2018

A COMMUNITY OF CONTRASTS Asian , Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the San Gabriel Valley

SAN GABRIEL VALLEY CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

Introduction...... 1 The SGV . disaggregated by ethnic group . Recognizing sig- Executive Summary ...... 2 nificant social and economic diversity among Asian The 626 . Map...... 4 Americans, it includes data on immigration, lan- guage, education, income, housing, health, and Demographics ...... 5 The Asian American community in the San Gabriel Valley is one of the most iconic in the United States . environmental justice for eight ethnic groups . Economic Contributions ...... 8 Located in Los Angeles County just south of the Second, this report makes the data accessible to com- Civic Engagement ...... 9 San Gabriel Mountains, the region is home to over munity organizations, community members, policy Immigration...... 10 half a million , more than in makers, foundations, businesses, and others look- Language...... 11 Los Angeles, , or . It is known ing to better understand and serve Asian American Education...... 14 for its vibrant Chinese American community and, of communities . By soliciting feedback on content from Income ...... 15 course, its food . key stakeholders, consolidating important data from disparate government and academic sources, Employment...... 16 Yet both the history and current reality of the and presenting them in a way that is easy to digest, Housing...... 18 San Gabriel Valley challenge this simplistic view, the report makes a valuable contribution to our Health...... 19 drawing attention to its diversity and ongoing understanding of one of the largest Asian American Environmental Justice...... 20 struggles for racial justice . communities in the country . Policy Recommendations...... 21 Perhaps its most recognizable landmark, the We would like to thank the sponsors who made this Resources ...... 23 San Gabriel Mission stands in testament to the colo- report possible, including Bank of America, AARP, Glossary...... 24 nization of the region’s indigenous Tongva people . and the Wallace H . Coulter Foundation . Appendices...... 25 The valley’s subsequent agricultural history fostered We would also like to thank everyone who con- Notes...... 28 the growth of large Mexican American communities that now make up nearly half of the San Gabriel tributed to this report, including Asian Americans Technical Notes...... 29 Valley’s total population . After the elimination of Advancing Justice – Los Angeles staff Jeffer Giang, discriminatory federal immigration policies in 1965, Daniel Ichinose, Joanna Lee, Shelly Chen, Povi-Tamu the region’s Asian American population grew dra- Bryant, Kimberly Wu, Natalie Bui, Deanna Kitamura, matically and faced considerable backlash from Anthony Ng, Li’i Furumoto, Nikki Dominguez, Nicole residents . Monterey Park, recognized as the first Ochi, and Heng Foong, as well as the community majority Asian American city in the continental partners, community members, policy makers, and United States following the 1990 Census, required corporate leaders who contributed to and provided business signs to include English and attempted to critical feedback on its content . Community part- establish English as its official language . ners included API Forward Movement, Asian Pacific Health Care Venture, Asian Youth Center, California Today, the region hosts considerable social and Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative, East San Gabriel Founded in 1983 as the Advancing Justice – LA is based in downtown economic diversity . It is home to some of the highest Valley Japanese Community Center, Pilipino Workers Legal Center, Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles, with offices in Orange County and poverty rates among Asian Americans countywide . Center, Restaurant Opportunities Center of Los Los Angeles (Advancing Justice – LA) is the nation’s Sacramento as well as a community center in the There are large Filipino and Vietnamese American Angeles, and the Wilderness Society . Policy makers largest legal and civil rights organization for Asian San Gabriel Valley . Visit advancingjustice-la .org . populations, and Alhambra is home to the largest included Anthony Duarte, Mike Eng, Henry Lo, Jason Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders number of countywide outside Our affiliates include Asian Americans Advancing Pu, and Calvin Sung . Finally, Stephanie Lomibao, (NHPI) . Through direct services, impact litigation, the city of Los Angeles . Yet this diversity often goes Justice – AAJC (Washington, DC), Asian Americans Gilbert Tong, Vinh Ngo, and Millie Yamaki from Bank policy advocacy, leadership development, and capac- unrecognized . As a result, community needs go Advancing Justice – Asian Law Caucus (San Francisco), of America provided additional guidance from a ity building, Advancing Justice – LA focuses on the unmet . A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Atlanta, and business perspective . most vulnerable members of Asian American and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Chicago . NHPI communities while also building a strong voice San Gabriel Valley attempts to address that . for civil rights and social justice . This report does two things . First, it provides key The statements and views expressed in this report are solely the All photos were taken by M. Jamie Watson unless otherwise noted. Data design and layout were provided by SunDried Penguin. characteristics of Asian American communities responsibility of the authors. Please email any questions regarding the report to [email protected].

INTRODUCTION A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 1 Educational outcomes vary greatly among Asian As housing costs in the San Gabriel Valley increase EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Americans and NHPI. dramatically, more affordable housing is needed. Chinese American adults in the San Gabriel Valley are Average rental rates in the region increased 4 .9% less likely than Whites to hold both high school and between the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2016, Over half a million Asian Americans and 7,000 While Asian Americans and NHPI are becoming college degrees; Vietnamese American adults have and vacancy rates were at 2 .7% at the end of 2016 . Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) live citizens, registering to vote, and casting ballots, some of the lowest educational attainment among Nearly 69,000 Asian Americans in the San Gabriel in the San Gabriel Valley: its Asian American popu- coalition building with Latino communities around Asian American ethnic groups . Over 14,300 English Valley are housing-cost burdened, spending 30% or lation alone is larger than it is in 42 states and the issues of mutual concern remains important. language learner students in the region’s K–12 public more of their household income on housing costs . cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago . During the 2016 presidential election, Asian American schools speak an Asian or Pacific Island language . More affordable housing would mitigate vulnerable A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native voter registration exceeded the margin of victory Despite prevailing stereotypes about Asian American groups’ continuing struggle with rising housing costs . Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in the San Gabriel in United States Congressional Districts 27 and 39, success in education, disparities risk being overlooked Valley provides community organizations, policy California State Senate District 29, and California when disaggregated data are not collected . The While Asian Americans and NHPI in the San Gabriel makers, foundations, businesses, and others with State Assembly Districts 49 and 55 . Yet Asian growing number of immigrant students and parents Valley are disproportionately impacted by disease, essential data on these diverse communities . Americans and NHPI remain minorities in most legis- require more culturally and linguistically appropriate many lack access to health insurance and culturally Highlights include the following: lative districts in the San Gabriel Valley and benefit curricula, programs, and parent engagement . and linguistically appropriate care. from coalition building around immigrant rights Asian Americans are more likely to die of cancer The San Gabriel Valley’s large Asian American popu- issues . More culturally and linguistically tailored Nearly a third of Asian Americans in the San Gabriel than any other racial group in the San Gabriel Valley; lation continues to grow. naturalization, voter registration, and get-out-the- Valley are low-income. influenza is the third leading cause of death among The region’s total population grew only 2% between vote efforts would help increase civic engagement Over 66,700 Asian Americans in the San Gabriel . Yet one in five Asian Americans 2000 and 2010 . In contrast, its Asian American popu- among communities of color in the region . Valley are living in poverty, including 15% of Asian in the region do not have a usual source of care lation grew 22%, significantly faster than any other American seniors and 17% of . when sick or requiring health advice . Culturally and racial group . Among Asian American and NHPI ethnic The Asian American population in the region is Despite model-minority myths that characterize linguistically appropriate care would improve health groups, South Asians are among the region’s fastest overwhelmingly immigrant, including an estimated Asian Americans as monolithically successful, many outcomes and lessen the stigma around discussing growing, mirroring trends countywide . Despite this 58,000 who are undocumented. remain economically vulnerable and would benefit topics such as mental health . growth, Asian Americans remain second to Latinos Over 67% of Asian Americans and 28% of NHPI from efforts aimed at improving their standard of in number . are immigrants . Disproportionately immigrant and living, including the enforcement and increase of a Local jurisdictions should better understand and undocumented, Asian Americans and Latinos share minimum wage . address environmental hazards to ensure the health Asian Americans own nearly 82,000 businesses in many similar experiences in the San Gabriel Valley . of San Gabriel Valley residents. the San Gabriel Valley and play a critical role in Addressing anti-immigrant discrimination as well as Asian Americans in the San Gabriel Valley are Over 25% of the San Gabriel Valley is severely pol- the region’s economy. supporting both immigrant integration programs employed in both white- and blue-collar jobs. luted with toxic chemicals released from industrial Asian American–owned businesses in the region, and federal immigration reform provide opportuni- Approximately 16% of Asian Americans in the region facilities, drinking water contamination, and exhaust together issue over $2 .7 billion in payroll . Yet the ties to work in solidarity on issues of mutual concern . work in various service occupations, including food from traffic along freeway corridors, presenting average Asian American–owned business is small, preparation and service, health care support, and per- major challenges . Several cities in the San Gabriel employing 5 .3 workers per business . Economic devel- Language barriers prevent Asian Americans and NHPI sonal care and service . The extent of low-wage work Valley have “very high” or “high” needs for parks opment efforts in the region should support small from accessing critical services. among Asian American and NHPI workers suggests and green space . In order to ensure the well-being of businesses, ensuring Asian American small-business Almost half of Asian Americans in the San Gabriel that they may be at higher risk for wage theft and Asian American and all San Gabriel Valley residents, owners have access to critical training and coun- Valley are limited English proficient . Among Asian workplace health hazards . Culturally and linguisti- efforts to improve public health should address envi- seling programs by making them culturally and American seniors in the region, 73% are limited cally appropriate programs would help educate Asian ronmental hazards and access to green space . linguistically accessible . English proficient . Written and oral translations into American and NHPI workers of their rights . Asian and Pacific Island languages would help ensure access to critical services, while ESL classes would prepare limited English proficient residents for long- term success .

