Nutritional Value of Common Edible Reptiles
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF COMMON EDIBLE REPTILES Joycelyn Anak Mail BY 4757 J89 2013 Bachelor ofScience with Honours (Animal Resource Science and Management) 2013 141 Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akadem ik UNlVERSlTI MALAYSIA SARAWAK P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK 1IIIIIIIIIIi'~llllllllll1000246669 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF COMMON EDIBLE REPTILES II Ii JOYCELYN ANAK MAIL (26542) A report submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe Final Year Project 2 (STF 3015) Bachelor in Animal Science and Management Department of Zoology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak I DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or other university of institution ofhigher learning. Joycelyn anak Mail (26542) Zoology Department Faculty ofResource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ACKNOWLEDMENT First of all, I thank God because He gave me wisdom and strength in the completion of my study. I also want to give my appreciation to my respected supervisor, Mr. Mohd. Zacaery bin Khalik and my co-supervisor, Prof Dr. Andrew Alek Tuen, for their guidance and support throughout this study. Your Sacrifice, understanding and advises are very much appreciated. May God continually bless you! Also, to my dearest family: my late grandmother, Merdist@Mudus anak Sangim, daddy, Mail anak Najung, mummy, Yon anak Tomi, uncle, Ling anak Najung and my two beloved sisters, Priscilla and Avelina Mail, you all are always be my inspiration. Thanks for the support and prayer in every aspects. Deepest gratitude to the lab assistant, Mr. Raymond Patrick Atet, for his support and help during my lab works. Not to be forgotten my love Mr. Adenson Henry, for his prayers, care and support in many situations. Lastly, to all my classmates especially Suzila Bamic, Tracy Pail and Doris Tang, I truly appreciate your presence. Pusat Khidmui :\i1a~UHI~l Ak,ul\:w ik UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 TABLE OF CONTENT 11 LIST OF TABLES IV LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF ABBREVATIONS VI LIST OF APPENDICES Vll ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vlll ABSTRACT IX ABSTRAK IX 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Significant of Study 5 1.3 Scope ofStudy 6 1.4 Objectives 7 1.5 Statement of Problem 7 1.6 Hypothesis Statement 8 2 LITERA TURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Family Pythonidae 9 2.2 Family Acrochordidae 10 2.3 Family Colubridae 10 2.4 Family Trionychidae 11 2.5 Family Bataguridae 11 2.6 Family Crocodylidae 12 2.7 Family Varanidae 12 2.8 Nutrient requirement for human 13 2.9 Reptile Consumption by Human 17 3 MATERIALS AND METHOD 20 3.1 Samples collection 20 3.2 Samples analysis 20 3.3 Moisture analysis 21 3.4 Crude Protein analysis 23 3.5Ether extract analysis 26 ii 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 Data analysis 29 4.2 Moisture analysis 30 4.3 Crude Fat analysis 31 4.4 Crude Protein analysis 34 4.5 The Comparison ofthe data analysis with 36 normal human standard nutrition need 4.6 Consequences in nutrients deticiency and 41 excess in human diet 4.7 Awareness in Wildlife Conservation 43 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 45 5.1 Conclusion 45 5.2 Recorrunendation 46 REFERENCES 47 APPENDICES 51 III ,.. LIST OF TABLES Table no. Title Page Table 1 Nutritional value ofnonnal meat consumed by people 14 Table 2 Nonnal nutrients requirement ofnonnal adult male and 15 female Table 3 Result in water content in reptiles' meat 30 Table 4 Result in ether extracts analysis 33 Table 5 Result in reptiles' meat analysis by proximate analysis 38 IV LIST OF FIGURES Figure no. Title Page Figure I Nonnal nutrients requirement of 15 nonna} adult male and female Figure 2 Moisture analysis by force draught 22 oven at 80°C overnight Figure 3 Samples left to cool inside the 22 desiccator Figure 4 Digestion process 25 Figure 5 Distillation process 25 Figure 6 Titration process 26 Figure 7 Crude fat analysis by Soxhlet 27 Extractor Figure 8 Result ofcrude fat analysis in 32 reptiles' meat Figure 9 Result ofcrude protein analysis in 35 reptiles' meat Figure 10 Comparison ofnutritional value of 39 reptiles' meat Figure 11 Comparison in nutritional value of 40 reptiles'meat v ,.... ,.. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOAC Association ofthe Analytical Chemist CITES Convention ofIntemational trade in Endangered Species FAO Food and Agriculture Organization g Gram HCL Hydrochloric acid kg Kilogram mL Mililiter N Nonnality NaOH Sodium hydroxide UNIMAS Universiti Malaysia Sarawak WHO World Health Organization WPO Wild Life Protection Ordinance " % Percentage VI _: LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix No. Title Page Appendix 1 Reticulated python, Python reticulated 51 Appendix 2 Malayan soft-shelled turtle, Dogania 51 suplana Appendix 3 Water monitor, Varanus sa/vator 52 Appendix 4 Malayan box turtle, Cuora 52 amboinensis Appendix 5 Protein analysis data 53 Vll Nutritional Value of Common Edible Reptiles Joycelyn anak Mail Animal Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT