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ID103 296 PC 010 49S

AUTHOR Wilson, James A., Coati.' TITLE Teisnos, Chicarcs & Mexicanos: Partially Annotated Historical Bibliography for Public.School Teachers. INSTITUTION Southwest Texas 'State Univ., San Marcos, SPONS AGENCY Texas Education Agercy Austin. Office of International And Biliftgual Education:. PUB DATE la NOTE 103p. 0 ELM PRICE MF01/PC05'Plus Postage. DEVRIPTORS American Indians: Biculturaikom: Bilingualism: Braceros: Civil-Rights: Colffllialismi-Culture Conf.lict: EcOnomics: Educational Needs; Government Role: Immigrants:'Iistructional Materials: Labor ConditiOns: *Land Settlement: Literature; *Mexican American History:.*Mexican.: Politics: Ctuality of Life: Revolution: Seconerary Education: elf 'Concept: *social History: sociceconomic 70pckground: *StAte Ristory:'War IDENTIFIERS. : : .*Texas ABSTRACT Intended fcr clasiroom teachers on the secondarpfe- level, the 'historical biblographv cites 581 publications wtichcan be obtained from bookstores, public and bniversity libraries,ani through'inter-library loans. Although the materials, publiihed between 1899 and 1973, d'treSs Texas themes,,materiaJ\on the giktater Southwest and thp nation is included. The materlals hre Aividedinto 10 sedtions. The first two sections consider reference work0and general studies. Sectidns th-ree through nineare de4oted to the following chronological/periods: the period before the wil.iteman came . to'Mexico and Texas: 1519-1921: 1821-1936: 1837-1848:1948-1920: 1920-1945: and 1945 ko the present. The concluding section isa. catch-all which preitents sociological and literary works,as wela as classroom,aids. Each section includavan 'introduction whichconveys some general knowledge o'f the period andits significance. Entries, 'are numbered and, in most cases, annotated: volumes available in paperback'form ate identified by ttid symbol (p). Topics'include NA myths, missions, settleients, life and law, Indian policy, politics, government, the-War of 1936 im Texas, manifest destiny, Anglo-American colonization, economics, immigration knd labor, depression ana.deportation,' educational conAitions and needs, civil rights, attitudes, 'trends of and reactions to immigration, sielf-images,`and mental health., An author index is provided. (N0)

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\* . Reproductions supplied by !DPI are.the bestithat cai be made * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************

=';er ; 1 , cHICANO1& MEICICANOS

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TI N(. T PO1N T OF vt VY OW OP T,4 'ON% STATED DO NOT Nt(f %%ANIL HiPTIF Sfi NT O F lAtNA T,ONAt INST.TITT F OF EDW.A T ION T ION OP POT II`r TO IF*I DUCAT IONAI FIE SOURCES Compiled and Annotated INF OHMA I /ON CEN1t H (t.RIC) by JAMES A. WILSON

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Southwest Texas State University. TE JANOS, CHICANOSAND MEXICANOS:

A Partially Annotated,Historical Bibliography Publi( St h(TOI Teachers

( .mnpiled and Annotated II) JAMES A. ,WILSON Ass, Iv Pr ,,teywi Ii \- Southwet rexas State University

habhshed by the Bilingual Bit ultural EducatipnProgram, in cfloperation with the Department of Education andthe Department of History,- SouthNyest Texas. StateUniversity , San Marcos, Texas A 1971\

4 Like .1hank Dobtc's Life and Liteiature 01 Ow ,fou1hwe4, this bibliography liesin the scholarly public domain, and may be entered upon and used freely by those who may find its contents useful,

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Preface )

From a dingy prisoncell in Mexico,a Texas patriot affinned his allegiance :

\. I have sworn to beA good Texan, and that I will not forswear. I will die for that whichI firmly believe, for I know it is just and right. One life is a small price fora cause ef so great. As f fought, so shUll I be willing to die) I will never forsake Texas 'hod her, cau.se. I ant herson. José AntOnio Navarro, imprilonedfor his part in the illJated 'Texan- Santq Fe gxpedition of184.1, would haire none of SantaAnna's offer of freedom in exchange forrenouncing his beloved . These words, uttered in 1842,came from a man .who had signed the Texas Declaration of Independenceand had served in the Congresi Of the Republic. In lateryears he would: cast a delegao vote forannexa- tion, corrttibute to the writing ofthe first state constitutibn, win election to the state legislature, andsupport secession. Although his sentiments were evety bit as rousing as those of Nathan'Hale, Patrick Henry, and William Barrett Travis, theyare virtually tinknosyn to Texas .school children and, for the mostpart, their teachers. Why? Because the complete story of Texashas not been writtenor read, or tikught. the considerable contributions of MexicenTexans,. Tejanos; Mexicanos, Chicanos,,and Mexican-Americanshave been glossed over, slighted, even ignored altogether. Fortunately, this deficiency is being corrected:Bilingual education and teaiher-training programshave done much to establish the concept of biculturalismas a necessary part.of the sttidy and teething of Texas history. Textbook publishers'are beginning to prolice appropriate class- room materials, and social studies teachersare making themselves more aware .of the Spanish-Mexican strain, in the states richpast (and no stathes a richer heritage. than Te)ces).-Much more remains to be

S fl* iv

accomplished, however. Junior high andhigh school students, eipecially those with Spanishsurnames and those who havp been exposedto the bilingual lAculturalconcept, want to know about Spanish, Mexican, and MexicancAtnericanachievements and personalities. And theyde- serve to be informed. hopefully, this historical bibliographywill direct concerned instruc- tors to the most accessiblesources of information regarding Hispanic Texas. The Texas experienceis emphasizedbecause it is uniqueand ' Texas studentscan and want to know more about it. While materialon the greater Southwest andthe nation, by necessity, is included, Texas themes are stressed. The firsttwo sections consider reference works and general studies; sectior 3 through9 are devoted to chronological periods; the conchiding sectionis a catch-all which presentlsociological and literary works,as well as classroom aids. Each section includesan intro- duction which mtemptsto con'vey some general knowledge of the period and its significance. Entriesare numbeted and, in most cases, anno- tated; volumes available inpaperback form are identified by the symbol (pl. This compilation is intendedfor classroom teachers on the secondary level, not -research scholars, whowill be disappointed at the exclusion of documents, newspapers, graduatetheses, and othersources upon which they rely. Everyattempt has-been made to include items whichcan be obtained from bookstores,public and university libraries, and through inter.library loanaprocess teachers would do well 'to employmore than they do, In mostinstances,- books and xeroxed articlescan be secured from participating librariesby this means. A word about itdentifyingterms, or "labels," is in order. "" is used to indicatea point olview, a sense of being that has recently gained -widespread acceptanee.:`Mexican-American" is employed in thosesec- tions devoted to periods after-1848, when the "American Southwest"' came into existence. "Mexican Texan," "Tejano," and"Mexicano" - also appeas frequentlyas synonyms for Texans of Mexican descent. It is interesting to 'note that 'arecent survey, conducted by the .Univer- sity'of Texas Center forCommunications Research, revealed that 43 mrcent pf 1,500 Sp:mish-surnamedpersons interviewed in the Austin- San Antonioarea preferred "Mexicano" as a term of self-reference. Thirty-one per cent favored"Mexican-American"; 8 per cent "Amer-- can",; 6 per cent `Chicano"; and12 \ per cent ,"Latin American," "Latino," or. "Texono." (AustinAtherican, October 11, 1972.) Among the school-age population,"Chicano" and "Mexican-American"appear to be most popular. Itis important to note that bOth *termsreflect a growing pride in Mexican originand a desire to learn about it. If this bibliography can helpto promote pride and knowledge,. its objectives will have been fulfilled; James Ai Wilson Deyiartment of History Southwest Texas State University V Introduction

TUV. CONCEPT. OF BILINGUAL EnticATION AS DESCAInEn BY THE TEXAS

Education ,Agency in its Statewide Design for gilitigual Education .- is composed of six components. Five of thecomponents deal with the cognitive aspects of educatiorg growth. The sixthcomponent, which some consider as the most importaM, deals .witlthe affective aspects. Consequently, itis the most difficult to implement because it deals with intangibles in the relationship of tevachers knd children whoselife styles and cultural characteristics may be quite different. The teacher isa pro- duct of a iystem of education and teacher preparation which forthe most part has not considered the possibility of teachers being confronted with children who arc culturally and linguistically differentthan they. 'There is evidence thatmany Mexican American children have failed in the edujatinnal process because of the failure of thesystem via the teacher to meet,their imique needs. It has produc-ed children with in- feriority complexes and very ,negativc self-images. Thedeterring forces which act upon a child are manifested by the schooling,processand are mainly rychological in nature. Although the sociological andeconimiet0 circumstances certainly affect the situation, history and the w...ty it is told is another very significant factor that also needsto be considered. Traditionally, the history that is taught in the schoolshas been very biased and great emphasis is given to the activitiesthat occurred in the devdopmev of the original 13 colonies, mainly by 'the English,and the subsequent westward movement as a.romanticizedexpression of the pio- neer spirit by those of English"ancestry. Very little is said of theaccom- plishments and contributions of the hispanics and Mdo-hispanicsin the m-vciopment,,,. , of,the westernfrontier. ,. This-work by Dr. Wilson is compf.ehensive althoughnot exhaustive and perhaps the best of its kind to date. The informationin the annota- '. tions give ample opportunities to,teacbersat all levels to select and obtain valuable inforMation for their social studiesprograms for all children in our cultuially diverse State. The obvious comprehensiveness of this work . should dispel the myth that adequate niaterialsare not available. Great effort has been exerted.by the authorto develop. it.It is my hope that there is use of this vital information by the teachers of the Stateas they relate to their students that portion of history significant to:Texas that has beri4 omitted in the past., ,' -.\ .

Severo Gomez ./) Associate Commissioner pf Education Educational Programs for Special .Populatlons Texas Education Agency

j'y AcknOwledgments

This bibliography exists, because of funds fromthe state-supported Bilingqal-Bicuttural Education Program at SouthwestTexas State Uni- versity. The Program's director, Carlos Rodriguez,and its supervising committeeconsisting of Deans ()Scar L. Dorsey and Jasper J.Garland and Professors Martin 0. Juel, Robert A. Galviin,Billie E. Hughes, and Elizabeth L. McDanielhave been most cooperative andunderstanding throughout, as hts W. E. Norris, Jr., Vice-President for AcaCiemicAf- fairs. Billy M. Jones, former President of SWTSU,and J. Ralph Ran- dolph, former Dean of Liberal Arts, offeredencouragement during the ' *project's incipience. Everette Swintiey, Headof the Departmenebf His- tory, allowed me to create a course on the "Mexican-American Heris- tage in Texas," an experience which revealed the need for this publica- tion. My congenial and efficient co-workers, DelfinaBrisefio, Cathy Byrd, and Monique Ferrell, typed drafts andchecked and rechecked citatons throughout what musk flame seemed.,a never-ending process. These individuals helped to make' this referencetool what it is; what it isn't or what it should have been ismy responsibility.

6 Vu

CONTENTS Preface in Introductiorl v Acknowledgements vi I. Some Useful Reference'Works II. General Studies andCollected Readings A. SouthwestTexasMexico 5 B. Mexican-Americans:SouthwestTexas C. Readers D. Exposing die Myths:Cultural Realities and ContributionsCriticismi andNeeds III. Before the White Man:Mexico and Texas A. Mexico . 13 13. Texas IV. Spanish-Mexican Texas, 1519-1821 17 A. Conquest-y-NorthwardEx'pansion B. General Works(Spanish-Mexican Texas) C. Mis,sionsSet tlements D. Life, Lar, and LeaNing E. Indian Fighting andIndian Policy. F. General Conditions,Economy, and Po'pulation V. "Fejas to Texas, .1821-1836 23 A. Mexico and`the UnitedStates B. Anglo-AmericanColonization C. Texas and Mexico: Gen.eralPoliticsand GovernmentMexican Viedvs D. The War in Texas E. Tejano Participation F. Why 'the Conflict? When Bitterness Prevaikd:The Republic of Texas and the U.S.-Mexic'an War; 1837'1848 31 A. U.S. and MexicoMainfestDestiny

it B. Republic of TexasTexan-Mexican Warfare C. The U.S.-Mexican War: General, Causation, Interpretation -Texas Involvementlittitudes VII. TurmOil in- Mexico and Texas, 18'48-1920 41 A."Mexico:Mexico and the U.S. B. Texas and Mexico C. Conflict: , and the BorderL--Elsewhere in Texas D. EconomicsImmigration anct Labor E.Invisible Texans VIII. Wanted,---UnwantedWanted: The Twonties, the Depression, and World. War II, 1920%1945 51 A. Immigration: TrendsReactionS B. Mexican and_ Mexican-American Labor C. Depression and Deportatiotl D. Life and Lore: Conditions-2-nucationLiteraturi E. Wartime F. PoliticsI IX.' I Viva La .Raza!: A New EraSince 1945 63 A. Economics:. ImrnigrationLos .Mojados y Los BracerosOrganized Labor-LOccupational Trends B. Education: Conditions and. Neds _Bilingualism/Biculturalism C. Civil Rights and Politics: Toward Equality and OpportunityThe Power of the Ballot X. Life and Literature--Since 1945 77 A. A Aay of Life: -Attitudes and Characteristics: Disease and Mental Health B. Images and Self-Images: The View Fr Om Within ..The View From WithoutAkiut Words C. Multi- Me-dia Took: Films .alia Tapes-- Ilistiibutors of Cultural Materials Author Index 89 I. Some Useful ReferenceWorks.

ACOMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY DEVOTEDTO PUBLISHED' WRITINGS oq Spanish-speaking Texans does not exist. Hopefully thecom- pilation/of sucha vital reference tool is underway, but until it does appear researchers and students must relyon the following guide'S to lead them to the pertinent literature. Of these,the wodts of Barrios (2), Clark Moreno (4)Cotera (5), Grehler, Moore and Guzmán (7), Wiei- and Rivera (10), Nogales(12), and Padilla (13) willprove most helpful.

. 1 I.Adams, Ramon F.(ed.). Western Words: A Dictionary of the American West. Normant: U. ofOkla. Press, 1968, An examina- tion of this dictionary of words and phrases revealsthe enorrnous influence of the Spanish languageupon everyday speech in Texas arid the Southwest. Aniong`other things, itpoints up the fact tbat cattlemen could not converseas they do without the linguistic .. legacy they have inherited from the original rancheros; theSpan- iards and the Mexicans. In thisrespect, this volume is valuable. 2.Barrios, Ernie (ed.). Bibliografia de Aztldn:.An AnnotatedChicano Bibliography. :. San Diego State College FotIndation, 1971. (p) .. . 3.Castillo,. Guadalupe (comp.). "Towarda True.ChicarioBibliogra- phy: Newspapers:1848-1942,"ElGrito (Reileley, Calif.], 3 filmier, 1970), 17-24. - 4.Clark Mothio, Joseph A. (comp..). "A Bibliography ofBibliogra- phies Relating to, Studies of Mexican Arriericans," El Grito, 3 (Wintei, 1971-72), 47-79. This valuble listing cobtains;457 libli- ographic Reins covering virtually every subjectarea. It will prove' especially useful for librarians and classroom teachers. 5. Cotera, Marta P. (comp. and ed.). Educator's Guidt to C4icano Resources. Crystal City,' Tex.: Crys' tal City Memorial Library, 1971. (p) This annotated bibliography is the best reference aid in print on Chicano life and literature. Its ten sections pertain nol only to available books and journals, but also to filmstrips,tapes,

t 1

. . , 2 Tejanos,Ehicanos and Mexicanbs

records, pamphlets, and posters..Every library. in ;Pexas-should

have this "labOur of love from a Chicana librariad." ,

6.Hhott, Claude (comp. and_ ed.). Theses. on Texas History, 1907- /952. Austin! Tex. State Historical Assn., 1955. The Southwest. ern Historical Quarterly, published.by.the Texas State Historkal Association in Austin, has updated this list and continuesto pro-

vide notice of recent theses and dissertations in.Texas history. . 7.Grebler, Leo, Moore, Joan W., and Ralph C .Gui.mán. The Me.vican-Arnerii an People: The. Nation's Second Largest Mi- nority. New York: The Free Press, 1970. This large sociological study includes a sixty-six-page bibliography which containsa great number of published and unpublished writings.pertinentto Texas, It is especially strong in the fields of anthropology, education, and sociology. This rich volume should beon The shelves of every public school and university library in Texas. 8.HernAndey, Luis F. A Forgotten Arntrican: A Re:source Unit )(N. Tea, hers on the MeXican Ainerican. Intro, r own. New York: Anti-Defamation League of-.:WRaill,'ritlt,49.69. C.difornia t:ducaior and a picomerinestabliihiftg Meican- American,ftudies programs in-public school, Pr`of&istir JiernAndez has written a concise overview of Mexican-Arnerie4n.'simietyotegk.. offers useful hints to the Anglo teacher who Might, be unfamiliar, wiTh the needs 'of .students frOm Spanish-speaking backgrounds: Ile lso includes a handy outline of Mexican 14story. 0.,Jenkii;s, John 11. .(comp. and ed.). Cracker #arrelChonicles': A Bibliography ofl'elas 7'owns and County .Histories.Apstin: ' Pemberton Pres. This volue and. the Elliott guide (I, 6) indicate that RPanish-speaking Texans, especially in the nine- teenth and twentieth centuries, have been overlooked ,by history gra(luatestudents, and thai A fascinatingfield -Ofresearch beckons., It).Kiehnan, Chester V. (coop. and ed.). The University _bf Texas Are hires: A Guide tiohe Hist6rical Manuscripts Colleftion in the "nirernty of Texizs Library. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1967.

II.Meier, Matt S., and Feliciano Rivera (comps. and eds.). A Srlec- tire B,ibliogYaphY for the Study of Mexican American History. San ,jose: Spartan Bookstore,'San Jose State College, 1971. (p) Although it contains sonic inaccuracies, this/compilation is.acofl . venient guide for both teachers iind students. 12."Mexican-American history: A Critical Selective Bibliography,"

Journal of esican American History {Santa- Barbara, Calif-.), .-

1 (Fall, 1970.), 68:86. 4, V

. I. Referenceiiiorks'

Nogales,!Luis G. (comp. and ed.), 'The Mexican mericans:' A Selected'-and. Annoted ,Bibliography. Stanford: Stanford U. Crnter of.a.alin. American Stlid*s, 1971.. (1:) ,1/cry good interms- of educational anik sociological Ifteiature; excellent annotittions. 14, Padilla, Ray. "Apuntes Para La Documentacién De ,I,a*Cultura . .ChiOna" rivotei for the Dofumentation Of Chicano,Cultueel, 51'Orito, 5 r ( Winter, 1971-72): 3-46. This critical and' sensitive- essay, written from h.dedicated Chicanb scholar's point bf view, .. is intendiA tok aid in the compilatibn of "a true Chicano Azt:- 1- 7 lanense bibliography.'. The' author assesses. bibliographiesdatirig from tne ninetenth century to thepresen 4 15. Rivera, Feliciano (comP. and ed,-). A Mexican American Source7 - bopk With Study Guidelile. Menlo Park; Calif.:Educational Consulting., Associates, 1970. . l6. Sprague, Juliene C. "United Stales Governnient Publicationson' >.enviexican-Americans," Texas Libraries, 33 (Spring, ,1971), 17.We,bb,e Walter P., and Bailey Carroll (eds.-)The . 2 vols. Austin': 'Fex..State Historical Assh., 1952. contains useful biographical sketches. An essential reference tool. Addendum: 18.. Orttz, Gilbert, and, Jane Talbot. Chicano: Biblisgraphy, 1960-19,72., Ed. by EdWard Sthimen. Austin: Jenkins Pub. Co., 1974. Con- 'tains more than 4,000 titles regarding social; political, and.eco- nomic trends. Special emphasis is placedon the influence of Mexican mid Nlexican-American art and litelatureon culture in theSouthwest; that is, "reverse acculturation." Deals with publi- cations which have, appeared during the period, 1960-1972. 4

Notes.

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4

, IL GeneralStud les and Collected Readings

04.DER GENERAL HISTORIES OF THE SOUTHWEST AND TEXAsMADE' little or no mention,ofMexican-Americans, and the 1940s zinc! '503 witnessed only a faint.awareness on the part of academicand pop- War writers. But in the elply19608, a noticeable changefor the better be- gan to occur. MexicarrAmericanand Chicano scholars,as well as enlightened Anglo-American anthropologists, educationists,histofians, and sociologists, assumedtheir long-neglected duty place Spanish-speaking and attempted to Americans in theirproper perspecOye in history 'and stkibty.- Theworks of Faulk (2), Perrigo(5), Con* (7), Meier and Rknr4..(17),, andthe University' of Texas Instituteof Texan Cul- tures (2q are evidence of this growingcortcern. A number)" f volumes of collected 'writings, Or"readings' books," have alsoap ared -rec6itly,s edited by such recognizedauthorities as Rosaldoet at. (28), Sarnora (29) ,Nfiervin (30), andWeber (31). Interpretativeessays, designed to separate'lfact from mythand .t's create a consciousnessof the Mexican- American historical presence, have emerged from ate pens' ofCampa (32)-,..lbaredes -,(374), Machado,(38) Navarro (39),RomanoV. (41), and Vita (43.).But thetea'Cher .or- student who undertakesto understand Hispanic Teirai:muit &sograsp t,lxi,essentials of Mexican history, which tuts influenced, more'thanAs curtintly acknowledged,events in what, tame to be. the SO:thwest of tbe .United;States. Thegeneral works on Mexico lisled 'in- this seCtiOn will help- in*, acquiring thenecessary back- gronnd. -., . , , ,.-___:;,,A4- ' .,) , ',,...-., \V' 0.+,, '

west:, r :"Caughleyy. Om .W.1"ThaSpanish Southwest: An Exampleof Sub- ----=:*.consFoui lleigionsilisin)"in Merrill Jensen (ed.),Regionalism in IAtntriiai.'_eadrson) .T.1.of Wis. Press, .1951, 173-86. , "..' (p) 2, . Faulk, ch*e...B.. f.a.fici of Many Ftontiert ,New' York:Oxford U. ,# . ,4:4 .4i.--"-,:i..1.,41... ,. 41 Tejang's, Chicanqs and Mexicanns

Press, 1968. This fast-moving, geueral treatment is esriecially good ,on Spankh Texas. Holton, W. Eugene. The Southwest: Old and New. New york: Alfred A. Knopf, 19611 1.incoln: U. of Neb. Press, 1968. (p)

4.Horgan, Paul S. Great Rther: The in North American . Hntory. 2 vols. New York: Hqlt, Rihart And Winston, 1954 (p) ; abridged u The Heroic Triad. New York: Wotld Publish-. "ing,1971.-(p)Horgan's' sensitive and account of titter peop1es---i1 n4ian, Hispanic, and Anglo-AmericaninteractinK in- p's .the Southwest giyes- the. reader a "feel" for the c'ultural milieu of the region. 5.Perrigo, Lynn 1. 1 he Ameruan southwest: Its People mid Cultures. New York: polt,' Rinehart 'and Winston, 1971; ': Winston Press, 1972. Probably the best "textbook" treatment 'of .Southwestern history, this volume -presenti an overv\ew of the Mexican-American tn Texas and the Sotithwest absent from other works of its kind.

6.Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Histary of the North Mexican States and Tevas. 2 vols. ': The History Co., 1890; reprint, Santa Barbara:Wallace Hebbard; New York: McGraw-Hilj, 1967.IncludedinBancroft's massive Works ohthee Trans- Mississippi West, these volumes contain valuable factual informa-

tion. . . 7 Connor, Seymour V. Te.vas: A History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971. This exceptional college-leVel text includes read- able narrative and judicious interpretation of manY aspects of t14 Tejano's role in the history of hisstate, i.e., cultural conflict in the nineteenth century, organized labor, and state -politics. Furthermore, it feature& an excellent bibliography. Fehrenbach, T. R. Lone Stai:"A Histary of Texas and the Texans. New York :Macmil1a1Z Co., 1968.

Mexico: 9:Alba, Victor. The Mexicans. New York: Frederick A. .Praeger, 1967. 10.Ewing, Russell C. (ed.). Six Faces of Mexico. Tucson: U. of Ariz. Press,1966. This collection of essays by six hitithorities on the geography, history, society, government,'economy,1 and literature of Mexico affords sound insights into the development of .the Mexican thition. Genoriil Studios 63 Readings . 7

Justo. The political Evolution of the Msxican Poop. Trans. by Charles Ramsdell. Austin: U. of Tex.' Press,. 1969(p) ; orig. pub. as Evolucidn Polikca del Pue6lo Mexicanoio 1940. Like Alba's Work (11, 9), this book ref-lewda Mexican scholar's view 0' his' naijon'spast; and provides the teacher with the perspectiue .necessary for a balanci-d presentation of the many Mexicanas. pects. of:Texas history.

B. Mexican-Amerkans: Southwest-I-Texas So4thwest: 12.Acuiia, Rodolfo. cupted 'America: The Chicano's Struggle To- ward Liberation. San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1972.(p) This historical survey, written by a productive Chicano historianwho has "experienced the, inequities of this supposedlydemocratic society,"emphasizes the theme of- Chicanosas a "colonized people," exploited and oppressed byan Anglo-American system that has treated them as "losers." This revisionist work isimpor- tant far its point of view, and offer4 an insight into the 4tivist resentment toward the usual Anglicized version of _Southwestern history. The early chapters pertainingto Texas, however, evi- dence some weaknesses of fact and interpretation which should be tempered with corresponding material in the volumes in this sectioir by Connor- (II, 7) and Meier and Rivera (II, 18). IIAlford, Harold J. :The Proud Peoples: The Heritage andCulture of Span6h-Speaking Peoples in the . New" York: 'David McKay Co., 1972. The redeeming feature of this superficialtreat- ment, which includes a smattering of information on Cubans and Puerto Ricalis, is the biographical sketches of prominentSpanish- surnamed individuals who have contributed theirenergies and talentstothisnation'sdevelopment, past and present(Le., Roberto Clemente, Juan Cortina, Henry 0. Gonzalez, "Trini" I.6pez, Juan de Mate, and George 1. Sanchez). 14.Gaiarza,'Ernesto. Mexican-Americans in the Southwest. Santa Bar- bara: Mt:Nally & i.oftin, 1960(p) 15.Grebler, 'Leo,Moore, Joan W.,. and Ralph C. Guzman. 7'he Mexican-Amirican People: The Nation's 'Second Largest Mi- nority. See 1, 7. This extiaustive study, 'a product of dui Mexican- American Study Project at UCLA, is basedon dati gathered from published and unpublished writings,,census returns, formal .and .informalinterviews,fieldstudies,and surveys among Mexican-Americans in and Texas. It isan .attempt to reveal Mexican.American fife and attitudes, andto establish this ethnic group as a recognized "national minority" (as opposed to a "forgotten" or "inviiible" minority),rather than a "quaint 8 . :Fejanos, Chicanos-and Mexicanos

accident of histiiry;" di;regarded by .thelarger society, jt,cis the most complete study of its kind in print.. 16 McWilliams, Carty. Nortij From o. : Lippincott, 1910;reprint, 'Westport, Come: GreenwoodPress,1968.(p) Civil-rightsadvocate,historian,and, currently editor of the McWilliami offered those who' wouldread it ti realistic his'torical treatment of Mexicans andMexican-Americans in what became the United Stated.a "dozen years before Moat 'Anglo- Anterican .teaclieri a and Aters began to recognize theexistence of the, country's sevond largestminority:-This pioneer effortcan still be read with profit,although some of the more recent studies, have placed thenecessary empha,sis on events in Mexico that is missing from McWilliams' sprightlywritten book. 17.Mcier,,Matt S., and Feliciano Rivera. The Chicanos:A History of MexiOtn Ainericans. New York: Hill'& Wang, 1972. (p) This work by ti.vo California historiansis the mast balanced and 'judicious general 'n'eatmentof Mexican-Americans, and could 4 benefit Nith college undergraduatesand interested high school students. While teachers of Texashistory avill findit, like the Acuiia book (Li. 12), California-oriented,they will also .be.con fronted with tnuch sound factualinformation and bibliographic comment. Every Texas school library should havea copy. 18.Nava, 'Julian. Mexican Ainericans:. Past,Present and Future. New York: American Rook Co., 1969. 19.Stoddard, Ellwyn R. Mexican Aniericans..New York: Random House, 1973. (p) This sociological view of Mexican-Americans, ,wrtuen by a University of Texas at El Paso socialscientist, is one ,of several monographs. in the RandomHouse series, "Ethnic Groups in Comparative Perspective." A briefhistorical chapter is followed by others devotedto: .the search for identity; race, re- ligion, and family; language- and foftnaleducation; Income, QC- c.upation, anctstocial mobility; and formal organizations.This well- organized paperback providesa handier overview. of Mekicv- 'American siwiety than does the extensive studyof Crebler, Mook and Guznuin (I, 7; II, 15).

