Duri Nolline Munyaradzi

BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

Faculty of Science

Department Of Sport Science

A STUDY TO ESTABLISH FACTORS AFFECTING WOMEN

PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY NETBALL IN BRADFIELD AREA IN

GLEN NORAH, HARARE

Researcher: DURI NOLLINE MUNYARADZI

(B1337647)

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS DEGREE

IN SPORTS SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT

(HNSCSSM)

BINDURA, ZIMBABWE

DECEMBER 2016

DECLARATION

I, Duri Nolline Munyaradzi hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree.

Signature……………………………………………………………………………… …………..

Date…………………………………………………………………………

BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

RELEASE FORM

Name of Author: Duri Nolline Munyaradzi

Tittle of Project: A study to establish factors affecting

women’s Participation in community netball Glen Norah community, Harare.

Programme: Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Sports Science And

Management

Year Granted: 2016

Permission is hereby granted to Bindura University of Science Education Library to produce single copies and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purpose only. The author does not reserve other publication rights and either the project nor may extensive extracts from it be printed or reproduced without the author’s permission.

Signed by………………………………………………………………………………….

Permanent Address: House no 473 Bradfield Road

Waterfalls

Harare

Date: December 2016

BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read and recommend to the Bindura University of Science Education for acceptance, a project entitled: A study to establish factors affecting women’s participation in community sport in Bradfield Area in Glen Norah Community, Harare. Submitted by Duri Nolline Munyaradzi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science Honours Degree.

………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………….. Surpervisor(s)

………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………Chairperson

………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………Examiner

………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………...Date

iii

DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my husband Kuziwa and three sons, Anashe, Kupakwashe and Kunashe so as to instill in them the importance of education and hard work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For the success of this research project I extend my utmost appreciation to all those who gave me guidance, assistance and support. In particular, I would like to thank my Supervisor Ms. Sithole for her constructive criticism that challenged me for excellence. She was dedicated throughout the course of the project. I also want to appreciate the help of Zodzwa Madlamini when I was doing this research.

I also thank Bradfield netball club which collaborated in the collection of data, the Head Simbaredenga Primary School for supporting my netball club with netball facilities and equipment during training sessions and Nyasha Oliver Sadomba for helping me during the research.

Lastly I would like to extend my gratitude to my lovely husband Kuziwa and our three sons, Anashe, Kupakwashe and Kunashe who always inspired me to work hard and never to give up even when the load seems too heavy to carry on with. Without these four people my life would have become meaningless hence my successful completion of the Research project.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to examine factors affecting women participation in community netball in Bradfield Area. Existing literature was reviewed to assess the findings of other researchers on the factors affecting women’s participation in netball. A random sampling technique was used to select the respondents of the study. Sample of 22 respondents was used. The sample consists of 20 women netball players and 2 officials from Bradfield netball club. The questionnaires and observation guide were used as data collection instruments. The research established that there were several factors affecting women participation in community netball. Among them were cultural influence, attitude, educational and religious influences, and lack of funding in for women’s participation in netball, absence of adequate sporting facilities and education on the importance of participating and benefits of playing community netball. Several recommendations were proposed to improve the quality of participation of women in community netball.

Contents DECLARATION ...... i RELEASE FORM ...... ii APPROVAL FORM ...... iii DEDICATION ...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi List of Tables ...... xi List of Figures ...... xii List of Appendices ...... xiii List of Abbreviation ...... xiv CHAPTER 1 ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Background of the study ...... 1 Statement of the problem...... 2 Assumptions of the study ...... 2 Significance of the study ...... 3 Objective of the study ...... 3 Research questions ...... 3 Delimitation ...... 3 Limitation of the study ...... 4 Definition of terms ...... 4 Summary ...... 4 CHAPTER 2 ...... 5 Literature review ...... 5 2.0 Introduction ...... 5 2.1 History of netball ...... 5 2.2 Benefits of playing netball...... 6 2.3 Factors affecting participation in sport...... 7 (a) Gender and sport ...... 7 (b)Culture and religion in Zimbabwe ...... 9 2.4 Facility and Equipment...... 12 2.5 Media coverage in women sports...... 13 2.6 Sponsorship and rewards...... 14

vii

2.7 Attitude of women towards netball ...... 15 Summary ...... 16 CHAPTER 3 ...... 17 Introduction ...... 17 Methodology ...... 17 Research design ...... 17 Advantages of descriptive survey design ...... 17 Disadvantages of descriptive survey design ...... 18 Population ...... 18 Sample ...... 18 Research instruments ...... 19 Questionnaire ...... 19 Advantages of questionnaires ...... 19 Disadvantages of questionnaires ...... 20 Observation ...... 20 Administration of questionnaires ...... 21 Validity and reliability ...... 21 Data collection procedure ...... 21 Data presentations procedure ...... 22 Data analysis ...... 22 Pilot study ...... 22 Summary ...... 22 CHAPTER 4 ...... 23 Presentation and Discussion of Data ...... 23 4.0 Introduction ...... 23 4.1 Respondents Rate ...... 23 SECTION A ...... 23 4.1.0 Biographical Information of the respondents...... 23 4.1.1 Age Respondents ...... 23 4.1.2 Academic Qualification of Respondents ...... 24 4.1.3 Respondents Professional Qualification ...... 24 4.1.4 Marital status ...... 25 4.2.0 SECTION B ...... 26 4.2.1 Question 1. Bradfield netball club support netball ...... 26 4.2.2 Question 2. Negative attitude of women in sport...... 27 4.2.3 Question 3. Cultural and religious beliefs ...... 28 viii

4.2.4 Question 4. Training time is not enough ...... 28 4.2.5 Question 5. Good facility and equipment ...... 29 4.2.6 Question 6. Education is very important ...... 30 4.2.7 Question 7. Rewards are important ...... 30 4.2.8 Question 8. Responsibilities versus Participation ...... 31 Analysis of results from questionnaire for officials ...... 32 4.3.0 SECTION A ...... 32 Women officials’ demographic information ...... 32 4.3.1 Gender ...... 32 4.3.2 Age of respondents ...... 32 4.3.3 Academic and professional qualification...... 32 4.4.0 SECTION B ...... 33 4.4.1 Question 1. Negative attitude by coaches ...... 33 4.4.2 Question 2. Female coaches favours games played by men...... 34 4.4.3 Question 3. Equipment as motivation ...... 34 4.4.4 Question 4. Incentivising sport ...... 35 Question 5. Challenges faced by coaches...... 35 4.5.0 Observation guide ...... 35 4.5.1 Punctuality ...... 36 4.5.2 Absenteeism ...... 36 4.5.3 Communication ...... 36 4.5.4 Attitude ...... 36 4.5.5 Analysis of coaches’ documents...... 37 4.5.6 Summary ...... 37 CHAPTER 5 ...... 37 Summary, conclusion and recommendations ...... 37 5.0 Introduction ...... 37 5.1 Summary ...... 37 5.2 Conclusion ...... 38 Recommendations ...... 39 REFERENCES ...... 40 Appendix I ...... 44 Questionnaire 1. For women participation in netball in Bradfield Netball Club...... 44 SEACTION A ...... 44 SECTION B ...... 45 Appendix II...... 47 ix

QUESTIONNAIRE 2. For women officials in Bradfield Netball Club...... 47 SEACTION A ...... 47 SECTION B ...... 48 Appendix III ...... 49 Observation Guide ...... 49

List of Tables

Table 1 Gender of respondents

Table 2 Age of respondents

Table 3 Academic and profession qualification of respondents

List of Figures

Fig 4.1 Respondents of age

Fig 4.2 Academic qualification of respondents

Fig 4.3 Professional qualifications of respondents

Fig 4.4 Marital status of respondents

Fig 4.5 Bradfield netball club supports netball

Fig 4.6 Negative attitude of women in sports

Fig 4.7 Cultural and religious beliefs

Fig 4.8 Training time not enough

Fig 4.9 Good equipment and facilities

Fig 4.10 Importance of education

Fig 4.11 Rewards are important

Fig 4.12 Responsibilities versus participation

Fig 4.13 Negative attitude by coaches

Fig 4.14 Female coaches’ favors games played by men

Fig 4.15 Equipment’s as motivation

Fig 4.16 Incentivizing sport

Fig 4.17 Observation guide

xii

List of Appendices

Appendices 1 Questionnaires for the netballers

Appendices 2 Questionnaires for the women officials

Appendices 3 Observation guide

xiii

List of Abbreviation

COSSASA………………. Confederation of School Sports Association in Southern Africa

CANA……………………. Confederation of African Netball Association

INF………………………. International Netball Federation

NAPH……………………. National Association of Primary Heads

NGO…………………….Non- Governmental Organisation

SRC………………………. Sports and Recreational Commission

UNICEF…………………United Nations Children’s Fund

ZINA……………………. Zimbabwe Netball Association

SA…………………………Strongly Agree

A …………………………Agree

D……………………………Disagree

SD……………………………Strongly disagree

xiv

CHAPTER 1 Introduction This chapter presents the problem, background to the study, assumption of the study, significant of the study, delimitation, definition of terms and objectives of the study reactively.