2 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 3 MAP DEMOGRAPHICS

San Gabriel Valley The Asian American population AA: 524,716 / NHPI: 7,187 in the San Gabriel Valley is larger than it is in 42 states.

Pasadena

Arcadia

 Over half a million Asian Amer- POPULATION BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN icans live the San Gabriel Valley San Gabriel Valley 2010, Ranked by Population Alhambra El Monte (SGV), making them the region’s RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN NUMBER % second largest racial group after Rosemead Latino 855,755 46% West Covina Pomona Latinos . Over one third of Monterey Park Los Angeles County’s Asian Asian American 524,716 28% American population lives here 1. White 398,740 22% Black or African American 81,607 4%  Its Asian American population is larger than it is in 42 states AIAN 26,061 1% Diamond Bar and in the cities of Los Angeles, NHPI 7,187 0 .4% San Francisco, and Chicago .2 Rowland Heights Total Population 1,846,796 100%

 Despite its size, the San Gabriel U .S . Census Bureau, 2010, SF1, Tables P5 and P6 . Note: Figures for each racial group include both single race and multi- racial people, except for White, which is single race, non-Latino . Figures do not sum to total . Valley’s Asian American popula- tion continues to grow . Between 2000 and 2010, its Asian Ameri- can population grew 22%, a rate POPULATION GROWTH BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN at least three times as fast as any San Gabriel Valley 2000 to 2010 other racial group in the region .3 Asian American 22% Latino 7%  Its Asian American older adults population (50 and over) grew NHPI 5% U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 Census SF1, Tables P6 and P8 . even faster, increasing 71% Los Angeles County Total Population 2% between 2000 and 2010 4. AIAN -5%

 The Native Hawaiian and Black or African American -16% Pacific Islander (NHPI) popula- White -17% tion grew over twice as fast as U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Tables P8 and P9; 2010 Census SF1, Tables P5 and P6 . the total population between 2000 and 2010 .5

 Approximately 2% of Asian Americans in the SGV identify AIAN: Native American(s) and Alaska Native(s) as gay, lesbian, or bisexual .6 NHPI: Native Hawaiian(s) and Pacific Islander(s)

4 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY MAP DEMOGRAPHICS A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 5 Between 2000 and 2010, the number The region’s POPULATION GROWTH BY ETHNIC GROUP San Gabriel Valley 2000 to 2010 of majority Asian American cities Asian American and Bangladeshi 185% Fijian 65% grew from 6 to 12. NHPI populations Hmong 58% Pakistani 51% are becoming Sri Lankan 50%  Among cities, Alhambra has the largest Asian Ameri- can population (45,395) in the SGV, while Monterey Malaysian 37% Park is proportionally the most Asian American more diverse. Tongan 32% 7 (68%) . Pomona has the largest NHPI population . Cambodian 31%

 Between 2000 and 2010, the number of majority Vietnamese 29% Asian American incorporated or unincorporated POPULATION Korean 28% cities in the region grew from 6 to 12 . Majority BY ETHNIC GROUP Indonesian 26% Asian American cities include Monterey Park (68%), San Gabriel Valley 2010 Chinese (except Taiwanese) 25% Walnut (66%), San Gabriel (62%), Rosemead (62%), Rowland Heights (61%), Arcadia (61%), Temple City ETHNIC GROUP NUMBER Thai 23% (57%), San Marino (56%), Diamond Bar (55%), Chinese (except Taiwanese) 266,701 Filipino 21% Alhambra (55%), East San Gabriel (52%), Filipino 72,272 Indian 17% and South San Gabriel (52%) 8. Vietnamese 54,647 Laotian 12% Korean 37,804 Guamanian or Chamorro 7% Taiwanese 32,450 Taiwanese 6% Japanese 29,276 Native Hawaiian 5% ASIAN AMERICAN POPULATION, GROWTH NHPI POPULATION, GROWTH Indian 17,584 Total Population 2% by Top 15 Cities, San Gabriel Valley 2000 to 2010, by Top 15 Cities, San Gabriel Valley 2000 to 2010, Thai 6,763 Ranked by Population Ranked by Population Japanese -4% Cambodian 6,224 Samoan -5% CITY NUMBER % GROWTH CITY NUMBER % GROWTH Indonesian 6,192 U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Tables PCT7 and PCT10; 2010 Census SF1, Tables PCT7 and PCT10; 2010 Census SF2, Alhambra 45,395 55% 8% Pomona 681 0 .5% 2% Table PCT1 . Burmese 3,589 41,284 68% 8% 520 0 .5% 0 .4% Monterey Park West Covina  The Asian American population is growing significantly outside cities Native Hawaiian 2,132 Arcadia 34,416 61% 38% Pasadena 476 0 .3% 14% such as Alhambra and Monterey Park . Among cities in the San Gabriel Pakistani 2,048 Rosemead 33,107 62% 24% Diamond Bar 335 0 .6% 29% Valley with more than 10,000 Asian Americans, the Asian American Laotian 1,384 populations in Temple City (52%), Pasadena (49%), Arcadia (38%), and Diamond Bar 30,478 55% 21% Alhambra 308 0 .4% 4% 9 Samoan 1,141 El Monte (31%) experienced the fastest growth from 2000 to 2010 . Rowland Heights 30,088 61% 18% Hacienda Heights 290 0 .5% 16% 1,100  El Monte 29,188 26% 31% El Monte 282 0 .2% 1% Sri Lankan  The Asian American population in the SGV is becoming more ethni- cally diverse . Making up over half of the total Asian American popu- West Covina 29,177 28% 14% Rowland Heights 271 0 .6% -28% Malaysian 779 lation, Chinese Americans remain the region’s largest Asian American Guamanian or Chamorro 650 San Gabriel 24,672 62% 23% Covina 255 0 .5% 5% ethnic group . The SGV is also home to large Filipino, Vietnamese, and Pasadena 22,513 16% 49% Glendora 222 0 .4% 25% Bangladeshi 461 Korean American populations 10. Hacienda Heights 20,891 39% 4% Altadena 214 0 .5% 60% Nepalese 214  Over half of the county’s Chinese, Vietnamese, Taiwanese, and Burmese Tongan 172 Temple City 20,412 57% 52% Azusa 202 0 .4% -6% American populations live in the SGV .11 Walnut 19,258 66% 11% Arcadia 191 0 .3% -24% Fijian 132  South Asians are among the region’s fastest-growing Asian American Pomona 14,312 10% 17% Montebello 190 0 .3% 31% Hmong 131 groups . Fijian and are the fastest-growing Baldwin Park 11,190 15% 20% Baldwin Park 178 0 .2% -12% Marshallese 13 NHPI groups 12. U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Table QT-P6; 2010 Census SF1, Table QT-P6 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 SF1, Table PCT7 and PCT10; 2010 Census SF2, Table PCT1 .