Texas: 20.The Mexican Texans. : U. ofTex. Institute of Texan Cultures, 1971. (p) This attractive pamphlet, whichcan be purchased at a *discount in largequantities, should be in the hands of every junioror seniot 'high school history student. It in- cludes biographical sketches, portraits,and photographs of Te- janos who have connibuteci mightilyto the Texas story. Artists, educators, patriots, and politiciansthey, andmany others, are (I. 'General Studies 01Readipgs

, Ancluded in thii commendableeffort of the staff of the fasdnating -Institute of Texan Cultures,a must for field trips. 21. 'Kibbe, Pauline, R.Latin-Ameriians in Texas. Albuquerque:U. of N. 'NI: Prês, 1946. The authuroffeis insight into theiniquities imposed on Mexican-AmericansinTexas in the early and Mid- )1940.s. . . , 212 Squndepi, Lyle, and Olini ki.LeAnard. theSpanish-Speaking PoPu-, lation of Texas. Austin: U.of Tex. Press, 1949.-

ç. eaders 23. urma, John II.(ed.). Mexi( an-Americansin the United' States. (,:ambridge, Sdienkman Pub. Co., 1970.(p) 24. 1 ran, Livie Isauro, and IL RussellBemard (eds.). introduction to (Thhano Stuylies: A. Reader. NewYork: The Macmillan Co., 1973. (p)'

oquin, Wayne (ed.). ADocumentary Ilistory of theMexican Americans. Nrw York: PraegerPubs., 1971. (p) A rich collec- tion of primAry documents andwritings: FOukl be used profitably for student research. 26: Nava, Julian (ed.).Viva La Raze: ReadineonMexican Ameri- cans. New York: 1). Van NostrandCo., 1973..(p) 27. RiN7era, Feliciano (ed.).A Mexican-American Sburce Book:Menlo Park, Calif.: EducationalConstilting, Associates, I-970. 28.Rosaldo, Renato, Calvert, .RobeitA., and Gustav L. Seligmann (eds.). Chi( Flo: The Evolutionof a People. Minneapolis: Win- ston Prem, 1973. (p) An excellent book.of readings. 29. Sarnora, Julian (rd.), LaRoza: Forgotten Americans. SouthBend: U. of' Notre Dame, Press, 1966.(p) One of the earliest, and , still one. of the .best books of its-kind. 30, Servin, Manuel P. (ed.). TheMexican-Americans: An Awakening Minority. Beverley Hills: GkncoePress, 100. (p) -this col- lectionis edited by. a leader inthe field. The sitcond edition (Beverley (letwoe Press, 1974) (p)carries the revised title, An Awakened Minority: TheMexican-Americans,. because,as Professor Servin indicates, sincethe,first edition "much has progress beten' accomplished"-----"despitethehesitanceciAnglo- Amerkan historians to inc6rporatethese new contributions into their lectures and writings."The second edition is especiallyuse- ful for the post-WorldWar 11 era. Both editionsare superb and highly recommended-: 31,Weber, 1)avid J., (ed.).Foreigners in their Native Land:historical Roots of the Mexican Am*icans.Poreward,by Ram6n Eduardo

I 8 ' 10 Tejanos, -Chicanos and Mexicanos

Rdiz. Albuquetque: U. of N. M. Press, 1973. (p) An excel- \len! selection of primary sources intended" "to illuminate the ex- perience of Mextrans who livod and continue to liN>e in the arra that .bccanw the Ainerican Southwest in 1848." The documents presented span the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteedth, and nine- ttenth centuries.,

D. Exposing the ;Myths: Cultural Realities and Contribu- tipnsCritieism and Neecls Cultural Realities and contributions: 32. Campo, Arthur L. "Cultural Differences ihat Cause Conflict and Misunderst,inding in the Spanish Southwest," Western Review [Silver Cityo N. M.], .9(Spring,1972), 23-30; reprinted as "Anglo vs. Chicano: Why?" Intellectual Digest, 3, no. 5 (Jan- uary, 1973), 80-82.- In very sensible and sensitive fashion, Profes- sor Campa probes the historical reasons for cultural conflkt in the Southwest. 33.Marcella, Gabriel. "Spanish- Mexican Contributions to the South vest,- The ownal'I. Me i an Antei it an Higoiy, I(Fall, 1970), 1-15. 34.Paredes, Americo. n'exas"Fhird Man: The Texas,Mexicati," Race [London, England], 3-4 (May, 1963), 49-58. This essay offers insiet into thesocial, economic, and educational conditions among .Spanish-speaking 'Texans at -theoutset ofthe1960s. Paredes, a University of Te)cas folklorist of national stature, put the task of improvement squarely on the shoulders of the Texas- Mexican. Political effectiveness 'and organization were necessary, he concluded, if, the man "at the bottom" was to overcome the metudices inflicted upon him. This essay should be reprinted and made avaiJable to more students of recent Texas history. 35.The Role of the Mexican American in the History of the Southwest. Papers mad at a conference sponsored by the Inter-American In- stitute, Pan American College, Edinburg, Tex., Nov. 17, 18, 1969. Edinburg, Tex.:- Inter-Aiperican Institute, Pan American College, Publicatioit no. 9, 1969. This pamphlet contains several excellent essays; including:Felix D. AlmarAz, Jr., "The Historical Heri- tage of the Mexican American in 19th 'Century Texas: An In- terpretation"(12-13) ;Richard Johnson, "The Rio Grande Frontier- Bridge or Barrier" (46-52) ;Roberto J. Garza, "Cul- ttiral Contributions of the Mexican-American!! (53-60). Hope-. this.ro4ction'is still in print. Criticisms and Needs: 36. C:OrwM, Arthur M. "Mexican-American History: An Assessment,"

I . 11. General Studieset? Rfadings

Pacific Historicml Review,42 (August, 1973),269-308. Excellent, especiallyinpresentingthecontrasting. views of Chicanok Mexican-American, and Anglowriters. 37.Hoffman, Abraham. "Where 'Are the MexicanAmerkans?: A Text- book Omission Overduefor Revision," The of Notre Dame], 6. History'reacher [U. (November,1972), 143-50.The author, after reviewing a dozen popular college texts in U. S. history,decries the absence of.MeXicanAmerican contributionsto the nation's past. He concludes: ."At thepresent tirne.. . fered in.-survey the terbopksof- 'neck) tsideiableAevision andre- definition before{ MexicanAmericans.. are given a fair hearing, a proper perspective for theircontributiohs to whatwe so in- complestely label 'Ainericunhistory.'" Thesame can be said for public -syhoOl texts. 38.Machado, Manuel A., Jr. "Mexican-AmericanHistory: Problems and Prospects," Western Review, 8 (Winter; 1972),15-21. If the necessary "balance and historkalperspective" are to be brought to the study of the Mexican-Americanin the Southwest, historians must delVe into. Mexican history,and they "mustnot fall prey to the political demagoguery". that has marked themilitant attempt to establaih cultural identities. 39.Navarro, Joseph. "The Condition of Mexican-AmericanHistory," The journal of MexicanAmerican History,1 (Fall, We, This survey of the curreq 1970); 25-52. literature and probleinsregarding Mexican-American historyoffers. judiciousassessments, and sug-. gests ways in which ."the critical and scholarly study" ofthis vital subject can be carriedforward. 0. Prilalosa, Fernando."Toward an OperationalDefinition of the Mexican Amerkan," Azad,:[UCLA], 1 .(Spring, 1970),1-12. A sociologist's-inquiry into thenature of Mexican-American society. 41. RomanoV., Octavio I. "The Anthropology andSociology of the Mexican-Americans: TheDistortion of Mexican-AmericanHis- tory," Et Grito, 2 (Fall,1968), 13-26. Written, bya committed Chicano editor-scholar, thisessay conveys the notion that "there has not been any Significant charige in views toykPardMexican- Americans for thepast 100 years." 42. "The Historical andIntellectual Presence of the Mexican American," ElGrito, 2 (Winter, 1969),32-47. 43. Vaca, Nick C. "The MexkaW-American in the SocialSciences: 1912-1970,1E1 Grito, 3(Spring, 1970), 3-24. This artiaeis an important rhkano writer'sdiscusiion of the handling and'mis- handling of the Mexican-Americanby social scientists. 44. Womack, John, Jr. "The Chicanos," The NewYork Review of ' 12 Tigianos,.Chicanos and Mexicanos

)Bcoks, 19, [IQ. 3( August 31, 1972), 12-18. This lengthy review article provides a handy introduction to current literature on ' C/si Q7ZiSflZo.

Notes

+IV

e

It 4 III. Before the White Man: Mexico and Texas

NQUIRI;10 MEXICAN-AMERICANSTUDENTS WANT TO LEARN OF THEIR cultural heritage, from its beginnings; and well they should, for it is rich, not only to them but also to anyone with,an interest in Mexican or Southwesterh history. The Indians of Mexico, the original Mexicanos by any standaras, possessed remgrkable religious, economic, and 1)olitical, systems. Their arts and letters and philosophical beliefs flourished long before "the bearded men.. .from the east" brought their "Old World" culture to the so-called "New World--which, it is important to remem- ber, was ndt new at all. Itwas new only to the Spanish, who had yet to learn.of the existence of empires in central and southern Mexico whose Classic Period, or "Golden Age," occurred roughly from -ISO B. C. to A. D. 800 or '900. In 'other words, Mexico was at its peak of pre- Coluthbian development whije Europe was groping through the Dark Ages. Then the Aztecs camefto dominate the Central Valley of Mexico; and their splendorous city of Tenochtitlim (Ten-och-tee-tlahn), replete with massive pyramids, huge plazas, and colorful gardens grander than anything Europe could claimwas built in the middle of Lake Texcoco (Tes-coh-coh). The essential facts regarding the culture of these first Meso-Arnericans are vital to the study of Mexican-American hist*, and can be found in the general works of Bernal (1), Burland (2), Caso (3), León-Portilla (4), Peterson (5), and Josephy (10). Although we know very little about them, numerous native groups principally the Caddoans, Karankawas, Wichitas, Tankawas, Coahuil- tecans, and Apachesoccupied what came to be called Texas at the time of the Spanish approach. These early Texans, like the peoples of Mexico, adapted to their environment, developed effective,tribal institu- tions, and lived life as they perceived it. European culture was neither necessarj, nor desirable for these peoples. Atkinson (8), Castafieda (9), Joseph); (10), Newcomb (11), and Winfrey (15) give some notion of pre- and its inhabitants. q* A. Mexico 1.Bernal, Ignicio. Mexico Be ors Cortsz, Trans. by Willis Barnstone.

3411 14 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

New Vork: Doubleday Co., 1963. COgne of the yery best gen- eral surveys of the topic; it featuresa useful guide to,pronuncia- ,tion. 2.Borland, C. A. The Gods'of Mckito. First American.ed. New York: ( . P. Putnam's Sons, 1967; New' York'.Capricorn Books, 1968. (p) 3;C1130, Alfpnso. The Azacs: People of the Sun.Norman: U. of Okla. Press, 1958. Very informative. study of AzteCreligion. 4.Ledn-Portilla, Miguel. Aztec Thought. and Cu/We:Trans.by Jack Emory Davis. Norman: U. -of Okla. Press, 1963.Another very . good book on the people -Of Azthin. 5. Peterson, Frederick A. Amient Mexico.'Anintroductionto the Pre- Hispanic Cultures. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,1959; New York: Capricorn Bqoks, 1962. (p) One of the bettergeneral ac- counts of Mexico before the Conquest. 6.Vaillant, George C. The Aztecs of Airxico. GardenCity, N. Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944;rev, and ed. by S. B. Vaillant, 1962. (p) 7.Wolf, Eric. Sons of the Shaking Earth: ThePeople of Mexico and GuatemalaTheir Land, History, and Culture: :U. of Chicago Press; 1959. (p). B. texas 8.Atknson, Mary Jourdan. The Texas Indians.San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1953.

9.Castaileda; Carlos E. "Customs and Legends ofTexas Indians," _ Mid-America [Chicago], 3 (1931-32), 48-56.

. 10.Josephy, Alvip M., Jr. (ed.). The American Heritage Beliet,0In- dians. New York: American Heritage Pub.Co., 1961.. This pop- ularly written, profusely illustrated volume, edited bya respected ethnohistorian, contains very useful informationon the pie- Spanish civiligttions of both Mexico and Texas.It would be a fine addition to any hbfary.

1 1. Newcomb, W. W. The Indians of Texas. Austin: U.of Telt. Press, 1961. (p) A very fine study bya most competent anthropologist; points up the fact that we havevery little information on thena- tive peoples of the state prior to the 'first Spanishc.ontact. 12 Powers, William K. Indians of the Southern Plains.New York: Capricorn Books, 1972. (p) The first three chapters of this read- able study win be of some use. -VI. Before the Whit* Man 15

13.Roberts; 0. M. "PsFehistork .Races in Texas," Quarterlyof the Texas State Ilistorid al Assotiation rbecaine Southwestern Histori- calQuarterly in July, 1912-1, 1 (July, 1898), k4(t-50. Sonivichsen, C. L.T he Mes< alero Aptu hes.Norman: U. of Okla. -Press, I958. I 5 Winfrey, Dorman H., and others.,IntrO. by* W. W. Newc.omb.In- dian Tribes pj Texas. Waco:Texian Press, 1971. Eight tribes are considere4, byasmany authors; the essays in this attractive book 4-T refle-c.t. Indiant-Spanish contact. Tribes discussed are; Alabama- Coushattas, Caddoes, , Karantavs,se Kiowas, Apachrs, Tonkawas, and Wichitas.

, Notes

4 IV. Spanish-Mexican Texas;1519-1821 . .. . / . . AWN() COMPLETED MEM BRUTAL CONQUEST OF THE VALLEYS OF Hcentral Mexico, or New , the Spanishset about the business of northward expansionaprocess that would take them tItimately into what became the Trans-Mississippi West of the UnitedStates. The Spanish, then, inspired the original hon-Indian pioneering ofTexas. ;Chia frontier Movement was carriedacross the Rio Grande by' Adventurous captains like Francisco Vfisquef de Coronado, Alonso deLeón,\ the Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo, and Diego Ortiz de Parilla,and by devout and courageousFranciscanmissionaries,includingFathers Nicolas 1,6pez, Francisco Hidalgo, and Antonio deSan Buenaventura Olivares. ... . But they were only the leaders of the expeditions, the heroes of writ- tell history. Who were the followers who performed the arduousworin- volved in planting settlements? Thevast majority of them we not Spanish-born (peninsulares),or even born to Spanish parents in Me CO (criollos).Rather, they were mestizos,.the products of the raciala cultural fusion of Indians and Spaniards calledmestizaje. They we Mexicans, and they were thefj.rst pioneers of Texas. When Anglo- Americans arrived, they were late-comers, having peen superseded13? Hispanic artisans,"clergymen, educators, merchants, soldiers,stockraisers, an, settlers. "Spanish-Mexican Texas" is thusan entirely appropriate

The mestizo settlers left very few documentosor 'written records 9f their activities, which is why they have.received little scholarlyattention. Ho ully historians will bring to the printedpage the achievernents of thek common folk who began ihe building ofTexas prior to Mexican independence in 1821. A number of sound studies do exist,however, which will serve to inform the reader of,events, condititns, and leading personalities in Spanish-Mexican Texas. Authors ofa fe* of the most fielpful books are: Bannon (4), Bolton(10.), Faulk (11), Institute of Texan Cultures (14), Castafieda (13), Myres (48), andVigneu (35). A. 'Clonques,Northward Expansion Conquest: 1. Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. True History of theConquest of . Many multi-Volume Spanish and English editions;avail-

,p 1(01,1/4-3 fac, tLiu ..f)Es:tuo..;25. Teginos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

iible in .mie volume as The Discovery andConquest of Mexico, 15171521. ed. by Gennaro Carcia and trans. by P. Maudsley. New York: FArrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1956. (0)This standard UIount by a participant contains the 'Spanish view. of the (An- quest, along with the cOnquerors awe when confronted with the grimdeur of Mexico under the Aztecs. 2 LeOn-Portilla, Miguel (ed.). The Broken Spears:- _Thektec Ac- ,..0'4nt of the Conquest. of Mexi;o. noston: Beacon Press, 1962. pl This collection of writings:should be read for ate Indians" feelings as their lionieland-was Ming ravaged. 1. Padden, R. C. The Hummingbird and the Hawk:Conquest:and Sovereignty in the Valley of Meti«), 1503-1541, Columbus: Oliln SlatyI. Press,1967;. Ne York: Colophon Books, Harper & Row, 19;0. (p)An excellent study of Aztec rule and .the Span- ish takeover. . r

Northward Expansion: t 4.BannOh, FrarwiS. The Spanish 'Borderlands FrGritier,1513-. e. 1821. New York:Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.(p) Now available from the U. of N. M. Press, Albuquerque. Thissurvey .provides an excellent reference topl; it containsa treasure of fac- ,.tual and bibliOgraphic information. The authdiis a giant in the study lit the Spanish experiencein what came to be northern Mexico and the Southwest of the United States. Teachers will invahlable. Bolton, Ilerbert E. Coton(Zdo: Kniglit of PuAlosand Plains. New York: Whittlesey Ilouse, 1949; Albuquerg'ue: U.of N. M. Press, 1949. Herbert Eugene Bolton,an acadernic pioneer. whose schol- arly achievements, were as remarkableas the lexploits of his con-. conquistador and mRsionary heroes, traced Coronado'sroute of 1540.1542 through northern Mexico and the Sduthwestwhile producing this readable account ofa 'foremost American trail- blazer,

. The Spanish "Borderlands: A Chronicleof Yld and the Southwest. New Haven: Yale.U.. Press,1921. In tins big little book the'reader will finda sprightly written account of the settlement of what Boltiyi calkd the "Spanish Borderlands" --the outer' rim of 'northern Spanish expansion,a semi-circle stretchipg on a map from roughly Chesapeake Baysouthwar& through the Cidf States,across the Southwest; and northward to San Francisco Bay. To Boltonwhosecareer began at the Uni- versity of Texasgoes the credit for developing the BOrderlands its a field of scholarly study, and for stimulating generationsof students by bringing,to life the exploits of the first whitemen who I S panifh- Me uean Teas 19

effectively colonixed what is now the United States. Both Florida" and , teachers in the Southwest and Texas should stress, were settled before the English arrived in . 7.Horgan,Paul.Contjuistadors in North ArneritanHistory. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1963. (p) 8. Hallenbeck, Cleve. Alvar Nsñez Caheza de l'aca . . . 1536-1543. . Glendale, Calif.: Arthur IL Clark, 1940.. Mc6ann, Thomas F. 4TheOrdeal of Cabem de V aca," American Heritage, 12 (December, 1960), 32-37, 78-82. This article, writ; ten by a University of Texas 'scholar, isa readable general ac- count of the,wanderings of the first'Europeans to penetrate Texas.

B.General Works .(Spanish-Mexican Texas) 10. *Bolton, HerbIrt E. Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century. Berk- city; U. of Calif. Press 1915; 'reprint, Austin: U. of Tex.Press, 1970..(p)In addition to this enduring woric, Bolton authored numerous articles in early %volumes of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly.

I I.Faulk, 04ie B. A Su( tessful Failure. Austin: Steck-Vaughn,1965. . A good brief account of the Spanish.experience in Texas, 12.Hackett, Charles W. (ed. and trans.). Pichardo's Treatiseon the Limits .of and Texas:4 vols, Austin: 1.1.of Tex.-Press,

.

. MU, Morfi, Fray Juan _Agustin. ,1673-1779,Ed. and trans:, by Carlos E. Castaiieda, 2 Albuquerque: Quivira So- ciety, 1935. This was the first history of what becameTexas; iti author was a Franciscan missionary:, 14:The -Spanish Texans. San Antonio: Li; of Tex. Institute of 'Texan . Cultures, 1972. (p)

C. Missio0s---Stt9,0ments Mkskttt;: 15.(astafieda, Carlos E. Our Catholic Heritage in Texas. 7vols. Aus- tin: V*Boeckmann-jones, 1931-58. Thisset is the best thinkwe have on missions and missionaries in Texas, and itis a fitting monument to a great- historian who,, rosefrom dire poverty in South Texas,, to a position of prominenceamong Borderland scholars: Several of Bolton's articles in the eady Volumesof the Southwestern Histor.ical Quarteely will alsoprove useful. 16.Dunn, Willim E, "Missionary Activities among.the Eallern.Api;che," Southwestern illistOrical Quarterly, 15 (January, 1912)",186-200.

13 20 Tsjanos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

17.Persons, Billie. "Secular Life in the SanAntonio Missions,", SVth western- Historical Quarterly, 62 (July, 1958),45-62. 18.Weddle, Robert S. San Juan Bautista:Gateway to Spanish Texas. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1968. This is onlyone of Weddle's sound studies on Spanish missionizing. VA 19. . The San Sabel Mission: Spanish Pivot in Texas. Aus- tin: U. of Tex. Press, 1964. (p) Settkments: 20.Chabot, Frederick C. San Antonioand its Beginnings. San Antonio: Artes (raficas Print. Co., 1936. 21.Cox, Isaac J. "The Founding ofthe First Texas Municipality," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 2(January, 1899), 217-63. 22.Hackett, Charles W. "The Retreat ofthe Spaniard) from New Mexico in 1680 and the Beginnings_of El Paso,"- Southwestern-- Historical Quarterly, 16, pt. 1 (October, ...1912), 137:68; pt. 2 ( January, 1913), 259-76.. 23.Hammett, A. B. J. The :Don Martin de Leon (The Richest Man in Texas). Victoria: VictoriaDaily 'News Pub. Co., 1971. De Leon colonized, what isnow Victoria and vicinity, and must be considered a true Texas pioneer.

,-...3 24.Hatcher, Mattie Austin. "Conditionsin Texas Affecting the Colo- ,- nization Problem, 1795-1801," Southzvestetn ,,--1'-. T. Historical Quarterly, .4' 25 (October, 1921), 81-97...... ''.. ..t. D. Life, Law, and. Leatning fi.," 1 25.Berger, Max. "Education in Texas during A the Spaniah and Mexican . . P% r i od s ," Southwestern HistoricalQuarterly, 51(July, 1947), 41M. 26.Cox, Isaac J. "Educational Effortsin San Fernando de Bexar," Southwestern Historical Q1Aarter4ly, 6 (July,1902), 27-63. .. 27.Dobkins, Betty E. 'the Splanish Elementin Texas Water Law. Aut- tin: U. of Tex. Press, 1959: 0 28.Garrett, Kathryn. "The /First. Newspaperof Texas: Gaceta de Texas," Southwesterip Historical Quarterly,40January, 1937), .200-215. " 29.Hallenbeck, Cleve, and Juanita Wiliams.Legends of the Spanish Ni Southwest. Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H.Clark, 1938. ---*;46, : 30.. Hatcher, Mattie Austin. "TheMunicipal Government of San Fer- e nando de Bexar, 1730-1800," Southwestern HistoricalQuarterlY, 8`( April, 1905), 277-352.

'r.) 0 IV. Spanish-Mexican TM., 21

IL Hunnicutt, Helen M. (ed. and trani:). "Election of Alca ldes in San Fernando, 1750," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 54 (Jan- uary, 1951), 333-36. * I 12.Quinn, Robert M. "Spanish Colonial Style: The Architectural Origins of the-Southwestern Missions," The American West [Palo Alto, Calif.], 3 (Summer, 1966), 57-66, 93-94. The author, a noted art historian, offers a readable discussion of the background of Spanish architecture in the Southwestern environment. 31.Worcester, Donald E. (ed.). Instructions for the GI:teeming of the Interior Provinces of New Spain, 1786, by Bernardo de Gdlvez. ,Berkeley: Quivira Societ),, 1951. This edited body of primary ma- / terial provides insight into the adniinistrative goals and problems on the northern frontier of New Spain in the late eighteenth century.

E. Indian Fighting and Indian Policy 34.BrinckerhOff, Sidney B., and Oche B. Faulk. 'Lancers for the King: A Study of the Frontier Military System ofNorthern New Spain, with a Translation of the Royal Regulations of 1772.Phoenix: Ariz. Historical Foundation, 1965. This lavishly illustrated volume. contains pertinent documents and an informative narrative which shed light on Spanish problems and policies regarding frontier defense and military activities in Texas and all of northern New Spain. 35.Daniel, James M. "The Spanish Frontier in West:Texas and North- ernMexico,"SouthwesternHistoricalQuarterly,.71 (April, 1968), 481-95. The sUbject of. this article is theDespoblado,the area including what are now Trans-Pecos. Texas, eastern Chihua-, hua, and Oahuila; an area devoid of Spaniards, but an avenue into Mexico for marauding Plains Indians. 36.Dunn, William F. " Relations in Texas, 1718-1750," Southe',' wecternHistorkal Quarterly,14 (January, 1911), 198-274.* :17.Faulk. Oclie B.The Last Years pf Spanish Texas, 1778-1821.The

. 1tague4Mouton & Co., 1964. 38.Faulk, Odic B.,and Sidney B. Brinckerhoff. "Soldiering at the End of the World,". The American West, 3 (Summer, 1966), 28-37. This article presents the frontier hardships under which the Span- ish iddiers had to serve and survive. 39.'I laggard, J. Villasana (trans.). "Letters and Documents: Spain's IndianPolicy,"Southwestern HistoricalQuarterly, 43 (April 1940), 479-85; 44 ( July, 1940), 813-95; (October, 1940), 232-44; 45 (October, 1941), 202208; 46 ( July, 1942), 75-82. '22 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

40. Newcomb, W. W. 7'he Indiam 9/ Texas. See in, 41.Wintmy, Dorman H., and others. Indian Tribes of Texas. See III,' 15

F. General Conditions, Economy, and Population 42.Brand, honald D. "The Early History of the Range Cattle Industry in Northern Mexico," Agricultural' History, 35 (July, 1961), 132- 39. Written by a University of 1xas geographer, this article dis- cusses the _adaptation Of Spanish methods of stockraising to the frontier condins in Texas andew Spain generally. 4'iCarter, nodding. Doomed Road of Empire. New York:McGraw-

I fill BookCo, 1%3,1971. DeNcribes problems of supplying Texas from northern Mexico during the Spanish period. 14.Ccix, Isaac J. "The Karly Settlers of SanFernando,",Quarter/y of theTexasgtate Historh-al Association, 5, (October, 1901) , 142-60. -Faulk, Odie B. "Ranching in Spanish Texas," Hispanic Arherican Hictoriial Review., 45 (May, 1965), 257-66. .16 Hatelivr, Nfattie A. (trans.). "Texas in 182()*:',NSouthwestern His- torvalQuarterly,23 (July, 1919),47.68. .17.Kinnaird, tawrence (ed.). The Frontiersof New Spain: Nicoldsde I.afora's Desciiption, 1766-1768. Berkeley: Quivira So'ciety, 1958. 48.Myres, Sandra I.. The Ranch in Spanish Texas, 1691-1800. El Pa;o: Fexas WesternPress,1969.Professor Myres, a UT-Arlington scholar, has wriuen an 'excellent study of the lanchas part of the Spanish (rontier process in Texas. Her discussion of ranching methods is especially revealing.