Background of the study Within sports and active living communities there is a wide spread agreement that physical activity is one of the cornerstone of good healthy, functional capacity and well-being. This was supported by Herald press of the year 2015 discussing about diseases affecting women due to lack of sports and physical activity. The article also discussed that physical activity and sports may influence physical health of women in many ways.

Sallis, J and Owen N. (1999) also comment that sports have the ability to improve an individual’s physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual well-being. This also calls for women to take part in sporting activities so as to benefit physically, socially, emotionally and mentally. However, there is poor participation in women hence most women are not enjoying these benefits. Brown (1995) sited that there are several critical issues that must be faced and solved if progression is to be made towards sports of women.

The researcher realised that the participation and spectating of women in sporting activities touches on the most of Zimbabweans population. Zimbabwe’s failure to win any meaningful medals in female sporting events is an issue of concern in the sporting fraternity debate on their inactive participation in sports. Despite the fact that athletes like Kirsty Coventry and Cara Black won medals at Olympic Games, the majority of female athletes performed below expectations. Even today very few women are seen participating in general. Adeyanju (1992) sited that factors contributing to low participation of women in sport have been recorded in America, Britain and Australia and are seen as an issue of concern to sports person and stakeholders all over the world.

Taiylor (2001) also argues that more than 60% of the women in most African countries are failing to participate in sports due to cultural, religious beliefs and level

1 of education. The researcher realised that, due to these poor participation of women in sport women has become major victims of chronic diseases like obesity, heart attack and cancer.

With this mind the researcher thought to cater for fellow women in her community of Bradfield. She decided to engage them in sports so as to improve their health and also help them to enjoy the benefits of sport by starting a netball club for women so that they would participate in sports. The researcher sold this idea to most women in Bradfield area. Most women responded positively. About 50 women registered. However, the researcher noted a number of challenges among the women who participated in netball. The challenges included, punctuality, absenteeism and drop outs. Due to these challenges there was poor progression of the club.

However, because of these challenges and disturbances, the researcher thought of carrying out a research to find out the factors affecting these women which resulted in their drop outs, poor punctuality, lack of commitment and other problems which dragged the smooth running of the new netball club’s progression.

It is this contest that the researcher sought to uncover the factors which contribute to the poor participation of women in sport in Bradfield Area and try encouraging their participation so that they will be free from these chronic diseases.

Statement of the problem There are a lot of benefits in participating in sport in general and netball in specific. The benefits include fitness and healthy body as revealed by most medical practitioners. These benefits should benefit all age groups. Most women in Bradfield Area especially the old age do not participate in community netball hence are not enjoying the benefit of participating instead they are suffering from diseases like obesity and diabetes. This compelled the researcher to carry out a study which sought to establish the factors hindering them from participating in community netball.

Assumptions of the study Women do not face any problems in participating in sporting activities.

Communities support women sport

Participation in sports improves women’s health interaction and team work.

Significance of the study The researcher has found it necessary to carry out a research in order to come up with findings that contribute to national planning and development with regard to netball. The researcher will benefit a lot from the findings of the research and use it in her club, Bradfield netball club and also be able to influence other women in Glen Norah community to take up sporting activities such as netball.

Institutions such as colleges and universities will see the need for sports in general for women beyond academic studies. This research will also benefit organisations like, Non –Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Sport and Recreation Commission (SRC), Ministry of Sport and Ministry of Women Affairs Gender and Community Development. The donor community can also be influenced to assist and contribute towards women’s development in sports. Other researchers can also benefit and use this research as base for other researches and further studies.

Objective of the study 1. To determine the factors that affect women’s participation in netball.

2. To propose solutions on what could be done to make women participate in netball.

Research questions The study seeks to answer the following questions;

1. What are the factors affecting women’s participation in netball?

2. What could be the solution to the factors affecting women participation in netball in Bradfield Area?

Delimitation This research will be in Bradfield residential area in Glen-Norah community, Harare. Bradfield is located in the southern part of Glen Norah community near Boka shops. It is a small area which constitute of few women. Most women in this Area are housewives who spend most of their time at home looking after the family.

Limitation of the study Time was one of the major limitations. The researcher being a full time primary school teacher had problems in balancing time to carry out the study. The time limitation is the reason why only few athletes were selected to be the respondents.

Finally, accessing the supervisor to discuss the way forward was a problem since the researcher had to travel from Harare to Bindura.

Definition of terms Equipment

These are items used for particular sporting disciplines for example balls, nets and cones.

Sport

Human physical activity that is done for exercise and pleasure usually in a designated area with fixed rules.

Negative attitude

An unenthusiastic views or feeling towards something. In this study it is towards sports.

Participation

The process during which individuals, groups and organisation are consulted

Summary This chapter covered the background of the study, statements of the problem, assumptions of the study, significance of the study, objectives of the study, research questions, delimitations, limitations and definitions of terms.

Chapter 2 Literature review 2.0 Introduction This chapter will cover the review of literature related to the topic under study. It will dwell much into previous findings by other researchers on the participation of women in sports in general and specifically netball. The literature is to be drawn from any source like newspapers, textbooks, magazines, journals and any research reports. The review will also establish how much has been carried out. Related literature is going to be reviewed under theoretical frameworks and previous findings. The theoretical framework will focus on the factors affecting women participation in sports in general and specifically in netball. 2.1 History of netball Netball is a fast exciting, true team sport which involves running, jumping, throwing, catching and shooting. Taiylor (2001) defines netball as a game with seven players on either side. Only two (2) designated players are able to shoot a goal. Each goal is worth I point and has to be shot from inside the goal circle.

Netball competition increased internationally and let to the development of the International Netball Federation (INF) World Ranking in 2008, in which the performances of national teams could be compared. This was supported by Taylor (2001) who commended that netball is popular in commonwealth nations as is reportedly played by over 20 million people world -wide However, regardless of its popularity it is still an amateur sport.

Zunidza (2011) cited that a campaign in England was started in 2008 for netball to be included as a demonstration sport at the 2012 summer Olympics in London, which was supported by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

Taylor (2011) reviewed that the Australian and New Zealand national teams have traditionally dominated the international game, although England and Jamaica are becoming increasingly competitive against their antipodean counterparts

There is another association within the INF that governs netball across Europe. This is called the Confederation of Africa Netball Association (CANA).This association has 17 members in the Africa region. These are Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho,

Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Zunidza (2011) says that netball in Zimbabwe is viewed as a famine sport and particularly popular in Zimbabwe. Although there are few netball facilities women are still participating in netball. And it is one of the popular games which have replaced traditional games.

Netball in Zimbabwe is played and competed from grassroots that is in primary schools supported by NAPH (National Associations of Primary School Heads). It is competed by primary schools up to region that is COSSASA games. Secondary schools, colleges and universities also compete in netball. This shows that netball is a well-known sport.