6 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHICS A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 7 ECONOMIC CIVIC ENGAGEMENT Asian American voters are CONTRIBUTIONS  Approximately 76% of Asian Americans old enough to vote in the San Gabriel Valley are citizens of the United States 18. the margin Asian American–owned businesses  Approximately 172,000 Asian Americans are registered to vote, making up 20% of the region’s total voter registration 19. of victory

in the San Gabriel Valley employ  During the 2016 presidential election, Asian American voters made up in legislative 26% of all registered voters in United States Congressional District 27, over people. 26% of all registered voters in California State Senate District 22, and 91,000 44% of all registered voters in California State Assembly District 49 .20 districts throughout

 During the same election, Asian American voter registration exceeded the region. BUSINESSES the margin of victory in United States Congressional Districts 27 and by Race and Hispanic Origin, San Gabriel Valley 2012, 39, California State Senate District 29, and California State Assembly Ranked by Number of Businesses Districts 49 and 55 .21 RACE AND ANNUAL ALL REVENUES EMPLOYEES HISPANIC PAYROLL BUSINESSES ($1,000s) (NUMBER) ORIGIN ($1,000s) ASIAN AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS Asian American 81,654 $26,357,891 91,160 $2,740,156 San Gabriel Valley, 2016 General Election, Ranked by Asian American Voter Registration as a Percent of Margin of Victory Latino 52,504 $4,162,994 13,720 $403,202 MARGIN OF White 52,345 $33,786,656 156,889 $6,066,708 CONGRESSIONAL AA VOTER AA VOTER WINNER LOCATION VICTORY DISTRICT REG REG/MOV Black or (MOV) 5,581 $252,936 968 $35,545 African American 39 Royce Diamond Bar/Fullerton 38,098 76,418 201% AIAN 1,252 $32,989 — — 27 Chu Monterey Park/Pasadena 87,322 100,991 116% NHPI 147 $145 — — 32 Napolitano El Monte/West Covina 43,206 38,495 89% Total 194,650 $74,588,294 306,720 $10,844,851 38 Sanchez Whittier/Montebello 95,066 40,742 43% U .S . Census Bureau, 2012 Survey of Business Owners, Table SB1200CSA01 . Note: Some business owners did not report a race . Businesses are categorized based on the race of the majority owner(s) . Majority owners who report more than one 35 Torres Pomona/Ontario 76,735 14,779 19% race or ethnicity are counted more than once . Figures do not sum to total . Total includes publicly held businesses . Some data are not reported due to suppression or large standard error . MARGIN OF STATE SENATE AA VOTER AA VOTER WINNER LOCATION VICTORY DISTRICT REG REG/MOV (MOV)  In 2012, Asian Americans owned nearly 82,000 businesses in the San Gabriel Valley, a greater number than any other racial group . Native 29 Newman Diamond Bar/Fullerton 2,498 90,054 3,605% Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) owned nearly 150 businesses 13. 25 Portantino Pasadena/Monrovia 59,228 53,005 89%

 Asian American–owned businesses in the region employ over 91,000 MARGIN OF 14 STATE ASSEMBLY AA VOTER AA VOTER people, paying out over $2 7. billion in payroll . WINNER LOCATION VICTORY DISTRICT REG REG/MOV (MOV)  The average Asian American–owned business is small, employing 55 Chen Diamond Bar/Yorba Linda 26,489 53,327 201% 5 .3 workers per business with employees 15. 49 Chau Monterey Park/Alhambra 47,431 90,557 191%  Asian American–owned businesses are most commonly in professional, 57 Calderon Whittier/Hacienda Heights 37,762 22,704 60% scientific, and technical services; real estate and rental and leasing; retail trade; health care and social assistance; and wholesale trade 16. 52 Rodriguez Pomona/Ontario 19,971 11,920 60% 41 Holden Pasadena/Monrovia 41,816 24,869 59%  Although only 8% of all Asian American–owned businesses are in Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles . 2017 . “Asian Americans at the Ballot Box: The 2016 General Election in California .” wholesale trade, these businesses produce 38% of all revenue generated by Asian American–owned businesses in the region 17.

8 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY INTRODUCTION CIVIC ENGAGEMENT A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 9 IMMIGRATION LANGUAGE

ENGLISH-ONLY EFFORTS AND A HISTORY Approximately 58,000 undocumented OF ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT Asian Americans live in the San Gabriel Valley. As immigration in the 1970s and 1980s drove dramatic growth in the San Gabriel Valley’s Asian American and Latino populations, these new communities experienced considerable backlash FOREIGN-BORN  Over 67% of Asian Americans from local residents . by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015 in the San Gabriel Valley (SGV) Taiwanese 76% are immigrants, the highest rate In 1985, a group of Monterey Park among racial groups . In compar- residents attempted to establish Chinese (except Taiwanese) 72% ison, only 34% of Latinos in the English as city’s official language . Indian 69% region are foreign-born 22. A manifestation of anti-immigrant sentiment, the proposal was opposed by Vietnamese 68%  Over 370,000 Asian Americans both Asian American and Latino Monterey and over 2,400 Native Hawaiians Asian American 67% Park city councilmembers, including Lily Lee and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) liv- Chen, David Almada, and Rudy Peralta . In an Korean 67% ing in the SGV are immigrants 23. election the following year, all three were

Thai 65%  Among Asian Americans in the removed from office by a predominantly region, Taiwanese (76%) and White electorate . Filipino 60% Chinese Americans (72%) are In comments made to the Los Angeles Total Population 38% proportionately most foreign- Times shortly after his defeat, Almada born . are Latino 34% commented, “(t)he attack on ethnic com- the only Asian American munities, especially the Asian community, NHPI 28% ethnic group that is majority was very strong .”28 native-born 24. Japanese 21% Opposition to English-only efforts  About 28% of Pacific Islanders AIAN 12% was led by the Coalition for Harmony in the SGV are foreign-born, a in Monterey Park, established by White 11% rate much higher than Pacific Congressmember Judy Chu and former Islanders nationwide (17%) 25. Black or African American 8% California State Assemblymember U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Mike Eng . Table B05003 .  There are over 1 .7 million un- documented Asian Americans The debate resurfaced as recently as in the country 26. While there 2013, when a multiracial coalition of are no official estimates of community members and civil rights the number of undocumented groups defeated attempts to keep Asian Americans in the SGV, a Monterey Park city ordinance the number could approach that required businesses to use 58,000 if we assume the nation’s some English in signage 29. undocumented immigrants from Asia are geographically distrib- uted in ways consistent with the Asian American foreign- born population 27.

10 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY IMMIGRATION INTRODUCTION A Community of Contrasts: SAN11 GABRIEL VALLEY 11 ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLAND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS Nearly 416,000 people in San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015 LANGUAGE NUMBER the region speak an Asian language. Chinese 261,480 Tagalog 46,693 Vietnamese 43,310 Korean 28,974 Japanese 9,401 Other Asian Languages 8,932 Pacific Island Languages 8,543 Khmer 5,424 Thai 4,127 Almost half of Asian Americans Hindi 3,915 Gujarati 2,185 inin thethe SanSan GabrielGabriel ValleyValley areare limitedlimited 1,547

U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B16001 . Note: Chinese English proficient. includes Mandarin, , and other Chinese dialects . Because the U .S . Census Bureau classifies some languages beyond those spoken by NHPI as “Pacific Island Languages,” the number of people speaking Pacific Island languages may exceed the number of NHPI persons .

LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY FOR THE POPULATION  Almost half of Asian Americans  Nearly 416,000 people in the 5 YEARS AND OLDER (46%)—over 242,000—in the San Gabriel Valley speak an by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015 San Gabriel Valley are limited Asian language 34. 30 Taiwanese 57% English proficient (LEP) .  While over 260,000 San Gabriel Vietnamese 56%  Among seniors, Asian Americans Valley residents speak Chinese, (73%) have a higher rate of nearly 47,000 speak Tagalog, Chinese (except Taiwanese) 55% limited English proficiency than over 43,000 speak Vietnamese, Thai 46% any other racial group . Almost and nearly 29,000 speak Korean 35. Asian American 92% of Vietnamese American 46%  Nearly 9,000 people in the region seniors are LEP .31 36 Korean 43% speak a Pacific Island language .  Taiwanese (57%), Vietnamese Latino 28% (56%), and Chinese Americans Total Population 27% (55%) have the highest rates of limited English proficiency 32. Indian 23%

 Approximately 12% of Filipino 19% Native Hawaiians and Pacific Japanese 16% Islanders (NHPI) are limited 33 NHPI 12% English proficient .

AIAN 12%

White 4%

Black or African American 2%

U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B16004 .

12 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY LANGUAGE LANGUAGE EDUCATIONEDUCATION INCOME

Over 14,300 English language Over 66,700 Asian Americans learnerlearner studentsstudents speakspeak anan AsianAsian oror and nearly 1,000 NHPI in the Pacific Island language. San Gabriel Valley are living in poverty.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT  Chinese American adults age POVERTY AND LOW-INCOME  Over 66,700 Asian Americans FOR THE POPULATION 25 YEARS AND OLDER 25 years and older in the by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015, and nearly 1,000 Native Hawai- by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015, San Gabriel Valley (SGV) are less Ranked by Percent Low-Income ians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) Ranked by Percent Holding a High School Degree or Higher likely than Whites to hold high in the San Gabriel Valley are Latino 44% school or college degrees 37. 17% living in poverty .42 Vietnamese 65% 24% 41%  Vietnamese Americans are less Vietnamese  Almost 15% of Asian American 67% 17% Latino likely than any racial group to seniors in the San Gabriel Valley 13% 39% AIAN hold a high school degree and 18% are living in poverty, a rate AIAN 79% 25% least likely among Asian Amer- 35% higher than the average for all Total Population 80% ican ethnic groups to hold a 14% seniors (11%) in the region .43 Total Population 31% 38 college degree . Black or 34%  Asian Americans in the region Chinese 80% African American 16% (except Taiwanese) 43%  Native Hawaiians and Pacific have a higher poverty rate Chinese 34% 83% Islanders (NHPI) are less likely 14% than Whites (12% versus 8%), Asian American (except Taiwanese) 46% than average to hold a bache- a greater proportion who are 30% 39 Asian American 44 85% lor’s degree . 12% low-income (30% versus 20%), Thai 46% 27% and a lower per capita income  Over 14,300 English language NHPI 45 Black or African American 91% 13% ($28,800 versus $46,384) . 31% learner (ELL) students in the 26% SGV speak an Asian or Pacific Thai  Approximately 17% of Viet- NHPI 91% 9% 28% Island language 40. namese Americans live below Korean 25% 91% 10% the poverty line, a rate that is Indian  The top three languages spoken 71% highest among Asian American by ELL students are Mandarin, Taiwanese 25% Taiwanese 92% 10% ethnic groups and comparable 57% Cantonese, and Vietnamese 41. to that of Latinos .46 Indian 21% White 94% 8% 45%  Over one third of Chinese White 20% Filipino 94% 8% Americans in the San Gabriel 55% Valley are low-income, and 14% 17% 95% Japanese 47 Korean 6% live below the poverty line . 61% 96% Filipino 17%  Approximately 27% of NHPI are Japanese 6% 52% low-income and 13% live below U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Table C17002. 48 Estimates, Table B15002. the poverty line . Top: Low-income Top: High school degree or higher Bottom: Poverty Bottom: Bachelor’s degree or higher

14 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY EDUCATION INCOME A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 15  Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific EMPLOYMENT Islanders (NHPI) in the San Gabriel Valley (SGV) are employed in both white- and blue-collar jobs . Over 45% of Asian Americans and 37% of NHPI in the THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED region work in management, business, science, and BY LOW-WAGE WORKERS IN the arts, but a majority work in other occupations 49. THE SERVICE INDUSTRY  Approximately 16% of Asian Americans and 18% of NHPI work in service-related occupations . Andrew K . (pseudonym) works as a busboy at a These include low-wage workers such as those Approximately restaurant in Alhambra . 16% in the restaurant, nail salon, and home health He is single without family in the U .S ., sending money care industries .50 of Asian Americans home to help support his mom in China . While he’s  Across the four county subdivisions that make picked up more English working at the restaurant, up the San Gabriel Valley, median earnings for and 18% of NHPI work in he’s much more comfortable speaking Chinese . service industry workers fell between $17,476 In his five years working there, he has never received and $18,576 and were lowest among major service-related occupations. a meal or rest break . When he and his coworkers occupational categories .51 take more than a few minutes to use the bathroom,  Approximately 11% of Asian Americans in the their manager yells at them and tells them to get SGV work in health care–related occupations 52. back to work . Despite working the overnight shift

10 hours a day, five days a week for minimum wage,  The unemployment rate for Asian Americans his employer doesn’t pay him the overtime wages in 2015 was 7% 53. required by state law . Although all California workers earn at least 24 hours of paid sick leave per year, Andrew was never told about paid sick days or allowed to take them . OCCUPATIONS FOR THE CIVILIAN EMPLOYED POPULATION 16 YEARS AND OVER San Gabriel Valley 2011–2015 He learned about his workplace rights through the % BLACK Restaurant Opportunities Center of Los Angeles and % % OCCUPATIONS ASIAN % OR % % % TOTAL is in the process of filing a wage claim for his unpaid AIAN AFRICAN LATINO NHPI WHITE AMERICAN AMERICAN POPULATION overtime, meal breaks, and rest breaks . MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, SCIENCE & ARTS 45% 33% 40% 22% 37% 53% 37% NATURAL RESOURCES, CONSTRUCTION 3% 7% 4% 11% 4% 6% 7% & MAINTENANCE PRODUCTION, TRANSPORTATION & 9% 15% 10% 18% 8% 6% 12% MATERIAL MOVING SALES AND OFFICE 27% 25% 26% 26% 34% 24% 26% SERVICE 16% 21% 19% 22% 18% 11% 18% Building & Grounds Cleaning 1% 5% 3% 7% 3% 1% 4% & Maintenance Food Preparation & Serving 6% 5% 4% 7% 4% 3% 6% Related Occupations Healthcare Support 2% 1% 2% 2% 5% 1% 2% Personal Care & Service 6% 5% 6% 4% 4% 4% 5% Protective Service 1% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% 2% (Law Enforcement & Fire Fighting) TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Selected Population Table, Table C24010. Note: Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. See Appendix C for comprehensive occupations table.

16 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY INTRODUCTIONPhoto by Jeffer Giang EMPLOYMENT A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 17 HOUSING HEALTH

Nearly 69,000 Asian Nearly 82,000 Asian Americans Americans in the San Gabriel in the San Gabriel Valley Valley are burdened by do not have health insurance.

the high cost of housing. Photo by SunDried Penguin LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH by Race and Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley 2015

LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH HOMEOWNERS AND RENTERS  Between 2015 and 2016, the average rent in the RACE AND NO. 1 CAUSE NO. 2 CAUSE NO. 3 CAUSE by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Ethnic Group, ETHNIC GROUP San Gabriel Valley (SGV) increased 4 .9% . Vacancy % OF TOTAL FOR GROUP % OF TOTAL FOR GROUP % OF TOTAL FOR GROUP San Gabriel Valley 2010 rates were at 2 .7% during this same time, com- Asian American Cancer 31% Heart disease 23% Stroke 8% Samoan 41% 59% pared to 3 .3% countywide 54. Cambodian 48% 52% Cambodian Cancer 39% Heart disease 33% Multiple causes 11%  The median home price in the SGV rose to $662,400 Black or African American 49% 51% Chinese Cancer 33% Heart disease 20% Influenza 8% in 2016, compared to $559,000 countywide . The Guamanian or Chamorro 50% 50% Filipino Cancer 31% Heart disease 29% Stroke 8% AIAN 51% 49% greatest increases in the SGV occurred in Azusa, 55 Indian Heart disease 28% Cancer 24% Multiple causes 6% Native Hawaiian 51% 49% San Dimas, and Alhambra . Latino 52% 48% Japanese Heart disease 27% Cancer 22% Alzheimer’s disease 10%  Nearly 69,000 Asian Americans in the San Gabriel Bangladeshi 54% 46% Valley are burdened by the high cost of housing, Korean Heart disease 30% Cancer 27% Stroke 7% Korean 54% 46% spending 30% or more of their household income Thai Cancer 35% Heart disease 17% Stroke 13% Tongan 55% 45% 56 Vietnamese 55% 45% on housing costs . Vietnamese Cancer 26% Heart disease 18% Stroke 14% Indian 55% 45% NHPI Heart disease 26% Cancer 21% Multiple causes 5%  Over 52% of Asian American renters in the SGV are Indonesian 56% 44% housing cost burdened . Among renters, Vietnamese Total Population Heart disease 25% Cancer 25% Stroke 6% NHPI 56% 44% Americans (61%) have a higher housing cost burden California Department of Public Health, Tabulated California Vital Records Data, 2015. Note: Chinese figures include Taiwanese. Data are suppressed for groups with fewer than 10 Malaysian 57% 43% persons in the geography. “Multiple causes” is listed if more than one cause of death is tied in ranking. than all racial groups 57. Among homeowners with Burmese 58% 42% a mortgage, 49% of Asian Americans in the region Pakistani 58% 42%  Cancer is the leading cause of from the flu were seniors age  Nearly 82,000 Asian Americans are housing cost burdened, a rate higher than Asian Laotian 59% 41% death for Asian Americans in 65 and over .62 and over 1,000 NHPI in the SGV Americans countywide (47%) 58. Total Population 60% 40% the San Gabriel Valley (SGV); are uninsured 66.  Among Japanese Americans, Sri Lankan 61% 39% 31% of Asian American deaths  Asian Americans (63%) have lower homeowner- Fijian over 10% of deaths were  One in five 61% 39% ship rates than Whites (68%), while only 56% of in 2015 were attributed to the Asian American caused by Alzheimer’s disease, in the SGV are uninsured, 63% 37% Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) disease, a rate higher than any Chinese (except Taiwanese) a rate higher than all racial and a rate higher than the total 63% 37% 59 other racial group . Asian Amer- are homeowners . ethnic groups 63. population .67 Filipino 65% 35% icans and Latinos are the only Thai 65% 35%  Although only 1% of the Asian Americans and NHPI racial groups for which cancer is  Over 5% of Asian Americans  Nearly 20% of Asian Americans White 68% 32% population in the SGV experiences homelessness, the leading cause of death 61. have had suicidal ideation 64. in the region do not have a Taiwanese 74% 26% from 2015 to 2017 the number of homeless Asian Japanese usual source of care when sick 75% 25% 60  Among Chinese Americans in  Vietnamese American seniors age Americans and NHPI more than tripled . or in need of health advice, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census SF2, Table HCT2. the San Gabriel Valley, influ- 65 and older in the SGV are more compared to approximately Left: Homeowner enza is the third leading cause likely than seniors in any racial 68 Right: Renter 6% of Whites . of death . In 2015, over 97% of group to have a disability (40% Chinese Americans who died compared to 35% on average) 65.

18 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY HOUSING HEALTH A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 19 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

The San Gabriel Valley is home to some of The needs of Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians ensure local implementation of SB 54, which and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) in the San Gabriel Valley curtails the use of state and local resources to the polluted parts of California. are often rendered invisible by model-minority stereo- enforce federal immigration law . most types of unwavering success and data aggregated by  Adequately funding the Los Angeles County racial group . Using data from the U .S . Census Bureau Office of Immigrant Affairs and the L .A . Justice and other sources, this report documents Asian Fund to meet the needs of diverse immigrant American and NHPI poverty and low-wage work, communities countywide . persistent language barriers, and environmental hazards that impact the health of all residents . LANGUAGE An overwhelmingly immigrant population, almost These policy recommendations serve as a starting half of Asian Americans in the San Gabriel Valley are point for improving the delivery of services to two limited English proficient (LEP) and face some chal- of the region’s most diverse racial groups . lenges communicating in English, which impacts their CIVIC ENGAGEMENT ability to access basic city or county services . Policy During the 2016 presidential election, Asian American makers, foundations, and others can better address POLLUTION BURDEN voters were the margin of victory in legislative language barriers facing immigrant communities by: districts throughout the San Gabriel Valley . Yet our San Gabriel Valley 2005–2016  Enacting language access ordinances that improve communities have yet to realize their potential as  The San Gabriel Valley is home local governments’ ability to serve all residents . participants in the political process . Policy makers, to some of the most polluted The cities of Oakland and San Francisco have foundations, and others can promote the civic parts of California . According adopted ordinances to improve access to services engagement of Asian Americans and NHPI by: to the California Environmental through bilingual assistance, translated materials, Protection Agency’s CalEnviro-  Providing funding to community organizations that and other means . offer culturally and linguistically competent natu- Screen 3 .0 data, over 25% of  Increasing government funding for free and low- ralization assistance, voter registration, and voter the region is severely polluted, cost adult English language programs . education to Asian Americans and NHPI . Because with one in four census tracts at civic engagement work is most effective when EDUCATION or above the 90th percentile for Irwindale conducted on an ongoing basis, funding should be In schools serving immigrant communities, language pollution burden statewide 69. access is critical to both student achievement and San Gabriel provided for multiyear periods . Alhambra parental engagement . Policy makers, foundations, El Monte  Among cities with the largest  Increasing awareness of language assistance avail- Rosemead and others can better address the educational needs Asian American populations, Pomona able to voters under Section 203 of the federal Monterey Park of Asian Americans and NHPI by: 70% of El Monte, 46% of Voting Rights Act and California Elections Code  Increasing funding for public K–12, adult, and Rosemead, 40% of San Gabriel, Section 14201; promoting the Secretary of State’s higher education to ensure education is accessible 31% of Hacienda Heights, 30% Hacienda Industry voter registration website, available in eight Asian Heights and affordable . Financial aid programs, targeted of Alhambra, 29% of Temple languages; and educating voters about the county’s outreach, and in-language resources for parents City, and 27% of Monterey Park new voting system to be adopted in 2020 . are critical . are severely polluted 70. IMMIGRATION Over two-thirds of Asian Americans and one-quarter  Supporting opportunities for meaningful parental  Particular pollution challenges California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), CalEnviroScreen 3 .0, January 2017 . Pollution involvement, including providing LEP parents with Burden scores measure the aggregate level of pollution in a census tract relative to others statewide and are derived of NHPI in the region are immigrants and an esti- include the release of toxic from the average percentiles across seven exposure and five environmental effects indicators . The darkest shade translation of school documents and interpretation represents census tracts whose pollution burden is higher than 90% of census tracts statewide . mated 58,000 Asian Americans are undocumented . chemicals from industrial facil- Policy makers, foundations, and others can better at school meetings and events . Schools should be ities south of the 10 Freeway; serve all immigrants by: encouraged to voluntarily translate materials into languages that do not meet the 15% threshold for drinking-water contamination  In its 2016 Los Angeles County- El Monte as having a “very  Ensuring local implementation of state laws and in Alhambra, Arcadia, Irwindale, mandatory translation . wide Comprehensive Parks high” need for parks and green adopting local ordinances that prohibit discrimina- Monterey Park, Temple City, and & Recreation Needs Assessment, space, while Alhambra, La Pu- tion against immigrants in employment, housing,  Supporting after-school and other youth programs West Covina; and exhaust from the Los Angeles County De- ente, and Temple city were clas- education, and public services, particularly the use that provide academic and cultural enrichment, vehicle traffic along the 10, 60, partment of Parks & Recreation sified as having “high” need 72. of retaliation against undocumented immigrants leadership development, social justice education, 210, and 605 Freeway corridors 71. classified Baldwin Park and for asserting their rights . They should also work to and community engagement .