Notes

31) V. Tejas to Texas, 1821-1836

N() PHASE OFTEXAS HISTORY HAS RECEIVED MORE ATTrourloN AND generated more interest and controversy than the entry of Anglo- American settlers into Texas and the subsequent . An understanding of this period, from 1821 to 1836, is indeed crucial, for i it witnessed the formation of cultural. attitudes and biases which prevail to this day. SPecifically,it produced the "Remember-the-Alamo" syn- .drome which has distorted both the writing and teaching of the state's hiltory., Notions of Mexicans and Tejanos as cruel, lazy, thieving, and generally inferior emerged from this period, made their way into .text- books'and classrooms, and imposed a myopic historical perspective upon students of all ethnic backgrounds. The Anglo-American rebels were pic- tured as champions of freedom and "winners"; Mexicans and Mexican Texans as-Oppressors and loseis." 'Generations of school children were introduced to the period of colonization and revolution through the old red and blue paperback, Texas History,Movies (1926 and several other editions), distributed free of charge by a well-known oil company. A number of its cartoons convey the notion of Mexican cruelty and deceit, especially those relating to Go liad .(1965 ed., p. 107) and the Mier pris- oners (p. 123)cluring the Republic period. Fortunately, the most recent edition, masterNily designed .(0. 0..Mitchell and Jack .Patton, Austin and : Graphic Ideas, Inc:, 1970), does not include _some of the More fallacious material found in earliereditions. Only recently has a significant effort been made to produce what Cecil Robinson has aptly called a "double vision" of this,crucial era;.to acknowledge the contribu- tims of Hispanic Texans to the cause .of Lone Star independence; and to view the conditions in Texas against the backdrop of contemporary Mexican history. Until historical npthamologists bring the total picture into focus, however, many of the realities of this wathershed period can be found in studies by Barker (11, 18), Vigness (14), Santos (33); Mil- ler (43); Castañeda T 52), Lowrie (55), McLemore (36), and Robinson (59

A. -Mexico and the United States I.AtwOod, Marion J. "The -Sources of the Mexican Acta Constitu- tiva,- Southwestern historical Quarterly, 20 (July, 1916), 19-27-. 44 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicana

An understanding of political developments in Mexico during the 1820s And 104 is necessaq for a total appreciatiim of the Texas story; 'the Acta Constitutiva, the Federalist document that granted more power to the individual states than the. Centralist faction would have liked, was theiaw of the land for Texas settlers until the winter of 1835-36. 2.Bosch Garda, Carkm. Historia de las relacionesentre Mexico y Los Estados Uandos, 1819-1948 t[History of the Relations Between Mexico and the United States, 1819-1948]. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma Mexico, 1961. 3.Chne, Howard F. The United States attli Mexico. Cambridge: Har-

vard U., 1953% New York: Atheneum, 1963. (p) . Reations be- tween the United. States and Mexico during the 1820s and early 19303 vitally affected Mexican poliey toward Texas. The works cited in this section provide thenecessary information. regarding this topic, 4.Rim,' George L.. The United States' and Me'xico, 18211848. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. 5,Rippy, Frea. The United States and Mexico. Rev. ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.: 6.Smith, Watson. "Influences from the 'United States ons the Mexican Constitution of 1824," :and the West, 4 (Summer, 1962),

A 113-26.

B. Anglo-American'Cdonilation 7.Bacarisse, Charles A. "Why Moses Austin Came to Texas," South- western Social Science Quarterly, 40 (June, 1959),16-27. ftBarker, Eugene C. "The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 28 (July, 1924), 1-33. 9.Hatcher, Mattie Austin. The Oe7zing of Texasto Foreign Settle- ment, 1801-182I. See IV, 56.

. C. Texm and Mexico: GeneralPolitics and Government-- Mexican Views General: 10.Alessio Robles, Vito. y Tejas(Desde La Consumación De Independeniia Hasta El Tratado De Paz De Guadalupe Hi- dalgo [Coahuila and Texas, From the Consumation of Indepen- dence'(Tntil the Peace Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]. 2 vols. Mexico, D. F.: Editorial Cultura, 1945. Alessio Robles hascon- I'.Telas to "l'exas 25

eluded that a clash of civilizationswas "inevitt;bk" in the Border- lands in the 182th, '30s, and '40s. 11. Barker, Eugene C. The Life of StephenF. Austin, Founder of T e %at, 1 7 93 M36. Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1925; NewYork: Da Cape Press,1968; Austin:U. of Tex.. Press,1969.(p) Barker's outstanding biftgraphy ofAustin is more-than a life story; italso includes 4he important,facts.of Texas history during the crtu:ial. period, -181-1836.Essential reading. 12.talcott, Wilfred H. SantaAnna: The Story ofan Enigma Who Once Was Mexitoi Norman: U.of Okla. PreSs; 1936. To under- stand Mexico and its political turmoilduring this period, General Antonio 1.6pez de Santa Annamust be understood. Ilis activities determined the c(mrse ofevents in Texas. 13. Jones, Oakah L. Santa Anna. NewYork: Twayne Publishers, 1968. (p) ,Reflects scholarshipon Santa Anna since the Cakott study (V, 121.

14.Vigness, Dayid M. Revoluti(maryDecades, 1810-1836.'See IV; 54. Professor Vigness, of Texas TechUniversity, offers a balanced ount of the events leading lip to the TexasRevolution; his book gives excellentcoverage of, and insight into events in both Mexico and Texas. Highlyrecommended. Politics and Government: 15.Ashford, Cerald. "Jacks9nian 'Liberalismand Spanish Law in Early Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly,57 (July, 1953), 1-37. United States political thoughtand the Spanish colonial heritage influenced the structure andWorkings of the new Mexicangov- ernment. 16.Bacarisse, Charles A. "The Unionof Coahuila and Texas," South- western Historical Quarterly, 61 (July,1957), 341-49. 17.Barker, Eugene C. "The Govennnentof Austin's Colony, 1Q21- 1831," Southzvestern HistoricalQuarterly, 21 ( July, 1917), 222. 18. . Mexico and Texas, 1821-1835.Dallas: Turner, 1928; reprinted, New York: Russell 4Sit Russell,1965. Professor Barker, for many years the Chairmanof the Department of History at the University of Texas, haspainstakingly portrayed the Anglo- American reaction to the Mexicangovernment in Texas. Anglo colonists feared for their beliefs and institutionsunder what they considered an "alien" form ofgovernment. 19. %Barton, Henry W. "The Anglo-AmericanColonists Under Mexican MilitiaLaWN," Southwestern HistoricalQuarterly, 65(July, 19611, 61-71.

,

111 26. Te janos, Chi( anos and Afevicano3

20.Garrett, Jenkins, et al. The Presidents of MexicanTexas, 1824- 1836. Odessa: U. of Tex. of the Permian Basin, 1971. 21.Houren, Al !eine. "Causes and Origin of theDecree of April 6, 1830," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 16(July, 1912), 378- 422. The Decree of April 6, 1830was part of the Mexican re- sponse to Ow tendency of the rambunctious Anglo.Texansto take the law into their own hands, andits provisions regarding immi- gration restriction atteMpted to check the flowof land-seekers from the United States into Texas. it caused considerableresent- ment among the grring anti-Mex,. an faction. Mexican Obscrven in Texas: 22.Castaileda, Carlos E. (trans.). "StatisticalReport of Texas by Juan N. Almonte," Southwe.stern History al Quarterly,28 ( July, 1924), 177-222.

23.Morton, Ohland. Terein and Texas: A Chapter inTexas-Mexican Relatiog. Austin:Tex. State Historical Assn.,1948. General Manuel de Mier y Teran assessed the situationin Texas in the 1820s. He traveled throughout the region in 1828and 1829, noting general conditions, but especially politicalattitudes among the Anglo Anwrican settlers. He reconunondedincreased Mexican immigration into Texas to counteract foreign predominancein . His bbservations are indispensable foran understand- ing of this period in Te.rs history. 24.Sarwhez, Jame M. haje a Texasen 1828-1829 [Trip to Texas in 1828-M291jMexicoCity:ColecelondePapelesHistóricos Mrxicandi, 1939. Sanchez accompanied Miery Teran on his in- spection of Texas,, and was not impressed with themanners of / the Xnglo settlers. D. The War in Texas 25. Asbtuy, Samuel E.(ed.). "Tlw Private Journal of Juan Nepo- . inuceno Almonte, February 1April 16, 1836," Southwestern His-

torica/ Quarte.rly, 48 (July,1944), 10-32. Almonte -was Santa . Anna's aide at the Alamo.

26.Binkky, William.C. The Texas Revolution. Baton Rouge:1..a,,State U. Press, 1952. Standard general 'account. 27.Connor, Seymour V.:and others. Battles of Texas. Wato:Texian Press, 1967. This attractiVe volume contains readableaccounts of thrt:e major battles of the Texas Revolution:"The Alamo" by Joe,-B. Frantz (t-19) ; '"Goliad" by James M. Day (25-48); arid 'ahe " by Seymour V. Connor (53-75). 28.Eilisola, Vicente, Evat nation of Texas It&eg, by James M. V. 7...jar to texas 27

Day ;trans, by George Lciuis Hammeken. Waco: Texian Piess, 1963. Filisola, an Italian by birth, cominandedthe Mexican army after San Jacinto; some Mexican politiciansand Military figures cunsidired hjs withdrawal from Texasa traitorous act. This docu- ment is Filiiola's justification for the evacuation. 29. Oates, Stephen B. (ed.). The Republic bfTexas. Palo Alto, Calif.: American West Pub. Co. and Tex. State HistoricalAssn., 1968; originally pUblished .as The American West,5 (May, 1968). Walter Lord's essay, "Myths. and Realities of theAlamo" (18-25), is very ehlightening. 30.Presley, James. "Santa Anna in Texas:A Mexican Viewpoint," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 62 (April, 1939),489-312. 31. Sanchez Lamego, Miguel A. Sitioy tomb del Alamo; 1836 [Seige and Importance of the Alamo]. Mexico:Editorial Militar Melfi- cano, 1966.

32. Sinchez-Navarro, Carlos. La Guerra deTejas, Memorias de ten Soldado [The Texas War, Memories Ofa Soldier]. Mexico: Editolial Polls, 1938.

.33.Santos, Richard G. Santa Anna's CampaignAgainst Texas, 1835_ 1836. Waco: Texian Press, 1968. This talentedhistorian has done much to counter the myths'perpetrated by LoneStar boosters and Hollywood film-makers. 34.Valdes, Jose C. Santa Annay la Guerra de Texas [Santa Anna and the Texas War]. Me'xico: Imprenta Mundial,1936. E. Tej,no' Partidpation 33.Barker, Eugene C. "Native Latin American Contributionto the Colonization and Independence of Texas," SouthwesternHis- torical Quarterly, 46 ( January, 1943), 317-33, 36.Davenport, Harbert. "Captain Jesiis Cuellar, Texas' Cavalry,Other- 10 wise `Comanehe,' "Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 30 ( July, 1926), 56-62. Cuellar deserted from the Mexicanarmy to the Texan forces; he tried to persuade Fanninto adopt another plan of action at Goliad, and had hisstrategy been employed, it is quite possible that the Texan defeat could have been averted. 37. . "General Jose Maria Jesiis Carbajal," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 55 (April, 1952), 473-83.A native of San Antonio and a protege of Stephen F. Austin, Carbajal ittempted to secure munitions for the Texas forces, and was capttired by the Mexicans and imprisoned. Two of -his brothersalso served with the Texans. Because of extreme anti-Mexican feelingir Texas' 28 Tcjanos,Cituanos and Mexicanos

after The war, Carbajlal disayowed the Lone Star; during the sub- sequent Mexican War he fought for Mexico. 18 Dawson, Joseph M. /me A ntoni. Navarro: .Co-Creator of Texas. Waco: Baylor t'. Press, 1970. This San AntoMo native signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, helped draft the Republic's onstitution, served in .the Third Congress, and participated in the annexation convention in1845. Navarro County bears his name. 39.Este!), Raymond. la.renzo de Zavala, Profeta del 1,iberalismo Mexi- (ano[, ProphetofMexican Liberalism]. :Porrila, 1952.

. "Loren/o dc 7..o.ala and the Texas Revolution,' Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 57 (April, 1954),322-35. De -Zavala signed the Texas Dedaratign of Independence and served as the Republic's first Vice President. Prior to his Texas activities, he was a diplomatic officer, a state governor, anda cabinet min- ister in the Mexican government; but he becamea revolutionary when Santa Anna attempted to suppress the Constitution of 1824.

.11 Mem-haca, Antonio. Memoirs. San Antonio: Yanaguana Society Pubs., Vol. 11, 1937. Born at ili,xar and a Texan volunteer at San Jacinto, Menchaca later bei:ame mayor pro tern of San Antonio. A modest Central Texas coinmunity was named after him (they call it "Man-shack" in Travis County).

.12. Miller, Thomas 1,loyd. "Jose Antonio Navarro, 1795-l871," The purnal of Melxican Ainerit an History, 2 .(Spring, 1972), 71-89.

13. "Mexican-Texans at the Alamo," The Journal of MeAU an Arnerit an History, 2 (Fall, 1971), 33-44. Professor Mil- ler'sthorough researchin Texas Land Office and Court of Claims records has produced new light on the !lumber of Tejanos at the Alamo. These names should be foundlin history books: Juan Abamillo, Juan Antonio Badillo, Gregorio Esparza, Antonio Fuentes, Galba Fuqua, José Maria Cuerreio, Toribio Dbmingo 1,osoyo, and Andres Nava.

.1.1. "Mexican Texans in the Texas Revolution,'' Journal ol Mexican American History, 111 (1973), 105-130. More than eighty Mexican Texans and their heirs received land bounties on the basis of their seivice in the Texas Revolution, excluding the battle of the Alamo.

. "The Roll of the Alamo," Texana, 2 (Spring, 1964), 54-64. 46.Shuffler, R. Henderson. "The Signing of Texas' Declaration of 41n- F. Tejas to Texas 29

Aptpendence: Myth and Record," Southwestern -.Historical Quar- terly, 65 ( January, 1962), 310-32. 47 The Mevican 7'erans,11-20. See 11, 20. WilliainsAmdia. "Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and the Pei-sonnel of its Defenders," Southwestern Historical Quar- terly, pt. I, 36 (April, 1932), 251.87; pt. 2, 37 ( July, 1933), 1-44; pt. 3 (October, 1933), 79-115; pt. 4 (January, 1934), 157-84; pt. 5 (f11ril, 1934), 237-312First scholarly attempt to ascertain who and how many defended the Alamo. 49.Winkler, E. W. "Membership of \the 1833 Convention of Texas," Southwe.stern Historical Quarterly, 45 (April, 1942), 255-57.

F. Why the Conflict? 50.Barker, Eugene C. "Land Speculation as a Cause of the Texas Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 10 ( July, 1906), 76-95. Land hunger ultimately produced conflict. 51.Billington, Ray A. The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. (p)Professor Billington's valuable analysis of the many causes of the Texas Revolution is concise and readable.

52.Brack, Gene. "Mexican Opinion and the Texas Revolution," South- western Historical Quarterly, 72 (October, 1968), 170-82. Unitcd States sympathy for Vie Texas rebels greatly influenced subse- quent Mexican policy and attitudes toward the "Colossus of the North." 53.Castaiieda, Carlos E. (ed. and trans.). .The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution. Dallas: P. L. Turner Co., 1928. The views of Mexicans in high places are included in this valuable book which should be in every school and public library in the.state. Among other things, these writings indicate the clash of governmental philosophies that the situation in Texas brought into the. open. One commentator compared the Anglo-American frontiersmen with the "barbarous hordes" of ancient Europe.

54.Holley, Mary Austin. Texas. Baltimore: n. p 1833; reprinted, Aus- tin: Steck-Vaughn, 1935. Stephen Austin's observant New Eng- land cousin sojourned in Texas in the early , and noted the important differences between Hispanic and Anglo-American set- tlers. An outsider's views. Valuable.

55.Lowrie, Samuel 1111.Culture Conflict in Texas, 1821-1835. New York: Columbia U.Press, 1932; reprinted, New York: AMS Press, 1967. Many of the Anglo-Americans in Texas came from 10 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

slave states, and transferred theirracial biases against blacksto Mexicans. 56.McLemore, S. Dale. "The Origins ofMexican American Subordi- nation in Texas," Social ScienceQuarterly [formerly Southwest- ernSo( ial lent eQuarterly), 53 (March, 1973),656-70. Professor McLemore;a distinguished UT-Austin sociologist,con- cludes that while factorswere present in Austin's Texas which might have promoted"interethnic solidarity," other overriding factors contributedto conflict. Namely, ethnocentrism, thedesire for land, and the determinationto establish Anglo-American poli- tical supremacy. 57.Noggle, Burl. "Anglo tokserversof the Southwest Borderlands, 1825-1890: The Rise ofa Concept," Arizona and the West, 1 (Summer, 1959), 105-31. The viewsof some of the first literate Anglo-Americans in what becamethe Southwest are studied in this article. The reader is ableto see the early development and dissenhnation of Anglo-Americansattitudes toward Mexicans. 58. Red, William S. The TexasColonists and Religion. Austin:'Von Boeckmanniones, 1924. Protestantismversus Catholicism. 59. Robinson, Cecil. "Flag of Illusion:Tlw Texas Revolution VieWed as a Confhot of Cultures," in StephenB. Oates (ed.), 'The Rv- public ol Texas, 10-17. SeeV; 29. A brief discussion ofcultural differences in Texas in the 1820s and early '30s. To understand , cultural conflict, the tem:heror student should start with this excellent essay. 60. . With the Ears of Strangers:The Mexican in Ameri- can Literature. "Fuseon: U. of Afiz,.Press, 1963. (p)This very sensitive treatment of BorderlasAslitiititory and literature is the best thing of its kindwe have. In lucid fashion, Professor Robin- son discusses the stereotyping of Mexicansand Tejanos (i.e., the "greaser" image) by Anglb-Americanwriters and travelers. Must. reading.

Notes VI. When Bitterness Prevailed: The Republic of.Texas and the U.S.-Mexican War, 1837-1848 A

,2 .. . HE TEXA'ADVENTURE IN NATIONHOOD PRODUCED MORE THAN Tits share of glorious deeds and brave personalities. Qut what is little uncierstood is the fact that this period (1836-45), coupled with what Anglo-Americans have called the "Mexican War" (1846-48), also produced a great outpouring of bitterness between Anglo-Texans and Mexicans, and between Anglo-Texans and Tejanos. Texas-MexicaA warfare was a fact of life under the Lone Star. The country west and south of San Antonio 'witnessed almost constant hos- tilities, perpetrated by bands of theives and rustlers; and conflict involv- ing attacking and counter-attacking armies' increawl theanti-Mexican sentiment that abounded in the infant Republic. It was a time when many Tejanos were exposed to extreme indignities, including loss of property, violence, and death. The fear of re-invasion from Mexico, which had not recognized Texas independence, meant that Hispanic residents of' Texas were continually called upon to prove their loyalty, and if they could not measure_ up, .or if they refused to submit to har- rassment, they were "treated as real enemies," as Juan N. Seguin and other notable Safi .Antonians found out. . In addition to the political and military strife, there was sthe intensifi- cation,of the_ cultural antagonism that had taken root during the pre- vious era of colonization and. revolution. "Remember the Alamo" (and Goliad, and Mier) came to mean distrust and resentment; feelings which spread from Texas to the United States and .influenced the entire na- tion's attitude toward Mexico. ., When. the Republic of Texas was admitted to the Union, in 180, nationalistic elements in Mexico considered it a Yankee. landgrab. Troops from both nations were sent to the lower Rio Grande, and the first skir- mish of the U.S.-Mexican War occurred in the spring of 1846, on what President James K. Polk and authorities in Austin considered .to be Texas soil. Texan participation in the war, Characierized by the shoot- to-kill actions of the Rangers ("Los Diahlos Tejanos1"), indicated that

3 9 TI Janos, Chi,anos arid Mexicanos racial animosity was part of the legacy of the 1820s,'30s, and '40s. By 1848, when the Treatyof duadalupe Hidalgo endedthe war and pro- vided for the NfexicfinCession which created the_present Southwest, many Sp.mkti peakingitiiens of ,Texas, California,New Mexico, and would beginto learn Vhat it was liketo be treated as un- wanted forrigneN it1a land they had always consideredto be theirs. Tcailinis and studentsmust come to grips with thisera. Preliminary insights inni 'thishistorical watershedcan be derived from the readily availableworks of Merk ,(10), Connor t 33, 341, Cotmor and (15), Nance Faulk (42), Ruiz. (53), ,Singletary(54), Oates Acuila (651, McWilliams(70),and Robinson (72).

A. and MexicaNknifestDrstiny U.S. and Mexico: .1. Bosch Garcia, Carlos. Historiade las relaciones entre Mixicoy los E,tadol Unidos. 1819-1848.Sse V, 2. 2.Callcott, Wilfred U. SantaAnna: he Story ofan Enigma Who Once Was Me'Aito. See V, II. Santa Anna's role in thepolitical turmoil that engtaed Mexico hada great deal to do with r4a- tions Iwo.% yen th.it country and theUnited States. 3.Caffein), Albert NI.Afelxito y los Eitados Unidosde Arnéric.a.-- [Mexico and the' l'nited States]. Mexico (Victoria)1922. Stan- dard work by a Mexicandiplomatic historian. 4. (line, Howard F. TheUnited States and Mexico. SeeV, 3. 5.Jones, Oakali L. Santa Anna.See V, 13. 6.Rives, George L. The UnitedStates .and Mexico, 1821-1848. See V, 4.

7. Velaw Gil, CarlosMario. Nuestros buenos vecinos[Our Good Neighbors]. Mexico: EdicionesParelelo, 1957. Manifest Destiny: 8. Carrison, Getwge P.Westward Extension, 1641-1850.New York: Harper, 1906. Garrison,a stalwart in the history departmentat the University 9f,.Texas earlyin the twentiethcentury, wrote this book as one of the original"American Nation Series." Although. his chapterson the ,Mexican War have been superseded,thq are' important for their turnof-the-centurypoint of ,view. 9. Goetzmann, William H. Whenthe Eagle Screamed: TheRomantic Horizon in American. Diplomacy,1800-1860. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966. (p)A handy overview of U.S. exPansion and diplomacy during the firsthalf of the nineteenthcentury; a .1'1. Teta% Republic trar

readable work by an acclaimed UT schola'r.His views on the causes of the' U.S.-Mexican War are interesting. 10.Merk, Frederick. Manifest Destiny andMission in American His, tc.ry: A Reinterpretation. New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1963. (P) holessor Merk analyzes the expansionistfever known as "Manifes't Destiny," and inteiprets itas haying been not only a desire for land but alsoan Anglo-American feeling of racial and political superiority.If -part, of Mexico's -populationwere con- quered, Americlin newspaper opinionconcluded, perhaps these people could eventuallyprove themselves worthy to enter the "Temple of Freedom"the FederalUnionwhere they could enjoy the blessings of American institutions.An excellent study of journalistic -propaganda. 11.Parish,- John -C. The Emergence of the I. ldea cf Manifest Destiny. . Los Angeles: U. of Calif. Press, 1932;reprint, 1968. Origins of vIr the idea in the British colonies and thenew republic. ... 12.Pratt, Julius W.-"The Origin of 'ManifestDestin'y,' " American _HisMrical Review, 12 (July, 1927),795-99. 13. Weinberg, Albert K. Manijest Deltiny:A Study in Nationalist.Ex-. pan%ionimi: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.Press, 1935; reprint, Chicago: Quandrangle Rooks, 1963. (p)

B. Republic of TeitasTexan-MexicanWarfare Reimblic of Texas: 14.Binkli-y, William C. TheExpansionist Movement in Texas', 1836-50. Berkeley:U.' of Calif. Press, 1925. SomeTexans were foremost exponents of Manifest Destiny. 15. ,Connor, Semour V. Adventurein Glory. Austin: Steck-Vaughn Co., 1965. One of the most recent and readabletreatments of the Republic. Excellent place to begin. 16:Flanagan, Sue. Sam 's Texas.Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 19641 . 17.Meinig, D. W. Imperial Texas. Austin: U.of Tex. Press, 1964. 18.Oates, Stephen B. "Literature ofthe- _Republic," irk Oates (ed.), The Republic of Texas, 80. See V, 29:Brief discpssion of umiak tant historical woriEs. 19.Siegel, Stanley. A Political Historyof the. Texas Republic, 1836- 1845. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1956..Totalcoverage. 20.Smith, Justin II, The Annexation ofTexas. New York; 'The Baker & Taylor Co., 1,011.: New York: Barnes& Noble, 1941.

%. Tejane.s, Chicano.s and Mexicanos

..Stenbe 'RichardR."Preitident Pout and the Annexation of 4rexis,'SouthwesternSocial Science Quarterly,14 (March, 193323 333-56. A' .4 Nfixic are: .

II, Thonit-41V. IA Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Suf- ring of tikAtier Prisoners in Mexico. De Soto Co., Miss.: R. 1845; reprint, Waco: Texian Pratt, 1964, intro. ies M. Day. Two ill-fated Texan expeditionsto ana Mier in 1842.---tesulted in the imprison- nt 61 Anglo-Texan* and Tejanos (including Jose Antonio arr in Ca#10- Perote in Mexico City. These and other epi- t1ulti-Mexican feeling that abounded in Texas. han C. -qii Last Stage of the Texas Military Opera- mst 1843-Southwestern Historical Quarterly, ry, ..1918),zri360-71. 24.Falccki as. Letti.r3. and Notes on the Texan Santa Fe 4xpi- diti /142. 144., ,and notes by F. N Hodge: New York: Boo1.010, 1930; reprint, Chicago; Rio Grande Press, -.7\

25. .1.() land, t.h.tett.t4.. Keuall tj ;the Picayune. Norman: U. of Okla. leorge-W.. Kealall, a newspaperman, accosSmpl411149 C. Texans in4441 when they attempted to establish control ovW MeiicO as lar.,as the Grande. Kendall later becamr.a .suc.411kful sh'repmn it14the Hill Country, and gave his name tOs a 94, 26.Day, Jame. Beans a d Goose Quills: Literature of the Texan Mie 'lion:: WO 4.1Texian Press, 1970. 27.Friend,1,lere..tqY4c pd.)._ ."Sietefights andSupplements- on the Perote prbotr' iSoutetcOtern.Hisi rical Quarterly; pt.1, 68 ( January, 1965), 36674; W:2. (Aptil, 1965), 489-96; pt. 3, 69 ( July, 1965), 88-95; pt. 4 .(Cktobiii, 1965), 224,30; pt. 5 (Jan..'

-nary, 1966), 377-85; pt. 6 (April; 1966),i516-.4. *4 28.Ford, John S. Rik Ford's Texas.,Ed. by Stephen B. Oates. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1963.

29.Galley, Harry A., Jr. " and the' Texas War Fever, March-August,. 1842," Southwestern 'HistoricalQuarterly, 62 ( July,1958), 29-44. PreSident Houston realized the weak Re- public could not- hope to engage-- in .successful iiffensie war against Mexico, and he did his best to cool the war fever, whic1i was ho mean undertaknig, 30.. Green, Thomas J. Journal of the Texian Expedition Agairtit t l'/ Tettn Repub/n .V.,-Mexicari War

New York: Harper' & Bros.,1845; reprint, Austin: Steck-Vaughn, %MI5. 3L Hendricks, SterlingB. "The Somervell Expeditionto the Rio Grande, 1\812," Smahwecternflistori«il Quarterly, 23 .(pctober, 1919), 112-40. This expeditionwas supposed ft.) chase General Adrian Won hack acrms the RioGrande after his briefoccupa- tion of San Antonio. Sonic ofSomerva's "volunteer"types did not want to stop at the river; they, followedW..S. Fisher to Mier and foUght the battle that resultedin their defeat and capture. 32.Kendall, George W. .Narrativeof the Texas Santa Fe Expedition. 2 volS. London: Putnam andWiley, 1844; reprint, Austin; Steck- Vaughn, 1935. Kendall'sobservations on the Mexicarweople and their wat.col lifeare very informative, since Al; illustrate Anglo- Amer ican steieotyping of Mexiins. 4 33.Nance, Joseph M. After San Jacito: The Texas-Mexican, Frontier, 1836-1841. Austin:1.1; of Tex. Press, 1963.professor Nance of- fers a competent, detailed studyof the tension -and fighting be- tween Mexicans and TeX'ans after thecreation of the Republic. This book, and the next entry,constitute the definitive literature on the subject.