2.2 Benefits of playing netball. Netball can help women keep fit and health as well as boost their confidence Smith (2009) believes that when women participate in certain sports they became strong. Playing netball requires one to run around the pitch, sprint short distances and change directions quickly. The running skills involved provide a good cardiovascular workout and overtime will improve the players’ fitness, strength and agility. Netballers are required to pass the ball to members of their own team using different throwing techniques. Each requires and develops good hand –eye coordination. The player must throw and catch the ball accurately. A high pass sends the netball over opponent’s head and the player’s teammate must actually jump to catch the ball from a high pass. All these activities develop a player physically.

The game of netball does not allow every individual player to operate independently. Many of the player positions in netball are restricted to less than a pitch of misfit. Hence team cooperation will help the players to share and remove selfish character in many women who support this participating in sport and physical recreation enhances social inclusion.

Taiylor (2001) says participating in netball helps to improve health and well-being participants will feel good and keeping fit. Netball will also help women to manage weight especially for those affected by migration related changes in diet and recovering from illness or injury or skiing active especially older women.

Participating in netball helps women to sleep well Burges (2001) says, “We have too much oil in our food. Sport makes you tired, more so, sport helps you burn too much fat in the food and body so you sleep better. Sport re-energises you” Some women will use this time of playing netball as personal time which they use to run away from anti-social activities of women like gossiping and interaction with small community groups which leads to different behaviours due to peer pressure.

Netball also brings the benefit of mental health Kabido (1992) says while the issue of weight management emerged strongly amongst women in Africa, women across the world and various cultures backgrounds identified the mental health benefits of sport.

Opportune, a Burundian player in her late teens from NSW described simply that: “It helps and clears my head from my worries. When I’m walking, I can solve all my problems. When I’m playing netball I don’t think about anything else. It’s not just health reasons, its feeling good.

Playing netball in women gives them inner peace. Women are vulnerable to social problems and mostly family issues. Some even have problems in their marriages however, if they play netball one will be relieved. This was supported by Hargreaves (1994) when you are stressed or really angry or really upset and you’re sitting there doing something monotonous you actually force yourself to have to think about it. So if you participate in netball you will forget about it and feel a whole lot better.

2.3 Factors affecting participation in sport. (a) Gender and sport Discrimination of women in sports started in ancient times in Greece which marks the origin of Olympic Games. Women were not allowed to participate in their festivals which were done to owner their god Zeus. These were done in form of sporting competitions. Beashel and Taiylor (2001) sited that only men would participate and also allowed to be spectators of the competitions.

However, women were not allowed to participate neither were they allowed to be spectators. It was a criminal offence to see a woman in the stadium. This was evidenced by a woman who was killed when she tried to watch her own son who was taking part in the festival. Instead, they were considered as useless people who would be expected to bear strong baby boys.

This was also supported by Beashel and Taiylor (2001) who points out that various games held at Athens were organised so as to please and benefit men. For example, the best men would be given the privilege to sleep with the priestess and given the owner in all the cities. Because of this alone, women looked down upon themselves and feel they cannot do anything besides bearing children and look after them.

The same scenario also happens in American continent where women’s opportunities for competitive physical activity were limited until Federal Legislation, commonly referred to as Title IX, and became law. It required American society to recognize a woman’s right to participate in sports on a plane equal to that of men. Prior to 1870, activities for women were recreational rather than sport-specific in nature. They were non-competitive, informal, rule-less; they emphasized physical activity rather than competition because they were not ready to lose control over their programs (as they perceived the men had) Fasting (2002). The first intercollegiate competition among women was a scheduled tennis tournament between Bryn; Freedman (2002) reported that the tennis tournament was cancelled because the Vassar faculty did not allow their women’s athletes to participation in competition between colleges.

Fasting (1997) sited that women were not active in intercollegiate sport until basketball was introduced at Smith College in 1892 (Basketball quickly spread to other colleges, and students began to clamour for intercollegiate play. Women’s physical educators opposed such competition Liberia and Côte D‘Ivoire, including career women, reported that they do not have money left over to invest in them, to save, or to simply buy something for pleasure. Instead, earnings go towards supporting the family and, as one interviewee articulated, what you work for is what you must share. Conversely, men will tend to keep part of their earnings and spend it on themselves.

Hargreaves (1998) contributes that because of stereotypical assumptions that men are supposed to be more active than women. Fasting (1997) say there are differences in the role physical competence plays for male and female. The ability of girls to play has led to the reduction of female sports. This means that when girls participate in netball and other sports it will increase the participation of women in sports since it’s something they would have done at grassroots level.

Hycook (2011) sited that those who are privileged by gender ideology in the society see strong women as a threat. A strong woman challenges the prevailing gender ideology that underlies norms. Hence men seek to discredit most women’s sport and strong women netballers and call for a return to the old days when men played and women watched and cheered. In Africa only to mention a few countries, participation of women was not recognized. In Côte D‘Ivoire and Kenya, current laws make inheritance and accumulation of wealth more difficult for women. These laws severely limit the ability of women to invest or save as they please. In Kenya, women’s financial resources are a derivative of lack of ownership of property. (b)Culture and religion in Zimbabwe Culture and history play a part in shaping the future of every tribe. Studies carried by the Ministry of Education and Culture and UNICEF reviewed that some of the weakness found in different education spheres are a result of culture. In Zimbabwe, girls do most of the domestic chores while boys have little or nothing to do. As a result; boys have more time for outdoor activities as compared to girls. From an early age, boys are given all the time to explore their interests and abilities as far as sport is concerned. As they play with their plastic balls, run along the roads, jump over gullies, climb trees, etc., boys are able to identify their sporting talents.

Freedman (2002) states that women have not been fully participating in sports and recreation from the past because of family linked commitment particularly raising children. This was also supported by Kabido (1992) who cites studies that have shown women taking party in traditional activities while men take a more substantial role in active sports and sports sponsorship.

Girls, on the other hand, are discouraged from taking part in sports like soccer and such activities which are vigorous. Kabido (1992) asserts that traditionally women have been brought up to believe that participation in vigorous activities was for men. They then concentrate on what they see their mothers do, that is, cook, wash clothes and dishes, just to mention a few, thereby replicating skills that have kept their mothers and grandmothers subjugated for generations. Even in child plays, girls often concentrate on playing their mother’s roles.

African culture makes women believe that it is their duty to make sure that when the boys come back from their recreational activities they find food on the table, warm water for their bath, clean clothes to put on the list is endless.

From the types of toys that girls and boys are encouraged to play with, different sets of aptitudes and attitudes are developed. Girls have their aspirations affected through playing with dolls and other toys which reinforce the stereotype of women as careers as well as inculcate and reinforce the notion of female fragility. On the other hand, boys are given challenging toys such as bicycles, small cars, pistols and soccer balls. With these toys the boy child is always on his feet because the toys demand activity while the girl’s toys confine her to the homestead and cool shades where they learn to associate themselves with ‘safe’ zones as opposed to the more daring and activity- stimulating spaces which boys venture into. Because of the confinement at home, the girls end up concentrating on the traditional sporting activities such as nhodo and dunhu .

Boys learn to flex their muscles at an early stage in their lives as compared to their female counterparts. This helps them develop sporting skills, thus, putting them at a competitive edge over girls. This is reflected later in life especially in the professional sporting topography. Due to this early socialization, men find it easier to venture into professional sport, thus making a living out of it more than women do. Hence children learn through their primary socialisation which stays with them for life.

