Iceland No data available Ireland EU-TWIX 5 9 12 76 41 7 30 24 11 Latvia EU-TWIX 23 9 11 36 13 13 34 9 16 Lithuania EU-TWIX 3 35 42 24 15 24 13 14 Norway CITES Annual reports 52 36 17 35 34 78 139 138 2 Sweden EU-TWIX 38 33 14 21 52 7 38 33 CITES Annual reports 1 United Kingdom COBRA3 91 EU-TWIX 138 226 201 191 179 206 125 397 249

EUROPE Southern Europe

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Albania No data available Andorra No data available Bosnia and Herzegovina No data available CITES Annual reports 1 4 CITES biennial report 17 31 29 Croatia CITES SRR Species Specific Seziures 28 COBRA3 1 CITES SRR Species Specific Seziures 8 Greece COBRA3 1 EU-TWIX 8 6 4 9 3 4 5 2 CITES Annual reports 1 Italy COBRA3 7 EU-TWIX 66 76 62 44 46 1 185 224 297 Kosovo (in compliance with UN security Council Resolution 1244/99) No data available EU-TWIX 2 3 5 3 5 4 7 10 Malta WCO-CEN 4 Montenegro WCO-CEN 1 CITES Annual reports 1 Portugal

70 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

COBRA3 7 Portugal EU-TWIX 17 85 79 84 32 4 6 15 WCO-CEN 4 CITES Annual reports 1 Serbia CITES biennial report 2 5 WCO-CEN 3 CITES Annual reports 4 10 7 Slovenia CITES SRR Species Specific Seziures 12 EU-TWIX 73 31 19 22 18 33 35 14 2 CITES Annual reports 2 CITES SRR Species Specific Seziures 221 Spain COBRA3 21 EU-TWIX 164 155 147 268 142 141 88 114 140 WCO-CEN 1 137 80 The former Yogoslav Republic of No data available EUROPE Western Europe

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 COBRA3 4 Austria EU-TWIX 49 81 74 60 104 3 70 143 COBRA3 5 Belgium EU-TWIX 74 109 47 66 193 190 169 210 135 COBRA3 6 EU-TWIX 124 83 123 214 167 190 36 74 498 France CITES biennial report 1 1 1 1 1 WCO-CEN 2 COBRA3 32 Germany EU-TWIX 1002 1197 772 712 853 890 912 804 737 WCO-CEN 365 Liechtenstein No data Available Luxembourg EU-TWIX 11 9 Monaco CITES Annual reports 1 1 COBRA3 7 Netherlands EU-TWIX 107 558 319 357 706 407 25 477 408 WCO-CEN 326 CITES Annual reports 3 8 5 15 4 4 3 6 4 4 Switzerland CITES biennial report 39

71 ANNEX 1 Summary table of wildlife seizures included in World WISE

OCEANIA Australia and New Zealand

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Australian Permits Administration Database 1035 3456 1214 1011 Australia CITES Annual reports 1 1 5 WCO-CEN 8 5 CITES Annual reports 4411 2737 1 1439 3857 2253 3278 CITES biennial report 6 New Zealand CITES Annual reports 2138 3102 3683 WCO-CEN 2

OCEANIA Melanesia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Fiji CITES Annual reports 1 Papua New Guinea No data available Solomon Islands No data available Vanuatu No data available OCEANIA Micronesia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Kiribati No data available Marshall Islands No data available Micronesia (Federated States of) No data available Nauru No data available Palau No data available

OCEANIA Polynesia

Country Source Year Comments 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Samoa No data available Tonga No data available Tuvalu No data available