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Modelling Impact of Change in Irrigated Land on Rivers Discharge and Recharge of Lake Urumieh

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Modelling Impact of Change in Irrigated Land on Rivers Discharge and Recharge of Lake Urumieh Modelling Impact of Change in Irrigated Land on Rivers Discharge and Recharge of Lake Urumieh Ali Hesamy JAN 2003 Modelling impact of change in irrigated land on rivers discharge and recharge of lake Urumieh By Ali Hesamy ITC first supervisor Dr. J. de Leeuw ITC second supervisor Prof. Dr. A. M. J. Meijerink Iranian first supervisor Dr. J. Ghouddossi Iranian second supervisor Dr. Soukoty Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Rangeland and Agricul- tural Management. Degree Assessment Board Dr. J. de Leeuw (Chairman – Supervisor) RAM Department, ITC Prof. Dr. P. Driessen (External Examiner) Free University, Amsterdam Dr. H. Huizing (2nd supervisor) RAM Department, ITC Dr. J. Ghouddossi (member) SCWMRC –Iran INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS II Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. III MODELLING IMPACT OF CHANGE IN IRRIGATED LANDS ON RIVERS DISCHARGE AND RECHARGE OF LAKE URUMIEH In the name of God ABSTRACT In this study the impact of irrigation on rivers discharge and recharge of Urumieh lake was investi- gated. Remote sensing and geographic information systems were used to improve the hydrological knowledge of the study area. The Urumieh lake catchment is located in the northwest part of Iran, which has a moderate cold cli- mate. It has an area of 47200 km2. There are more than 30 rivers flowing in the region, feeding the Urumieh lake. Mean annual precipitation of the catchment equals 398 mm, while evaporation equals about 1150 mm; in addition rivers contributed on average 6-km3 water annually in to the lake. The Miandoab alluvial plain (field area) southeast of lake Urumieh covers an area of 1025 km2, with a general topographic gradient from the south and southeast towards lake Urumieh. It has an average annual rainfall over 350 mm, decreasing gradually to 250 mm toward the Lake. There were no significant variations in total amount of precipitation observed from the 14-rainfall sta- tion in the Simineh and Zarrineh rivers basin in south part of the lake. Rivers discharge at four gauges was analysed. The result showed a significant decline in one out of four gauges. Also all four gauges revealed a negative sign for the regression. Fluctuation of ground water table was studied for years between 1989 and 2000. The result revealed a 3.9-meter decline in ground water table. It was caused 0.179-km3 volume of water. Land use change was analysed using multiple date landsat thematic imagery for 1989 and 2000. There was 18417-hectare increase in total irrigated area during years between 1989 and 2000. Total amount of water demand for irrigation was calculated for the study area. There were 0.226-km3 increases in water demand for irrigation during years of observation. Relation between observed and predicted rivers discharge was investigated. The result revealed that predicted rivers discharge was always considerably lower than the observed discharge. Regression analysis on effects of observed rivers discharge and lake level on predicted rivers discharge revealed that the effects of observed discharge and lake level on predicted discharge are highly signifi- cant. And the regression accounted for 48.3 % in predicted rivers discharge. Relation between observed and predicted rivers discharge during the years of observation showed that in case of rise in lake level the difference between predicted rivers discharge and observed rivers dis- charge was reduced. UUUV MODELLING IMPACT OF CHANGE IN IRRIGATED LANDS ON RIVERS DISCHARGE AND RECHARGE OF LAKE URUMIEH Thanks to God Acknowledgment The completion of this thesis may not have been possible without the support, contribution and inspirations from the following persons: Dr. J. Ghouddossi my Iranian supervisor for his guidance and direction; Dr. J. de Leeuw for his patience, direction and indefatigable guidance during entire period of my study in ITC as my first supervisor; Prof. Dr. A. M. J. Meijerink as my second supervisor at ITC for his guidance, not forgetting his support during fieldwork; Dr. H. Huizing for his support during fieldwork; Dr. A.G. Toxopeus for his support during fieldwork; Dr. Soukoty for his support during fieldwork; I wish also to thank all lecturers, members of the support staff Lastly I would like to remember my family, particularly to thank my wife for taking up all the responsibilities during my absence from home, my daughter for their patience and understand- ing, and my mother for her prayers. UUUVI MODELLING IMPACT OF CHANGE IN IRRIGATED LANDS ON RIVERS DISCHARGE AND RECHARGE OF LAKE URUMIEH Table of content 1. INTRUDUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 1.1. Literature review ....................................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem definition..................................................................................................................2 1.3. Objective of study ..................................................................................................................2 1.4. Research questions .................................................................................................................2 2. Material and method.......................................................................................................................2 2.1. Field area ................................................................................................................................4 2.2. Soil type..................................................................................................................................5 2.3. Mapping irrigated area ...........................................................................................................6 2.3.1. TM image analysis .........................................................................................................6 2.3.2. Georectification..............................................................................................................7 2.4. Rainfall ...................................................................................................................................7 2.5. Discharge................................................................................................................................9 2.6. Ground water........................................................................................................................11 2.7. Crop calendar .......................................................................................................................12 2.7.1. Winter crops .................................................................................................................13 2.7.2. Summer crops...............................................................................................................13 2.7.3. Alfa-Alfa ......................................................................................................................14 2.7.4. Orchards .......................................................................................................................14 2.7.5. Rainfed crops................................................................................................................14 2.8. Potential irrigated water requirement ...................................................................................14 2.9. Total irrigation water requirement........................................................................................15 2.10. Total amount of water feeding the lake............................................................................16 2.11. Lake level prediction model .............................................................................................17 3. Result............................................................................................................................................21 3.1. Hydrology.............................................................................................................................21 3.1.1. Rainfall .........................................................................................................................21 3.1.2. River discharge.............................................................................................................23 3.1.3. Ground water................................................................................................................24 3.2. Irrigated area.........................................................................................................................26 3.3. Map classes...........................................................................................................................28 3.3.1. Alfa-Alfa ......................................................................................................................28 3.3.2. Orchards .......................................................................................................................28 3.3.3.
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