Apart from the home; Zunidza (1999) comment that the church is another socially constructed ‘safe’ space for women in Zimbabwe. The church as an institution prescribes what women should wear. Sport clothing has been a constant area of controversy and resistance to women’s participation in sport. Zunidza (1999) has also this to say, “Women who follow the Muslim faith are still restricted in sport which they can participate in their religion dictates their dress code which in turn restricts participation in many sports especially those that take place when men present”. Since religious groups have their various beliefs. These have to be followed by all members belonging to that religious sect. Matiza (2010) also cited that Muslim women may not feel very comfortable to participate in sport where males are part of the spectators. (The Zimbabwean, 14 January 2010, p5) More often, sports attire is criticised for exposing women’s bodies something that is deemed provocative to the sexual feelings

10 of men. This is true of mainline churches and African initiated churches in Zimbabwe. This perception discourages potential and talented women and girls from getting into the sports field and participate. Tariro Mawoyo, one of the female interviewees cited sports uniforms that make her look like a man as a major restriction to her participation in sport as a sportsperson because it is at variance with her church’s doctrine on women’s clothing. Women who make it to the top of sport organizations are often stigmatized and the general belief is that they would have done it ‘riding’ on men’s backs or would have engaged in sexual activities with powerful men in society Levitt (2010). Both men and women in their office corridors discuss how unusual it was for a woman to lead an organisation which deals with men’s sport. The major point is she should have engaged herself in sexual activities with powerful men in sport administration and politics for her to be where she was. Nothing of this sort is said if it is a man who has a similar job.

On Wednesday 7 October, 2009, the Zimbabwe Herald reported that Abigail Munikwa who was working as a physiotherapist for Dynamos Football Club had been fired (p14). She was being blamed for the poor performance of the team because of her being a woman. The same report revealed that Henrietta Rushwaya was denied entry into the field of play at Rufaro Stadium when Dynamos was playing Zamalek of Egypt in 2008. For the male journalists who wrote the story, this was just a question of superstition. The report did not pay particular attention to the ill treatment and humiliation of Munikwa irrespective of the fact that she was told about the decision to fire her when she was about to check into a hotel for official duty for the club. When asked to comment, this is what Munikwa said: “…what really hurt me was the way I was treated…being told just before I checked into the hotel that I had to go back home that is very humiliating”. Abigail Munikwa (in the Zimbabwe Herald, 7 October 2009, p14) Unfortunately, it is this humiliation, psychological and at times physical and sexual abuse, that women encounter in sporting arenas and sporting organisations that cause them to stay within the confines of the socially constructed spaces for.

Sport-based research on this topic is lacking, but recent studies indicate that sexual harassment and abuse is a problem in sport, just as it is in the wider community. Research shows that the vast majority of perpetrators of sexual harassment and abuse

11 are men, and that women and girls are more frequent victims than men and boys Robinson (1990).

Many women and girls drop out of sport rather than continue being subjected to the undermining effects of constant harassment and abuse. Others endure the sexual attention of their male coaches or peers because of fear, desire for athletic reward, low self-esteem or ignorance of who to turn to for help. Typically, abused athletes keep quiet because they fear that they will be accused either of consenting or of inventing their claims. Risk of sexual harassment or abuse arises from a combination of factors such as weak organisational controls within sport clubs, dominating and controlling behaviour by coaches, and vulnerability, low self-esteem and high ambition among athletes. Women are not participating in sport due to fear of harassment that is said by people in the community newspapers and other sources which report about women harassment in sport.

2.4 Facility and Equipment. In most urban areas of Zimbabwe and in some communal areas, community halls and other sports facilities such as netball court and basketball court are situated near business centers surrounded by bottle stores. Mutenga (2013) postulates that most of the women therefore shun these facilities since the environment in which they are situated is not conducive for training and on several occasions the few women who are participating usually suffer more on the abusive languages uttered by the drunken people who associate them with prostitute due their tight sporting attire.

All sports have recommendations and guidelines relating to the equipment that can be used for particular sport. In most countries worldwide different organisations provide equipment to men as compared to women. Dooley (1999) viewed that resource provided to women are often less or of a lower standard than those provided to men. In most organisations when they share equipment men will get more than women.

Women and girls cannot play sport if they cannot get access to the necessary facilities. Too often, sports halls prioritise male sport when it comes to pitch time so that men and boys get

12 facilities at their preferred times, while women and girls have to make do with less convenient times. Access to sporting facilities is particularly limited for women and girls with disabilities. For example, one third of disabled young people feel excluded from local sports opportunities. Access can be limited by physical barriers such as inaccessible entrances, reception areas, changing rooms and sports facilities, or lack of accessible transport and parking. Barriers can also be created when information is presented in formats which are inaccessible to visually impaired and/or hearing impaired people.

Beashel and Taiylor (2001) argue that changes to rules, procedures and equipment leads to more equitable participation in sports by both women and girls’. Women and girls cannot play sport if they cannot get access to the necessary facilities. Too often, sports halls prioritise male sport when it comes to pitch time so that men and boys get facilities at their preferred times, while women and girls have to make do with less convenient times. Access to sporting facilities is particularly limited for women and girls with disabilities. For example, one third of disabled young people feel excluded from local sports opportunities. Access can be limited by physical barriers such as inaccessible entrances, reception areas, changing rooms and sports facilities, or lack of accessible transport and parking. Barriers can also be created when information is presented in formats which are inaccessible to visually impaired and/or hearing impaired people

The researcher realised this at my work place that if girls’ coaches ask for equipment it will take time for them to be given unlike boys who will just be given after a single request. Robinson (1990) added that there is unequal allocation of physical resources for women’s sports. This is normally caused by stereotypical attitude towards women and girls. Dooley (1999) says, traditional gender roles are also prevalent in the organisational cultures of sporting bodies, the norms, values ,pave dynamics and practices that underlie the way such bodies and institutions do their work.

2.5 Media coverage in women sports. Henin (2012) says that sport is one of the well-published issues on the net. Sport issues gain a lot of publicity and discussion in media. It creates superstars who become role models and increase participation. Henin (2012) says if people are continuously shown and told of the women’s achievement in sport this will bring

13 confidence and interest in spectators and make them want to support the women teams more. Participating in sporting activities where they are in the minority can give women the impression that they do not belong to the world of sport.

Media coverage focuses almost entirely on men’s sports. On average, only 5% of sports coverage in national and local print media is dedicated to women’s sport.www.womeninsport.org. says women sport makes up 7% of all sport media coverage. 10% of televised sports is dedicated to women’s sport. This is significant because the media plays a central role in informing our knowledge, opinions and attitudes about women and sport, which, in turn, influence participation levels.

Adams et al (2010) says media influences finances. It also creates a public image of sport and role models. A few sportswomen such as Kelly Holmes and Paula Radcliffe have high media profiles, but in general, a lack of coverage of women’s sports leads to a death of female role models to inspire sportswomen and create the next generation of healthy, active women When the media is covering women sports it tends to view the women at an unpleasant state such that other women instead of supporting they will find it not worth to participate. For example, when the media is covering Serena Williams she is a very good tennis player but they only view her dress up exposing her inner garment hence discouraged by many women. Instead of her being a role model she became a misfit to most women.

2.6 Sponsorship and rewards. The kind of sponsorship of men is not the same as that of women. If female sports receive less sponsorship than male sports their opportunities for development is clearly unequal and restricted. Most organisations prefer to sponsor male sports to female sports. For example, here in Zimbabwe there many clubs for man soccer than for women activities even the netball which women are well invested in. Normally women tend to move out of sport due to poor support from organisations. Mighty warriors are doing very well in soccer but they lake sponsors from different organisations so that they will excel in their carrier of playing soccer .

Motivation may be used to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure and it may include specific needs such as eating or desired hobby. These are both adapted and adjusted in reaction to specific situations. It is said that people attribute their behaviour either to an internal or external stimuli. Money is the most obvious example of extrinsic motivation.

The participants can be motivated by the money since they will use it to fulfil the physiological needs thus food, shelter, drink etc. This reward lacks in women so that they will participate freely since they will be bringing something on the table for their families. For example, National women team, (Mighty Warriors) got $5 each at the airport as an incentive as they were coming back from Olympic Games in Brazil. The women had done a great achievement to qualify for this competition; however, they expected something with a better value as their reward. This demotivates the women to participate in their next games as they might feel it is a waste of time. Therefore, it can be assumed that poor rewards and sponsorship in women sport discourages to participate in sports in general and netball in particular. For example, if the Mighty warriors got such amount after a big competition, small community teams will not get nothing. Even the organisors of those small organisations will be discouraged because there are less chances of getting sponsors to sponsor their netballers. 2.7 Attitude of women towards netball Maxwell (1995) says women on average have less self- confidence than men hence rate their ability negatively than men. Self- confidence is also linked to competition. Brown (1995) sited that, although some women enjoy the competitive element of sport, many women are turned off sports because of its competitive nature. Some people in the community associate women participating in sport with prostitutes. This is because most women who participate in netball are not married hence they do not seek permission to their husband to participate in sports. Therefore, married women will have negative attitude to associate themselves with unmarried women. Hence the community as a whole will not accept women who plays netball. Because of this labelling and myth which circulate among people lead to many women having negative attitude in participating in netball.