. Attal A and Counterattack: TheTexas-Mexican Frontier, 1842. Austin: U. of Tex.Press, 1964. 35.Vigness, David M. "A TexasExpedition into Mexico, 1840;" South- wettern Historil al Quarterly, 62 (April,1960), 567-71: 36tVooster, Ralph. A. -"l'exasMilitary Operations Against Mexico, 1812-1843," Southwestern HistotiralQuarkrly, 67 (April, 1964) 165-84.

C. The U.S.-MexicanWar : General, Causation,Interpreta- tiowTexas InvolvementAttitudes General, Causation, Interpretations:. 37. Alcarar, Ramón, and oth-ers.Apuntes pata lv historia de laguerra entre Miti,o r los Estados Unidos [Noteson the History of the War Between Mexico and theUnited States]. Mexico: Payne, .1848; reprint, Ntexico,1952. A 38.Billington, Ray A. The Far WesternFrontier, 1830-1860, See V, 50: 30_ Bustanmnte, Carlos Maria de. micro Bernal Diaz del Castillo: sea, historia de la invasión de los anglo-americanosen Mifxico ['Eh,- New Bal Dhu delcgstillo; That is to Say, History of the1 nglo rn cri«in invasion of Afe.vied. 2 vols. Mexico:Garcia .1sorres, 1847; reprint, Mexico:Sec. de Educación Pnblica, 1949. 3t) Tejanos, Chitanos and Mexicanos

Chidsey, Donald B. The War with Mexico, New York: Crown Pubis., 1968. 41. Connor, Seymour V., and Odie B. Faulk. North America Divided: The Metii an War, 18461848. New York: Oxford U. Press, 1971. A most readable text with important interpretations is followed by probably the111631 complete Mexican War bibliography in print. An excellent work by two highly competent regional his- torians.

42Faulk, ()die B., and Joseph A. Stout (eds.). The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations. Chicago: Swallow Press,1973.(p) An informative introduction by the editors and Seymour Con- nor's essay.."Changing Interpretations of the Mexican War,"are enough to recommend this Vol u mr of collected writing (from The Journal of the Weq), although the other articles also shed light on diis conflict which brought into being what is now the South.- west.

43. Hammond, George P.. (ed.). The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February Se, ond, 1848, Berkeley:Friends of the pancrott Li- brary, 1949, II11,4stad, Peter T., and Richard W.Resh. "The Causes of.the Mexi- can War: A Note on Changing Interpretations," 4ri4ona and the West, 6 ( Winter, 1964 )289-302. 45.Henry, Robert S. Story of the Mexican War. : Dobbs- Merrill, 1950: reprint, New York:F. Ungar Pub. Co 15)61. Now dated, but still considered a good general study. 46.Lavender, David S. Climax at Ruen11 Vista: The American Cam- paignsinNortheastern Mexico, 1846-47.Philadelphia:J.B. 1.ippincott, 1966

47. . "The Mexicali War: Climax of Manifest Destiny," in Stephen B. Oates (ed.), 7'he Republic of Texas, 50-64. See V, 2).

18 Lemoine, Villacuiia Ernesto. Crdnii a de la ocupaci6ndeMexico por el ejeiri ito de los Fstadosnidos [Chronicle of the. Occupation of Mrsis o by the ]. Mkico, 1950. 49.McDonald, Archir P. (ed.). TheMexican War: Crisis for American Democracy. Lexington, Mas.s.:D. C. Heath & Co., 1969. (p) This "problenis" pamphlet contains the views of several contem- porary and sUbsequent Writers on the effect of the war uponthe American people, then' attitndes, and their political system.. Price, Glenn Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk- Sim Aton Intrigue, Amino: U. of Tex, Press, 1967. Polk is impli- Tevai Republic 03 U.S.:-Merican War

cated in a scheme to bring aboutwar with Mexico over the issue of the annexation of Texas, in hopes that the conflict would result in U. S. acquisition of more Mexican land, namely Californitc One historian's interpretation. 51.RoaBiircena,JoseMaria.RecuerdosdelainvasionNorte- Americana, 1846-111.417, par un joven de entonces [Recollections of the North American invasion, 1146-1848, by A Youth of that Time]. Mexico: Buxo, 1883; reprint, Mexico: Editorial Porrira, 1947. One of the standard Mexican accounts; !wavycm military action. - 52. Rui,, Ram& Eduardo (ed.). The Alexi( an War----Was it Manifest Destiny? New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961(p)This pamphlet contains an excellent introduction, plus selections from many of the standard works on the war in both English and Spanish. 53.Singletary, Otis A. The Mexican War. ,Chicago: U.of Chicago Press, 1960. (p)Phis.brief book is both scholarly and readable; it contains a lucid discussion of themany causes of the war; and itis probably the best available single.volumetreatment in Eng- lish. Smith, Justin Harvey-The War with Mexico, 2 vols.New York: Macmillan Co., 1919; reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1961' After examining hundreds ofthousands of manuFript pages and documents in tlia United States a.r. id Mexico, Smith be- came convinced that thell"great majority" of Mexicans "who counted for anythine believed that "no amicable and fairadjust- ment of the pending difficulties [btetween the U. S. and Mexico] should be made." In short, Mexico wantedwar. Over the years 'scholars have accepted or rejected Smith's conclusions, butseldom have they faulted his research. It remainsa valuable reference work. 15.Valadés, Jose C. Breve historia de /aguerra con los Estados Unidos [Brief History of the' War with the United States]. Mexico: Edi- torial Patria, 1947. Written for the general reader. Texas Involvement: Telas and the War with Mexico. By the editors of American Heri- tage, narrative by Fairfax Downey. New York.: American Heri- tage Pub. Co.,1961. This volume in the "American Heritage Junior Library" is suitable for elementary and junior highstu- dents. 57.Barton, Henry W. "Five Texas Frontier Companies '-During the litexkan War," SoutlittestrrnIii.ltorii al Quarterly. 66( July, 1962), 17 30. 311 Tejanot, Chit anos and Mexicanos

. - 5B, . Texas Volunteers inthe Mexican War, Waco: Texian Preu, 1970. 59.Oates, Stephen B. ':Los Diablos Tejanos!," The AmericanWest, 2 (Shinmer,1965),41-50, also appears in Oates, Visions of Glory: 'levant on the Southwestern Frontier, Norman:U. of Okla. Press,1970, and in VI, 14, The Texas Rangers contributed mightily to United States militarysuccess in northern Mexico, but they also took many opportunitiesto kill and plunder indis- criminately. Why? They remembered the Alamo,Goliad, and Mier, and they "wanted revenge,"as one of them put it. 60.Sapper, Neil. "Barbarism and Restraint:The Occupation of Mexico City," Texas Military History, 8 (no.2, 1970), 97-II0, Ranger excesses ci?nunitted against Mexican ci'vilians. 61.Stephenson, Nathaniel W. l'exas and the MexicanWar: A Chron- icle of the Winning of the Southwest. NewHaven: Yale U. Press, 1921. 62.Tyler, Ronnie C. "The Rangersat Zacualtipan," Texana, 4 (Win- ter, 1966), 341-50. 63.Webb, Walter P. The Texas. Rangers:A Century of Frontier De- fense. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935;reprint, Austin: U. of Tex. Press, .1965. Webb's classic study offersfew judgments re- garding Ranger attrocities, although it does detailRanger activi- ties during the war and allows the readerto draw his own con- clusions. One Chicano historian has labeled Webb.an "apologist" for Ranger brutalities. It remains the standardwork on the con- troversial and revered raw-enforcement organization. Attitudes.: 64.Acuiia,.Rodolfo. Occupied America: The Chicano'sStruggle To- ward Liberation, chap. 1. See II, 12.Concluding his chapter, en- titled "Legacy of Hate: The Conquest of theSouthwest;" ,Pro- fessor Acuiia states: the Texas Revolution andthe U.S.-Mexican War "created a legacy of hateon both sides that has continued to the present." The Texan has becomesynonymous with the6, "obnoxious, rude oppressor throughout LatinAmerica, whereas most Anglo-Americans considered Chicanosas foreigners with in- feriorrights. As a result of the Texas War andthe Anglo- American aggressions, of 1845-1848, the 'occupationof 'Chicano territory began, and colonization startedto take form." This period in Texas and Mexican historymust be understood if stu- dents are to gain insight into the formation ofattitudes. 65.Brack, Gene M. "Mexican Opinion, AmericanRacism, a.nd the War of 1846," Western Historical Quarterly, 1 (April, 1970),161-74. Mexican public opinion saw the nation andinstitutions eq- 4 0 ) 1'1. Trvas Repuhlir & U.S.-Aleviran War

dangered by Unit0 States imperialism. Resistance was impera- tive, 66.Chamberlain, Samuel E.'My. Confession: The Recollections- ofa Rogue.New York: Harper & Row, 1956. 67.Holland, James K. "Diary of a Texan Volunteer in the Mexican War," Southwestern Ilistomal Quarterly, 30 (Julk,, 1926), 1-33. 68.McClintock, William A. "Journal of a Trip Through Texas and Northern Mexico in 1846-47,"Southwestern Historical Quarterly, pt.1, 34 ( July, 1)30), 20-37; pt. 2 (October, 1930), 141-58; pt. 3 -( January, 1931 ), 231-56. 69.McWilliams, Carey.North FrGm Mexico,chap. 6. See II, 16. This chapter (" 'Not Counting 1v0-xicans' ")is essential reading. 70.Remy, Caroline M. "Hispanic-Mexican San Antonio: 1836-1861," Southwestern Historical Quarterly,71 (April,1968), 564-70. Anglo-American attitudes toward Hispanic .population of San Antonio. 71.. Robinson, Cecil.With the EarsofStrangers: The Mexican in American Literature, pt.1. See V, 59: Writers mirrored the public mind, and 'the public mind viewed Mexico as "a fragment of the medieval world," in necsi of the enlightenment that a progres- sive United states could provide. 72.Smith, Grow Winston, and Charles Judah.Chronicles of the Gringos: The U. S. Army in the Mexican War,1846-1848. Albu- querque: U. of N. M. Press, 1968.

7:1. Tennery, Thomas D. TheMexican WarDiary of Thomas D.Ten- ?wryEd. by D. E. Livingston-Little. Norman: U. of Okla. Press, 1970.

Notes

I

' %."

VII. Turmoil in MexicO and Texas, 18484920

THE TEXAS REvoLuTioN AND THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WARWERE in the past, but the hatred they generatedwas ever-present in Texas and would endure throughout the nineteenth andearly twentieth cen- turies. Bands of Mexicans and Anglo-Texans continuedto terrorize both sides of the Rio Grande to theextent that American troops were de- ployed along the border inan attempt to calm the troubled situation. Texas Rangers and county, law enforcers, overly enthusiastic inkilling and brutalizing innocent "Mexicans" suspected of aidingthe raiders, won the undying hatred of Tejanos, whocame to refer to them generally as "los rinches." Among those who ,protested this injusticewere Juan Neportuceno Goitina, whose aimed followers defied both Texan and Mexican authorities, and , who,. "with hispistol in his hand," carried on an heroic, one-man resistance against legalizedoppres- sion. This conflict, as Am6ico Paredes hasso clearly written, detived from the period of the Lone Star Republic. "Had the Alamo,Coliad, and Mier. not existed," he believes, "they would havebeen invented" as "justification for outrages committedon fthe Border by Texans of cer- tain types . . . In Mexico, the Course of history produced the demise of Santa Anna, the reform era of Benito Juárez, the French- intervention ofthe 1860s, and the dictatorial rule of Porfirio Diaz. BecauseDiaz encouraged U. S. investment in Mexico and worked to establish law and order, borderwar- fare was minimized. South Texas and northern Mexkowere not entirely quiet, however. Catarino Garza, whose forces operatedon both sides of the lower river, and the aging "Cheno" Cortina promoted thecause of rebellion against the Porliriato,a regime that was keeping the Majority of Mexicans in dire poverty. When anti-Diaz elements forced the old caudillo (or strongman) from power, itt 1911,a succeuidn of presidents attempted to control the convulsed rtation. Once again borderfighting flared up. Revolutionary leaders in northern Mexico contested,for str- premacy, President unwisely involved the United States in Mexican affairs, and in 1916-1917a U. S. Army punitive ex- pedition tried unsuccessfullyo capture Francisco "rancho" Villa after

cAtia, 42 Chuanos and Mexicanos his attack on Columbus, New Mexico. Tensions eased only after Wash- ington's recognition of the govermhent of and the withdrawal of "Black Jack" Pershing's troops. These international diffi- nines brought extreme hardships to the Spanish-speaking population of South Texas, as Mexican Texans (as in the period folliming the Texas Revolution) wele suspected of abetting the violence. In places like San Antonio, abridgment of the civil rights of Tejanos indicated that the "Remember the Alamo" attitude was alive and well. Why did the old aninamities persist into the present century? The answer to this complex question will come in part from an understand- ing of events.in Texas, the United States, and Mexicowhich took place between the Treats. of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) and the end of World War 1(1918). Some of the important aspects of this period can stialied in the writings of Guzman (3),Johnson (4), Paz (6),Ross (9), ( hile (15), Cosio Villegas (16), SandtA (24), Cumberland (32), Paredes (40), Taylor (42), and Weeks (73). Among other things, these worthy publications indicate that this facet of Texas history demands furtber research A. MeidcoMexko and thf U. S. Iktexico:

1.Cervantes, Federico. Fram.iscoVilla y La Revolución. Mexico: Ftdiciones Alonzo, 1960. "Pancho" Villa antagonized the United States on several occasions during .the , and generally has received unfair treatment at th-e hands of' 1.J. S. his- torians and film-makers. He has also been considered a champion of his people and a symbol of defiance in the face hf U. S. aggression. Crockcr(>ft, James 1). Intellectual Pr.ccursors of the Mexican Revo- lution. Austin:I. of Tex. Press, 1969. 3Guzman, Martin Luis. Memoirs of . Trans. by Virginia Taylor. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1965. Johnson, William' Weber. Heroic Me.rico: The Narrative- History of a Twentieth-Century Revolution, Garden City, N. Y.: Double- day & Co.', 1968.p) Popularly writt/n, very readable account of the Revolution; extensive bibliography. 5.Kaplan, Samuel. Pqemos contra la injusticia: Ia epopeya de los herrnanos Florec.Magón [We Fight Against Injustice: The Epic of the Flores Magón firothersj. 2 vols. Mexico: Ilbro Mex editores, 1960,

6.Paz, Octavio. The Labyrinth of Solitude: Life and Thought in Me to o.Tnins. by Lysander Kemp. New York: Grove Press, VII. Turmoil in Me.tico af Texas 43

1961. (p) The author's comments on the meaning of the Revolution for .the mind of Mexico are very revealing. Ramos, Samuel. Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. Trans. by Peter (. Earle; intro. by Thomas B. 'Irving. Austin: U. of Tex. Press, 1962. (p) fhe Revolution allowed Mexicans, to begin to strive for a sense o, national being; no longer would they be imitative of Europe. Essential reading. 8.Roeder, Ralph. Judrez and His Mexico. New York: Viking Press, 1947.. This is the standard biography (in English) of Benito Jukez, the Zapotec Indian Who instilled pride anda spirit of reform in the Mexican people between the criollo period of Santa Anna and the , the dictatorial regime of 'Porfirio Diaz which lasted from the 1870s to 1910, and which witnessed the foreign exploitation of Mexico at the exPense of the impoverished masses. 9. Ross, Stanley R. Francisco I. Madero: Apostle of Mexican De- mocracy. New York: Columbia U. Press, 1955. An excellent bi- ography of the idealistic man who became President of Mexico when Diaz resigned in 1911. His presidency was short-lived, but e his notions of democracy prevailed. 10. Silva Herzcs, jesns. Breve Historia de la Revolution Mexicana [Brief History of the Mexican Revolution]. 2 vols. Mexico: Fondo de Cu ltura Ectinómica, 1960.

1 1. Turner, Ethel D. Ricardo Flores Mae,: y el partido liberal Mexi- (arm [Ricardo Ylores Magón und the Mexican Liberal Party]. Morelia, Michoacan: Editorial "Erandi" del Gobierno de? Estado, 1960. l?.Womack, John, jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. New York: Alfred' A. Knopf, 1969. (p) This scholarly study is con- cerned with the role and activities of , the leader of the agrarian revolt in southern Mexico. He,hascome to sym- bolize resistance to oppression ip the minds ofmany Chicano activists.

Mexko and the I 1.S.: 13.Burdick, Charles B. "A thane on Navidad Street: The Celebrated Zimmermann Note on the' Texas Border?" Arizona and the West', 8 (Spring; 1966), 19-34.

14.Clendenen, Clarence C. The United States and Pantho Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell U. Press, 1961. Clendenen's book'recounts the events of 1916 and 1917 :Villa's anger at President Wtiodrow Wilson for recognizing the government of his rival, Venustiano

5I) 6 .I.4 Te Janos, Chu ano.s and Al exican*

Carranza; the sybsequent villista muider of sixteen engineers from the U. S. in nOrthern Mexico and the invasion of Columbus, New Mexico; and the resulting punitive expedition, under the com- mand of Brigadier General John H. Pershing. This military inter- vention did httle more than create extreme Mexican resentment against the Li.. S., and the American forces were wisely withdrawn from Mexico by February, 1917. In the minds of many Mexicans, the Pershing expedition was another example of Vanqui aggres. sion. 15 Chne, Howard. The United States and Mexico, chaps. 4, 7-10. See V, 3. lb.Cosi() Villegas, Daniel. The United States Versus Porfirio piaz. Trans by Nettie Lee Benson. Lincoln: U. of Neb. Press, 1963.

-I 7 Co:lief-Quinones. Juan, "Plan of San Diego Reviewed," Aztlein,.1 (Spring, 1970), 124-28.

18.Gregg, Robert D. The influence of Border Troubles on Relations Between the United States and Mexico, 1117649lo. 'Baltimore: John Hopkins U. Press, 1967. . 19 Hager, Nt. "The Plan or..tian Diego:I. Tin-est on the Texas Border ir1915," Arizi.ma and the West, 5 (Winter, 1963), 327- 36. The Plan (or call for, and justification for revolt) of San Diego (Texas)remains somewhat of a mystery. We do know, however, that this document prescribed the return of the .Mexi- can Cession lauds to Mexico; this territory would become an "in- dependent republic," and it would ask for annexation to Mexico. Out:section of the Plan stated that "Every North American over 16 years of age shall be put to death, and only the aged men, the women, and the children shall be respected; and on no account shall the traitors. to Our race be spared or respected." This scheme, which may or may not have attracted German support dining the period preceeding U. S. entry into , did indicate that sonwbut not manyMexican Texans along the border were apparently receptive to the idea of gaining revenge on the country that was persecuting them. A junta (committee) was organized in Laredo, but this was probably the extent of formal organiration in Texas. 20.Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and-the Prvgressive Era, 1900- 1917.New .York :I larper & Row, 1954. (p) Link's discussion of Wilson's "missionary diplomacy" toward Mexico i's excellent. 21.Mason, Herbert MI, Jr. The Great Pursuit. New York: Alfred A. nopt, 1970. The Pershing expedition.

22.Rippy, J. Fred. The ilnited States and Mexi(o. See V, 5.

51 VII)Turmoil in Afco & Texas 45

23.Salinas Carranza, Alberto. La expedicidn punitiva [The Punitive Expedition]. Mexico:.Ediciones Botas,1937. Many Mexican writers consider Pershing's unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa as one of many Anglo-American invasions. This episode must be viewed from both sides of the border if its true significance Is to .be grasped. 24.Sandos, James A. "The Plan of San Diego: 'War & Diplomacy on the Texas Border, 1915-1916," Arizona andthe West, 14 (Spring, 1972), 5-24. 25.Wolff, Leon. "Black Jack's Mexican GooseChase," American Heri: 1age, 13 (June, 1962), 22-27, 100-106. Poptilarly writien article aimed at U. S. history buffs.

B. Texas and Mexico 26.Castel, Albert. "Sam Houston's Last Fight," Ameritan Heritage, 17 (December, 1965), 81-87. 27. Cumberland, Charles C. "Mexican Revolutionary Movements From '1'exam, 1906-1912," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 52 (April,

. 1949), 301-24. Texas was a tefuge for Mexican revolutionaries during the early years of the twentieth' jentury. 28.Forndl, Earl W. "Texans and thv Filibusters in the 1850's," South- western Historical Quarterly, 59 (April, 1956), 411-28. Texas involvement with the never-say-die exponents of Manifest Des- tiny who had -designs on Mexico. 29,,Niemeyer, Vic, ,"Frustrated Invasion: The Revolutionary Attempt of General from San Antonio in 1911," South- western Historical Quarterly, 67 (July, 1963-64), 213-215. C. Conflict : South Texas and the Border= ElseN4here in Texas South Teaas and tge Border: 30. Acuna, Rodolfo. Occupied America: The Chicano's Struggle fo- ward Liberation, chap. 2. See II, 12. 31.Catialesz,Jose T. Juan N. Cortina, Bandit or Patriot? San Antonio: Mies Grificas, 1951. In 1859, Juan Nepomuceno "Cheno" Cor- /tina, member of a wealthy family of the north Mexican border' state of , led an attack on Brownsville in retaliation for the brutal treatment of one of his mother's employees. He skirmished successfully wilh Texan and Mexican forceson both sides of the border until U. S. soldiers drove him.out of Texas. He later became governor of Tamaulipas and opposed the dic- tatorial Diaz regime; he was arrested, paroled, and spent hip last 46 Tejanos, Chi,ancs and Mexicanos

yeara in Mexico City. In 1890, when he visited the border briefly, he was accorded a hero's reception, Was gheno Cortinaa bandit, a robber, a murderer, as several Anglo-American writers have *charged? Or Was he trying to combat the injustices imposedupon his countrymen in South Texas? Was hea rogue, or an early champion of la razed Chicano scholarsare currently reassessing Cortina's image. Jose :Fonias Cana les,a member of the Texas House of Representatives, also fought injustice, 'and his efforts produced a kgislative investigation of the 'Rangers in 1919., 32. Cumberland, Charles C. "Border Raids in the Lower Rio Grande Val ley---41915," Southwestern Historical Quarteyly, 57 (January, 19541., )285-311. An excellent discussion' of the blm-der warfare that intensifie(1 racial friction in South Texas. 33. Durham, George k as told to Clyde -Wantland). Taming the Nueces Strip:1The..Story" of MeNelly's Rangers. Austin: U. of Tex. Press,

34Friend, Llerena .B. "W. P. Webb's Texas Rangel*" Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 74 ( January, 1971), 294-323, This respected Texas historian discussA the changes Webb might have made in a revised edition of his classic work on the Rangers; she believes his attitudes toward. Mexican-Americans had undergone consider. able change since the publication of his book in ,1935. 35. Goldfinch, Charles W. Juan N. Cortina, 1824-1892: A' Reappraisal. Brownsville:Bishop's Print Shop, 1950. An attempt to portray Cortina accurately in the face of the bandit-murderer interpreta- tion. 36.Hager, William M. "'Fbe NuecestoWn Raid of .1875: A Border In-

eideet,". A.riona and the West, 1 (Spring, 1959)',,258-70: . 37.Lea, 'loin. "Cattle Raids tin. the King Ranch," Atlantic MtAthly;

. 199 (May, 1957), .47-52. ,

38. . TheKing Ranch. 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown. a Co., 1957. 39.Morris, Leopold. The Mexican Raid of 1875on Corpu5,Chtist1,-" Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association, 4 (October, 19()0), 128-39. 40.Paredes, Americo. "With His Pistol in His Hand": A BOrder Ballad and Its Hero. Austin,: U. of Tex.. Press, 1938. (p) COmpulsdry reading. Professor Paredesk a nationally 'known folklorist of the .University of Texas, has researched the life and cultural signifi- cance of .Gregorio Cortez, who defied injUstice at the hands of Anglo authorities and becamea hero. 'The. authoralso presents a

telling analysis ,of .Mexican Texan -attitudes toward los rinches, - the Texas Rangers, and Texiee legal system generally.

. ) VII Turmoil in Mem o & Tevats 47 / 41.Rippy, j. .Fred. "Border' Trouble's Along the Rio Grande, 184II- ;1860," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 23 (October, .1919), 91.z111. 12. Taylorjaul S. A n .4m,, an. Afe.ti( an Fwntier: Nurcis County, Teta;, Chapel 1114:4,1.:. of N. (.ilPress,Pp31; reprint, New York: Russell and R4sek 1971. This book, :'4/ritten by a Uni: versity of California ecokiozikik, deals primaril)1 with labor condi- tions in Nueces County ir i. di* late 1920s-early 1930s, but it. Con- tains iiseful histprkal chapted which trace border.antagotisms. Taylor's field notes, based on personal interviews, indicate the persistence.of the "Remember the Alamo" state of mind in,South Texas. Musioing. 43.Wcxxlman, Lyman.('ortina:RogueoltheRU) Grande. San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1950. The title indicates the authas point of %,iew. 44.Webb, Walter P. The Texas Rangers: A Century. of Frontier De- .tense, chaps. 7-10, 12-16, 19-21. See VI, 63. Ringer attitudes to- wards Mexican Texans are quite appareli '. Webb admits that Rangers often killed innocent Mexicanos, referring to shoot first and ask questions later. Every teacher of Texas history should read it. Elsewhere in Texas: 45.Clendenen, Clarence C. Blood the Border: The United States /Iry and the' Mexican Irregulars. New York: Macmillan Co., 1969.

f.Ilaley,J.Evetts. "The COrnanchero Trade," Southwestern Hisotri- i al Quarterly. 38 (July, 1934), 157-76. 47.Kenner, Charles L: A History of, New MexicanTlains Indian Rela- 'tions. Norman: U of Okla..4Press,1969.In early and mid- nineteenth century, Nuevo Miixicano traders engaged in corn- merce.with di/ Comanches in New Mexico and' the Texas Pan- handle, and thus were called Cornancheros. Anglo aUthorities viewed themas renegades, although some New Mexico Chicanos celebrate them for their defiance of an unjust system. They were, as Kenner points out, plainsmen without equals, 48.Madison, Virginia, The Big Bend Countryof Texas. Rev, and enl., New Yorlo October House, 1968.. 49. Sonnichsen, C. L. The El Pas.o Salt War,1877. El Paso: Cac,1 Hertzog, 1961. ExonomiciIminigration and .Labor Economics:

% 30.Dale, Edward E. l'he Range Cattle Industry. Norman:U. of Okla. 48 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicanin

-.Press, 1939. The cattle industiy of Texas and the' West rested upon Spanish-Mexican, foundations.

