THE FILSON CLUB HISTORY QUARTERLY

Vol. 19 LouisvILIm, KmN'rncxY, JuLy, 1945 No. 8

CHARLES WILKINS SHORT; 1794-1868 BOTANIST AND PHYSICIAN

BY P. ALBERT DAVIES Professor of Biology,

PART I. A BIOCRArmCAL SKETCH OF DR. SHORT

PART II. MATERIALS RELATING TO DR. SHORT: (a) In The Filson Club, (b) In the University of Louisville, (c) Data pertaining to letters he received, (d) His published writings.

• PART I. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. SHORT Read before The Filson Club, June 7, 1943

Dr. , eminent botanist, phy- sician, and teacher, the third son of Peyton and Mary (Maria) Symmes Short, was born at "Greenfield," Woedford County, Kentucky, October 6, 1794. "Greenfield," just south of Ver- sailles, was the pioneer residence of his parents. It contained several iJaousand acres of gently rolling, fertile, inner Blue Grass land on the North Fork of Clear Creek.' The pattern which carried Charles Wilkins Short to distinc- tion and carved his name upon the tablets of time is easily traceable to several fundamental factors: his inheritance, the time in which he lived, the place, and the influence of prominent relatives.. His inheritance was that of Colonial leaders: soldiers, states- men, colonizers, adventurers, merchants, and well-to-do plant- 132 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19 ers. Through his veins surged the blood of the Shorts, the Skipwiths, and the Symmes. , the father of Charles, was the son of a well-to-do planter, William Sh,ort, and his wife, Elizabeth Skipwith, daughter of Sir Wil- liam Skipwith, Baronet; Peyton was the brother of William Short of Virginia and .2 Both Peyton and William enjoyed the free-lance life which was the custom of sons of early Virginia planters, and each received an education equal to the best of the time; William graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1779, and Peyton one year later. Their scholastic record at the College of William and Mary must have been high, for the name of each appears among the founders of the honorary scholastic society of Phi Beta Kappa.s On the death of their father, each received a considerable legacy. Peyton, the more adventurous, departed from his home in Virginia and journeyed to Kentucky to cast his lot with the pioneering civilization. Here he entered into numerous polit- ical and business enterprises and became one of the leading citizens of Kentucky." When Louisville was made a port of entry by the Continental Congress, Peyton was appointed the first collector. He was selected to represent Fayette County in the First . He held the commission of Major in the Kentucky Militia. His business enterprises were many. He speculated with Colonel , then a Lexington merchant, in the purchase of cheap tobacco in Ken- tueky and Ohio, shipping it by water to New Orleans for high profits. Peyton owned and operated a mill and distillery at various times in different parts of Kentucky, also a grocery store in Lexington. He owned thousands of acres of pioneer land in Kentucky and Ohio. For the success of his early busi- .hess enterprises he won the title "Kentucky Millionaire." In 1789, Peyton Short married Mary. Symmes, the eldest daughter of John Cleves Symmes, a Revolutionary War colonel, a congressman and judge, also a colonizer of a vast area of "Military Land" .between the Miami rivers '•in Ohio." He brought his bride to live in Lexington. In the meantime, William Short journeyed to Philadelphia and Washington, and entered foreign diplomatic service for the newly established American nation.6 Because of his ap- 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 179d-1863 1•