Brown (1995) suggested that today’s most women are very particular with their image and their beauty .Therefore ,women believe that if one is physically active she will became unattractive and men will run away from them .This also increases the negative attitude of women to participate in sports .Honey Bourne and Moor(1996) also support this when they said it is clearly denotes that community’s perception and attitudes towards sports participation by women play an influential role as women are still restricted on certain sport codes by the various communities in which they come from. For example, Moslem communities do not allow women to expose their bodies which are done in netball. It is very difficult to convince such women from such communities to dress in sports attires.

Summary The chapter covered the literature review under subtopics such as culture and religion, facility and equipment, rewards and organisations in order to clarify each part. The factors affecting women participation in sports were discussed. The literature has looked at difficulties faced by women in sport in general. This research is going to look at the difficulties faced by women in sport of netball which is the gap to be filled.

CHAPTER 3 Introduction Previous chapter looked at the literature review that relates to the research topic. This chapter will highlight methodology, chosen design, sample, research instrument, data collection and data analysis procedure.

Methodology The researcher views methodology as a systematic approach towards the collection of data and hence she used the descriptive method of collecting data

Research design The researcher in this study adopted descriptive survey. Maxwell (1989) describes the descriptive survey as the method of research that simply looks with intense accuracy at the phenomena of the moment and that describes precisely what the researcher sees. Creswell (2009) also describes the descriptive survey design as a design which” entails the identification and reporting of characteristics of people, places or objects”. It concentrates on current events. This can be done through questioners or observation.

The descriptive survey design involves the collection of data from members of a population in order to determine the status that is current to that sample with respect to one or more variables. Kerlinger (1973) agrees that in surveys a great deal of information can be collected and accurate within sampling error ranges.

Advantages of descriptive survey design The descriptive survey method could be used to collect data for purposes of describing a population large enough to observe directly. To this effect, Cohen and Manion (1994) explain that date collected using this design is accurate and representative of a large population under study. Data collected are accurate and given original information. The method deals with non-manipulative variables in a natural setting rather than artificial settings. Bell (2005) explains that the descriptive survey method is mostly used in natural settings and it provides the most valid, accurate answers possible to research questions. Results of a descriptive survey method can be analysed quickly allowing action to be taken to effect change .

Disadvantages of descriptive survey design This design is time consuming. If surveys are to be carried out successfully, more time is needed to collect adequate data. A lot of time was committed to my work as a teacher and more was needed to carry out the research.

Population Best and Khan (1993:13) describes a population as, “any group of individuals that have one or more characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher.” The population was drawn from 50 Bradfield women in the netball club, and 2 officials who are the coaches of the netball team.

The population of Bradfield Area in Glen Norah Community is made up of mostly housewives, vendors and few working women. Only 40 participants who joined the netball club were selected, 20 respondents were selected to complete the questionnaires and 2 officials from the same netball club.

From this population, a sample was worked out to make research manageable. Selection of respondents was as follows;

20 netball players. 2 Bradfield netball club officials.

Sample Cohen and Manion (1994:87) define a sample as,” a smaller group or subset of the population that represent the total population under the study.” McMillan and Schumacher (1993) also define a sample as a part of a large population. The sample for this study consists of 20 women from Bradfield netball club, 2 officials who train the women from the netball club. In sampling the women, the researcher used random sampling. According to Cohen and Manion (1994:87) simple random sampling means, “each member of the population under study has the equal chance of being selected. The method involves selecting at random from a list of the population the required number of subjects from the sample. Because of probability and chance; the sample should contain subjects with characteristics similar to the population as a whole”.

In using random sampling of the women in the club the researcher put small cards written ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in a small box and asked the women to pick a card. Those who

18 picked a card written yes participated in the study and those who picked the cards written no did not participate. Random sampling avoid bias.

Research instruments The researcher used the questionnaire and observation techniques and approaches for collecting data from the subjects .

Questionnaire Cohen and Manion (1994) describe a questioner as a document containing questions that are designed to solicit information from respondents. Best and Khan (1993) also define a questionnaire as a data gathering instrument through which the respondent answers questions in writing. In this study questions were designed for Bradfield netball team officials. The questionnaire contained closed questions also referred to as fixed alternatives.

Advantages of questionnaires The questioner was used by the researcher because of its economic savings. This was supported by Mswazi and Kanhukamwe (2003) who points out that the method will provide an opportunity to investigate a wide field of research, economically. This is so because the investigated factors contributing to the poor participants of the women in sport. Cohen and Manion (1994:96) also support this when they say, “Given the usual constraints over financial and resources, a questionnaire might well prove the only viable way of carrying through such an enquiry”. He went on to explain that a questionnaire is both less expensive and less time consuming.

The researcher provided the short and clear questions with simple language for easy understanding by the responded. This mean the questionnaire contains the standardized wording.

The questionnaire also enables respondent to become confident, as they remained anonymous. The fear of getting into trouble was reduced. This was also supported by Muswazi and Kanhukamwe (2003) when he says, answers supplied on questionnaire are likely to be accurate and genuine since respondents may have greater confidents in anonymity as names are no supplied on the questionnaire.

Disadvantages of questionnaires The main problem is that of poor responses. According to Tuckman (1994) a questionnaire does not probe the respondents further when they give inadequate in interesting answers. The respondents may not be able to explain on questionnaires as they do not give enough room for that. This was supported by Muswazi and Kanhukamwe (2003) who says the questionnaire techniques confines the respondents to only that which is on the paper, which means if the respondent had any other information it is left out. The researcher complemented that by an observation which helped her to observe directly.

Another weakness of the questionnaire is normally the choice of answers which may not suite the facts prevailing leaving the respondent with no choice. The researcher covers up this with an observation.

This is always the possibility of low returns in the questionnaire technique. It was difficult for the researcher to get back all the questionnaires that were sent out. Some subjects had the tendency of leaving the questionnaire for later dates. Others could eventually forget to complete the questionnaire and to return them to the researcher. To carb the above cited problem the researcher asked the women to bring the questionnaire during the next training session and remind them since they are locally based. Most women returned them.

Observation The researcher used observation as a tool to collect data from the respondents. Observation was used to confirm coherence of what the respondents have said in the questionnaire and what was actually on the ground. The observation had the advantage of collecting first information. It was possible for a research to obtain sensitive information through observation. The researcher observed the quality of service offered and completed the observation script.

Gill and John (1991) cited in Saunders et at (1991) ague that participants are very high on ecological validity because it involves studying social phenomena in their natural content. Saunders et al (1997) continued to say the advantages of participants’ observations is that it is good at explaining what is explaining, what is going on in particular social situations and that it is useful to the researcher’s working within their own organisation.

However, the researcher was aware of the demerits of the observation methods and that the participants may have false face because they will be aware of the researcher’s presence during their play or training.

In order to avoid this, the researcher participated while coaching the team (observer participant strategy) and coached the team for that particular training session. By doing this the participations were at ease and the researcher was able to observe the netballers and researcher acquired goal findings during this observation. Observation method also allowed the researcher to physically observe the activities and events in this study.

Administration of questionnaires The researcher personally distributed the questionnaires to the respondents on one day during training and collected the despondences on the next training day. This was done in order to give respondents enough time to read and understand the questions before responding. Although this was time consuming and expensive on traveling, it was seen to be an actively fast way of getting all the responses.