20 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 21 INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT  Ensuring every health care provider has the capac- Despite stereotypes of monolithic success, thousands ity to engage patients in their primary language of Asian Americans and NHPI in the San Gabriel and in a manner compatible with their cultural RESOURCES Valley work in blue-collar jobs . Approximately 16% beliefs . Doing so promotes effective, respectful of Asian Americans and 18% of NHPI work in service- communication between patients and providers . ON THE ENVIRONMENT Restaurant Opportunities Center of Los Angeles related occupations . With over 66,700 Asian Americans API Forward Movement (Transportation) (Restaurant Workers)  Expanding our health care system, supporting www .apifm .org www .rocunited .org/staff-and-locals/los-angeles and nearly 1,000 NHPI in the region living below the publicly funded health and social service pro- Wage Justice Center (Wage Theft) poverty line, policy makers, foundations, and others grams, and shifting our health care system toward The Wilderness Society (Conservation) www .wilderness .org www .wagejustice .org should address the needs of low-wage workers by: single-payer and/or universal coverage . This will TO VOTE  Ensuring a minimum wage and overtime pay for increase access to health for all Californians, ON HEALTH all workers, including those employed as caregivers regardless of immigration status . API Forward Movement (Healthy Foods and Active Living) Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles (Voting Rights Project) and in the nail salon and restaurant industries . www .apifm .org  Expanding the definition of health to include access www .advancingjustice-la .org/what-we-do/policy-and- Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles Cities should develop minimum wage enforcement research/voting-rights-0 to healthy and affordable foods, safe places to (Health Insurance) ordinances or “opt in” to those developed by play, employment with fair wages, safe housing, www .advancingjustice-la .org/what-we-do/ California Secretary of State Los Angeles County . The enforcement of labor laws and other social determinants of health . Residents policy-and-research/health-justice (New Voters, Bilingual Resources) www .sos .ca .gov/elections/voting-resources requires meaningful sanctions against employers should be able to access health-serving places with- Asian Pacific Health Care Venture (Health Care Services) /voting-california who break the law . out fear of intimidation or arrest . www .aphcv .org Los Angeles County Registrar of Voters Chinese Christian Herald Crusade  Improving the engagement of Asian Americans and (Voting and Elections, Bilingual Resources) ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE (Health and Dental Services) NHPI around workers’ rights issues . Funding should www .lavote .net/home/voting-elections Home to large Asian American and Latino popula- www .cchcla .org/en/ support community organizations that educate tions, the region is also home to some of the most Pacific Clinics FOR YOUTH AND PARENTS Asian American and NHPI workers about their polluted places in California . Policy makers, founda- (Mental Health, Substance Use Disorder Treatment) Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles rights; organize them; and help victims of wage tions, and others should address environmental and www .pacificclinics .org (Youth & Parent Leadership Development) theft, overtime, and other labor law violations file environmental justice issues by: Tzu Chi Clinics (Health and Dental Services) www .advancingjustice-la .org/what-we-do/leadership- claims . Funding should also support the ability of www .tzuchiclinics .org development/youth-and-parent  Developing a regional assessment of environmental government agencies to engage workers in com- Asian Youth Center (Youth & Family Services) FOR RENTERS, HOMEOWNERS monly spoken Asian and Pacific Island languages assets and concerns and their impact on commu- www .asianyouthcenter .org Housing Rights Center nities of color and mobilizing key stakeholders to East San Gabriel Valley Japanese Community Center through public websites, educational materials, (Education, Advocacy, and Litigation) address the considerable environmental challenges (Cultural Enrichment Classes; Youth and Senior Programs) forms, and assistance hotlines . www .hrc-la .org facing the area . www .esgvjcc .org Los Angeles County Department of Consumer and  Ensuring access to quality, affordable, and culturally SGV Immigrant Youth Coalition (Immigration)  Improving access to parks and other green space . By Business Affairs (Renter, Homeowner Information) and linguistically appropriate child care . www .ciyja .org/affiliates establishing more connections between existing bike www .dcba .lacounty .gov The Wilderness Society HOUSING paths, multiuse trails, parks, and open spaces, policy Neighborhood Legal Services (Legal Help) (San Gabriel Mountains Forever Leadership Academy) Nearly 69,000 Asian Americans in the region are www .nlsla .org/services/housing makers can create an interconnected network of rec- www .lanatureforall .org/what-we-do/programs burdened by the high cost of housing, spending 30% reational opportunities for park-poor communities . FOR WORKERS /leadershipacademy or more of their income on a place to live . As the cost Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles of renting an apartment or buying a home continues DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING LEGAL HELP Both community contributions and challenges can- (Legal Help) to increase, policy makers, foundations, and others www .advancingjustice-la .org/what-we-do/impact-litigation Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles not be fully understood without access to good should improve access to affordable housing by: /employment-and-workplace-issues Website www .advancingjustice-la .org data . Policy makers, foundations, and others should Chinese (800) 520-2356  Establishing local rent controls and eliminating Bet Tzedek (Legal Help) increase the availability of local data on Asian www .bettzedek .org English (888) 349-9695 regulations like the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Americans and NHPI by: Khmer (800) 867-3126 Act that limit their effectiveness . California Department of Industrial Relations,  Collecting and reporting data in ways consistent with Labor Commissioner’s Office Korean (800) 867-3640  Providing more resources and visibility to court 1997 revisions to Office of Management and Budget (Know Your Rights, Bilingual Resources) Tagalog (855) 300-2552 www .dir .ca .gov/DLSE/Know_Your_Rights .html mediation programs for homeowners facing fore- (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 15, which calls for Thai (800) 914-9583 California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative closure and ensuring language access in the court data on Asian Americans and NHPI to be collected Vietnamese (800) 267-7395 (Nail Salon Workers) system for those facing eviction or foreclosure . Other Languages (888) 349-9695 and reported on as two distinct racial groups . www .cahealthynailsalons .org HEALTH Advancing Justice – LA’s hotlines prioritize assistance to  Collecting and reporting data on distinct Asian National Day Laborer Organizing Network (Day Laborers) While Asian Americans and NHPI are disproportion- American and NHPI ethnic groups . City and county www .ndlon .org low-income persons in the following areas of law: family, ately impacted by certain types of disease, many lack government agencies and local school districts Pilipino Workers Center immigration, consumer, public benefits, employment, housing, and civil rights . access to culturally and linguistically appropriate care . should look to the U .S . Census Bureau and state law (Home Health Care Workers/Caregivers) www .pwcsc .org Policy makers, foundations, and others should work to for best practices . improve the health of San Gabriel Valley residents by: Pomona Economic Opportunity Center (Day Laborers) www .pomonadaylabor .org