pealing personahty, his keen judgment, and perfect command of English and French, he won high honors as a diplomat in foreign service and an enviable position in the highest circles of American and French society. He served as Secretary of the American Legation under Thomas Jefferson when Jefferson was minister to , and later he became charge d'affaires for the AJnerican nation to France. He had the honor of hold- ing, •,hat, it is said, was the first executive commission signed by George Washington, and being the first citizen of the newly formed United States appointed to ofllce under the Federal Constitution. After completing his foreign diplomatic assign- ments, he returned to his native land and settled in Phila- delphia, America's most cultured city. There he became one of that city's most prominent and influential citizens. His amiable character and keen business insight enabled him to accumulate a large fortune. Charles came under the influence of his uncle, William Short, when he went to Philadelphia in 1813 to study medicine in the Medical Department of the University of . He was so impressed by the sound judgment of his uncle that in the years that followed he always consulted him on major problems. His uncle died in 1849, leaving him and his brother, John Cleves Short of Cincinnati, each a large fortune. It was during that age between the opening of the vast area of land beyond the Allegheny Mountains, with a flora scarcely touched and identified and with the i•apid settling of the West, that Charles W. Short was born into a pioneering civilization paramount in time and place for thework in which he became interested and proved capable of doing. In this new pioneering civilization there was a great demand for medical men capable of identifying and instructing others to identify and gather.the plants needed in medicine. This opportunity flourished for the well trained botanist until the latter'half of the nineteenth cen- tury when the rise of synthetic chemistry and pharmacology were to prove that very few herbs gathered for medicine pos- sessed valid therapeutic values, and thereby took. away the practical value of the medical-botanist. Fortune smiled on him in the number and distribution of prominent relatives. His grandfather, John Cleves Symmes, to whom he made several visits during his youth, took a deep 184 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19 interest in the boy and instructed him in the practical things of life. Before he died in 1814, he deeded Charles many acres of valuable farm land in Ohio on which he was able to secure money when he needed it. Charles was greatly indebted to his uncle, William Short, who furnished the money for his medi- cal education in Philadelphia and guided him in his educa- tional and social activities while there. Whenever Charles asked it, this uncle gave freely of his advice on business and finance which Charles used to good advantage, and on his death, in 1849, he bequeathed to Charles a large legacy which enabled him to live in leisure and enjoyment on his beautiful estate, "Hayfield," five miles south of Louisville on the Louis- ville-Bardstown turnpike. His uncle-in-law Dr. Frederick Ridgely and aunt Elizabeth Short Ridgely took an active interest in the care and education of Charles after the death of his stepmother, which, as we shall see, occurred in 1808. Dr. Ridgely was an outstanding physi- cian in the pioneering settlement of Lexington and one of the first professors in the newly founded Medical Department of .• It was under the influence of these kind relatives that Charles, after finishing his preliminary edu- cation in Transylvania University, entered Dr. Ridgely's oflqce to study medicine and later had the opportunity to study medi- cine in Philadelphia. 8 His first offer to teach Matcria Medica and Medical in the Medical Department of Transyl- vania, upon the completion of his medical education in Phila- delphia, came from Dr. Ridgely.° Charles Wilkins, an uncle-in-law, from whom Charles re- ceived his name, was a prominent Kentucky business man and financier. He took an interest in Charles while he was a student in Transylvania University, and later, through his interest in the affairs of the University, was influential in obtaining for Charles a professorship there.'° Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley, who married Charles's sister, Anna Maria, was the outstanding Lexington surgeon of his day..His success as a surgeon, particularly in lithotomy brought him an enviable reputation not only in Kentucky but also in the great medical centers in the East." He was a prominent and influen- tial member of the medical staff of Transylvania University 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 135 and took an active interest in the University and the social life of Lexington. The combined influenc6 of Dr. Frederick Ridgely, Mr; Charles Wilkins, and Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley played a very important role in Dr. Shorts early successes as a physician and a teacher. These men, prominent in the affairs of Lexington and Transylvania University, were responsible for the several calls he received for his return to the University as Professor of Materia Mediea and Medical Botany, and for what success he obtained in the practice of medicine in Lexington. Shortly before Charles was bo•, Peyton Short moved his family to a large acreage of highly prized land on the North Fork of Clear Creek. This, as already noted, became the family estate. He christened it "Greenfield." At "Greenfield," where the best Eastern culture was lxansferred into a pioneering home, and with intelligent, thoughtful, and loving parents, Charles spent his early life as a carefree boy. Here he learned to do the things which developed in him a desire for the better things of life and a love of nature. These formed the founda- tion which supportd the arch of his later achievements. Herer in the formative period of his life he had the opportunity to read the best books, to cultivate the best that society had to offer, and to spend productive hours in the open on Clear Creek. Along the banks of this clear, flowing stream, nature abounded and offered an ideal habitat for this neo-naturalist to observe the things that crawl, run• and fly, and to study the differences in structure of stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds. Reading from his later interest and ability to collect and inter- pret these gifts of nature, he must have made, during this peri- od, small collections of plants, animals, and rocks, and asked questions about them and received intelligent answers from his parents and visitors at "Greenfield." In his seclusion at "Greenfield" not all was on the credit side of life's ledger. Here he acquired that sensitive, retiring dis- position which was to be his greatest handicap throughout life. As he grew into manhood this sensitive, diffident disposition caused him to shun rather than to court society.,2 At the age of seven his first great sorrow entered his life, for his mother, on whom he depended so much for love, under- standing, and encouragement, died. The family, consisting of 136 The Filson Club History Quarterly IVol. 19