Validity and reliability Khan (1993) defines reliability as the degree of consistence that the instrument or procedure demonstrates. With regard to this study the respondents were carefully selected and copies of the questionnaires were distributed to every individual player and officials.

Before the actual data collection was embarked on, a pilot research was carried out to check the wording of questions and the questions ‘appropriate to the study. More so, simple instructions were given on how to respond to the questionnaires. Respondents were also assured of confidentiality.

They suggested better wording, deleted irrelevant items and incorporated important items that had been overlooked by the researcher. The final questionnaires were constructed on the basis of the contributions obtained from the pilot study.

Data collection procedure The researcher determined the population and the sample group before collecting data for the study. Best and Khan (1993:78) view a population as any group of individuals

21 that have one or more common characteristics. For this research there were two groups which had the same functions namely players and officials.

Data presentations procedure The quantitative data was gathered from 22 respondents from Bradfield netball team that is 2o netballers and their 2 officials

The data was presented using tables. The tables show the number of respondents who gave their responses to items on questionnaires. The figures were represented as percentages so as to clearly show the extent of the variances for compared figures. The percentages were added and they were rounded off to the nearest whole numbers respectively.

Data analysis The finding from the research was tabled and discussed. The researcher analysed and discussed question for the sake of getting the respondents’ opinions which were representative of the findings. The completed tables were easy to analyse and describe.

Pilot study One of the fundamental stages of a research is pilot studying. Maxwell (2012) suggest that every researcher the questionnaire to half a dozen of his friends and workmates. This was to test whether they were any items that may have difficulty in understanding and knowing clearly what the researcher seek to find out. The questionnaire schedules were pilot tested to seven work mates who happen to be physical education teachers. They made valued observation, which assisted the researcher to simplify the wording on the data collecting instruments.

Summary This chapter focused on the research design by the researcher to gather data on the factors which contribute to the poor participation of women in sport in Glen Norah Community. Data gathering instruments were also identified. It also described the descriptive research methodology which was used to gather data. The researcher chooses to use questionnaires and observation guide as research instrument for this study. Data collection procedures and data analysis were also looked at.

CHAPTER 4

Presentation and Discussion of Data 4.0 Introduction The previous chapter looked at the research methodology employed in this study. However, this chapter will focus on data presentation, analysis of results of the questionnaires and observation of the case study. Narrations and descriptive statistics such as tables, pie charts and bar graph were used to aid the analysis of data because they were effective illustrations of depicting relations and trends.

4.1 Respondents Rate The respondent’s rate was 100%. This was very possible because the researcher used the women from her own club. It was also easy to accomplish this rate because she collected the instruments during the days of training.

SECTION A 4.1.0 Biographical Information of the respondents. 4.1.1 Age Respondents

Figure 4.1: Respondents age

Figure 4.1 indicate that most women (60%) were aged between 36- 40 while 25% were aged between 41-45 and 15% aged 46-50 years. The majority age shows that the women are mature and more so, they are still active to play netball.

4.1.2 Academic Qualification of Respondents

Figure 4.2: Academic Qualifications

Figure 4.2 represent the distribution of respondents according to their academic qualification. A total of twenty (20) female respondents responded. Two (10%) women ended at grade seven (7),16 (80%) women did form 4,1 (5%) did form six (6) and finally only one (5%) woman ended at form two (2). The analysis show that most women (80%) did their form 4 and ended there. This level of education may show that these ladies need to be educated on the importance of participating in netball since they ended at ordinary level.

4.1.3 Respondents Professional Qualification

Figure 4.3 Professional Qualifications

Figure 4.3 represent that 1woman had national certificate, 5(25%) had diplomas, 2(10%) obtained their degree and most women 12(60%) do not have any professional qualification. This shows that most women completed their form 4 and they got married. This analysis shows that the majority women did not go further with their education after they have completed form four. Form four women are housewives who are always at home, hence they have more time to participate in community netball. 35% women have professional qualification and they go to work. These women have little time to participate in community netball. This is because they will be committed to work commitments. The assumption of this analysis is that these women do not produce quality participation in netball because some like secretary will just come for training to be fit and others to maintain their body structure.

4.1.4 Marital status Figure4.4 shows the marital status of the respondents

Figure 4.4 Marital Status

The pie chart above shows the marital status of the respondents. The analysis shows that 5(25%) women are married, 9(45%) women are single, 4(20%) women are divorced and 2(10%) women are widowed. This analysis shows that 90% of the women do not live with husbands which might indicate that single women are liberty to participate in community netball as compared to 10% of married who might have challenges of seeking permission from their husbands. This might be the reason why the club is composed of women who are not married.

4.2.0 SECTION B 4.2.1 Question 1. Bradfield netball club support netball

Figure 4.5 QUESTION 1

The graph shows 14(70%) women strongly agrees that their organization Bradfield netball club supports netball.4 (20%) agrees, 2(10%) disagrees and no women strongly disagree that their organizations support women netball. This will mean that most women strongly agree with the first question. This is because the club was formed in their community and the owners of the club are putting effort to make women of Bradfield Area to participate in netball.

4.2.2 Question 2. Negative attitude of women in sport.

Figure 4.6 QUESTION 2

The analysis shows that 10 (50%) of women strongly agree that negative attitude of women towards netball can negatively affect their participation followed 8(40%) then those disagree with the topic were 2 (10%). Finally, no women strongly disagree that negative attitude of women towards netball can negatively affect their participation. The negative attitude is brought up by competitiveness of the sport which most women feel they meet.

This corroborates with Brown (1995) who said that although some women enjoy the competitive element of sport, many women are turned off netball because of its competitive nature. This is why traditional team sports such as netball are less popular

4.2.3 Question 3. Cultural and religious beliefs

Figure 4.7 QUESTION 4

The data collected reviews that 9(45%) women strongly agree that culture and traditional beliefs affect women’s participation 7(35%) agree with the topic and disagree with what others were agreeing and then only 1(5%) strongly disagree that culture and traditional beliefs affect women’s participation. This analysis shows that the majority of the women agree with the topic which explain that cultural and religious beliefs are discouraging quality participation of women in community netball topic. This also linked with Kanhukamwe and Madondo (2000) who says the Zimbabwean culture has a general preference for men compared to women and such communities has a less expectation for women than men. Adams et al (2010) also collaborate with this idea when he says that in Muslim and some other Christian culture, women are not allowed to participate in sport since they believe that running and jumping in front of men jeopardize a women’s dignity and such movement expose too much of women’s body.

4.2.4 Question 4. Training time is not enough The training process is composed of two training days per week. The days are Wednesday and Friday from 1300hrs to 1600hrs.The analysis is showing that the time is not enough.

Figure4.8 QUESTION 4

The analysis shows that 10(50%) women strongly agree that training time is not enough. This was supported by 9(45%) women who agreed that training time is inadequate. However only 5(25%) disagree with what others were agreeing on, then finally 1(5%) strongly disagree that training time is very little. However, the majority of women agree that time for training is very little. Therefore, there is high possibility of the women loosing interesting in participating constantly in this community netball.

4.2.5 Question 5. Good facility and equipment

Figure 4.9 QUESTION 5

The data collected shows that 10(50%) women strongly agree that good equipment and facilities improves women participation in netball, followed by 8(40%) who agreed with the topic then only 2(10%) disagree with what others were agreeing however, no women strong disagree that equipment and facilities contribute to better quality of participation of women in netball. Adams (2010) also says lack of adequate,

29 standardized playing facilities and equipment create limited opportunities and enthusiasm for women to participate in netball.

4.2.6 Question 6. Education is very important

Figure 4.10 QUESTION 6

The analysis shows that 9(45%) women strongly agree that being educated on the importance of netball and advantages of participating in netball, the same amount of women 9(45%) agree on the topic then only 2(10%) disagree with the women’s opinion. The data shows that 90% of women agrees that educated on the issue Then finally no women strongly disagree that being educated on the importance of netball is very important This data reviews that most women are aware of the importance of education on the benefits of participating in netball. This analysis was also supported by Honey Bourne (1992) who commended through education and sports; women develop vitality and neuromuscular skills for the proper functioning of the individuals.