51.Dobie," J. Frank. The Longhorns. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.,1941; reprint, New York: Grosseu & Dunlap, 1957. (p)

52. . A Vaquero of the Brush Country. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929; rev.ed.,1960.J. Frank Dobie's many writings on. "cow people" illustrate that the Texas range cattle industry owed much to the equipment, techniques, and langualce of Mexi- can and Mexican-American cowboys, or vaqueros. 53. Foscue, Edwin J. "Agricultural HistOry of the Lower RioGrande Valley," Agricultural History; 8 (March, 1934), 124-38. Without the contributions of Mexican and Tejano workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, South Texas wouldnot have developed into the agricultural kingdom it is today.. 54.Frantz, Joe B., and Julian E. Choate, Jr. The American Cowboy: The Myth and the Reality. Norman: U. of Okla. Press; 1955. 55. Lehmann, V. W.. Forgotten Legionsnheep in the Rio Grande Plain ofTexas. El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1969. Sheep-raising in Texas was also of Hispanic origin,' beginning with the advent of the churro, the hardy animal introduced by the Spaniards. 56.. McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico: TheSpanish-Speaking Peopfe -of the' United States, chip. 8. See 1I,,16. Toquote Mc- Williams: ".,. Anglo-American sheepmen in the Southwest took over and adapted an already functioning and time-tested pattern of sheep-raising. About all they did was to enlarge the grazing areas by bringing the nomadic Indians under military control and improve the treed of sheep." 57.Rojas, Arnold R."The Vaquero," The American West, 1 (Spring, 1964), 46-53. 58... Wentworth, Edwaro'i N. America's Sheep' Trails.Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1948. Immigration anti Labor: , 59. Alvarez, J6sb Hernandez. "A Demographic Profile of the Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1910-1950," JoUrnal of inier- American Studies, 8 ( July, 1966). 471-96. 60. Bryan, Samuel. "Mexican Immigrants in the United States," Survey, 28September, 1912), 726-30. Although itis now an obscure publication, the Survey carried numerous articleson Mexican im- migratiOn to, and labor in-the United States. 61. Clark, Victor S. Mexican Labor in the United States. Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1908. I'll -Turraml In Ale vic 0 C? vas

- 62. Ceitnez-Quinones, luan.'"The FirstSteps: Chkano Labor Conflict and Organiration,.19(01920,"Auldn, 3 (Spring, 1973), 13-49. Sound overview;a little, but not much, on Texas. 63.Crehler,Leo, Moore, Joan W., and RalphC. Guzmin. The MexicanAmerican People: The Nation'sSecond Largest Mi- nority, chap. 4. See 1, 7.Presexits informative analysis and immi- gration statistics, 64.Redfield, Robert. "The Antecedentsof Mexican Migration to the United States," American Journal ofSociology, 25 (November, 1929), 433-38. 'Revolutionaryupheaval in Mexico caused,dis- placed small agrifulturists,or campesinos, to migrate to the U. S. 65.Shapiro, Harold A. "The LaborMovement in San Antonio, Texiw, 1865-1915," Southwe.stern Social St ienceQuarterly, 36 (Decem- ber, 1955), 160-75. 66.Wooten, Mattie Lloyd. "Racial,National, and Nativity Trends in Texas, 1870-1930," SouthwesternSoc)ial Science Quarterly, 14 (June, 1933-34), 62-69. I. Invisitile Texans .67.Barr, Alwyn C. Reconstruction",toReform: Texas Politics, 1877- .1906. Austin: U. of Tex. Press-,1971. This schola-rly studymen- tions the efforts of the House-BaileyDemocratic organization to controlthe Mexican-American electorateofthe Lower .. Jim Wells, the "Boseof-Cameron County,ap- pears as the prominent figure in South Texas politicsaround the nun of the century. 68.Brackenridge, R. Douglas, Garcia-Treto,Francisco 0., arid John Suwer. "Presbyterian Missionsto Mexican Athericans in Texas in the .Ninetenth Century," journalof Prelbyterian History, 49 (Summer, 1971), 103-32. Absorbingarticle about Presbyterian missionary work among theMexicarvAmericans of Texas from 1830 to 1910. The apostles of Presbyte'rianisrri,tstablisheda net- work of churches, and they trainedSanish-speakiz ministers. Th.is study begins toanswer the queition, why has testantism succeeded ill winninggreat nunihers of converts among Mexi- canos in Texas? 69.Davis, E. E. A Study orRuralSchools in' Travis CountyA Texas. Bulletin no. 67._ Austin: U. ofTex., December 1, 1916. Early documents relating to public.education,although they are not al- ,"ways easy to obtain, can be very enlighteningwith regard to early school segregation. 70.Gould, Lewis L. Progressives andProhibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson Era. Austin: U,of Tex. Press, 1973. Te janot, anot and itf e vicanos

71.Ilarby, L. C. ',Texas Types and Contrasts," Harpers, 81(July, 1890),228.46. Traveling magazine writer comments onthe bor- dertowns and "Texo.Mexican" society.. "Texo:Mexicans," he

wrote, were "thrifty and industrious . . . Iwing well-content as long as they have their_cigarettes and coffee." Ttlere is alsocom- meinon the factdi:Cr-while theywere Texans by birth, And theit -"leaders- pi ofeswd loyalty to thet nited States, the border in- habitants were considered "Mexicans," and the "vcry poor" were called "( 4easers'." 79, Olmsted, Frederick LAy. A Jourpey through 7''exas: Or aSaddle- tripon the Southwestern Frontier.NeW York: Cix, Edwards & 1857: reprinted with notes .by James tloward, Austin: Von kmann joite,s,1962. Racial attitudes are quiteapparent. Nreks, Douglas Fite rexas-Mexican and the Politics of South Texas,- The A merit an Patti( al and Sof ial S ien( e Review, 24 (August, 1930), 606-27. This.study, conducted by aUniversity of Texas scholar over forty years ago, remains invaluable. Presents insights into bossism and machine politics in South Texas. Points up the fact that while Mexicanos weee "invisible Texans," their ote'; were used by political ort,,Miyations.

. Notes

;

A

s, VIII. WantedUnwantedWanted: The Twenties, the Depressign, and World ,War II, 1920-1945

HE BACK-BREAKING TOIL .olt MEXICANS AND MEXICAN-AMKRICANS in the 1920s. and 1930s allowed Texas to becom an agricultural giant. Revolutionary'uphea-val in Mexico corresponded with the spread ofcrops throughout Centra! West, anti South Tuxas, and unprecedented ntimbers ofMexicans crossed the kio.Crandt. As foreign-born Mexicanos in Texas increased from 125,000 in1910 to252,000 in 1920, and to nmrethan 683,000 in 1930, streams of ,migrant laborers chopped and picked their way across the state, in accordance_with the growingseasons. While immigrant laborers were needed, critics,were shocked by what , they called the "Mexican- invasion." Come and work, byt do not stay, said many journalists, politicians,and "scholars." The agricultural boom soon gave way to the most severesdepression in U. S. history. Once courted by farmers and fruitgrowers, .the immigrants now found themselves unwanted. Many thousands were forced to return to Mexico, where jobs'were also lacking.'Those who st4ed experienced discrimination, segregation, and privation to such an extent that the

Mexican government offered land and loans to its destitute,nationals in Texas who wanted to leave: The Great Depression was followed by the Great War. Again Mexican labor was needed to harvest the crops that would feed the nation. Under joint U.S.-Mexicanagreements,braceros (those who use their arms) were allowed to work for Ainerican agriculturists, but nOtin Texas, which had come tosymbolize intolerance in` the minds of Mexican authorities. Although they might not, have been 'considered full4ledged Ameri- . cans, Mexican Texans overwhelmingly responded to the call to arms, and their military record placed them in tilt:veryhighest rank "among the valiant." The war was an eye-opener for many; their service, they_ believed, entitled them to their. full,rights as citizens. At war's end,the time of realintion was at hand. " While this period has only begun to be studied, much useful infor- .

5,9 52 Tejanos, Chvanoi and Mexicanos matkm can be derived fromthe works of Grebler, Moore, andGuzman (4)-, Handman (6, 38),Taylor (24), Hoffman (30)-,Meier and Rivera (.33, 73), Mamie! (49),Sanchez (55, 56), Dobie (62),Morin (69), Weeks (76, 77).

A. ImmigrationTrendsReaction Trends: 1.Alvarez, José H. "A DemographicProfile of the Mexican Immigra- tion to the United States:1910-1950."Ste VII, 59. An excellent study of the movementnorthward from Mexko and how this migrating population enteredTexas and spread throughout the Southwest.

2. Camio, Manuel. Mexicanimmigration to the United States.Chi- cago: U. of Chicago Press, 1930; reprint,New York: Arno Press, 1969. Gamio, a Mexicananthropologist and one of the earliest students of Mexican emigrationto the United States, says that economic motivationwas mainly responsible for this process: Revolutionary uphearl in Mexicoand the promise of jobs were the principal considerations. 3. The: Mexican Immigrant:tits Life StGry. Chicago: Li. of Chicago Press, 1931; reprint,New York: Arno Press, 1970. Statements of immigrants who movednorth. 4.Crebler,Leo, Moore, Joan W., andRalph C. Guzman. The Mexican-American People: The Nation'sSecond Largest Mi- nority, chaps. 4, 5. See I,7. Concise discussion of iMmigration trends in the 1920s and 1930s. Cwin, J. 13. "Immigraticm Along Our-Southwest Border," Annalsof the Atherican Academy of Political and Social. Science, 92 (Jan- uary, 1921),126-30, 6.Handman, Max S. "EconomicReasons for the Coming of the Mexican Immigrant," AmericanJournal of Sociology, 35 (Jan- uary, 1930), 601-11. Agriculture boomed inTexas in the 1920s., and immigrants provided themanpower which made the boom possible. Professor Handman,a University of Texas sociologist, was a pioneer in the study of the Mexicanopopulation in Texas, Handman himselfwas of Central European origin, and knew the problems of newcomers to the UnitedStates. His scholarly, sym- pathhetic work has fortoo long gone unrecognized, 7.Montgomery, Robert H. "Keglar Hill,"Survey, 66, no. 3 (May 1, 1931), 171, 193-95. This brief articledeals with a ruralcom-

munity in Caldwell County inCentral Texas and hpw Mexican. immigrants entered thearea and displaced Anglo farmers who Twentze%, Depremon 64' IF it// 53

were attracted to the cities. Although it appears in a now obscure, out-of-print magazine, this article points to the need for studying rural population trends.among newly arrived Mexicans in Texas. 8Retitle Id,Robert. "Antecedents otMexican Immigration to the U. S.," Arneruan Journal of Sociology, 25 (November, 1929), 133 38

9.Steen, Ralph. Twentieth Century Texas: An Economic andSocial History. Austin: Steck, 1942. A general study that discusses'eco- nomic developments in Texas which lured Mexican immigrants. 10 Wooten, Mattie 1.loyd. "Racial, National, and Nativity Trends in Texas, 1870 1930 .'See V I 165. Reaction: 11.Alexander, Charles C. Crusade for Conformity: The KuKlUx Klan in TOxas, 1920-1930. Houston: Tex. Gulf Coast HistoricalMsn., 0162. Large nundiersof incoMing Mexican laborers were a major reason for the formation of Klan chapters in towns along the lowr Rio Grande. While the Klan is usually associatedwith at- tacks upon Black Americans, hooded bigotry in TeItaswas also aimed atMexit ans and Meskan-Amern-ans. Thisisalittle- publicized aspect of Texas history. I 2. Bogardus, Emory S. "The Mexican Immigrant and Segregation," A merit an journal of Sociology, 13 ( July, 1930), 74-80.4'lthough Bogardus is concerned with Southern California, thisarticle pro- vides insight; into the attitinles.of Mexican immigrantswho tried to cope wit 1 i a basically hostile society.Segregatiouoniy reinforced their love h r Mexico. / , I 3 Divine, Robert A. American immigration Policy, J924-1952.New I kaven: Vale U. Press, 1957, Valuable general study._ II.Hidalgo,Ernesto,I.a Proto cion dr Mexicanos. en losEstados l' nidos {Prvte( tion of Afixicansin the United States]. Mexico City: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, 1940. In the late1930s, the gmertnnent of President Limro f.:iirdenas became concerned with'the et ()titanic and social plight of Mexicans it) theUnited States.After his Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Texas- ri.lucated Ranión Bateta, advised him of die destitutibn anddis- crimination anumg Mexicanos in the 0,Southwest,CArdenas took. steps to provide coloniiation sites fo.rltose who wanted NI return to Mexico. The "Eighteenth of M rch" settleinmt, jusf.south of Brownsville, wai one of. these. 1`). Garnett, William E. "Inunediate and PressingRace Problems of Texas,- Pro( eedings of the. Southwestern Politicaland Social len< r ration, Austin, 1925, 31-48. This attemptat "schol- 1.1 e Janos, Chicanos and Memcanos ...... - arship" states that unlessthe flow of immigrationwas Stopped, the "Mexican invasion" wouldlead to the creation ofa "mongrel population" in Texas. Vividexample of the "one hundredper mit American" attitude thatwas popular in Texas and 41irough- out the nation in the 1920s. 16 Ilohnes, Samuel J. "Perils ofthe Mexican Invasion," NOrthAmeri- (in Rt. view,227 (May, 1929) 615-23. Thetitle is explanatory. 17. Stowell, Jay S. "Dangec.of Unrestricted MexicanImmigratiOn," Current History. 28 (August,1928), 763-68. More of thesame. 8. Mexkan andMexkan-Amerkan Labor 18 Bernstein, Ilarry"Spanish Influence in theUnited States: Eco' manic Aspects," Hispanic American HistoricalReview, 18 (Feb- man!, l938), 43-65.

Dobie, J. Frank. "TheMexican Vaquero of the TexasBorder," Southwestern Politic al andSocial Science Quarterly, 8( June, 19271,15 26 Dobie understoodvaqueros as well as an Anglo could, and he fully appreciatedtheir vital contributionsto the Texas ranching industry. Foscue:, Edwin J. "AgriculturalIligtory of the Lower Rio Grande Valley Region:" See VII,53. 21 Kiser, George C. "MexicanAmerican-Labor before World War Journal of Mexican 11," American History, 2 (Spring, 1972), 122-34. 22.Menefee, Seklen C. MexicanMigratory Workers of South Texas. Washington: U. S. WorksProgress Admin., U. S. Govt. (4f., 1941. Print. :overtiment documentif they can be obtained,con- tain much usef4 history.This item providesa wealth of infor- mation regardingronditionsin the 1930s. 23Shapiro, Ilarold A."The Pecan Shellers of SanAntonio, Texas," Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, 32 (March, 1952),229- 44 The idea of the docileN4exicano was shattered whenpecan shellers in San Antonio,some of them paid as littleas $1.75 a week, struck in 1938.Violence ensued, and the San Antoniopolice committed numerousacts of brutality; hut ultimately thestrikers won higher wages. 24. Taylor, Paul S. Mexican Labcrirr the Unitiq States. 2 vols.Berke- ley:U. of Calif, Press, 1928; reprint, New York: ArnOPress, 1970, One ofmany studies by Taylor; especially goodon the Winter Gardendistrict of Southwest Texas. 25. . An AmericanMexican Frontier:Nueces CoUnty, tar. See VII, .12. Based on interviews withfield workers, em- IM Twenties, Depresuon & W I/

1)10yrIS, and (rdinary ( ititens of Nueces County. Shows extreme Anglo prejudice tow aid Atexicans and Mexican-Americans. Ntite on Streams ot Mexican Migration," Ameri(an lourual -01 16 (September,1930.), 287-88. Some mi- grant workrrs went to the beet fields of the Midwest (and thus were calledlos hrtabeleros),sonic "followed the fruit" to the valleys of California, and some picked fruit and cotton in Texas. By train orhorse drawn wagons, by rickety automobilrs and trucks, they streamed into West' and North Texas to work the cotfon crops, returning to South Texas for the winter fruit, and then starting the process 441 over again. They made possible the beginnings of Texas "agri-business."

21. alker, KennethP. ."The Pecan ShellersofSan Antonio and Nlechanitation,"SouthwesternHistorical Quarterly,69( July, 1965

C. Depression and Deportation 78 Bogardus. Fniory S. "Mexican Repatriates,"Sociology and Social Resew, h,18 November-December, 1933) 169-76. When the GreatDepression caused unemployment, Mexican immivants who .had settled in the Southwest were encouraged and 1-orc4.d to retorn to Mexico, so as to ease the burden on relief 'agencies. These repatriate,s, orrepatriados,who earlier had responded to the needs of American employers, were no longer wanted.'

29.Hoffman, Abraham. " Statistics: Some Sug- gested lternatives to Carey McWilliams::Western Histoth Qparterty, 3 (0c tuber, 1972), 391-404.

- UnwantedAfrvicanAmericans in the Great Depres non: RepatriationPressures, 1929-1939.Tucson:U. of Ariz. Press, 197.r..( pl The roost comprehensive treatment of the sub- ject: contains a wealth of statistical data.

31 NIcLean, Robert N. "The Nfexican Returns,"The Nationl14 (Au- gust 24, lq12), 165-6fi, 170-75. NicWilhams, Carey. "Getting Rid Of theMexican," American Mer- 1 urY, 27- (Nlareh,1933)322-24. One of the first pieces.of writ; ing that advertised the plight of therepatriados;many of whom were uprixtted in Gestapo fashion and forced to return to Mexi,co where they felt out of place and were out of work. Having been "Americanitra," many fotind it impossible to readjust.

31Meier, Matt S,and FelicianoRivera. The (ThreanGs: A History ol Me to anAnzert4allS,chap. 9. See 11, 17. Sound general discussion of repartriation. 56 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexionos

34.Schorr, naniel L. "Re-converting Mexican-Americans,"New Re- publk,115 (September 30, 1936), 412-13.

35.Stevenson, Philip. "Deporting Jesus," The Nation, 143 (July18, l936), 67.69.

1). Life and Imre: ConditionsEducationLiterature Conditions: 36.Bogiirdus, Emory S.The Mexican, intheUnited States. Los Angeles: U. ofSo. Calif., 1934;.reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1970. Although Cahforniaoriented, this study of living conditiotis and attitudes offers valuable insights. 37.Esquivel,,Servando I. -The Immigrant from Mexico," The Outlook, 125 (May 19, 1920), 131.

38.Hatalman, Max S. "ThMexican Immigrant in Texas,"SoUthwest- ern Poitti( al and Social Seience Quarterly, 7 (June, 1926), 33-41. Examines the Spanish-speaking population of Texas in the mid- 1920s, and divides it into three majorgroups: Political refugees who fled the Mexican Revolution:many were conservative and werelittle concerned for their less fortunatecountrymen. Los Tejano%, or desceiidants of the original Texans;many were estab- lished in business and ranching, and toa great extent werebi- lingual. CasUal laborers whowere mostly agricultural workers, or bra, eros. An excellent article. ---x

39. . -Saii Antonio: The Old -Capital City of Mexican Life :nal Influence,- Suivey, 66,no. 3 (May 1, 1931), 163-66. Discusses life in the growing San Antonio barrio,or Mexigano neighborhood, on the1 Isis of a house-to-house catwass'of 1,500 Spanish-surnamed fainili s. The plight of these people,many of whom were newly arrivedfrom Mexico, was almosttotally ignored by the larger community. Deploralile living and working conditions, dietary deficiencies, "culture shock" experiencedby school children, juvenile delinquency----allare included in this panieering article. Ilandinan noted; however, thata measure of political awareness was apparentamong the people he inter- viewed. How much .longer, he asks,can the larger community c keep the Spanish-speaking resident "at arm's length?" Effortsto obtain the articles in ibis issue of Survey, throughinter-library loan or by other means, would be entirely worthwhile. Included are pieces by Dobie, Taylor, and Montgomery (VIII, 7).Ex- tremely valuable. J 10.Sanchez, GeorgeI."North of the Border," Texas Academy of .1.1 ienee Transactions, 25 (1941), 77:85. GeorgeI. Sanchez, a hank and resicted.University of Texas scholar,wrote about la 1111. nit,1)eple.won .11' IT II 57

raza throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950a, and was virtually altme in that respect. This outspoken champion of his people de- serves much more recognition than he has received (O date.

Education:

11 Armour, 1).F.-Problems in the Education ol the Mexican Child," TeAav Outlook, 16 (1)ecember, 1932), 29-31. The tremendous influx of Mexican immigrants caused Texas educatorsto begin to examine the needs of children who spoke littleor no English, and who were considered to be "problems." The'Texas State Teachers Association began to address itself to tlijs situation in tins and numerous other articles hi the Tear 12 Fogart iv, Ruth Aim. Temii-Born Spanish.Name Students in Texas Colhwes and 'ljnivc;%ities (19.15-19,16). Au;itio: U: of Tex., 1948. 43. Humphrey, NoausanR."The Stereotype and Social Types of Mexican. Amerk an Youths," Journal of Social Psychology, 21-22 (August, 4945),69-78. 44.Jones, Robert C. "Mexican Youth in the United States," American 1.ea( her, 28XIanh,1944 )11-15. 45. Kicm, Dorothy M. "The SpaMsk-Speaking Sdiool Child in Texas," Texas Outlook, 18( December,' 1934),24. .46.Little, Wilson. Spanish-Speaking Children, in Texds. Austin: U. of Tex., 1944. 47.hoeffier, 11. W. "San Antonio's Mexican Child," Vxas Outlook, 24 (March, 1945), 28. 48. Manny* .HerschelT. 'ComparisonofSpanish-Speaking and English-Speaking Children in leading and Arithmetic," Journal. of Applied Psychology, 19 (April, 1935), 189-202. 49. The Education of Mexican and Spanish-Speaking (:hildren in Texas.' Austin: U. of T.ex. Press, 1930. This pioneer study was revised in 1965 to include the larger Southwest. 50. "Physical .Measurements of Mexican Children hi ;American Schools," Child Development, 5 (September, 1934), 237-52.

51. . "The Mexican Population of Texas," Southwestern Political and Social Science Quarterly, 13 (June, 1934), 29-31. Examines populatibn distribution and Spanish-speaking "scholas- tics" in Texas.

52. . . "Spanish-Speaking Child," Texas Outlook, 14 (Jan- uary, 1930), 21. 58 . Te largos, Chu ano% an(I Me xi(anus

r)3.Manuel, Hershel T., and Lois, Hughes. "TheIntelligence and Draw- ing Ability of Young Mexican Children,"Journal of Applied Psy- t hology. 16 (August, 1932)382-87. Murphy, L.F. "Experiment M Americanization," Texas Outlook, 23 (November, 1939),- 23-24. 55.Simchez, George I. "Bihngualism and,MentalMesaures A Word of. Caution," Journal of Applied Psychology,18 (March, 1934), 765-72. 56. . "Group Differences and Spanish-Speaking Children -A Critical tournal of Applied Psychology, 16 (April, 1932, )549-58. Sisk, William O. 'I'he fttexican in TexasSchools," Texa5 Outlook, 14 (1)ecember, 1930 ),10. 58.Weir, E. P. "The Mexican Child," Texas Outlook,20 (June; 1936), 23 59.Wilder, Mrs. L. A. "Problems in the Teaching ofMexican Chil- dren," Texas OutlGok, 20 (August,"1936), 940.The foregoing articlesreglirdingthe educationofMexican and Mexican- American children in the 1920s, 19508, and 1940sindicate teacher attitudes and the status of bilinkual and bkultural andeducation. Valuable in determining just how muchprogress has been made, to date. Lit)ratum:

60.Dobie, J.Frank. Coronado's Children. Dallas: SouthwestPress, 1931; Garden City, N. Y.: Garden City Pub.Co., 1914. To say that "Panl:ho" liable hada "feel" for the lore of the Texas bor- der couritry would be thegrossest of understatements: His appre- oiation of the Mexican strain in Texas andSouthwestern life is obvious in this work and those thai follow. Herecognized that even as Anglos and Mexicanos clashed, their two traditions "blended." Dobie asked us not to lose sight of this fact,and he worked to insure that we do not. The Flavor of Texas. Dallas:, Dealey and Lowe, 1936. I) 62. (ed.).-Puro Mocicano. Austin: Texas Folklore Soc., .1936. Colltetion of Spanish, Indian, and Mexican folktales. Ex- cellent primary material. 63. Tongues of the Monte. Garden City, N. Y.: Double- day, Doran & Co., 1935. One authorityon Southwestern literature considers this to be among the best bookson 'Mexico written by- an Anglo. Provides insights into folk beliefs, and reveals Dobies VIII. Twenties, Depresswn & WW .59

love for 'Mexicans. The readertravels with Don Frederico, the main character, throughout Ulahuilaand the country of the monks, the low foothills of the F,astern SienaMadre. This book grew from his conversations and experiences with SantosCortez and otherraq en'softhe brasada (brush country) of South Texas. 64,Duran, Gustavo. 14 TraditiOnalSpanish Songs from Texas. Tran- scribed. by John A., Ruby T., andAlan Lomax. Washington: Music Div., "Pan-American 1. 7nion,1942. 65.(;arth, Thomas R., and E. Candor."Musical Talent of Mexicans," Amerit an Journal of Ptyc hology, 49 (May,1937) 298-301. 66.Potter, Katheriiw Anne. 1.711wering Judeand Other Stories. New York:Ilarcourt, Brace & Co.,1944. This Texas-born writer (Brown County), perhaps best known forher novel, Ship of Fools, resided off andon in Mexico, and her first stories were set in this "familiar country,"as she called it. Mexican primitivism is a. major theme: happy peons living the life they havealways ---\lived, in spite of revolUtions. Ilerwriting indicates the stereotyp- ing characteristic of Anglo literaturedealing with Mexicans. Now Mqxican Americans and Chic,itnos, insteadof being written about, are contributing their own Vipressions of their people. 67.Scott, Florence Johnson. "Customs andSuperstitions Among Texas Mexicans,"PublilationsoftheTexas. Folk-I,creSociety,2 (1923), 75-85. 68.'Finney,Douglas. "The Mexican Accent," AmericanSpeech., 4 (October, 1929)434-39.

E. yartime: 69.Morin, Raul, Among the Valiant:Mexican-Americans in World War II and Korra. Alhambra, Calif7:Borden Pub. Co., 1966...Be- tween 350,(XX) and .500,0(X) Mexican-Americans (as wellas sev-- end .thousand Mexican. nationals). servedin World War II and constituted the, most deoorated ethnicgroup in the armed ser- vices. Fourteen Mexicanmwere awarded the Congresional Medal of Ilonor; fivewere Tejanos. Participation in this conflict rein- forced"in the- minds ofmany the fact that %they were entitled to full rights as Americans. When thenation needed them, fhey re- sponded. The warover, it was time for the nation to respond. 70. Crawford, W. ReLx."The Latin-AmericaninWartime United States," Annals cfthe. Amirican-Academy of Political and Social 4,1 V S4 ience, 223 (September, 1942),123-31. 71.Kingrea, Nellie W. History ofthe First Ten Years of the Texas Telanos, Chicanos and Mexicanes

v:4 Good Neighbor Commis,siontFtirtWorth: Tex. Christian U., Press, 195-1.,Be(ause fann workers were drafted, -or were attracted''' to higher-pavingjobs in defense' plants, western agriculturists ask'ed that they tiniht imimrt Mexicpn laborers. Mexican-U. 5: agreements iii19-12 and 1941 ll6wed the inipmtation of bracerol, and (fining the jx-tiod,19.12,1947, more than 200,000 Mexican.... nationals worked in the fields, and thus helped feed dm, nation.--,.,0 But .Texas did not receive bra! cros during the war, principally because .the Mexican government feared thatits people would have to endure severe discrimination, as had been the case in the past-Texas farmers and ranchers made do withMexican:, Americans. stildents, prisoners of war, alidillegalentrants, or "vrtlhit ks.- Attempting to improve the state's image, Governor Coke t icated. the Texas Good Neighbor Commission, in 1941 which serve4 to proaote better racial relations, chiefly hv means of a public education campaign'. 72McWilliam4, Carey.III Fares the Land: Migrants and Migratory Labor in the l'nited Stater. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942. Solid overview of the situation in the country generally. Meier, Matt S., and Feliciano Rivera. The Chicanos: A Histery of ,Viekii an Ameruans, ?hap. 12. See II, 17. Informative discussion of w\artime Texas and the hrw ere issue.