The study is focused on the nutritional value of common edible reptile's meat and effects of consuming the meat toward human. The parameters for the analysis are moisture analysis, crude protein analysis, and crude fat analysis by using proximate analysis method. Proximate analysis is the method to determine the chemical constituents of feedstuff by follow the normal composition parameter of the feed. The samples that are used for the analysis are Python reticulatus. Cuora amboinensis, Crocodylus porosus, Dogania subplana, Varanus salvator. Acrochordusjavanicus and Xenelaphis hexagonotus. The native people in Padawan and Serian area commonly consume the reptiles' meat because of the taste of the flesh instead of knowing the actual nutritional value of the meat. Based on the analysis, reptiles' meats have not met the standard human nutrients requirement. Besides that, the conservation of the wild animal is taken seriously by Sarawak Forestry Department where some of the species are listed in Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1998. Keywords: Conservation, Consumption, Nutritional value, proximate analysis, Reptile, Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1998. ABSTRAK Kajian inifokus kepada tahap nutrisi dalam daging reptilia dan kesan daripada pengamalan daging ini terhadap manusia. Parameter yang digunakan lIntuk menganalisa daging reptilia ini adalah dengan menguji kandungan air di dalam daging tersebut, kandungan protein kasar, dan kandungan /emak kasar dengan menggunakan kaedah analisa penganggaran. Kaedah analisis ini adalah unluk mengelahui kandungan bahan kimia dalam pemakanan dengan memjuk kepada piawaian pemakanan yang digalakkan. Sampel daging yang digunakan adalah daging Python reticulatus, Cuora amboinensis, Crocodylus porosus, Dogania subplana, Varanus salvator, Acrochordus javanicus dan Xenelaphis hexagonotus. Berdasarkan kajian yang dibuat, kandungan nutrisi da/am daging reptilia belum memenuhi piawaiall kandungan nutrisi yang diperlukan olell man usia. Penduduk pedalaman di Padawan dan Serian mengamalkan makanan eksotik ini disebabkan oleh rasa daging tersebllf dan kepercayaan mereka bahawa gading ini dapat memulihkan perbagai jenis penyakit. Selain ilU, pemuliharaan hidupan liar amat di ambil serius oleh Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak kerana terdapat sebahagian daripada reptilia ini disenaraikan dalam Ordinan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Sarawak, 1998. Kata kunci: Pemuliharaan, Pengamalan, Kandungan mllnSl, Analisa penganggaraan, Reptilia. Ordinan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Sarawak, 1998. Vlll In Sarawak, reptiles' consumption is common among the native people in the rural area and even by the urban people (Pegg et al., 2005). The native people usually caught and killed the animals instead ofreleasing them back in wild (Pozio et al., 2006). The preparation of the reptiles' meat is very important to prevent the present of bacteria and parasite in the meat (Madsen, 1992; Brook et al., 2010). The minimum time for the preparation ofthe meat was at least about one hour. Thus, the study emphasized on the nutritional value of the reptiles' meats by proximate analysis to indicate the nutritional value ofthe meats according to the species. Nutrition is the properties of diet which made up body metabolism and promotes health (Winyard, 1992). Nutritional values are the nutrients contain in food which helps to support body functions in order to have a healthy living, or in other words, the nutrients which to support body's functions in order to help healthy living. In other words, to improve and enhance the ability of our body systems to do work and other exercises (Corbin et al., 2009). According to a survey that had been carried out near Padawan and rural village in Serian, one of the villagers said that they believe by consuming the python meat will enhance the delivery of baby and lead to smooth and healthy skin. Besides that, the study done by Magnino et al. (2009), the Spanish sailors consumed salted giant tortoise meat during the sailing and agree that the flesh ofthe tortoise was good and tasty. This proved that people have consumed the reptiles for about many years ago as their source of food and some for medical purposes. According to traditional Chinese medical practitioner, the flesh of crocodile was essential for treating a few 2 types of chronic illness such as asthma, cough with white sputum, lung and kidney asthenia and inborn weakness. As increasing the demographic growth in this country especially in Sarawak, the demand for the food production was high including the meat (Rerat & Kaushik, 1995). Thus, with the high demands of meats, the market value increases and cause some ofthe native people which have low living income have to depend on the wild meat for their food source. In addition, the native people usually breed the livestock in captivity and some cropping at the village as their source of income and food. The meat that the native people usually consumed are meat of reticulated python, soft-shelled turtles, saltwater crocodile, water monitor, Malayan box turtle, elephant trunk snake and Malayan brown snake.