4.2.7 Question 7. Rewards are important

F igure 4.11. Question 7

The results in this figure reveals that most woman 12(60%) strongly agree that rewards are of importance to motivate women to actively participate in netball. Followed by 5(25%) women who also agreed with what the first 12 strongly agree. No women disagree with the topic then only 3(15%) women strongly disagreed with the opinion which was supported by other women. Zvomuya and Kanhukamwe (2004) also supported this when they state that most large sports organizations are successful, players depend on the income and support of their sponsor.

4.2.8 Question 8. Responsibilities versus Participation

Figure 4.12 QUESTION 8

The results in this figure shows that 6(30%) women strongly agree and 9(45%) women agree that they have responsibilities, which negatively affect their participation in netball. Only 1(5%) women disagree the idea then 4(20%) women strongly disagree that home responsibilities negatively affect the participation of women in netball. This analysis reveals that the most women 9(45%) agree that women’s home responsibilities negatively affect their participation in netball. This also corroborate with Hargreaves (1996) who postulate that traditionally the women’s place was in the home while the men would go out to find employment so that they could support the family. Hargreaves (1996) also added that the women’s multiple roles included caring for the sick, old, looking after children and providing domestic comfort to the husbands

Analysis of results from questionnaire for officials 4.3.0 SECTION A Women officials’ demographic information 4.3.1 Gender FEMALE MALE

2 0

Table 1. Gender

The analysis represent that all the respondents were female. This will help the researcher because most women fear sexual harassment; therefore, women will feel free being coached by fellow females.

4.3.2 Age of respondents 36-40 41-45 46-50

1 1 0

Table 2. Age

This figure indicates that there is 1(50%) woman with the age range from 36-40, and also 1(50%) woman with the age range from 41 -45. This shows that these are mature coaches who have the capability to solve disciplinary issues and respect every player’s decision and suggestion.

4.3.3 Academic and professional qualification. ACADEMIC Grade 7 Form 4 Form 6 Others

0 1 1 0

PROFESSIONAL National Diploma Degree Others Certificate

0 2 0 0

Table 3. Academic and professional Qualification

This analysis shows that 1(50%) did form 4 and the other women 1(50%) did form 6. Academically one coach has ordinary level certificate and the other one has an advanced level certificate. By this analysis we can assume that they can efficiently communicate well with the women of the community.

The same table also shows that all women 100% are diploma holders. This shows that the officials have the professional qualification to coach community netball since they have diploma in coaching.

4.4.0 SECTION B 4.4.1 Question 1. Negative attitude by coaches

Figure 4.13

The results on this figure shows that 1(50%) strongly agree and the other 1(50%) agree that negative attitude by coaches on the participation of women in netball affect negatively their participation. Most female coaches’ favor games played by men, as a result this affect the participation of female in community netball. This is because of women relationships which are often complicated.

4.4.2 Question 2. Female coaches favours games played by men.

Figure 4.14

The results show that 1(50%) disagree and 1(50%) strongly disagree that most female coaches favor games played by men than those played by men.

4.4.3 Question 3. Equipment as motivation

Figure 4.15

The results in figure 4.23 shows that 2(100%) women officials agree that suitable equipment at netball clubs and organizations can improve the motivation of women’s participation in netball. This suggestion was also suggested by Buegees (2001) says all sports have recommendations and guidelines relating to the equipment that can be used for a particular sport

4.4.4 Question 4. Incentivising sport

Figure 4.16

The analysis on this figure shows that 1(50%) women strongly agree and 1(50%) women agrees that incentivizing sports activities by women will improve their participation in sports. This was also supported by Matiza (2010) who says women’s sports in most developing countries suffer from lack of exposure and sub sequent sponsorship opportunities.

Question 5. Challenges faced by coaches. Both officials agree that they face various challenges in coaching the community women. For instance, punctuality, absenteeism, attitude and poor communication among participants. These challenges negatively affect the coaching and training process.

4.5.0 Observation guide The researcher observed 10 sessions. On these sessions the researcher looked at punctuality, absenteeism, communication of the players and also the attitude they have towards each member.

Figure 4.17 Observation Guide

4.5.1 Punctuality The analysis shows that 12(60%) women’s punctuality was bad. 4(20%) women’s punctuality was good and finally 4(20%) women’s punctuality was excellent. This shows that the majority of the women came to training session late. Brown, B.A. (1995) say being punctuality helps the player to prepare for the session. However, in this case it shows that the majority were not punctual hence did not have time to prepare or to do the coming activities. The session started at 1300hrs and ended at 1600hrs. Most women who were not punctual reported for training at around 1430hrs.This analysis shows in all the sessions observed that the women who came late were always the same. This means that they have the responsibility of collecting their children from school. This might be due to the different societal challenges. For example, fetching their children from school. (See appendix 1 question 5).

4.5.2 Absenteeism The data collected shows that 8(40%) women absented themselves from all the sessions observed. This will mean that their training will not flow as they miss other drills 6(30%) women’s rate of absenteeism was good and lastly 6(30%) women were doing very good. They came for training sessions. However, this analysis shows that the majority did not come for training all the time. The researcher also realised that the problem of absenteeism was also faced by same people.

4.5.3 Communication The analysis shows that 9(45%) communication among women was bad. 4(45%) women’s communication was good and finally 7(35%) women’s communication was excellent. However, the data shows that the majority of the women’s communication was bad. This also contributed to the poor quality of participation in training session by these women late coming of other women because they feared this poor communication.

4.5.4 Attitude The data shows 11(55) women’s attitude was bad. 5(25%) women’s attitude was good and finally 4(20%) women’s attitude was excellent. This analysis shows that the majority of women had bad attitude. Brown, B. A. (1995) says negative attitude

36 destroys team work. This will mean that Bradfield netball club has a big challenge of poor team work. 55% women had negative attitude towards each other which affect the quality of participation among women during training session.

4.5.5 Analysis of coaches’ documents. Analysis of registers and assessment documents was done and the results reviewed that the same women who were absent during the observed session are the same women who mainly absent themselves during the whole period.

4.5.6 Summary This chapter presented and analysed the data collected from respondents. Data was collected using research instruments such as questionnaires and observation guide. Pie chart, bar graphs and tables were used to present the data.

CHAPTER 5 Summary, conclusion and recommendations 5.0 Introduction This chapter summarized the findings of the research. The aim of the study was to identify the factors affecting women participation in netball in Bradfield Area. An effort was made to establish whether data answered the research questions as stated earlier on in chapter one. This was done to establish whether the gathered information largely answered the research questions. In the end recommendations were made in research.

5.1 Summary The study aimed at establishing factors affecting the participation of women in netball in Bradfield Area. The discussions are centred on the data collected by the research

37 questionnaires and observations. The response rate obtained after the researcher compared the number of questionnaires returned with the number distributed to respond which gave a response rate of 22 (100 %) which was sufficient to carry out this study. The researcher also worked with women only in both netball participation and netball officials. This was done to find the correct factors affecting the women.

There were many factors affecting women participation in Bradfield area. These factors were, gender and sports, cultural influences, religion influences, facilities, equipment’s, media coverage in women sport, sponsorship, reward, home responsibilities and attitude of women towards netball. In this case the researcher found that cultural influences relegate women to some inferior in participating in netball. Instead they concentrate on house chores like, cooking, washing clothes and dishes and looking after the family. The researcher came up with many recommendations which could be used in future to improve women participation in community netball in Bradfield Area.

5.2 Conclusion From the research findings, it was concluded that major factors identified as affecting women participation in netball were cultural, religion, educational, media and negative attitude of people in the community towards women’s participation in netball.

Lack of adequate, standardized playing facilities and equipment create limited opportunities for women to participate in netball. The research also concluded that netball clubs must provide positive environment for women to make them participate in netball. It can be further concluded that there is still a lot of work that needs to be done to encourage more female to take part in netball. The results of this study have confirmed that women need to be educated on the importance of netball and advantages of participating in netball.

