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Early Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World This article is one of nearly 500,000 scholarly works digitized and made freely available to everyone in the world by JSTOR. Known as the Early Journal Content, this set of works include research articles, news, letters, and other writings published in more than 200 of the oldest leading academic journals. The works date from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. We encourage people to read and share the Early Journal Content openly and to tell others that this resource exists. People may post this content online or redistribute in any way for non-commercial purposes. Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.jstor.org/participate-jstor/individuals/early- journal-content. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary source objects. JSTOR helps people discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content through a powerful research and teaching platform, and preserves this content for future generations. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization that also includes Ithaka S+R and Portico. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY, HELD AT PHILADELPHIA, FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. VOL. XI.-NEW SERIES. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 3hffIavlpyhfa: WILLIAM S. YOUNG, PRINTER, 52 NORTH SIXTH STREET. 1860. EXTRACT FROM THE LAWS OF THE SOCIETY RELATING TO THE TRANSACTIONS. 1. Every communication to the Society which may be considered as intended for a place in the Transactions, shall immediately be referred to a committee to consider and report thereon. 2. If the committee shall report in favour of publishing the communication, they shall make such corrections therein as they may judge necessary to fit it for the press; or, if they shall judge the publication of an abstract or extracts from the paper to be more eligible, they shall accompany their report with such abstract or extracts. But if the author do not approve of the corrections, abstract or extracts, reported by the committee, he shall be at liberty to withdraw his paper. 3. Communications not intended by their authors for publication in the Transactions, will be received by the Society, and the title or subject of them recorded; and, if they be in writing, they shall be filed by the secretaries. 4. The Transactions shall be published in numbers, at as short intervals as practicable, under the direction of the committee of publication, and in such a form as the Society shall from time to time direct; and every communication ordered to be published in the Transactions shall be immediately sent to the printer, and fifty copies thereof be given to the author as soon as printed. 5. The order in which papers are read shall determine their places in the Transactions, unless otherwise ordered by the Society; priority of date giving priority of location. 6. The expenses of publishing the Transactions shall be defrayed by subscriptions and sales, aided by such funds as the Society shall from time to time appropriate for that purpose. COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION. ROBERT BRIDGES, THOMASP. JAMES, EDWARD HARTSHORNE, HENRY COPPEE, CASPAR WISTER. 2 OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. FOR THE YEAR 1860. PATRON, His Excellency, the Governor of Pennsylvania. PRESIDENT, George B. Wood. ( John C. Cresson, VICE-PRESIDENTS, .. Isaac Lea, I George Sharswood. fCharles B. Trego, I E. Otis Kendall, . SECRETARIES, * * I John L. Le Conte, J. P. Lesley. rFranklin Peale, CURATORS, ....... Elias Durand, ( Joseph Carson. TREASURER, . Charles B. Trego. Alfred L. ( Elwyn, John s.In 1858,. Bell, COUNSELLORS,elected for three ye ~ars.aIn * Henry Coppee, Edward King. Isaac Hays, E. In 1859, iRobert Rogers, Henry C. Carey, - Robert Bridges. ( George 3. Justice, George Tucker, rIn1860, n?. 1 , Robert Patterson, I Henry Vethake. LIBRARIAN, . J. P. Lesley. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Elected since the publication of the Fourth Volume. Edward Stanley, F. R. S., of London. William Parker Foulke, of Philadelphia. James Paget, F. R. S., of London. Spencer F. Baird, of Washington City, D. C. Sir John W. Herschel, of London. C. Fr. Ph. von Martius, of Munich. E. Brown Sequard, M. D., of Paris. William IIaidinger, of Vienna. John II. B. Latrobe, of Baltimore. V. Regnault, of Paris. Montgomery C. Meigs, U. S. Army, Washington. Samuel Powel, of Newport, Rhode Island. Benjamin Hallowell, of Alexandria, Virginia. Elisha J. Lewis, M. D., of Philadelphia. George Harding, of Philadelphia. E. P. Rogers, D. D., of Philadelphia. Francis West, M. D., of Philadelphia. Robert E. Rogers, M. D., of Philadelphia. George A. M'Call, of Philadelphia. Albert Barnes, of Philadelphia. Samuel M. Felton, of Philadelphia. Henry Coppee, of Philadelphia. Samuel D. Gross, M. D., of Louisville, Kentucky. George Allen, of Philadelphia. Dr. Charles Renard, of Moscow. Strickland Kneass, of Philadelphia. C. A. Dohrn, of Stettin. Henry William Field, of London. William Bacon Stevens, D. D., of Philadelphia. John P. Brown, of Constantinople. Benjamin Gerhard, of Philadelphia. George Augustus Matile, of Philadelphia. Elias Durand, of Philadelphia. Thomas L. Kane, of Philadelphia. William V. Keating, M. D., of Philadelphia. William B. Reed, of Philadelphia. Joshua J. Cohen, M. D., of Baltimore. Clement A. Finley, U. S. Army, of Philadelphia. Lord Mahon, of England. Albert S. Letchworth, of Philadelphia. James Lenox, of New York. Theodore Lacordaire, of Liege. Eli K. Price, of Philadelphia. Dr. Hermann Burmeister, of Halle. Constant Guillou, of Philadelphia. Samuel L. Hollingsworth, M. D., of Philadelphia. James D. Dana, of New Haven. Christian Olrik, of Denmark. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, NI.D., of New York. John C. Adamson, D. D., of Philadelphia. James Hall, of Albany, New York. J. P. Lesley, of Philadelphia. xii LIST OF MEMBERSELECTED. John Leyburn, of Philadelphia. William M. Uhler, M. D., of Philadelphia. Hugh Blair Grigsby, LL. D., of Virginia. Charles E. Smith, of Philadelphia. Robert P. Harris, M. D., of Philadelphia. Edward Hartshorne, M. D., of Philadelphia. Thomas F. Betton, of Germantown. Oswald Thompson, of Philadelphia. Theodore Cuyler, of Philadelphia. Edmund C. Evans, M. D., of Chester Co., Pennsylvania. Thomas P. James, of Philadelphia. Caspar Wister, M. D., of Philadelphia. Nathaniel P. Shurtleff, M. D., of Boston. Walter H. Lowrie, Judge of Supreme Court of Penn. Fairman Rogers, of Philadelphia. William S. Vaux, of Philadelphia. B. Howard Rand, M. D., of Philadelphia. William R. Palmer, U. S. Topographical Engineers. Charles M. Cresson, M. D., of Philadelphia. Samuel H. Dickson, Prof. of the Practice of Medicine in Kingston Goddard, of Philadelphia. Jefferson College, Philadelphia. J. Lawrence Smith, M. D., of Louisville. Henry Carleton, formerly of New Orleans, now of Phila. E. Spencer Miller, of Philadelphia. William A. Hammond, M.D., U. S. Army. A. A. Iumphreys, U. S. Topographical Engineers. P. Angelo Secchi, Professor of Astronomy at Rome. Elia Lombardini, Civil Engineer, of Milan, Italy. Aubrey H. Smith, Attorney at Law, Philadelphia. Henry C. Wayne, U. S. Army. Francis W. Lewis, M. D., of Philadelphia. W. H. Allen, President of Girard College, Philadelphia. LIST OF MEMBERS REPORTED DECEASED. SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LAST VOLUME, Joseph Addison Alexander, of Princeton, N. J. Edward Hallowell, M. D., of Philadelphia. William P. C. Barton, M. D., of Philadelphia. Robert Hare, M. D., of Philadelphia. J. W. Bailey, of West Point, New York. Thomas Horsfield, of Calcutta. Sir Francis Beaufort, of England. Alexander Von Humboldt, of Berlin. C. F. Beck, M. D., of Philadelphia. Washington Irving, of New York. T. Romeyn Beck, of Albany. Joel Jones, of Philadelphia. C. C. Biddle, of Philadelphia. John K. Kane, of Philadelphia. Thomas Biddle, of Philadelphia. Elisha K. Kane, of Philadelphia. Robert M. Bird, of Philadelphia. Charles Robert Leslie, of London. Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino. John Locke, M. D., of Cincinnati. William C. Bond, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. John Ludlow, D. D., of Philadelphia. George Campbell, of Philadelphia. John Y. Mason, of Virginia. Baron Cauchy, of Paris. William Mcllvaine, of Burlington. Langdon Cheves, of Columbia, S. C. Louis McLane, of Baltimore. Parker Cleveland, of Brunswick, Maine. Charles McEuen, of Philadelphia. William Bengo Collyer, of London. F. Andre Michaux, of Vaureal, France. Thomas P. Cope, of Philadelphia. John K. Mitchell, M. D., of Philadelphia. Edward H. Courtenay, of Charlottesburg, Virginia. Charles Fenton Mercer, of Virginia. A. L. Crelle, of Berlin. Jacob G. Morris, of Philadelphia. Isaac R. Davis, of Philadelphia. Thomas G. Mower, of the U. S. Army. William H. Dillingham, of Philadelphia. Johannes MlUller,of Berlin. James P. Espy, of Washington, D. C. Thomas D. Mutter, M. D., of Philadelphia. Gotthelf Fisher, of Moscow. Charles Nagy, of Pesth, Hungary. J. C. Flagel, of Leipsic. Manuel De Naxera, of Mexico. C. F. Gauss, of Gottingen. Thomas Nuttall, of England. James Gibson, of Philadelphia. Robert M. Patterson, of Philadelphia. Henry D. Gilpin, of Philadelphia. William H. Prescott, of Boston. Marshall Hall, M. D., of Philadelphia. Joseph Von Hammer Purgstall, of Vienna. xiv MEMBERS REPORTED DECEASED. William Rawle, of Philadelphia. Job R. Tyson, of Philadelphia. W. C. Redfield, of New York. J. J. Vanderkemp, of Philadelphia. Henry Reed, of Philadelphia. Petty Vaughan, of London. William Reid, Governor of Bermuda. Robert Walsh, of Paris. James B. Rogers, of Philadelphia. Nathaniel A. Ware, of Philadelphia. Richard Rush, of Philadelphia. John C. Warren, M. D., of Boston. William Strickland, of Philadelphia. Thomas I. Wharton, of Philadelphia. Guillaume T. Tilesius, of St. Petersburg. Sir James Wylie, of St. Petersburg. Alexis De Tocqueville, of Paris. William Yarrell, of London. CONTENTS. Laws of the Society relating to the Transactions, . .. ix Officers of the Society for the year 1860, . .. x List of the members of the Society elected since the publication of the Tenth volume, . xi List of the members reported deceased, . xiii Biographical Memoir of the late Francois Andre Michaux.