F. Politics : (;otiz.iles, jovita. Leagec 01 United Latin-American Citizens: Reg- , ulationc and By-laws. Brownsville: Recio Bros., 1933. 7 5.Perales, Alonso S. El Mr;rico Americarui y Paitica del Sur de Texas [The Me riian7Anicrican and the Polities ol South Texas]. San Antonio: 509 Alamo National Building,s 1931. Although rare, this volume represents the work of one of the founders of the League of United Latin-American Citizens (LULAC):- It offers firsthand obseevations regarding die need for Mexicanos to assert them- selves -politically, as opposed to, being manipulated by Anglos. Should he translated, edited, and reprinted. 76.Weeks, Douglas 0. 'I'he League of United Latin-American Citi- zens: A Texas-Mexican Civic Organization," SouthwesternPoli- tical and Socipl Science Quarterly, 10 (December, 1929), 257-78. Formed in 1929 by .concerned middle-class Mexican-Americans, LULAC was a pioneer attempt to employ political, sodal, and' economic influence so that citizens (both native and naturalized) might realize their constitutional benefits. Its.'goals were to: stress 'Citizenship, eliminate' discrimination, encourage the learning of English (which was the official language of the organization), preserVe ethnic, pride, opPose school segregation, and,in the V111 Twentres, Depression & W -\ 61.

words of one member, ". .to promote the welfare of oue race , and. . . stimulate loyalty to this country." Althoughmany Cthkanos consider it conservative, LULACremains dedicated to reforming attitudes tosivard Mexiran-Anierican in Texas. Accord- ing to one olitsoffinal;i,itis becoming increasinglyinvolved in_ the "gut issues." 7 7. -The Texas-Mexwans and thePolitics of South Texas:: See VII, 72. Excellent articleon South Texas bossiian, machine politics, and the attitudes and techniquesof patriarctaL landowners and politicians in exploiting Mexkano..vOters.

Notes

r IX.1 Viva La Ilezan A New EraSince 1945 rt

T .0 PUT IT MILDLY, T it E AR1OD SINCE 'I' HE F.ND OF WORLD WAR I I ... .. constitutes a new era forAmericans of Mexican descent in Texas and the Southwesf In the minds of the nation's ."secondlargest mi- nority,"itsprincipal characteristics have been 'pride, determination, promise, and progress. : La Causa, El Movemiento, - the acceptance of these concepts indicates that "democracy,""justice," "equal opportunity," and the 'Ainerican dream"are, no longer reserved for Anglos only. They mean also thata new spirit has taken root in the borderlands, a spirit that will endure,a spirit voiced in the cry, s`i Viva La !War Postwar Texas has witnessed the growth of this conviction,and .teachers must seek to understand it, since its. impactis being felt on all levels of the state's educationA system. After the war, Texas farmers and, ranchers continued to`dependupon Mexican labor provided by the Braceroprogram (from 1952 to its termi-. nation in P)65) and the never-ending strewn of illegalentrants, called "wetbacks" or Moiadov. Mexican-Texans also toijed in thefields, entire families of them, and bY the mid-1960s, farm Workers in. SolithTeps attempted to improve their lot, In 1966 they struck, they marched, and they petitioned on behalf of betterwages and the recognion of the ' Union which had emerged, from' thestrike (la '.., huelga) led by in the vineyards of California. Althoughthe struggle conlinues, la huelga ,in Texas meant that the "gentle hewers of wood and drawers of water"were rapidly passing from- the scene. Defer- minhtion of another sort characterized the quest,for education,an area in ,whicli Tejanos had suffered deplorable inecnOlities.Concern over this 'neglect was4 taken to the federal level iii the 1960s,. and resulted ,. .. in the passage 61 legislation which, provided ,government-suppOrted bilingual education, a concept that has begun to yield positive results inTexas.. Efforts toward equal employment opportunities and justtreatment in the courts and at the hands of aw-enforcement, agencieswere under- scored by Civil Rights Commission. hearings in Texas in the late 1960s. 'UT !..lonstitutii'm bas conic to haye meaning formore citizens. The itiovenient for equality has gone hand in hand with increasedJ.

(o bisir4 Lflatuo 69 t)t I < pitto, Cht

political activity From the ground that LULAC had preiaredover the years grew siwli organiyatipris as the American C. I. Forum, founded by Dr.Ile( tor ,t;arciaof Corpus Christi, .thePolitical Organization of Spanish-Speaking Orgainzations t.PASOI, and 1.aRaza Unida Party .1hereli.i valso emerged anumber ofyouth groups, Among whit ht I Mexwan %merit Youth Organization (MAYO) is perhaps most Illitable. Clearly there developeda growing committment among eollege and ii40.10 school students. The concept of Chitanismo an identity apart from 'Anglo and. Mexkan values, but- with Mexicair cultural ties apparent- 110,.,ered in the 1960s,as evidenced byl active timpaigning and protest. State and local electionsin 1972 and 1974 featured A Chicano githeniatorial candidate, RamseyMuniz (LRUP), And heated r.it es for oftices ill municipalitiesand counties around the state, pawl tilai IN,in South and Cential Texas, And jos(' Angel Gutiérrcz akrd his worker, in I .RUPare determined to continue the fight until the . doors.of opportunityare open for all Texans. The events of the period since 1945 have been monumental,and can he studied in the following sekction):ut this section: Grebler, 'Moore, .11(1 (;.nzmi'm (2, 1)) 1, Meier and Rivera (9, 72),Sampra (12), Procter t261, Kiblw t30), Nladsen, (31, 431, Rubel (34), U. S. CivilRights Conunissron ,35, 62, 631, Manuel (46), Andersonand 'Boyer (49), \4111-1,1 t1 And brit.gel (65).

A. EConomics: ImmigrationLos Mojados y Los Braceros Organized LaborOccupational Trends immigration:, Alv;irei, Jose 11eniAtidet. "A Demographic Profileof the Mexican Ininugration to the United States, 1910.1950." See VU, 59, . ;rebler,I.co. Mew anIninti-gration to the United State:The Re< OM and Its Impli

, MHire, Joan W., and Ralph Guzmiin. Tke Mexieart Amernan People: The Nation s Second Largest Minority, chaps. '1, 5. See 1,7.

Skrahanek, R. L. A Decade of Population Changein Texas. College Station, Tex.: Tex. Apr. Experiment Station, September,' 1963.

, . Los Mojados y Los Braceros:

A Coalsou, George O. "Mexican C.:ontract \,Laborin American Agri- t ultrkre,- Smalucestern Social St lent e uarterly, 33 (December, 1) 12), 228-:111,Excellient overview by a South Texas scholar. Texas did liot receive braeetos until 1952; Meidcan agrkultural workers entered the state under Public Law 78, andcame'to con-

t IX I a I?":"' ()!)

stute approximately one-fourth- of all farm'laborers hiredin Texas and the Southwest in the peak years of the I 950s. Craig, Richard R. 7'he Bracer.) ProgramInterest Groupi and For-

t' POhi : U . of Tex. Press,1971Craig, apolitical examines the various pressures which weir. exerted to keep the progtani alo.e, looks_ M. the moto,es of the Mexican and t'S. goernments anti American agri-businesS; 7.( ;alarza, Ernesto. Me,/ hanh df Labor. : Thc k i«Jt1 Bra( ero Story. San Jose: The Rosicrucian Press, -1965; New York: 'Rand Mc Natty, 1966. ( This volume is the work of the foremost au- thority on Nlexican migrant labor. Ile knows of what la% writes, havmg worked ni the fieltja before climbing the educational lad- der and estihlishing himself s a widely respectedso( i.il scientisL Although (;alifornia is his focus, his in'siKhtsare valuable. 8.Ilawley, Ellis W. "'the Politics of the Mexican Labor Issue, 1950- 1965," Agritultural Huctory, 40..(july, 1966), 157-76. Discusses the various pressure groups which worked to see the bracero hgree- ment renewed in the 1950s' and 1960s. The program ended in 1965.

9. Meier, Matt S., and tam) Ri\ eia. The Chuanos: A History (.4 Me an Aritcri am, chaps. -12 and 13. See II,17. One of the best, concise historical discussions in readily available form. 10. Nelson,Eastin, and FredericMeyers. Labor Requirements and Labor Resources in Ow Lower Rio Grandi Valley of Texas: Awitin: U. of Tex., The Study of Spanish-Speaking People,.1950. Provides information on wage scales in the Valley where pay was much lower than in other parts of Texas. 11.Norquest, Carrot Rio Grande Wctbac'ks. Albuquer;lue: U. of N. M. Pretm, 1972. elt 12.Samora, Julian. Los Mojadov The Wetbacks 'Story. Notre Dame, Ind.: Notre Dame t'.Press,1.971.(p) Excellent historical- sociological study by the leading authoritY on the Subject. 13 Saunders, Lyle, and .01in F.. I.eonard. The Wetba7k in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Inter-Americam-EduCationOcca- stoital 3. AuStin: U, of Tex., 1951.- 11.Scruggs, Otey M. "The First MexiCan Farm Labor Programs," Arizona and the West, 2 (Winter, 1960), 319-26. This article', and the three that follow, provide a sound historical picture of Mexican labor in the United States generally, and consider the Texas situation at length. . 15. ."Texas and the ," Pal ifi( Historical Review, 32( August, 19631, 251-64. Tr lanai, Chicanw and AfrAicanos

16. . "'rexas,( ;clodNeighbor?".S'outhwesternSocial Science Quarterly, 43 (SepteMber, 1962), 118-25.

17. . "United States,. Mexico, and the Wetbacks, 1942- 1947,"ac du Historical Review, 30 ( May, 1961 )149-64. Ig Texas (;ood Neighbor Counnission. Texai: Friendand Neighbol.,., Austin: Von Boeckmantl-Jones, 1961. View from Texasgovern- ment. The thrust of the title has been disputed. 19.Thompson, Albert N. "Mexican Immigrant Workersin Southwest- ern Agriculture," Anwrican Journal of Economics, 16 (October, l9561, 73-81 20American ( ;I Forum Of Texas and Texas StateFederation of Labor. What Prz, r rtha, Austin: Amer. GI Forum of Tex. and Tex. State Fed. of Labor (AFL), 1953. Attitudethat illegal en- trants undercut Texas labor. 4.,abor: ,v 21.Adair, Doug. "Cesar (havez's Biggest Baffle," Nation, 205(Decem- ber 11, 1967), 627-2R. higgrr, Rontne. "A Long Struggle with 1,a CaAita," The Texas. t!hserver, June 24, 1966. The liberal,`bi-weeklyObserver, pub- lished in Austin, followed closely the farmworkers'fstrike in the 1 ower Rio Grande Valley in1966. La hue& (the strike)in Texas resulted in la mareha (the march) from the Valleyto the statecapitol, and .featuredthe ,confrontation between march leaders and ( ;overnor John Connally.at Nsw Braunfels, The pro- cession mov.ed into Austin wherea1.14bor Day rally featured speecheby (:(sar Chavei and sympathetic Texas labor figures and, politicians, Although the Texas Legislature failed lo,granta minimuni wage for agricultural workers, la hu'egla and larnarcha were significant aspects of the state's labor history. 23.Dunne, John G. Delano: The Story of the California Grape Strike. New York: Farraf, Strhus ;iroux, 1967. (p) Popularly writ- ten account of Cilivez and the Delano grape-pickers strike. Also develops the background of ,the (cm-illation of the National Farm Workers o( America.

21(;reen,( ;eorgeff4. 11 VJ. 1 illTexas, 1930-4970," Journal of Me ic an ArnerVan. llistory, I (Spring, 1971),144-69. ProNiides much eiseful informationQIIthe International Ianlies' Garment Worket's Union iti Texas and the crucial involvement of Mexican- Americans throughout int existence. Nelson, Eit'gene. "(hi Being a Labor Organizer," Vie Texas Ob- er ver, '',epteinber 2, 1966. Nelvm, an associate, of ChAve,z in Cali- foinia,.was instrumental in organizing the Valley strike. of 1966. if I ,V tra I a Raza' 67

26.Procter, Ben H. -The Modern Texas Rangers: A Law-Enforcement Dilemma in the Rio Grande Valley," in Manuel P. Servin (ed.), The Mexican-Americans: An Awakening Minority, 212-26. See 30. Originally. appeared in John A. Carroll (ed.), Reflections of Western Hist6cians. 'rucson: U. of Ariz. Press, 1969, 215-31. Professor Procter, of Texas ChristianI Tniversity,assesses the Ranger performance during the Valley farm workers strike of 1966. Their tactics illustrated that new methods will have to be implementedifthe Rangers areto survive as a valid law- enforcement agency in a modern setting. And itwas also evident that the decades-old concept of "los cinches" persists.

Occupational Trends and Problems: 27.Inter-Agency Committee on Mexican-American Affairs. The Mem- , can Amethan: A Neu, Focus on Opportunity. Testimony pre- sented at the Cabinet Committee Hearings on Mexican American Affairs, El Paso, Texas, October 26-28, 1967. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1968. Overview of economic conditions in the late 1960s. 28.. "The Chicanos Campaign for a Better Deal," Business Week, May, 29, 1971, 48-53. As of the spring of 1971, the median income of Mexican-Americans was not eyen seventy per cent of the na- tional -median; they owned about one percent of the nation's businesses; and they controlled three of thecountry's 13,500 corn- 'ffiereial banks. Since then, however,at least two banks have been , chartered in Texas, and more and more Mexkanos have obtained smallbusiness loans and Management positions, especially in urban centers. 29.Fogel, .Walter. Afexican-Anzericans in Southwest Labor Markets. 1,os Angeles: U. of Calif., Graduate School of Business, 1967. 30.Kibbe, Pauline R. -The Economic Plight of Mexicans," in E. C. McDonough and E. S. Richards (e-as.), Ethnic Relations in the United States. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953, 189- 200. Use of wetbacks in Texas hurt Mexican-Americans 'eco- nomically, according to. Pauline Kibbe, former executive secretary of the Texas Good Neighbor Commission. This stand made her° unpopular with agricultural interests, and in September of 1947 she resigned her post. , . 31.Miiisen, William. The Mexican-knericans of South Texas. Second New York: tiolt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973. (p) Chap- ters 4 and 1 are pertinent. his anthropological study, based' on evidence gathered in Hidalgo County, discusses virtually all as- pects of life in the early I960s; thepresent edition contains an epilogue by Andre Guerrero,a Laredo-born educator, whodis-

k3 Ttianos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

cusses Chicanimo andits' application in South- Texas. Useful book if its conclusions are not appliedto Mexicanos throughout the state. Nlevers,Frederii.Spanish-Notne Persons in thr Labor Force in Manulo,turing fnduitry in Texas. Inter-Antierican Education Oc- (asional l'apcis, 8. Anstin: U. of Tex., 1951. 31 Mora, TMa. "The Plight of the Migrant Worker,"Whe Texas His- torian, 33 ( January, 1973), 2-7. Example of historical writingby a high school student. This article appears in the publication of the Junior Historian organization sponsored by theTexas State Ilistorical Association. :14 Riibel. Arthur A ross the Trackv: Afevican-Aniericans ina Texas City. Austin: U. ot Tex. Press, 1966. (p) Excellent anthro- pologieal study of a South Texastown thaf the author has chosen to call "New Lots." "Mexiquito," or "little Mexico," is thepart of town Rt&I-concerned himself with whiledoing field research iith elms. 1950s. His goals --"to providean account of the social life of Mexican-Americans in South Texas,to consider those char- acteristics of their social and beliefsystems which impede full suilii,ati(m of available professional health services,and to develop an explanation for the prominence of anxiety and disaffection in Mexiquito" -are achieved invery readable fashion. 'Should be required (or Anglo teachers And prospective teachers. 35.U. S. c.:ommission 1k. on Civi) Rights. Hearing . . . . San Antonio, Texas, December 9-14,1968. Washington, 1). C.: Govt. Print.. ()ff.,1969. 'this government document,a treasure of primary informatipn, contains more than 1,200pages of testimony bearing on virtually every aspect of Mexican-American social andeco- nomic existence in the late I960s. It should beon the shelves of every school library. B. Education : Conditions and Needs Bilingualism/Biculturalism Conditions and Nerds: 36Carter, Thomas P. Mevican Americansin 'School: A History of Edulational Neglea. Princeton, N. J.: CollegeEntrance Exami- nations Bdard, 1970. Excellent. Extensive bibliography. 37.- Fogel, Walter. Edycationand Income of.Mexican-Arnericans in the Southwest. Angeles: Graduate School. of Business, U. of Calif., 065. Correla6on between formal.educationand economic iittainment 38Grebler, 1.eo, Njoore, Joan W., and RalphC. GuzmAii. l'he Mexi- can American People: The Nation's Second Largest Minority, ..

..1 IX. /Viva La Raze 69

chap. 7. See I, 7, Contains interesting tabks based on census re- turns which point up the fact that in Texas the gap between Spanish-surname am! Anglo individuals, 25 years of age and over, in terms of formal schooling, is 6.7 yearsthe largest gap among five Southwestern states(Ariyona,( ahfornia, Colorado, New Mexicoind Texas). Another statistical compilation presents mednan years of education for Spanish-surname persons, 25 years and over, and other population groups, in the same age bracket, in nineteen metropolitan areas in Texas. Also included. is an in- terestingsectionentitled"General SchoolPractices Affecting ." In light of the advances of the 1960s and early 1970s, a follow up study would prove beneficial. 11

10 I I .eillaittle/, .iie F "The CulturallyI hsadvantagedMexican-

American 'Student," journal Of Secondary Education, 42, pt. 1 (February, 1967). 59-65, pt. 2 (March, 1967), 123-28. One of many penetrating articles by a distinguished California educator and scholar. 40.Johnson, Henry S., and William J. Herniindez---- M. (eds.). Educat- ing the Mevu an Amern an. Valley Forge, Penn.: Judson Press, 1970. (p) An excellent reader. 4J.JuArez, Rumaldo Z. Ethic ational Status Orientations of MeYican Amegican and Anglo American Youth in Selected Low-Income Counties of Te vasWashington, D. C.: U. S. Dept..Of Agr., 1968.

42.Lantana, Richard, and Julian Samora. "Recent Trends in Educa- tional Status of Mexican-Americans in Texas," in Dwain M. Estes' and David Darling (eds.), Proceedings of .the First Te.vas Con- ference kr the' Mexican American. San Antonio: Southwest Edu-. cational Development Labftatory, 1967, 20-41. , .43.Madsen, William. The Mexican-Americans of SouthTexas, chap. 12. See IX, 31. 44.Manuel, Herschil "t. The Preparation and Erialuation of Inter-- language Testing Materials. Cooperative Research Project no. 681. Austin:1.1.. of Tex., -4963.

45. . 'Recruiting and Training j'eachers for Spanish- speaking Chadeen,'-' School and Society, 96 (March -30, 1968), 21114. Effective teachers should have some knowledge of .the Spanish language, and shOuld be aware of the cultural setting of which their Mexican-American students are products. He calls for continuing in-service training. 46. SpanishSpeaking Children of the Southwest. Austin: I'. of Tex. Press, 01965. (p) Excellent regarding the problems 70 Tejanos, Chit anos and Mexicanos

facing Spanish-speaking students. The education of these chil- dren, he concludes, invplves certain technical problems which con- cerned administrator( nmst overcome But the effort is necessary,

the impa.t t of h instruction isIti leaching: "The educatam Of Spanish-speaking c,hildren is part of the problem of building and maintaining the democratic sot lety to which the nation aspires.". This study is esliecially useful for "Fexas teachers,

47.SAnchz, GetogeI."Concerning Segregation of Spanish-speaking Children in the Public Schools," Inter-American Education Oc- casional Papers, 9 Austin: U. of 'Fex., Decetnber, 1951.

Bilingualism/Biculturalion:

48,Alatis, J.E.(ed.1. Bilingualism and Language Conta(t: Anthro-

pologi! al, Lin guict , Psychological, and Sociologit alAspects. Georgetown Motiogiaph Sebes on Languages and Linguistics, no. 2'1 ,Washington, D. C.; Georgetown U. Press, t970. Pt Andet \on,Theodoreind MildredBoyer(eds.). Bilingual hooling in the l'ruted State,. 2 vols. Washington, 1). C.: Govt. PrintOft1970; Austin Southwest Educationhl Development Laboranwv, P170. 50.Barker, Marie Esman Espahol para el Bilingiie [Spanish for the Bilingual]. Skokie, National Textbook Co., 1971. 51.Cakleroti, (arlos 1. "Put the X.ccent on Speech Errors," Texas Out- looA, 43 (February, 1959): 26-28. Increasingly, the Vutlook has given space to bilingualism. and biculturalism, a fa et that ilfus.. (rates the growing acceptalwe, of this concept in Texas schools. Eggler, John. "Mexican-American History: Problems and Concerns of an Instructor," Journal of Mexican Arwican History,1 (Fall, 1970, (6-24.'Meinstructor,whetherChicano,Mexican- American, or Anglo, should be sensitive to the concerns of the broader cf anuninit y, but at the same nine should insist that his or her (-lasses be academic in tone.

Fishman, Joshua A :Cooper; R. I,., and. Roxana Ma (eds.). Bain- gualion in the Barri6. Language Sciences Series. Bloowington: Ind.' Ii.Press, 1971. HernAndez, Luis F."Teaching English to the Culturally Disad- vantaged Mexican-American Student," English Journal, 62 ( Jan- uary, 1968)t17-92. Many concerned scholars and teachers would contend that Mexican-American students are not "culturally de- prived"; their culture simply has not been recognized and taught. Hobe!), N., And J. T. Hood. "Help the Language Handicapped," Teias OutlooA50 (March, 1966), 28.

A IX.iIt'd Raza! 71

56.Turner, Paul R. (ed.). Bilingualism in the Southwest. Tucson: O. of Ariz. Press, 1973. (p) Part I contains these pertinent essays: Rolf, Kiolseth,"BilinKual Education Programs inthe Ilnited States: For Assimilation or Pluralism r (3-27); Chester C. Chris- tian,Tr.,"Criteriafor Cultural-Linguistic Subdivision in the Southwest" (39-49) ; Charles Olstad, 'Ile Local Colloquial in the Classroom" (51-66) ;Ricardo J. Cornejo, "The Acquisition of Lexicon iii the Speech .of Bilingual Children" (67-93);and, Cecil Robinson, "A Kaleidoscope of Images: MeXicans and Chi- canos as Reflected in American Literature" (107-29). 57.U.S.Congress,tienate.HearingsbetoretheSpe(ial Subcokimittee nn Bilingual Eduation of the Committee .on. Labor and Public Welfare. Washington, I) C.: t;ovt. Print. Off,, 1967..These hear- ings were held in, Tex.as in May, 1967; the testimony presented by educators and politicians made it clear that federalsupport for bilingual education was essential. The hearingswere followed by the passage of Senate Bill 428, the Bilingual Education Act of 1967, co-sponsored by Senators Ralph Yarborough and John Tower of Texas. It atlowed school districtsto develop government- aidedbilingual programs, which many have done.Bilingual c,ducation.is beginning to yield positive results, and much of the creditfor stimulating c(mcern is due Dr. levero Górnez and his staff of the dffice of International and Bilingual Education in the Texas Education _Agency.

C. Civil Rights and Politics: TowardEquality and OpportunityThe Power of the Ballot Toward Equally and Opportunity: 58.Perales, Alonso.Are. We 600d Neighbors? g'an Antonio: Artes Cr:Micas, 1948. .A South Texas attorney who was instrumentalin the founding of LULAC, Mr. Peraleswas politiCally active in the cause of his people at a time when such activity was not popular. Ills efforts demand recognition. Ar, 59.Rechy, John. "Jim Crow Wears a Sombrero," Nation, 189 (October 10, 19.59),'210-13: 60.Rodriguez.,Armando M. speak up, Ghicano: The Mexican- American Fights for Educational Equality. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Off. of Education, 1968. 61.Inter-Agency Committee on MexicanAmerican Affairs. The Mexi- ( an Arneri,an: 'New Fetus on Opportunity. See IX, 27. 62. S. Conirission on Civil Rights. Hearing . . . San Antonio, '1'ex'as, December 9-14, 1968. See IX, 33. 72 Teranos, Chicanos and Mexicanos

61' . Alexu.an Americans and the Administrationol Ins- ti( einthe Southwect. Washington, 1). C.:Govt. Print. Off., March,1970. This document istheresult of hearings held throughtun the Southwestin 197 and 1968. The Civil Rights Ouninission found that Mexican-Aniernimswere being treated 111111vstkby the couits and law-entorcementauthorities.It con- tains a list of reconimendanons anda wettlth of primary infor- matnm. The Po.wer of the .Ballot: Artula, Rodolfo. Occupied Amerna: The! Chicano'sStruggle To- way d 1.1bl-rat:on, chaps, 8-10. See II,12. Chapter 10 contains a descilyaon of "The Texas Story," thy riseof Mexican-American pohti, IiiIlir qatc beginning with the old bossismof Smith Texas am! concluding with-the activities ofthe recently formed La . Since the Democratic Partyhad always used Mexi- can() Votes, bni..did not deliver promised reforms,a new political organitation was called for. ThtisLRUP,- "which could runt its own slate of 'Chicano candidates" and ''would be contmlled by Chi( aims.- t»Brie-gel, Kaye. -The Development ofMexiean-Annerican Organiza- tions,- in Manuel P. Servm tett.), TheMexican-Americans: .An ireakerunt: Afirwrity, 160-78. See II, 30. Readablehistorical dis %l1011 of political organi/ations in the Southwest ...since tile I890s. 266coniales, Rodolf0. I 'Am Joaquin: Yo Soy Joaquin. Nev,-, York: Bantam Books, 1972. (p) Thispie poein wag one of the first jitetacv-Nliticai works to emerge mi the ; it has !wen reprinted aml quoted innum ous publications and has been made into a film. Itis, according ifs author,"Corky" ;mirales, Oie driving force behind DenverCrusade for Social justice, ''a wandering search forMy ° es and, most ofall, fOr my own identity.. it is a anrror of our greatness andour weakness, a call to actionas a total people, emerging from a

glorious history, traveling through social painand/conflicts. . . ." Joaquin speaks for all Chicanos_in the first starim: I.1111 !Mt 111 World of confusion, caught up in the whirl ofa gringo society, confused by the rules, scorned by the.attitudes, suppressed by. manipulation, 'and destroyed by modern society.

!ON? fathers . have lost the economic battle 'and wont the strilggle of cultural surVival.. I X. rive: I,a Raze 73

67. GuOrrez, José Angel. "MexicanosNeed to be in Control of their Own Destinies," in Eugene W. Jones andothers, Practicing Texas Politics.First ed., Boston: Houghton MifflinCo., 1971, 26..30. (p) José Angel Gtitierrez,a thwtoral student in political science attheUniversity of Texas anda founder of the Mexican- . American Youth Organization( MAYO) and I.a Rata Unida Party, is convinced that-a viable politicalmovement is necessary if Chicanos are to enjoy their long-deniedshare of the fruits of the democratic system. This attitude isapparent in his speeches and writings, and his activities in CrystalCity-- -or Cristalhave provided a grass-roots laboratory for theSouthwest. 68. Guzman, Ralph. "The Function ofAnglo-American Racism in the Political Development of Chicanos,"California Historical Quar- terly, 50 (September, 1971)321-37. Scholarly analysis by are- spected political scientist.