The researcher also finds out that women’s home responsibilities negatively affects their participation in netball. Women need to feed their families, washing, ironing and cooking for the family. If they don’t have anyone to do all the chores they will not manage to come every time for training hence increasing absenteeism. Some women

38 will always come late for training because they will be doing the duties at home whilst the working class will be committed to their career commitment.

However, basing on the findings of the research the researcher concluded that there is need to relax some of the cultural influences and educate women on the importance of participating in netball as this addresses gender disparity in the world sport.

Recommendations • In order to do away with cultural influences contributing to the factors affecting women participation in netball, the researcher recommends that women themselves should take netball seriously and take it as part of their daily life job and shun away cultural influences and religious beliefs that discourages them from participating in netball. • Bradfield women are recommended to be educated on the importance of netball and participating in it. They should be educated on the benefits like health, mental and physical • However, women should also be educated on how to communicate between themselves. The way they communicate causes other women to drop out and forces other women to come late for training. And also some will even resolute not to come for training hence many absenteeism. • From the research findings, it was observed that most women need rewards to motivate their participation in netball. There are few sponsors who sponsor women hence the clubs might not have money to run their competition and other functions in netball.

• Community women netball clubs must form their association and also compete as what happens with soccer when they play premier. • The Zimbabwe Netball Association (ZINA) must collaborate with the Sport and Recreation Commission of Zimbabwe (SRC) in mobilizing resources to organize netball leagues. They should also sponsor tournaments of netball from grassroots level that is from community clubs thus encouraging positive perception about women participation in netball.

• There is also need for the Zimbabwean government through the Ministry of Sport and Culture to allocate or sponsor girl child studying sports courses and initiate the setting up of structures that would be able to reach out to the girls that are in rural areas and outskirts of the cities to enable them to understand the importance of physical education and sport as a carrier.

REFERENCES

1. Adams M, Barker R, Gledhill A,Lydon C,Mulligan P, Phillipo Pand Sutton L. (2010). Sport Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National : Pearson Educational Ltd England and Wales. 2. Adeyanju, F.B. (1999). Nigerian women and Sports Participation : Steriotypical Misconceptions, Reality and Future Projections In Psycho-social Pespective. 3. Bearshel,P , Sibson A and Taylor J. (2001). sNelson Thomas Ltd: London. 4. Best, J. W and khan, J.V. (1993 ) Research in Education 7 th Education . London.

5. Brown, B.A. (1995) Factors affecting the process of widrawal by femal adolescents from the role of competitive age group swimmer. Sociology of Sport Journal, 111-129. 6. Burges R. (2001 -05-06 ). Netball Super Cup Launched . UK Sport. Retrieved 2008-12-129. 7. Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among adolescence athletics : Aperson failure or social problem? Sociology of sport journal, 9,271-285. 8. Cohen, L and Manion, L. (1994). Research Methods : An Introduction London, Rutledge Company. 9. Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative Inquairy and Research Design : Choosing Among the Five Approaches. 2 nd edition.Thousand Oaks, Sage Publication. 10. Dooley D. (2004). Social Research Methods . 3rd Eddition: Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd New Deihi. 11. Fasting, K. (1997) Sports and women’s culture . Women’s international forum. 10,361-368. 12. Freedman,E.B. (2002). No turning back : The history of Feminism and the Future of Women. New York: Ballantine Books. 13. Gill, J and Johnson, P. (1991) Research Methods for Managers . London, Paul chapman. 14. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting Female, Critical issues in the history and sociologigy of womens sport , London, UK:Routledge. 15. Henin, L. (2012). Administration of Physical Education and Sport Programs .Wm.C. Brown Communication, Inc. Dubuque, IA. 16. Hournebourne J, Hill M and Moor H. (1996) . Advanced Physical education and Sport :Stanley Thornes Publishers Ltd. 17. Kabido, A. I. and Dashe, V. (1992 ) Cultural Implication of Women Participations in Competitive Sports. 18. Kerlinger, F.N (1993). Foundations of Behavioral Research Education and Psychological Enquiry . Holt Renehartz and Winston Inc: New York. 19. Levitt, D.H. (2010) Women and leadership: A developmental paradox? Adult span: Theory Research and Practice, 20. Matiza C. (2010). The herald of August 12 : The Field of Sport Still Needs Expect Practitioners: Harare, Zimbabwe.

21. Maxwell, J. A. (2005) Qualitative Research Design : An Interactive Approach. 2nd Eddition.Thousand Oasks, CA. 22. Muswazi, M. T. and Kanhukanwe, O. (2003) Research Methods in PES . Module PES 303, Harare. Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Open University. 23. Mutenga T. (2013 ). The financial gazette of October 17-23. Poverty Eroding the Hope for Girl Child: Harare, Zimbabwe. 24. Robson, S.P. (1990). Management 6 th Edition . New Jersey: Prentice –Hall. 25. Taiylor, T. (2001). A Compliant Ferminity in Sport, Women and Netball : North America. 26. Tuckman, E. (1994) Conducting Educational Research. New York, Hartcourt and Brace Company. 27. Zunidza. G. (2011) Zimbabwe Netball Keep State’s Flag Flying High : Aaag. All Africa.com. 28. Zvomuya, T.I and Kanhukamwe. (2004) Sport Management and Marketing Module PES401, Harare, Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Open University.

Appendix I

Questionnaire 1. For women participation in netball in Bradfield Netball Club.

As a student of Bindura University of Science and Education, I am carrying out a research studying on the factors contributing on the poor participation of women in netball.

Your response will be treated with strict confidentiality and information gathered will be used for education purposes only.

Please do not use your name on any of the questionnaire.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation and assistance in this regard.

SEACTION A Please indicate by putting a tick in the appropriate box.

1.sex female male

2.Age range (In Years)

36-40 41-45

46-50

3.Academic qualification

Grade7

Form4

Form6

Others (Please Fill in)

4.Professional Qualification 44

National Certificate

Diploma

Degree

Other (Please Fill in)

SECTION B Please respond to the items below by putting in appropriate box.

Key

SA - Strongly Agree

A - Agree

D - Disagree

SD -Strongly Disagree

Questions SA A D SD

1.Do you agree that your organisation support women participation in netball?

2.Negative attitude of women towards netball can negatively affect their participation. 3.Cultural/ Regional beliefs affects the participation of women in netball.

4.Two days allocated for women practising netball is not enough.

5.Suitable equipment such as balls uniforms, tennis shoes and good playgrounds can improve the participation of women in netball. 6.Women need to be educated on the importance of netball and advantages of practising in netball. 7.Use of rewards in netball competitions will motivate the women to actively participate in netball. 8.Women’s home responsibilities will negatively affect their participation in netball.

9.Are there any societal challenges that impede your participation in community netball? If yes explain below. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………….

Appendix II

QUESTIONNAIRE 2. For women officials in Bradfield Netball Club.

As a student of Bindura University of Science and Education, I am carrying out a research studying on the factors contributing on the poor participation of women in netball.

Your response will be treated with strict confidentiality and information gathered will be used for education purposes only.

Please do not use your name on any of the questionnaire.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation and assistance in this regard.

SEACTION A Please indicate by putting a tick in the appropriate box.

1. Sex female male

2. Age range 36-40

41-45

46-50

3. Academic qualification

Grade7

Form4

Form6

Others (Please Fill in)

4. Professional Qualification

National Certificate

Diploma

Degree

Other (Please Fill in)

SECTION B Please respond to the items below by putting in appropriate box.

Key

SA - Strongly Agree

A - Agree

D - Disagree

SD -Strongly Disagree

Questions SA A D SD

1. Negative attitude by coaches on the participation of women in sports affects negatively on their participation.

2. Qualified women personnel in sports will help to solve the problem on gender imbalance

3. Suitable equipment at clubs and organisations can improve the motivation of women’s participation.

4. Incentivising sports activities by women will improve their participation in sports.

5. Are the any challenges you facing in coaching these community women? If yes explain below. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….

Appendix III

Observation Guide

Bad Good Excellent

Punctuality

Absenteeism

Communication

Attitude