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Water As a Driver of Evolution: the Example of Aquatic Snakes

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Water As a Driver of Evolution: the Example of Aquatic Snakes Water as a driver of evolution : the example of aquatic snakes Marion Segall To cite this version: Marion Segall. Water as a driver of evolution : the example of aquatic snakes. Animal biology. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. English. NNT : 2017USPCB058. tel-02127227 HAL Id: tel-02127227 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02127227 Submitted on 13 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse de doctorat de l’ Université Paris Descartes Spécialité Biologie Interdisciplinaire Ecole Doctorale Interdisciplinaire Européenne Frontière du Vivant (ED 474) Water as a driver of evolution: the example of aquatic snakes Par Marion Segall Réalisée dans les laboratoires : Mécanismes Adaptatifs & Evolution, Equipe FUNEVOL, UMR 7179, CNRS/MNHN Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, UMR 7636, ESPCI/CNRS/Paris Diderot/UPMC Encadrée par Anthony Herrel et Ramiro Godoy-Diana Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 10 novembre 2017 Devant un jury composé de : Harvey Lillywhite Professor, University of Florida, USA Rapporteur Patricia Ern Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Rapporteure Raphaël Cornette Docteur, MNHN Examinateur Catherine Quilliet Maître de Conférences, UGA Examinatrice Sam Van Wassenbergh Docteur, University of Antwerp, BE Examinateur Anthony Herrel Directeur de Recherche, CNRS Directeur Ramiro Godoy-Diana Chargé de Recherche, CNRS Directeur Table of Content Résumé ............................................................................................................................ 1 General Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Does aquatic foraging impact head shape evolution in snakes? .......... 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 21 Material & Methods .................................................................................................. 23 Specimens ............................................................................................................... 23 Geometric morphometrics ...................................................................................... 24 Analyses .................................................................................................................. 25 Results ........................................................................................................................ 26 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2: Hydrodynamics of the frontal strike in aquatic snakes: drag, added mass and the possible consequences for prey capture success ................................. 35 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 37 Material & Methods .................................................................................................. 39 3D models ............................................................................................................... 39 Experimental setup ................................................................................................. 41 Drag coefficient and added mass ........................................................................... 41 Detection distance .................................................................................................. 43 Particle Image Velocimetry .................................................................................... 43 Statistical analyses ................................................................................................. 45 Results ........................................................................................................................ 45 Drag and added mass ............................................................................................. 45 Detection distance .................................................................................................. 46 Flow characterization ............................................................................................ 46 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 3: The complexity of convergence: from one-to-one mapping of form to function to many-to-one mapping of function to ecology ......................................... 53 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 55 Material & Methods ................................................................................................... 57 Specimens ................................................................................................................ 57 Geometric morphometrics ...................................................................................... 59 3D models ............................................................................................................... 59 Experimental setup ................................................................................................. 60 Drag coefficient ...................................................................................................... 60 Statistical analyses .................................................................................................. 61 Results ........................................................................................................................ 61 Morphometry .......................................................................................................... 61 Drag coefficients ..................................................................................................... 64 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 4: Behavioral adaptation .............................................................................. 69 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 71 Material & Methods ................................................................................................... 73 Experimental setups and tracking ........................................................................... 73 Hydrophis platura experiments .............................................................................. 73 Enhydris bocourti experiments ............................................................................... 74 Cerberus schneiderii experiments .......................................................................... 74 Video analysis ......................................................................................................... 74 Data from literature ................................................................................................ 75 Statistical analyses .................................................................................................. 76 Results ........................................................................................................................ 77 Description of the behavior and kinematics of H. platura ..................................... 77 Description of the behavior and kinematics of E. bocourti .................................... 78 Description of the behavior and kinematics of C. schneiderii ................................ 79 Strike performance ................................................................................................... 80 Meta-analysis ........................................................................................................... 80 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 82 Comparison of the prey capture behavior of H. platura, E. bocourti and C. schneiderii ............................................................................................................... 82 Relationships between form, function and behavior ............................................... 84 General Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 87 References ..................................................................................................................... 97 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 111 Résumé L’environnement dans lequel les espèces animales vivent joue un rôle important dans leur évolution. Les contraintes physiques sont particulièrement intéressantes car elles induisent souvent une pression évolutive qui pousse les espèces, même éloignées, à développer des réponses adaptatives similaires. Les contraintes physiques liées à la vie en milieu aquatique ont un impact important
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