69, and Joan Moore.- "The Mexican-Americans:New Wind from the Southwest," Nation,202 (May 30, 1966), 645-48. 70.Jenkinson, Michael. Tijerina: Land GrantConflict inWew Mexico. Albuquerque: Paisano Press, 1968. Readableaccount of .The ac- tivities of .l'exas-born Reies I,epez Tijevina'and his Alianza de Pueblos Mel-cedes during the turbulentsummer of 1967. Hispanic land grants, dating from cokmialNew. Mexico, are valid; accord- ing to Tijerina. The United States hasnot honored the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),and has acted illegally in appropriating land for nationalforests and parks in the South- west. 71. Mut leskey, Chi t.on. and Bruce Merrill."Mexican American Poli- tical Behavior in Texas,/' Social Science Qucirterly,53 (March, 1973, 1785-98. McCleskey, a longtime observer-of the Texas political scelie, and Merrill doubt the"go it alone" philosophy of La Raza Unida. They conclude:". . . to the extent that I,RU reduces Mexican Anierican participation in theDemoctatic party, it shrinks the prospects fora successful liberal coalition and in- creases the likelihood of a continued conservative control of the state. (indeed,..,the Refmblioan gubernatorial candidate [Henry Grover] who was almost elected in1972 becatise of I,RU'S role was far more _cOnservative than the eventual Democratic winner [Dolph Briscoe])." Thissame issue of the Social Science Quar- terly contains additional articles 'devotedto ethnic politics includ- ing: ArtnandOGutiérrezand\--1erbert Hirsch, "TheMilitant Challenge tothe American EtPas;'Chicanos' and 'Mexican Americans' (830-451, -a study based. ona survey of Crystal City, Texas., secondary school students .whoidentify-Atinselves,as "tliicanos" and "Mexican-Americans" and the levelof "political ., c.onsciousness"' in each. group; and 'Parker Fri bie,"Militthicy ..

f 11 1.4 Te fanos, Chli.anos and Mexuanos

Among Mexfcan American High School Students"(865-83), which discusles variables connected with militancyon the high school kvel. This issue, devoted to "The Chicano Experience in the United States,"is recommended tor social studies teachers; it ontains 22 articles pertailthig tlo community life, rtonoirnics, ed LU atitm and s, and can be ordered from: Charles lion- jean, editor, Social Science Quarterly, Department of Sociology, 'I'he University of Texas at Austin, 78712. 72. Martinei, John' R. "Leadership and Politics,"in Julian Samora (ed.),,. La Raza: Forgotten Amerie ans, 47-62. See II, 29. Nleier, Mau S., and Feliciano Rivera. The Chicanos: A History of Alexi( an Art:ern ans, chaps.14,15.SeeII, 17.:Contains a dis- cussion(4 acOvOists 1010111the audiors call"The Fourllorm.. men"- -Cisar Chavez, Rodolfo,"Corky" Gonzales, José Angel Gutierrez, anti Reies LOpez Tijerina. The general Chicano move- ment,-or moverniento, is colfsidered briefly and effectively. 74.Morgan, Thomas R. "The Texas Giant Awakens," Look, 27 (Oc- tober 8, 19631, 71-75. One of the first jouranlistic pieces to ac- knowledge la ro.nz politks in Texas. The tone of the article gives the impression. that Mexican.American Political activity began in the early t960s. Not so. os Nabokov, Peter. Tijerina and the Courthouse Raid. Albuquerque: IT. of N. M. 'Press, 1969. (p) - Nabokov reported the Alianza takeover of the courthouse at-Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, in the summer of,1967. Tbe New Mexico National Guard was nuthdized and TiierMa was later jailed; his aetivities established him as a symbol of Chicano resistance. 76Nostrand, Richard I,. " 'Mexican American' and `chicano': Emerg- ing, Terms for a People Corning of Age," Pacific Historical Re- view, 42 (August, 1973),.. 389-406, The author discusses these terms h regard to their soCial and political meanings, "Chi- cano," he contends, is applied to an individual of Mexican des- cent who id7tifies with "a new, aggressive, highly self-conscious subculture- axmbculture separate from either that of the Anglo Inun whom thi\ Chicano [feels] . . alienated or that of the Mexii.an from Aom the Chicano [has] . grownapart." In

'Pertaii there is a, griming,. acceptance of "Chicano" by the youth, and '"Mexiean-American" (Americans Of Mexican ancestry) by4,

,. ..tlie mAjority -of the popdation. He compares the increasing use of these labels'. with -the rise ,-of the "Black isbeautiful" concept. : Whateer tbe urefiqence, he concludes, the-Use of -these terms pro.i.;es, that, beirtg,Of "Mexican descent" is a mark of pride. 77 Paredes, tuei'ico. 'ATeXilie.Third Man: The Texas-Mexican," See 1 34, "1:he.-Uexas-Nlexie,an,Vkofrssor -Paredes wrote in 1963, has

, . 1,1" Ira La Ram' 75

to "go it .alone" if he expects to better his lot; he cannot rely on others. He must organize effectively, throw oft the old notion of "Politics is not for me," and overcome the image of "OrgaMzing not (or social reform but for political action with sonie horse- trade in mind." Published in a British journal,.this essay by a

well-known Texas scholar was an earlycall forassertion. . 78Peria, Albert. "La Rata," in Eugene W. Jones and others, Practic- ing .Texas Politics, 31-32. See IX, 67. Albert Pella, former com- missioner of Betcar County, is a iong-time champion of the cause of Mexican-Americans. In the presidential campaign of 1960, he was a prineipal organizer of the "Viva Kennedy" movement. 0 79. Rendón, Armando, "LaRaza----TodayNot Mariana," Civil Rights Digest(Spring,1968)7-17; andin John H. Burma (ed.), Mexican-Americians in the United States, 307-24. See II, 23. Born in San Antonio; Armando ;Rend& is a free-lance writer who was formerly associated with the Civil' Rights Cottirnission. His con- tention in this essay is that la raza, "as a people striving for its rightful place as a contributing partner in American society," can help make this a better nation for all its citizens: Sound general discussion Of the-political scene of the 1960s. 80.Steiner, Stan. hi Raza: The Mexican-Americans. New York: Har- per & Row, 1969. (p) This popularly written book is infortna- tive for the activist sentiment it conveys; contains many revealing quotes. Its historical value is limited, however.

Notes

ellh

`tr.,

S.

o .1. 51 X. Life and LiteratureSince 1945

c , . `A .'CCOMPANYING POSTWORLD WAR -11CONCERN OVER EQUAL RIGHTS, education, and politics is the Mexicanos' desireto study ind ex- press their inner-feelings. Long-considered an "inviSible minority," they have maintained a cultural pride, which recently ,hasbeen touched upon tejr scholars, popular writers, and.artists. This assertionof pride will in- crease, and it is being g,ven voice as.never before in the communications media, in the works of imthropologists, sociologists,and psychologists, on canvas, and in the books and journals devoted to poetry, fiction, and literary criticism. The indelible bronze image in Texasis becoming vivid in the eyes of parents and students----and itmust receive snore attention in the classroom': Fortunately, progress is being made. Where previously the inherenel values of Mexican-American studentswere ignored, even -suppressed, inceeased awareness on the part of 'educators has resulted inan attempt to understand concepts regarding the. family, marriage, religion, mentid health, illness, self-respect, and cultural pride and frictiOn. In-service training programs and pre-service curricula in Colleges and universities include emphasis on these aspects of the lives of students.As in any

society, literature reflects beliefs, .and the body of literaturp by Mexican- ... American and Chicano authors is growing in both quantity and quality; it should be appropriately inserted intocourses in the realm of American life and literatinr. Novels,' imems, and short stories provide valuable in- sights for teachers and students, andcan aid in the attainment of bicul- tural appreciation. The arts----painting, sculpture, music (the "Chicano .. sound"), and 'drama(the "teatro" movement)---are also emerging' throughout the region and state. They portray culturalstress, as well as aspirations and :a sense of being. 'Films, tapes, and other millti-media materials are being prOduced for the classroom, and should be utilized. Teachers will profit from time spent with these informative writings: .Catopa (2), Grebler, Moor:e, and thrzmán (8),Madsen (1 1), Paz (13), : 'katans (15), Rubel. (17),Ortega (.38), Paredes (40), QUirarte (43), 10 Rivera (46), RomanoV. (48), Valdez and Steiner (47), and Robitp- :. son (60, 62).',

tfkait 78 Tejanos, Chicanos and Mexicanos A. A Way of Life : Attitudes and Characteristics ,Disease. and Mental Health Attitudes And Characteristics: I.Altus, William D. "The Mexican-American: The Survival of a Culture," Journal of ocial Psychology, 29 (May,.1949), 211-20. 2. Camp, Arthur L "Individualism in Hispanic Society," and "Cul- . turePatterns ofthe Spanish-Speaking Community," in The Spanish-Speaking People of the Squthwest. Dallas: Council of Spanish-American Work,.1966, 11-20, 20-36: 3.Chavez, (éiar. "The Mexican AmeriCan and the Church," El Grito, 1 Summer, 1968), 9-17. Crofoot, W. C. (ed.).. Flying Chips: Latin-American Presbyterian- ism in Texas. Austin.: Exec. Committee of Home Misions, Synod of Texas, Presbyterian Church in the.U. S., 1449.'

5. Curl, E. F. outhwest Texas Methodism. San Antonio: Inter-Board Cotincil of the S'Vkt Conference of the Methodist Churcti; 1951. b. -D'Silva, Fabio. "Mexican-Ame.ricans and Voluntary Associations," The Social Srierices, 2 (Spring, 1968). 7. .Davidson, Chandler, and Charles M.. (isaitz. "Ethnic Attitudesas a , Basis 'for Minority Cooperation ina Southwestern Metropolis," SoLial Science Quarterly", 53 (March, 1973), 738-48. Basedon findings Houston which indicate that Mexican-Americans dis- playetj 'more tolerance toward blacks tban Anglos insome re- .spects; in others, however, their attitUdes,closely paralleled those of Anglos. alr . 8,Goodinan, Mary Ellen, and Alma peman: 'Child'sEye View of Life in snrban .1Iarrio," in lune Helni (ed.), Spanish- SOaking People in the United States. Proceedings of the 1968 -Annual .Spring Meeting of the Amer. %Ethnological Soc. Seattle: U. of -Wash. Press,1968, 84-103. This study, .conducted in HOustbn, . contends thiit diildren of this &uric; (or neigitoHlood) exhibita growing ethnic pride that transcends poverty... .. 9."Grebler,Leo, 'Moore, Joan' W., 'andlk.alphC. Guzinfin. :The Mexican-Arperh-an People: The Nation's ,Second Largest Mi7 nority, chaps. 13-20. See I,7. , 4., .

:10 ,Jones,. Robert C. "Mexican-American Youth," Sotiology and Social Research, 32 (March-April, 1948), 70-97. - .. , ,I 1 I Madsen, Wdlititn. The Mexican-Arnerkans*Of S'outh Texas, chaps, 6,fi. See:IX, 31. These chapters discuss tbe family.concept ina

a. _ X.Life Ci? Literature 79

.attitudes toward religion, including reasons why Protestantism is making inroads in a traditionally Catholic society. .0 12.Paredes, Arnhico. "Estados Unidos, Mexico y el Machismo" C"The United States Mexico and MachlIsmol, Journal ofInter- Amer2t4n Studies, 9 ( JanuarY, -1967), 65-84. The concept of Machismo, rnal e .virilityind.paternal dominance, isan important feature of Mexican-American life. # . 13.Paz, Octavio.. The Labyrinth of Solitiscle. See VII, 6. Sees Mexician- Americans as people who have lost sight of their Mexican hi-

tage. Emphasizes tin' struggle of the Mexican man for identit. Rahm, Harold J., and J. Robert Weber. Offite in the.Alley: Report oti .a Project with Gang Youngsters. 'Austin: Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, U. -of Tex., I953.

15!- Ramos, Samuel. Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico. gee VII7. beak with the feeling of Mexican inferiority which, hesays, stems from a long-stding bias against mixed-blood people.

16. Romano---V., Octavio Ignacio. "Donship in a Mexican-American Community in Texas," Atnericizn AnihropOlogist, 62 (Doember, 1960), 966-76. Analyzes types of Men in a South TexEts Com-. nsunity who, ,l'ecause they are respected, are worthy of the title "Don." 17. Rubel, Arthur J. Ai rots the Tracks: Mexican-Americans ina Texas Ci6, chaps. 3, 4. See IX, 34. Ve6 ,informative regarding -the family structure and the Mexicano close-knit circle of friends, the palomilla.

t ,.4 18.SpicerEdward H. Mays of Life," in Russell C. Ewing (ed.), Six Faces of Mexico, 65.-102; See II, 10. Excellent anthropologickl dis- discussion' ofthe-- mestizo's view of life. Oince Mexican culture continues'. to influence 'Mexican-Americans, the teacher mugit be aware ofits cons6nt infusion into Texas, which has a ionger common border with Mexico than 'the other three border states.. turner Ralph H., alid,,Samuel Surace. "Zoot Suiters'and Mexi- Symbols'in Crtivtd Behavior," American Journal of Soci- olpgy; 62' ( 1956), 14-20. 20,tJliharri Horacio. ,Vocial and Attitiedinal Characteristies of Migrant and Ex-Migrant WorkersNew Mexico, Colorado,- Arizona and Alb'uquerque: U. of N. M: Preis..1965. . Disease ingf Mental Health!' 2I;(Mai. Guerrero', -Rogelio. "NeuroSis andthe Mexkal,aaMilY . 4,, .9./ \. A Tejanos, (hicanos and Mexitanos

, nue," Amer:can Journal of Psy( luatry (December,1955), 41117. 1)1s, ioles of tlw fathei and the mother in the.traditional NIrm4 1.111111% 11 John NI. -Nloi talk Differentials fora Spanish-surname lation(;ioup,-S,:rithreetternSo( ialScieny Qyarterly39 ( %larch, 195(1 314-21: Study condu-ctedin HoivOn ; coniparison of Anglo and Spanistouniamegroups. lIodson, Wihion NII rd.). /71e. Ifealer I.os almot and OMer Metz( (inl.ort. S. Meth. U. Press, 1951.',.

2,r J. , E ;al tlev "NlrotalI Iealthofthe Spanish-.Americapin Texas," in Mao.* K. Oplet '(ed.), Cultureand Mental Health. New Vork. Macmillan Go., 1959, 467-88. Incidenceof meptal illness among Mexican-Americ,ans isless than among Anglos be- cause of the cIose.,:knit culture whith Mexican-Americanscan look to for solace

. Kiev, Ari ('oran(1,tion): Heti( gn-Arm.ritan Folk Psyjhiatry. klew, Volk l'he ee Press, 1968. Valuable insightsinto foll-healing (uranderrsow) and its.practicioiiers(ctiranderos or (urandfr9s). Some--old.-and middle-aged`Mexican-AmericansJ-ontirme to rely upon the( urAnth?0 ar..core Aicli maladies as ma/ de 010 (evil eve), mtto (frighl) and empa(lio (intestinalillness).-

26.National Institute ofMentaa!alth,P7meeditr.gs ef%the, Instituteon Na7, Addt, Non 'Among Aftlxi( an Arnetuans in tile SGuthwest, April 21-23. 1971 N1/2"-ashingto.o,1).(-',.: ,(;ovf -19Y3. Based on a conlet-ence held at Our I-ady ofthe Lake College,-. San Antonio: Espeaially .tinformaiiveregicrding Ithe l'why's1\ of drug addiction amongteenagers.-- fr. Paredes,k ''Folk Medicine and the IntercultUral:jest,"-,in June .11elin(,,ed. Spanish-Speaking Peoplei the United.States, . 10.1-1119. See X, 7,

28. Romaifol V.,OceavioIgnacio."CharisuiaticMedicin% FolIC- 11riding, and Ft0-Sainthood,"American-Anthropologist, 67 (Oc.- tober_1965), 1451,-73. \rationstypes oPiolk healers-are disct1sei and hssessed accprding to their influencein parts of South

29.Rubel, vtbur J. "Concepts. of Diseasein Mexican-American, Cul- ture," A trieri, an Anthropologist, 62(October, ,1960), 795-814.

10.Texas State Department of Health, Di6siontMental Health. A Study of the Mental Health Problems ofMexican-American"Resi- dents. Austin: Tex. State Dept. 'of Health,Div. of Mental Health, v 1961. 4 "

:.- ,;1 .r.I.ft& Itteralure

B. Images and Sdf-Images : The View From Within, -The View From WithoutAhout Words The View From Within: 31.Alurista,..Alberto Flom (Into. Fr: A zthin : 197 I Angeles:4(1,A Chic;ino, Cultural (. enter, 1971.( I))Recent ChiCallo PeetrY 32..Barrio, Raymond. The Pburn Plan: litikerry. New York: arper &' Row, 1971. (1) ) The life of Migrant family in fornia'. Valuable insights tor 4nglos. .kbelardo chuarro- 45 rie, rfo/ a Choano Mmd. Denver; Ll Bann) Pub. Co.,1,r1'o.Necondprinting, Santa Barbara; La - A Cama PAths., 1071 (1).) Noilw

31 ;Atria, l(f;berto "Cullanal .ContributiOW. t theMexican- ,American,". T he Role oft he itte,tn an Arrilern-,an In the lii.siory _ of the So nt hwe 53'60 See I k 35. 'Concise overview. Aurora, and IA White. Literary Folklore of the Ili:grant( ,Votahle,,t. AntomoNaylor, 1953. Mi. 0Qego. Pl.lihp -:.-10(us and Writen" Soutiutiestert2--- >Nieman literature, 2 (Spring, 1972), 8-2.1. Informatkie over:- -- A / view of ihe subj::0 by kformer pn)fessor of English and Chicano,, ,.., ... .0i. ,,v ... iktudirs a The t- niversnv of Texas at r.i vast). . , . 17. . ;'Nfemean-AmericAn Lifhatirre,", Nation,-209 .(Sep tembet1 5, p(i' ) 1, 258 , - 6 3i1341 ^Monte-iiima'sChildren,"ElGrito,3 (Spring, 1970), :18 50 .1.

. . . 39. Are4,chicanos: Ai, Antit'olbky of Mexican- .Arne r n anEd ratm re.New' rk:Washingeou SquarePress, Pot. "et Books.1913. '(p) Ext.lent and cheap -$1.25. Could be used pro t.4 )lyin literature, c akses, and should be in every stilt 4 library..Tlie work of 'Many pFejano authors are presented, jOsofinaE. eda, jovita GonzAles, AmérieWT Toni:is Rivera, and,RAnklp Sanchez. With the gr4wth Of and Mexican-American "social and political consci et>fie'lso the awareness of their' Weary heritage," Professor" Ortego writes in his intvalue.tion. "The decade of the '60s has re" st4ii the fenaissance,of the Mexican-American, and the decade of ,the 2708,- pi:omises fo 1,)e one in which .this renaissance will eXert an ever-growin'g awareness inMexican-Arneeicans, not 'only in tenns of cregive r4forts in drama, fiction, and poetry but in terms of st:eking a inortilsubstantial literarY identftv in the ever-widepitig . Mainstream, of American literatitre," -; 40.Paredes, Américo. "The Hammon and the Beans,.;in Martin lock- :t . 1A. - Tejanos, ChVgnos and Mexicanos

ley ked Southwe.sthi'riter% Anthology. Austin: Steck-Vaughn Co1(167, 238-4.1(p) 41 -With usPistol tri usc Hand": A Border Balladand Its Hero Sec VI 1. 10 42.Paredes, Raymund A. "StephenCrane and the Mexican," Westeilt *Amern an Literature, 6(Spring., 1971), 13-25. While the author of Maggie and The Red Badgeof Courage'could sympathize with the "destitute and disfranchised"in the East, the Mexican. ispor- trayrd in his writmgsas "the lowest form-of humanity." Paredes conchides: "There . are few characterizafions of the Mexican in seriems Apwrican literature kssflattering than.Crane's. Ills Mexi- cans. perpetuate a traditional Yankeestereotype; they are wicked, drunken and ct)wardly. Theironly function in Crane's stories is to provide an oaious comparison--toglorify the powerful Anglo by serving as grotesque foils forhis tedious exhibitions ofcourage and ingenuity." In short,Mexicano writers must work hardto overcome long-standing stereotypes perpetratedby Crane apd other poimlar An'glo authors. 13..Quirarte, 'Jacinto. "TheArt of Mexican-America," The Humble Way, 9, on. 2 (Second Quarter,1970),1-9. This brief article presents an overview of 'thenext selection. The text is accom- pained by striking illustrations.A good starting point for the study of Mexican-Americanart; available, free of charge, from the Rumble Oil & RefiningCo., P. 0. Box 2180, Houston '7-7001.

44. - . Alex:can American Artists. Austin:U. of Tet. Press, 1971 This book isa must, for libraries. The author,a respected artist and art historian, is Deanof Fine and Applied Arts in The Univeriity of Texasat San Antonio. The problem,as Professor Quirarte sees it, is "To bea 'Mexican Anterican; to be:an artist." Definition of a Mexican-Americanor Chicano artist is difficult, since such an -individual "straddlestra-ditions, which at times ,seem irreconcilable. On theone hand, he is indirectly related ,to theSpanish colonial and Mexicanrepublic,an periods of American history and directlyinvolved with American_ cultureofthe twentieth century. One the otherhand, the-ties with. Mexicore-, main strong. . ." What is a Mexican American,what is a Chi- cano?. Artists, as wellas writers and the politically minded,are confronting tirege question. Oneprominent Texas Chicano artist has stated: "Sowe are a mixture. So there is nosense in trying to say that -we 'are a pure thi s.or that. We are entirely different. We're neither Mexicansnor Anglos. We are in between." The scope of this exemplary book_covers theseventeentheighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries;it contains materialon Texas artists (Mel Casas, Armando Peiia,and others)' and art,groups (i.e.. Con Safo of .San Antonio). .

-"AK, tale & 1,iterature 83 .

. . 45.Rios, Francisco. "The Mexican in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore,"in tavioI RomanoV. (ed.),"oi, el; headings from El Grit.. Ilerkelry: Quirrto Sol Pubs ,1971.

10. Rivet a, TomAs. "Into the Labyrinth: The Chicano inLiterature," Southwestern Arne ru an Literature, 2(Fall,1972), 90-97. A succinct discussion of the evolving Chicano novel, short story, poetry, theater, and essay is followed byRi:era's views on the "triple mission'.! of : "to 'represent, to conserve that aspect or life that the Mexican American holds as his own, and at the same time destroy the invention of others of his Own life. That isconservation, struggle, and invention." The author, a teacher-administrator at IThSan Antonio,concludes that '1...In

rano literature is life . . . . an attemptto find and use the forms that can manifest him as a totally human individual."

47. Y No Lo Tragd 1,a Tirrra [And the Earth Did Not Part" Rerkelev: Qointo Sol Pubs., 1971. (p) This volume of shin IstOrit's won the First Annual Premio QuintoSol Literary, Award (19701 These selections treat life among rural Mexican- :1'11(1.n ans, available in a bilingual eaition. RomanoV., Octavio I.(ed.). El Ecfrejo, The Mirror:, Selea r 1i, an-A Merni an Literature.Berkeley: QMnto SiN1 Pubs., 1 (p) Short sttiries and poetry by eleven Chicano authors.

19 \Ade', Luis, and Stan Steiner. Azatin: An Anthology of MexUan ArnerU an Literature New York: Vintage Books, Random House, 1972. (P) Valoable collection of fiction and non-fiction; it' would be especially useful in literature courses, although students in other areas can beiielit from it as well. The Valdez introduc- tion is a gem in itself.

50.VAsquez, Richard. Chit ano. Garden City, N. loilbkday & Co., 1970.(1') . Novel about aMexican immigrant Caulk in Cali- fornia and the struggleitssucceeding generations face in an Anglo world.'rrovides many insights.

The View From Without :

51.Allen; John Houghton. Authwes`t. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincptt Co., 1952. (p) The author was rAised iii the:Fexas-Mexico bor; der country; among his'friends were Mexicanos who imparted to him their cultural beliefs and their attitudes toward gringos.

52. Boatright, Mody.C. (ed.). Mexitanelforder Ballads and Other Lore, Dallas: S Meth. IT. Press, 1967.. .-

53.Braddy, Haldeen. "Artist Illustrators of the Southwest: H. D... Bug- bee, Tom Lea and fose Cisneros," Weskrn Rez:,iew, 1 (inn,. , s..

, Tejanos, (hu anoc andAfexiettns 1 (/6.1),37-41 Jose (. lisneros of El Pasoisa talentedartist- illustrator whose workspoi tray kern sense of history, ..)1 I )kes, .1 C. "I hint- NoxeI Texas.or the Sub Literature of the Lone starState,- Southoe sternMit, ro al Quarterly, 49(January, Itt-16), 127-10 The-greaser" imagewas central to the dime novels produced b thethonsands in the nineteenth «intributed mightily century. They to the literary stereotyping ofMexicanoti. .5 5 Ferber, Edna. Giant. Garden City, N. 11'.7Doubleday & Co., 1952. (lc Controveisial itmel thatWas made into a movie; raised hackles in Anglo Trxas -4; 1;a5ton. Edwin Itji Thc Early ,Vorelol the Southwest. Albuquer- que 1'. of N M Press, 1961. 57.11..tslam, "Por la CausalMexican-American Literature," College En 3 I( April, 1970), 695_709, 58 I .c;1, TO111 Th. I!actd if Ceintii. Boston:Little, Brown & Co., 1964. The art ot gentling.horses1,15 practiied by Don Vito Cantii..of King Ranch the Y) Th,- Wonderful Country. Co., 1951. Boston:Little, Brown & I ,ea'sI WWII reveals,among other things, the racial friction that exists along the Imder; buthe also.displaysan ap- preciation of thel Hispanicstrain in the Southwest. 60 Nlaiiir, Mabel, Smith,Rebecca %V., and T. M. ice%t Ileroage Pearce (eds.). Smith- .4 Literary History WrthBibliographies. Third ed., Albuquerwie I 4 N. M. Press .1972. (p) Useful literary ON tsrvIew ;latest edItiOli . mentions tne increasing_contributionsof Mrx'1( an-American writers. A re .oninu-nad referencetool. ,.. 61. NAM r, Wilhaill I,. '.'Katherine Anns hiller arid Mexico,"South- welt Review., 60 (Spring,1970)l 62 Robinson, Cecil. '1'.1,K.iiierdoscopeof1 nages: Mexicans and t ail( tS Is Reflected in American Liter. Chi- id 1, Harngualtsro time,- in Paul R. Turner 10 Ple' So tab (vett11\7.29. See IX, 56. "Spring.%'\/!i ter with a 'rye of the Land: Mexican Presence \ The .., in thAmerican Solid west,"The American 11. e'st, 3 (Summer, 1966),6:-15, 95. . 61. . With the' Ears ofStrangers: The\ 1 extean in Ameri- rt litergture. See V. 59. Witha deft and set sitivepen, Profes- s°Robinson analyres theAnglo view of the %km s of nirirter ith- and exicano:in the . .4 tiventieth.century An ericanauthors. latery history atts best. Essential reading. 0 65. Simmenc; :.dwa.74(ed;) .The Chicano: FromCarica ute to Sell- X.. Life & Literature

Portratt.New Imj. New Amer. Library, 1971. (p) Includes pieces by paul 'Horgan!obit Steinbeck, Amettico Paredes, Philip ( )rtego, and other(Fanly long introduction by the edit4, a menthet ot the takult ot Pan .\merican University, Edinburg.' About %ords: 66.Biaddy, " and Their Argot,".S'outhern, Folk-lore

Quarterly, 21 ( )ecember, 1960), 255-71. 67Cerda,;ilbertoet at r .04 abulanoetpanoldr TeAa.s./cumin: of rexPiess, 1970.( p Best reference work in print. blt alvan, Robrito A"Chicano, t.oablo convertido i"Chicano, a Cometted \\mkt- I,I J .iur 14,,28 tSpitng, 1973), 111-17. t . -More onTrito', as an iinglish Iman-Word rh Alexi- can Spapish /impart:a,51 (September,P.)71), 511-17. 71) Norman, Arthyr. "Nligrationto Southwest Texas:Peoples and Southu ttt,InSot tatS(11 t14 Quarb rtv,37 .(Septhnbet, 19'i6), 149-58 )1\tatl, Charles. 'Ft English Loan Wind in Mt ican.Span- ish,-intparua, 51( March, I970), 88-90. This ar.1-e and the .1 earlier piece by ProlessOr Galvan a, 69), explore the linguistk ometton known as the "loanTword"-- a Spanish word, that achic es English usagt (in this case because of I. commercial' -ism \and then ic-entets the Spanish vocabulary in the English Ontext

( )1tvg, Philp II) '''')41ille CliffULA IMPIkaflonS of a Mexie:m. Anieri t an Bolder !hale( tof American English,'Studies in I,inguisticA, 21(t )ctoher, 19;01, 77-81. 71 "La Perika Tejana: A Study of the Texas .Chicano Dialect,-

Alag(1zin, 1 tjatmarv, 1973), 60-66. This artkle gives numerous examples of tlte ddterences between the Chicano argot 'and the formal Spanish usage Not all Qi these words can be transhtted pre, isely into Englishnor were they intended to be.itfagaziuis .1 new literary periodical devoted to the publication of Chicano writings, par ticularly those of established and emerging Texas authors and poets. 71 Ronan, Chalks E, S j"Observations on the %Vora (;ringo,"Ari- :onaitiol tIll Itr, 6( S iting, 196'11, 21-29. C. Nlulti-Media T ools: ms and TapesDistributors of (natural Materials Filmsand Taix's '"Flie Cat tus Curtain.' 1.1 min., $7.50 (or.der #257), The 1.16 Tejanos, Chir anos and Mekii:arfos

(enter 146r the Study of Democratic Institutions, P. 0. Box 446, Santa Barbara, Calif93103. Ernesto Galarza, a foremost au- thority on nugratit labor, talks about the inequities in the Anglo system with which Mexican -Anikericans :mist live. 16 "Distortion otMexican-AmericaniHistory." Tape, 37 min., $9A10 reel, $10 00 cassette, Pacifica Tape Library, 2209 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, Calif. 94704. Speaker is Octavio Romano editor ofEl Grito,a quarterly journal dedicatedto Contemporary Mexican-American thought. 77 HomeIs a Long koad.Black and white, 20 min., sale $55.00, ren- tal $3 67, Bur of Audio Visual Intaruction, 11. of Wis., Madison, IA is. 53715. (:ont erns. migrant workers from Textp employed in the fields of W,isconsiat, their needs, and the help they cap expect from governmental agencies. St 78'How.% !lord, Frtrique? Color,16 nun., 14 min., Learning Garden,

1081 Westwood Blvd, 1.os Angeles, Calif 90024 Problems of a minor [twit school student.

7(1 I Am JoaquInColor.2? iMn., English, sale $300.00, Crusade for insticr,1567 Downing St.,Denver,Colo.80221or Centro Campesino Cultural, P. 0. Box 2302, Fresno, Calif. 93720; rent $40(X), Canyon Cinema Corp., Room 220 Industrial Center Sausalito, Calif. 94965. The poem written Rodolfo "Corky" t:onlales depicted in still photos. Rousing film; conveys Chit:too .Ictivnit sentiment.