22 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS RESOURCES A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 23 GLOSSARY APPENDIX A: Population & Population Growth Ranked by 2010 Population disability 2000 2010 % Growth RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN According to the U .S . Census Bureau, includes hearing, vision, Number % of Total Number % of Total 2000 to 2010 cognitive, ambulatory, self-care, or independent living difficulties . Latino 803,517 44% 855,755 46% 7% housing cost burden Asian American 430,506 24% 524,716 28% 22% Households are considered to have a high burden when 30% or White 481,255 26% 398,740 22% -17% more of household income is spent on housing costs, which include Black or African American 97,075 5% 81,607 4% -16% rent and utilities . AIAN 27,381 2% 26,061 1% -5% limited English proficient NHPI 6,839 0 .4% 7,187 0 .4% 5% Persons who speak English less than “very well .” TOTAL POPULATION 1,817,026 100% 1,846,796 100% 2% low-income 2000 2010 % Growth ASIAN AMERICAN ETHNIC GROUPS People who fall below 200% of the income-to-poverty ratio, or Number % of AA Number % of AA 2000 to 2010 those with income for the past 12 months that was less than twice Chinese (except Taiwanese) 212,861 49% 266,701 51% 25% the poverty threshold (e .g ,. the 2015 Census Bureau poverty threshold Filipino 59,971 14% 72,272 14% 21% was $24,036 for a family of four with two children under age 18) . Vietnamese 42,493 10% 54,647 10% 29% margin of victory Korean 29,496 7% 37,804 7% 28% The difference between the number of votes cast for the winning Taiwanese 30,651 7% 32,450 6% 6% candidate and votes cast for the second-place candidate . Japanese 30,426 7% 29,276 6% -4% model-minority myth Indian 15,026 3% 17,584 3% 17% A stereotype that depicts Asian Americans as monolithically success- Thai 5,517 1 .3% 6,763 1% 23% ful . This stereotype masks disparities that exist among different Asian Cambodian 4,748 1 .1% 6,224 1% 31% American ethnic groups, serves as a wedge between Asian Americans Indonesian 4,898 1 .1% 6,192 1% 26% and other communities of color by creating a racial hierarchy, and down- Burmese NR NR 3,589 0 .7% NR plays the effects of systemic racism . Pakistani 1,357 0 .3% 2,048 0 .4% 51% per capita income Laotian 1,231 0 .3% 1,384 0 .3% 12% The mean income computed for all individuals in a particular group Sri Lankan 731 0 .2% 1,100 0 .2% 50% in the past 12 months . It is derived by dividing the total income of a Malaysian 568 0 .1% 779 0 .1% 37% particular group by the total population of that group . Bangladeshi 162 0 .04% 461 0 .1% 185% poverty Nepalese NR NR 214 0 .04% NR A measure of income relative to the federal poverty threshold Hmong 83 0 .02% 131 0 .02% 58% (the poverty line) . Adjusted for family size, the 2015 Census Bureau ASIAN AMERICAN 430,506 100% 524,716 100% 22% poverty threshold was less than $24,036 annually for a family of 2000 2010 % Growth four with two children under age 18 . NHPI ETHNIC GROUPS Number % of NHPI Number % of NHPI 2000 to 2010 seniors Native Hawaiian 2,030 30% 2,132 30% 5% Persons age 65 years and over . Samoan 1,201 18% 1,141 16% -5% unemployment rate Guamanian or Chamorro 608 9% 650 9% 7% The percent of the civilian workforce age 16 years or older who have Tongan 130 2% 172 2% 32% been actively looking for work over the previous four weeks but have Fijian 80 1% 132 2% 65% yet to find a job . Marshallese NR NR 13 0 .2% NR NHPI 6,839 100% 7,187 100% 5%

U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1 Tables P8, P9, PCT7, and PCT10; 2010 Census SF1 Tables P5, P6, PCT7, and PCT10. Note: Figures include both single race/ethnicity and mul- tiracial/multiethnic people, except for White, which is single race, non-Latino. Figures do not sum to total. NR = No report. Ethnic group did not meet 2000 Census population threshold for reporting.

24 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY GLOSSARY APPENDIX A A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 25 APPENDIX B: Selected Population Characteristics APPENDIX C: Occupations for Civilian Employed by Race & Hispanic Origin Population 16 Years and Over, by Ethnic Group, San Gabriel Valley, 2011–2015 High School Homeownership LEP Foreign-Born Per Capita Income Poverty Rate Asian Chinese Vietna- Degree or Higher OCCUPATION Indian (except Filipino Japanese Korean Taiwanese Thai American Taiwanese) mese SF2 HCT2 ACS 5-Year B16004 ACS 5-Year B05003 ACS 5-Year B19301 ACS 5-Year B17001 ACS 5-Year B15002 MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, SCIENCE Black 45% 68% 43% 50% 57% 55% 53% 40% 32% Asian Asian & ARTS or African 49% 46% 67% Latino $18,358 AIAN 18% Latino 67% American American American Computer, Engineering & Science 9% 22% 8% 7% 10% 6% 9% 9% 8% AIAN 51% Latino 28% Latino 34% NHPI $21,768 Latino 17% AIAN 79% Architecture & Engineering 3% 6% 3% 3% 5% 1% 3% 4% 3% Black or Computer & Mathematical 4% 13% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% 4% 4% Asian Latino 52% NHPI 12% NHPI 28% AIAN $25,836 African 16% 83% American Life, Physical & Social Science 1% 3% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% American Education, Legal, Community Service, 9% 12% 8% 7% 17% 16% 9% 7% 6% Black or Black or Arts & Media NHPI 56% AIAN 12% AIAN 12% African $27,073 NHPI 13% African 91% Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports American American 3% 3% 2% 2% 5% 4% 2% 1% 2% & Media Asian Asian Asian 63% White 4% White 11% $28,800 12% NHPI 91% American American American Community & Social Service 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 3% 1% 1% 1% Black or Black or Education, Training & Library 4% 7% 4% 3% 8% 7% 5% 4% 3% White 68% African 2% African 8% White $46,384 White 8% White 94% Legal 1% 0 .3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0 .4% American American Healthcare Practitioners & Technical 9% 11% 6% 21% 7% 9% 8% 6% 6% Total Total Total Total Total Total Occupations 60% 27% 38% $27,716 14% 80% Population Population Population Population Population Population Health Diagnosing & Treating Practi- 7% 10% 5% 15% 5% 8% 7% 5% 4% tioners & Other Technical Occupations by Asian American & NHPI Ethnic Groups Health Technologists & Technicians 2% 2% 1% 6% 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% High School Homeownership LEP Foreign-Born Per Capita Income Poverty Rate Management, Business & Financial 19% 22% 20% 15% 22% 24% 27% 19% 12% Degree or Higher Business & Financial Operations 9% 7% 9% 7% 10% 8% 12% 5% 6% SF2 HCT2 ACS 5-Year B16004 ACS 5-Year B05003 ACS 5-Year B19301 ACS 5-Year B17001 ACS 5-Year B15002 Management 10% 15% 10% 8% 12% 16% 15% 14% 6% Samoan 41% Taiwanese 57% Taiwanese 76% Vietnamese $21,021 Vietnamese 17% Vietnamese 65% NATURAL RESOURCES, CONSTRUCTION 3% 1% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 2% 5% & MAINTENANCE Cambodian 48% Vietnamese 56% Chinese 72% Chinese $27,923 Chinese 14% Chinese 80% (except Taiwanese) (except Taiwanese) (except Taiwanese) (except Taiwanese) Construction & Extraction 2% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0 .4% 2% Guamanian 50% Chinese 55% Indian 69% Thai $28,922 Korean 10% Thai 85% Farming, Fishing & Forestry 0 .1% NR 0 .02% 0 .1% NR NR 0 .1% NR 12% or Chamorro (except Taiwanese) Installation, Maintenance & Repair 2% 0 .1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 1% 3% Native 51% Thai 46% Vietnamese 68% Filipino $28,970 Taiwanese 10% Indian 91% PRODUCTION, TRANSPORTATION Hawaiian 9% 4% 9% 7% 5% 5% 3% 6% 15% & MATERIAL MOVING Bangladeshi 54% Korean 43% Korean 67% Korean $32,171 Thai 9% Taiwanese 92% Material Moving 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 0 .2% 1% 0 .5% 2% Korean 54% Indian 23% Thai 65% Taiwanese $32,422 Indian 8% Filipino 94% Production 5% 3% 5% 4% 3% 4% 2% 2% 11% Tongan 55% Filipino 19% Filipino 60% Japanese $37,110 Japanese 6% Korean 95% Transportation 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 3% 2% Vietnamese 55% Japanese 16% Japanese 21% Indian $43,119 Filipino 6% Japanese 96% SALES & OFFICE OCCUPATIONS 27% 21% 28% 25% 24% 27% 35% 29% 23% Indian 55% Office & Administrative Support 14% 14% 14% 17% 14% 9% 22% 14% 13% Indonesian 56% Sales & Related Occupations 12% 7% 14% 8% 10% 18% 13% 15% 10% Malaysian 57% SERVICE OCCUPATIONS 16% 7% 17% 16% 12% 10% 6% 24% 24% Burmese 58% Building & Grounds Cleaning 1% 0 .1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 0 .3% 1% 1% Pakistani 58% & Maintenance Food Preparation & Serving Laotian 59% 6% 3% 7% 4% 3% 4% 1% 15% 4% Related Occupations Sri Lankan 61% SHADED = Fairing below Non-Hispanic Whites BOLD = Fairing below the area average Healthcare Support 2% 1% 2% 5% 1% 1% 1% 4% 2% Fijian 61% BLUE = Fairing below all major racial and ethnic groups Personal Care & Service 6% 1% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 4% 16% Chinese 63% Protective Service 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0 .4% 0 .2% 1% 1% (except Taiwanese) Fire Fighting & Prevention & Filipino 65% Other Protective Service Workers 0 .5% 1% 0 .4% 1% 1% 0 .1% 0 .2% 0 .3% 0 .4% Including Supervisors Thai 65% Law Enforcement Workers 0 .3% NR 0 .2% 0 .3% 1% 0 .2% NR 0 .5% 0 .2% Taiwanese 74% Including Supervisors Japanese 75% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% For homeownership, data are from the 2010 Decennial Census Summary File 2. For all other variables, data are from the 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Esti- U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Selected Population Table, Table C24010. Note: Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. mates. Fewer ethnic groups are available from the American Community Survey because of data instability and smaller sample size. NR = No report. Occupation did not meet threshold for reporting. 26 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY APPENDIX B APPENDIX C A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 27 NOTES TECHNICAL NOTES