Ales:, Arneruan Culture. Its Heritage.Color, 18 min., 18 mot., Etiglish And Spanish, Communications Group West, 6430 Sunset Blvd., Los ngeles, CSlif.90028. The narration is provided by 'the noted actoi, Ricardo Montalban; emp.hasizes -development of iiIttire in Mexico and tbe Southwest.

81 Yekltan..1rnert, ans: Forgotten Minority. Black and white, 40 nvilrli,,,ontal $35.00, Amer. Document;4,-Eilms, Inc.379 Bay St., Sfiti.. Francisco, Calif.94133. Deals with the (thicano movement and. politics in the'Sourhwest.

82. Mem an Americans.. An Historic Prqde.Black and white, 29 mM., cleared for T.V., sale $100.00, Anti-Defariiation League of B'Nai 4 11',,Rith,41 Exchange ,Place, Atlaitta, Ga.' 30303. General histttry kom colonill period to, present.

.11,,u,an .4nirri! an% : Minority.Color and black and white, 2 'leek, 18 min. each, English, sale color $300.00, Irma! $12.50, $1/16.00, rental $9.95, A't.tdio Visual Center, U BloorpinWou,. Ind. 47401. Chicano movement .and its goils; in- ,$! solves the assessmehts of Dr. Ernesto#;alaria.

,. .V. Life tig Literature 17

a 84Alevii an Americans:Quptlot Equality.Black and white, 213miw, cleared for '12.V., sale $100.00, rental $7.50,- League ol11.tiai11' Rub, 41 Exchange Place, S.E.,, Atlanta, Ga.mr 10103. 14 Ernesto (;alaria describes history,and goals of the-Chi- .5 5. Apo nlOvsenient..' .

. -The WAN. coprimerhvar,Sperak.S: Heritagr in Bronzc.Color, .20 min., 16 minsale $232.5.0 EncOoPartlia Britannicatducation Corp., 121 N. Mick Ave., Chicago, III., 60611. . , NiatiO`rial' Mexican- Xmerican Anti-Defamation'Committee, .1'ilie,,10 mip., 17.50 reel, $8.50 cassette, order #0..100002.10, -Paeifica .Tape I.ibrary, 2209 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley,- Calif. 9-4404. Thice disclw,antS talk about the image of Chicanosin the

media; TV commerciak ciiiiasie.d. W. ANewFol qs on OpporfunIty. Color,' 26 min., 14nun., ,available on loan from Cabinet Committee Opportunities for Spanish Speaking Peopk, MOO G St., N.W., Washington, D.C.20506. Docutnentany prodm-vd by the Office of Economic Opportunity,. sand the Inter-Agency Committeeon Mexican. American Affairs; ploblems facing Mexican-Anierican and the efforts undertaken to.solve chem. 88.Nytli`Frorn it14.:ki,o. Color,20 Min., 16 mm7rnreenwoOd Prekt 51 Riverside A., Westpoft, COqn. 06880. Film version of'Carey McWilliams' book by the same title.Stresses contributions of .'Mexicans and MeXican Americans inthe development of the Southwest

89 Voy Cho ano. Color,16 sale $500.00, rental $20.50, goal ndioNinual (:"ente,r,I iid.1.1.,Bloomington, Ind,., 47401. I )ocumentary, development of -,the Chicano movement:

Distriht,tors of Culturail Materials: O.Cultural Distribution Center. Commission .for MexiCan-Amell'ican Affairs, Archdiocese -of San 'Antonio, 1514 Buena Vista, San Antonio, .15,0, 78207( 512-224 4245). Book; pamphlets, period- oak, will prov,ide list of inaterials,upon request. 1 Heffernan Suppty Co.,A 926-Fredericksburg Rd., San Antonio, Tx. 74201 (512-732-1136). Hispahic materials far all grade levels. 41. 92Ram Pokter, P. 0 Box 31165, El Paso, Tx. 79931. Posters, pins, etc 4.1 Rata Stott', 111 7 N. lst Ave., Crystal City, Tx. 78839. Post- ers, pins:I. shirts, etc.', operated by Rata Unida Party. 4 . -

, A).

7, Author Index

F-ich Atlihas narilie is tolloWed k)N, an Arabic number which is the nurn- lwr oftthe item in a particular section. Sectionslire indicated by Roman numeials, For example; V, 10 indkates_entry4minber 10 in sectien,V. Acuna. Rodollo, 11, VI, 64; VII30; IX, 64 Doug, IN., 21 R.inum F., I It'd- ,IN, 48 e(I Alba, Victor, 11, 9

Alessi() Robles, Vito; N.Y10 Alexander, Charles U.,,V 111, 11 Alford,'Haroldt.111 13 Allen, John HougheOn, X., 51 1)., Jr.II, :15

1 Ahirista, Alberto, X,'':11 it Alvarez, Jose 11ernandei,VII, 59; V1II, 1; IX, 1 Anwriqn GI Forum of- "rexas and Texas State Federatioh. of -Labor/. 1X, 2d AndersOn, Throch.we, IX, 49 ed. .',Artnour, D. T.., A'111, 41, Ashilury, Sanmet E., V, 25 ed. (;erakt, V, IS Atkinson, Mary Jourdan, III, 8 At(0)00d, Marion I:, V. 'I

acarisse, Char WO., V,. 7, 16 Bancroft, HuKert Howe, II, 6 Bannon, John yram)s, IV, 4 Barker, kument- 8., II, 17, 18, 35, 50 Barker, Mary Esman, IX, SO Barnst9ne, Itrans,. 'Barr, Aiw-yri (1., ' Barrio, RaymoDd, X, 32 Itairios,.Etniell, 2 d. 0 '1 i-CAJ 4\Citcu ... 11 Anon, }-Ienry.)N.,.V, 19; VI 57, 58 Ben, Thomas W., VI, 22 Britian, Alma, X, Ifenson, Nettie Lee, VII, 1.6 tramp. Berger, N1ax, IV, 25 Bernal, Ignacio,'111, 1 Bernard, H. Russell, II, 24,ed. Beinstein, Harry, VIII, I-8 Billington, Ray A., VA, SI ; VI, 38 Binkley, William 26; VI, 14, 23

Boatright, Mi )dy C,X, 52 eck, : Bogardus, Emory S., VIII, 12, 28, 36 Bolton, I Ierbeit E., IV, .i, 6, 10 116sc1 t (;arcia,Carlos, V. 2; VI, 1 Boyer, Mildred, IX, 49 ed. Brack, Gene M., V, 52; VI, 65 Brackenridge, R. Douglas, VII, 68 Braddy, 1Faldeen, X, 53,,66 Brand, Donald D., IV, 42 Briege!. Kaye, IX, 65 Brinckerh411, Sidney B., IV, 34, 38 Bryan, Samuel, N'I1, 60 . Burdici, Charles B., VII, 13 Burland, C. A., III, 2 Burma, John 1-1., 11, 23 ed.; IX, 79 ed. Bustamante, C.irlos Maria de, VI, 39

-Cactus Curtain, X, 75 Calcott, Wilfred H., V, 12; VI, 2 Calderón, Carlos I., IX, 51 Calvert, Robert A., II, 28 ed. Camp., Arthur L., II, 32; N, 2. CanaIes, Jose', T., VII, 31 Candor; E. VIII, 65 Carreno, Albrt NI., VI, 3 Carroll, II. Bailey, I, 17 ed. Carroll, John' A., IX, 26 ed. Carter, Hodding, IV, 43 Carter, 'Thomas P., IX, 36 Caso, Alfonso, In, 3 Castaneda, Carlos E., III9IV, 13 trans.,5; V, 22 trans., 53 ed. and trans. Castel, Albert, VII, 26 Castillo, t;uadalupe I.,I,.3 comp. Catighey, John W., IH, Cerda,,.Gilberto, X, 67 Cervantes, Federico, VII, 1 .t Y

91

Chabot, Efederick C., IV, 20 Ckiniberlain, Samuel EVI, 66 Chavez, Cesar, 3 ncanos (:ainpaign toia Better Deal, The," IX, 28 Chidsey,-Donald B., VI, 40 Choate, Julian E.,. Jr., VII, 54 Christian, Chester C., IX, 5() -s Clark Morerm, joSepii., 1, 4 coni11. Clark, Victor S., VII-, 61 Clendenen, Clarrnue C., VII, 14, 45 Iliqvard f., V,3;,V1, 4; VII, 15 (.:0!ilson,'Grotgc O., ix, 5 CNsicroft, ja2pes D., VII;2 Connor, Seymour V., 11, 2; V, 27; VI, 15,41 Cmper, R. I.,., IX, 53 ed. Copeland, Fayette, VI, 25_ Cinnejo, Ricardui 56 Corwin, Arthur M., 11; 36 :osio Daniel, VII, 16 Coteta, Marta P., 1, 5 comp. and ed. ( 21, 26, 44 Craig, Riyhard,8,.IX, 6 Orawford, W,..Rex, VIII, 70 (rofi-x)t, W. C., X, 4 ed. Cruz, Ginter t; I, 18 Cultural Distribution Center, X, 90 Cumberland, Charles C., V1I, 27. 32 Curl, E. F., X,5

Edwitrd E., VII, 50 )aniel, James NI., IV, 35 D'Silva,- Fabio, X, 6 Davenport, Harbert, ,36, 37 na.idson, Chandler, X, 7 Davis, E. E., VII, 69 Davis, jack Ettiory, III, 4tr ans. Da")", i9tiel311 38 Day, James M., V, 27; VI, 26 Delgado, Abdardo, X, 33 Diaz deMistillo, Bbtnal, IV, I - Diaz -GuerTero, Rgdio, X, 24 "Disnwtion of Mexican-Ameridin Irstory," X, 76 Divine, Robert A., VIII, 13 'nobie,J. Frank, VII, 51:52: VIII, 19 60:61 ed.; 63 nobkins:' /Betty E., IV; 27 '10 4. flukey, Romie, IX, 22 ..41)unn, William E.,IV, 16, 36 92

Dunne, paw (;., IX, 23 Di Ilan, Gustao, \'II, tit lavie Isauw, 11, 21 vd. Diu ham, ( :roo.r, VII, 13,

1 )'. ke.s, J. , ,

Earle, Peter C., VII, 7 trans. Eggler, John, IX.2 Clande, I., 6 comp. .inti phs, John NI., X, 22 mittivel. Ser.\ ;indol., VIII, 37 R i() Rtmsell It) ed.; X. 1ft ed. Falconer, Thomas, VI, 21, Fjtilk,Odiel4,Il,2;IV, 1.1, 34, 37, 38, 45; VI, 41, 42 ed. yeht-rnhauh, T. R, I I, 8 Ferber, Edna, X, 55 ente, N', Er,hman, Joshua ,, IN, 51 ed. Sur, V.E.Iti Fogaroe, Ruth Ann,.\Ill, 42 Fool, Walter, IX, 29, 37 Fora, John S., VI, 28 nell, Earl W., V11,128

Fo:rile, Edwin J., V I I, "53, VIII, 20 Franti, Ke B., V. 27; VII, 54

, Friend. I ..h.ena B V I,.21 ed. 34

Ciailey, [tarry A.., 29 Caij1ktries M. X, 7 'N. (t.darza, Eriwstei, II, 14; IVK GAvan, Rhherto A., X, §8, (;amio,'Maniwt, XIII, 2, 3 (t.ircia'Preto, Francisco'n., VII, 6FV... 9,onett, William E., VIII, 15 tett, Jenkins, V. 21) ttarlytt, Kathiym IV.28 (t!irrison; George 8 (tarth, Thomas R., Garza, Itoberto' II, 35; X, 34 (:astotr, Edwin B., Jr., X, 56 (toetzmanti,, 1,1,illiairn II., VI, 9 ()utiles V., VII, ;i5 quifiones, Juan, VII, 17'; 62 Ginzales, Jnvita, VIII, 74 Gonzales, ,Rodi-71fo, IX, 66 -r Goodman, Mai-y Ellen,_X, 8 -93

Gould, Lewis L., VII, 70 Greblsr, Leo, 1, 7; 1I,'15; VII, 63; VIII, 4; IX, 2, 3, 38;X, 9 'Green, George N., IX, 24 Green, 'Ittomas I VI, 30 (rregg, Robert 1)., VII, 18 Gutierrez, Jose Angel, IX, 67 Guzman, Martin Luis, VII, 3 Gtrinfin, Ralph 7; If, 15; VII, 63';'VIII, 4-; IX, 3, 38r.158, 69; X, 9 Gwin, J. B., ym, 5

Hackett, Charles W., IV, 12 ed. and trans., 22 Hager, William M., VII, 19, 36 I laggard, J. Villatana, IV, 39 trans. Haley, J. Evetts; VII, 46 tiallenbecle, Cler, IV, 8, 29 Hammeken, George Louis,,V, 28trans. Hammett, A. B. J., IV, 23 Hammond, George P., VI, 43 ed. IlandmA, Max,S., VIII, 6;38, 39 Harby, L:C., VII, 71. Ilarstad, Peter 'F., 1, 4+ Iiislana, Gerald, X Hatcher, Mattie Mist,IV, 24, 30, 46 trans.; V, 9 Hawley, ElIisN., IX, 8 Heffernan Supply Co., X, 91 Helm, June, X, 8 e4.2I ed. Hendricks, Sterling B., VI, 31 Henry, Robert S., VI, Hernández, 1.411 F., I,; IX, 39,54° Hermitalez-,M., WiJIim J., IX, 40 ed. Hidalgo, Ernesto, VII,14 Hoben, N., IX, 55 `4"116ffntan, Abraham, II, 3 I,29; 30 Holland, lames K,:"? VI, 67 Holley, Mary Austtn, V, 54 Hollon, W. Eugene', II, 3 Holnies, Samuel J., VIII, 16 Home Is a Long Road, ?C, Hood, J. T., IX, 55 ,Horgiln, Paul S., II, 4; IV, 7 "1 Houren, Alleine, V. 21 "HoW's School, Enrique?", 5c, 78 ,Hudson, Wilson M., X, 23 ed. Hughes, Lois, VM53 Humphrey, Norman R., VIII, 43 Hunnicutt, Helen M., IV, 31 ed. and trans. 94

I AC Joaquin, X, 7.9

- .InterAgency Gantnittet on Mexican-AmericanAffairs, IX, 27,614. Jaco, L. Gulley, X, 2-4 Jenkins, John 11., I% 9.colnp. and eti. Jenkjiison, NIRharl, IX70 ,fensen, Merri11,41I, 1 ed.. Johnson, Henry IS., IX; 40 ed. Johnson, Richa,rd, II, .35 Johnson, William WeberAI, 4 Jones, Oakah L., V, 13; VI, 5 Jones, Robert C., VII, 44; X, 10 josephy, Akin N4., Ill, 10 ed. Juaiez, Ruinaklo Z., IX, 4t Judah, Charles, VI, 72

Kaplan,_Samuel, VII, 5 Kemp, I.ysander, VII, 6trans. Kendall, GeoCge W., VI, 32 Kenner, Charles L., VII, 47 . Kiblw,o. Pauline R., II, 21; IX, 30 Kieltnan, Chester V., 1, 10comp. and ed. .Ani, X, 25 Kingrea, Nellie W., VIII, 71.. Kinnaird, Lawrence, IV, 47 ed. Kiser, George 21 Kjolseth, Rolf, IX, 56' Kress, Dorot4 M., V111, 45 tatnana, Richarfl,IX, 42 Lavender,- David S., VI, 46, 47. Lea,,Toni, VII, 37, 38; X, 58, 59 Lehmann, V. NY., VII, 55 Lemoine, Villacucia Ernesto, VI, 48 Leonard, Olin E., 102; IX, 13 Letin-Portilla, Miguel, III, 4; IV, 2 ed Link, Arthur S., VII, 20 Little, Wilson, VIII, 46 Livingston-Little, D. EaVI, 73 ed. Loeffler, H. W., kin, ,r7

I.1411, Walter, V, 29 , Lowrie, Samuel II., V, 55 lateen>, Autora, X, 35 \

Rox'ana, IX, 53 ed. - McCleAey, Clifton, IX, 71 McClintock, A., V1,468,44 . . 45

McDonald, Archie P., VI, 49 ed. Mt;Donough, F.. C., IX, 30 ed: McGann, Thomas F., IV, 9

hado, Manuel A, McLean, Rithert IN., VIII, 31 Mc ',more, S. Dale, V, 56 McWilliains, Carey, II, 16; VI, 69; VII, 56; VIII, 32, 72 Madison, Virginia, VII, 48 Madsen, William, IX, 31, 43; X, 1 1, Major, Mabel, X, 60 ed. Manuel, Herschel T., v114,..ta, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53; IX, 44, 45, 46 Marcella, Gabriel, PI, :13 Maitinet, John R., IX, 72 Mason, Herbert M., VII, 21 , Maudsley, A. P., IV, 1 trans. Meier, Matt S.,'I, II comp, and ed.; 11, 17; VIII, 33, 73; IX, 9, 73 Meinig, D. W., VI, 17 Menchaca, Antonio, V,441 Menefee, Selden Vi r, 22 Nierk, Frederick, VI, 10 , "Merlill,Bruce, IX, 71 . Mem an-Amerit an Culture: Its .1-leritage, X, 180 "Mexican-A.merican History: ,A Critical Selective Bibliomaphy," I, 12 Meif an Arnericanu An Historic Profile, X, 82 Alc%ic (in-Artteri. on. Speaks; Heritage in Bronze,The, X, 85 Ailevit an-Americans.: h:orgoten Minority, X, 81 Ateki«in A fricru Invi.sible Nfinority, X, 83 Afe u an iiweric am: Quest For Fquality, X. 84

..Mem an TeAans, The, II, 20; V, 47 . Meyers, Frederic, IX, 10, 32 Miller, Thomas Lloyd, V, 42, 43, 44, 45 MUntgomery, Robert IL, VIII, 7 Motwe Joan W., I, 7; II, 15; VII, 63; VIIIi,4; IX, 3, 38; X, 9 -Moquin, Wyioj. I25 ed. Mora. 'I'ina, IX, 33 Morfi, Fray Juan Agustin, IV, 13 Morgan, Thomag B., IX, 74 Morin, 1111r11, VIII, 69 Morris, Leopild, VII, 39 Morton, OhIand, V, 23 Murphy, L. F., VIII, 54 Nlyres, Sandra I.., IV, 48

Nabokov, PeterOX, 75 'Nance, Joseph Nt, VI, 33, 34; X, 61 Natiohal Institute of Mental Health, X, 26 "National Mexican American Anti-Defamation Committee; The," X, 86 1,

Nava,' Julian, II, 18, 26 ed. Navarro, Joseph, II, 34 Nelmm,;Eastni, IX, 10 Nelson, Eugene+, IX, 25 dv Newromb, W. W., III, 11; IV, 40 Nrw Foi us on Opportunity, A, X, 87 Niemeyer, Vic, VII, 29 Nogples, Luis G., I, 13 romp. and ed. Nogg le, Burl, V, 57 Norman, Arthur, X, .70 Norquest, Carrol, IX, 11 North From Mexico, X, 88 Nostrand, Rkhard IX, 76

Oates, !.1-tepheti- B., V,29 ed.; VI ,28 ed., 47 ed., 59 Olmsted, Fredeyick Law 7 Olstad, Charles, IX, 56; X, 71 Ortego, Philip, X, -36, 37, 38, 39 ed., 72

.Padden, R. C., IV, 3 - Padilla, Ray, I, 14 Paredes, Americo, II, -34; VII, 40; IX, 74; 12, 27, 40, 41 Paredes, Raymund A, X, 42 Parish, John C.; VI, 11 Paz; Octavio, VII, 6; X, 13 Pearce, T. M., X, 60/ed. Pella, Albert, IX, 78 halosa, Fernando, 11;40 erales, Alonso, VIII, 75; IX. 58 "Perika Tejami: A Study of the Texas Chicano Dialeet, La," 73 Perrigo, Lynn I., II, 5 ' Persohs, Billie, IV, Porter, Katherine Anne, VIII, 66 a Peterson, Frederick A., III, 5 \. Powers, William K., III, 12 Pratt, Julius W., VI, 12 Presley, James, V,30 Price, Glenn W., VI, 50. Procter, Ben H., IX, 26

Quinn, Robert M., IV, 32 Quirarte, Jacinto, X, 43, 44 Rahm, Harold J., X, 14 gamuel, VII, 7; X, 15 Ramsdell, Charles, II, 11 trans.

, Raza POster, X, 92 . . 97 ..

Raza Onida StorC; X, 93' Rechy, John, IX, 1$9 Red, William S., V. 18 -Redfield, Robert, VII, 64; VIII, 8 Remy, Caroline M., VI, 70 Rendon, Armando, IX, 79 Resh, Rich'ard W, VI, 44 Richards, E. S., IX, 30 ed. Rios, Francisco, X, 45 Rippy, J. Fred, V,.5; VII, 22, 41 Rivera, Feliciano, I, 11 comp. and ed., 15comp. and ed.; 11. 17, 27 ed.; VIII, 33, 73; IX, 9, 73 Rivera, Tomas, X, 46, 47 Rives, George L, V, 5; VI, 6 Roa Barcena, J031" Maria, VI, 51

Roberts, 0. M., III, 13 . Robinson, Cecil, V, 59, 60; VI, 71; IX, 56; X. 62, 63, 64 Rodriguez, Armando M., IX, 60 Roeder, Ralph, VII, 8 Rojas, Arnold R., 57 - Role of the Mr ku iih A rm. rt, an In the lintory of the Southwest, The, I I, 35 RomanoV., Octavio I., II, 41, 42; X, 1i 28, 45 ed., 48 ed.- Ronan, Charles E., X, 74 Rosaldo, Renato, II, 28 ed. Ross, Stanley R.,. VII, 9 Rubel, Arthur J., IX, 34; X. 17, 29 Ruiz, Ramem Eduardo, VI, 52 ed.

Salinai Carranza, Alberto, VII, 23 Samora, Julian, II, 29 ed.; IX, 12, 42, 72 ed. / Sanchez, George I., VIII, 40, 55, 56; IX, 47 Sanchez, Josi M., V, 24 . Sfinctiez Larnego, Miguel A., V, 31 Sanchez-Navarro, Carlos, V, 32 Sandos, James A., VII, 24 Santos, Richard G., V, 33 Sapptr, Neil, VI, 60 .. Saunders, Lyle, II; 22; IX, 13

Schorr, Daniel.L., VIII, 34 . Scott, Florence Johnson, V.III, 67 Scruggs,' Otey M., IX,. 14, 15, 16, 17' Serigmann, Gus v L, II, 28 ed. Servin, Manuel.,II, 30 ei;I; IX, 26 ed., 65 ed. Shapiro, Haro'A., VII45; VIII, 23 Shuffler, R, Henderson,N, 46 Siegel, Stanley, VI, 19 ^

Sierra, Justo, II, I I Silva Herzog, Jelin, VII, 10 Simnien, Edward, I, 18 ed.; X, 65 ed. Singletary, Otis A., VI, 53 Sisk, Williant.0., VIII, 57 Skrabanek, R. L., IX, 4 Smith, (;eorge Winston, VI, 72 Smith, Justin II, VI, 20, 54 Smith, Watson, V, 6 Smith, Rebecca W., X, (it) ed., Sonnichsen, C. I,., III, 14; vn, 49 Spanith Tnans, The, IV,14

Spicer, Edward II., X, 18 g SpragueOuliene C., I, 16 Steen, Ralph, \Ili, 9 Stginer, Stan, IX, 80; X, 49 Ste,nberg, Richard R., VI, 21 Stephenson, Nathaniel W., Ste,yenson, Phillip, VIII, 35 Stoddiad, Ellwit R., II, 19 Stout, Joseph 42 ed. StoVer, John, VII, 68 - Stowell, Jay S., VIII, 17 Surace, Samuel J., X, 19 ,N) Talbot, Jane, I, 18 Taylor, Paul S. VII, 42; VIII, 24,25, 26 Tayhw, Virginia, VII, 3 trans. I'ennery, Thomas 1)., VI, 73 Tr as and the War With Mexico:VI,56 ,Texas t;ood N1eighlior Oinunission, -IX,18 Texas State Department of Health, Divisionof Mental Health, X, 30 Thoinpson, Albert N., IX, 19 Turner, Ethel D., VII, I I Tinner,, "'qui R., Ik,hti ed. Turner, Ralph.H., X, 19 "Purney, Donglas, VIII, 68 Tyler, Romiie C., VI, 62

Ubbarri, Horacio, U.S. Coornmissionon Civil Rights, IX, 35, 62, 63 Ctingress, Senate, iX, 57

Vaca, Nick II, 41 Vaillant, t;vorge C., III, 6 Vanua, S. B., III, 6rev, and ed. VaIad Jivs6 C., V, 34; VI, 55 99

Valdez, Luis,.X, 49 Vásquez, Richard, X, 50 lasc,) (Wiwi Mano, VI, 7 Vigness, IXtvid M.,N, 14; VI, 35

Walker, Kenneth P., VIC, 27 Webb, Walter P., I, 17 ed.; VI, 63;,VII, 44 Weber, David J., II, 31 ed. Weber, J. Robert, X, 14 Weddle, Robert S., IV, 18, 19 Weeks, Douglas 0., VII, 73; VIII, 761\7.7 Weinberg, Albert K., VI, 13 Weil% E. P., VIII, 58 Wentworth, Edw'ard N., VII, 58 t.ea, X, 35' Wilder, Isfrs..1....A., VIII, 59 Williams, Amelia, V, 48' Williams, Juanita, IV,.29 Winfrey, Dorman II., III, 1 5; IV, 41 Wnikler, E. W., V, 49 -1 Wolf, Eric, III, 7 Wolff, Leon, VII, 25 Womack, John, Jr., II, 44; VII, 12 Woodman, Lyman, VII, 43 W'Aister, Ralph A., VI, 36 Wooten, Mattie Lloyd, VII, 66; VIII,10 Worcester, Donald E., IV,33-ed.

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