1 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2010, Census SF1, Tables P5 and P6 . 37 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Geographies used in the report 2010 Census Summary File 2 suppresses groups with Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B15002 . 2 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 Census SF1, Table P6 . Since the U .S . Census Bureau does not recognize the fewer than 100 persons in a geography; the American 3 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Tables P8 and P9; 38 . Ibid . 2010 Census SF1, Tables P5 and P6 . 39 . Ibid . San Gabriel Valley as a discrete geography, cen- Community Survey also suppresses groups due to 4 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF2, Table PCT3; 2010 40 . California Department of Education, 2016–2017, sus data on the region must be aggregated using sampling sizes . To help ensure that the housing char- Census SF2, Table PCT3 . Tables “Number of English Learners by Language ”. four Census County Divisions (CCD): Pasadena CCD, acteristics presented in the report accurately reflect 5 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Table P9; 2010 Census 41 . Ibid . Upper San Gabriel CCD, East San Gabriel CCD, and an ethnic group, for the 2010 Summary File 2 tables SF1, Table P6 . 42 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community 6 . California Health Interview Survey, 2011–2015 . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table C17002 . Southwest San Gabriel CCD . In other instances where we include groups with 200 or more households 7 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Table QT-P6; 43 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community cities within the San Gabriel Valley (SGV) are used and more than 100 persons in the geography . For 2010 Census SF1, Table QT-P6 . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B17001 . for a particular data point, cities located within these the 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates from the American 8 .Ibid . 44 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community 9 .Ibid . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table C17002 . four CCDs as well as those listed on the San Gabriel Community Survey, several ethnic groups are 10 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 SF1, Table PCT7 and PCT10; 45 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Valley Economic Partnership’s website are used . An excluded due to data stability concerns . Groups that 2010 Census SF2, Table PCT1 . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Tables B19313 and B01003 . aggregation of these cities is used for data from were available from the American Community Survey 46 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community 11 . Ibid . the California Department of Education . Data from but were not included in the report for this reason 12 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2000 Census SF1, Tables PCT7 and Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table C17002 . PCT10; 2010 Census SF1, Tables PCT7 and PCT10 . 47 . Ibid . the California Health Interview Survey used Service include Burmese Americans, , 13 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2012 Survey of Business Owners, 48 . Ibid . Planning Area 3 (San Gabriel Valley) as the geo- Indonesian Americans, , Pakistani Table SB1200CSA01 . 49 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community graphical boundary, while data from the California Americans, , and Native Hawaiians . 14 . Ibid . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Selected Population Table, Table C24010 . Department of Public Health is based on zip codes . 15 . Ibid . Sources of data used in this report 16 . Ibid . 50 . Ibid . Measuring the characteristics of racial and Most of the data included in this report are drawn 17 . Ibid . 51 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table S2411 . 18 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community ethnic groups from the United States Census Bureau, including Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B05003 . 52 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Selected Population Table, Since 2000, the United States Census Bureau has the 2000 and 2010 Decennial Census, American 19 . Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles analysis Table C24010 . allowed those responding to its questionnaires to Community Survey (ACS) 2011–2015 Estimates, and of the California Secretary of State’s statewide voter file, drawn January 25, 2017 . 53 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community report one or more racial or ethnic backgrounds . 2012 Survey of Business Owners . Other data in the Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B23001 . 20 . Asian Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles . 2017 . While this better reflects America’s diversity and report come from Beacon Economics, the California “Asian Americans at the Ballot Box: The 2016 General 54 . Beacon Economics, 2017 . “2017 San Gabriel Valley Election in California .” Economic Forecast and Regional Overview Report .” improves data available on multiracial populations, Environmental Protection Agency, California 21 . California State Senate Districts 22 and 32 did not hold 55 . Ibid . it complicates the use of data on racial and ethnic Department of Public Health, California Department elections for state senate in 2016 . Asian Americans 56 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community groups . Data on race are generally available from of Education, California Secretary of State, California Advancing Justice – Los Angeles . 2017 . “Asian Americans Survey 5-Year Estimates, Tables B25070 and B25091 . at the Ballot Box: The 2016 General Election in California .” 57 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community the Census Bureau in two forms: for those of a Health Interview Survey, Center for Migration Studies, 22 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B25070 . single racial background (referred to as “alone”) Los Angeles County Department of Parks & Recreation, Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B05003 . 58 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community with multiracial people captured in an independent and the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority . 23 . Ibid . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B25091 . category, and for those of either single or multiple 24 . Ibid . 59 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2010 Census SF2, Table HCT2 . Publications are available in print or on the Asian 60 . Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, 2017 . “Greater racial backgrounds (referred to as “alone or in 25 . Ibid . Americans Advancing Justice – Los Angeles website 26 . Center for Migration Studies, 2015 . Los Angeles Point-in-Time Count .” combination with one or more other races”) . 61 . California Department of Public Health, Tabulated (www .advancingjustice-la .org/demographics), where 27 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Similarly, data on ethnic groups are generally avail- Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B05003 . Note: California Vital Records Data, 2015 . they can be downloaded or printed free of charge . 62 . Ibid . able as “alone” or “alone or in any combination .” Approximately 4% of all foreign-born Asian Americans For questions about ordering reports, please call nationwide live in the San Gabriel Valley . 63 . Ibid . In this report, population, population growth, and (213) 977-7500 . Asian Americans Advancing Justice – 28 . Ward, Mike . “Three Incumbents Voted Off Council in 64 . California Health Interview Survey, 2011-2014 . population characteristics by racial and ethnic group Monterey Park .” Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1986 . 65 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community Los Angeles, 1145 Wilshire Blvd ., 2nd Floor, are measured for the “alone or in combination” pop- 29 . Shyong, Frank . “Monterey Park Drops Plan for English Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B18101 . Los Angeles, CA 90017 . Signs Amid Community Outcry .” Los Angeles Times, 66 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community ulation unless otherwise noted . Exceptions include December 5, 2013 . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B27001 . the measurement of the White population, which 30 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community 67 . Ibid . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B16004 . is defined here as non-Latino White “alone” unless 68 . California Health Interview Survey, 2011-2014 . 31 . Ibid . 69 . California Environmental Protection Agency, 2017 . otherwise noted . Also, “Latino” is used consistently to 32 . Ibid . CalEnviroScreen 3 .0 . refer to Hispanics or Latinos . While the 2010 Census 33 . Ibid . 70 . Ibid . Summary File 1 includes counts of the population and 34 . U .S . Census Bureau, 2011–2015 American Community 71 . Ibid . Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B16001 . housing units, some ethnic groups are suppressed 72 . Los Angeles County Department of Parks & Recreation, 35 . Ibid . 2016 . “Los Angeles Countywide Comprehensive Parks in other Census Bureau products . For example, the 36 . Ibid . & Recreation Needs Assessment .”

28 A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY NOTES TECHNICAL NOTES A Community of Contrasts: SAN GABRIEL VALLEY 29 This report was made possible by the following sponsors: Bank of America, AARP, and the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation

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