Charles Wilkins, his older brother John Cleves, and his sister Anna Maria, fortunately was held together through the efforts of his father and sympathetic relatives. This sorrow caused by the death of his mother was in part alleviated by the coming of a stepmother, MrS. Jane Henry Churchill. She possessed sympathy and understanding and cared for Charles and the other children as a mother. Later, when he had attained man- hood, he wrote a letter to her daughter, Mary Henry Churchill, expressing his great indebtedness for the understanding, kind- hess, and encouragement he received from his stepmother.'s Jane Henry Churchill Short, by a previous marriage to Armistead Churchill, had a daughter Mary Henry Churchill. Mary, shortl• after her mother's marriage to Peyton Short, came in 1804 with her grandmother, Mary Henry, from New Jersey to join her mother at "Greenfield." Here Charles and Mary met, and out of this meeting grew such a deep-seated companionship Of love and respect that eleven years later they were united in marriage. Together, roaming the rolling Blue Grass slopes along Clear Creek, they noticed and gathered many of nature's objects which Charles explained to Mary from his storehouse of youthful knowledge. Two events followed in rapid succession that broke the hap- py life at "Greenfield" and dispersed the family. They were the death of the stepmother, Jane Henry Churchill Short, and the loss of the family fortune. Business kept the father away most of the time, so the stepmother was the controlling influ- ence in the home. Her death dissolved the fa/nily life at "Greenfield." Peyton, like many others of his day, speculated heavily in pioneer !and for profit. The value of land decreased, so in order to meet his obligation the family fortune was dis- sipated. A year later, Mary Henry Churchill returned to her unde's home in New Jersey and the remainder of the family was divided among the relatives, as was the custom of the time. Charles's early" education before entering Transylvania Uni- v.•rsity was in the .Joshua Fry School, near Danville, Kentucky. At• -, his. country residence,• cG Spring• House, ,, this. celebrated- teach, er, conducted a school for his own children and those of a few select friends. Beeanse Charles's father was a business associ- ate with Joshua Fry, he was allowed to attend the school. I 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 137 J Collins" History of Kentucky places Charles Wllkins Short as one of the ten Joshua Fry scholars who attained distinction." Charles, in his later years, often told with a great deal of amuse- ment about some of the events which took place in this school: how it was necessary to throw the corn bread against the wall in order to break it. There is no available record of his work in this school, but we can infer from the progress made in his education after leaving it that he had applied himself diligently to the task of gaining an education. At the age of thirteen, Charles entered Transylvania Uni- versity where he remained for four sessions (1807-1811). There is ample evidence that he applied himself diligently to the study of Greek, Latin, Logic, and Rhetoric, and made rapid progress. His record and the opinion which his teachers had • of him were so high that he was selected as one of the principal speakers on Con-fmencement Day.'• His excellent record here was a prime factor responsible, five years later, for his selection as Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany in the Medical Department of this University which he at that time declined. His service to the Medical Department of Transyl- vania University from 1825 to 1838 was an important factor in it becoming the outstanding medical institution west of the Al- legheny Mountains. After his graduation from Transylvania, because of his youth, his inability to decide on a definite vocation, and the low financial status of his father, the relatives interested in him decided he should remain in Lexington to begin the study of medicine in the ofllce of his uncle, Dr. Frederick Ridgely. '6 His progress was very slow, partly because of his lack of interest in medicine and partly because of ineffective teaching. Dr. Ridge- ly would assign Charles certain medical books to read and then forget to check on the progress of his pupil. Charles spent his •time very much as he pleased, reading the best literary works and pursuing his interest in natural history. 'After two years with Dr. Ridgely, an offer came for him to study medicine in Philadelphia." He eagerly accepted the offer for the opportunities it afforded. He changed his mind and had definitely decided on medicine, and realized that he would be unable to obtain the knowledge and experience for a successful medical career under Dr. Ridgely's teaching that 188 " The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19

he could obtain in the great medical center in Philadelphia or in Europe. His ambition was to obtain his medical degree in Philadelphia and then go to Europe for postgraduate work. It also afforded a long-wished:for journey to the East to observe and enjoy some of the fruits of American progl'ess and culture, about which he had heard and read so much, and it offered him the possibility of seeing his childhood sweetheart, Mary Henry Churchill. On October 2, 1818, he started from Lexington on horse- back by way of the north route for the 800-mile trip, and ar- rived in Philadelphia twenty-four days later. His diary is filled with numerous accounts of the hardships and dangers of early travelers which were experienced by this young Kentuckian." I-Ie depicted the long and dangerous journey over mountains, and the constant vigilance which he was obliged to keep against robbery and murder. His uncle, William Short, a member of the American Phil- osophical Society, prepared the way for his introduction into Philadelphia. He arranged for him to live at the same residence as the venerable John Vaughan, a Philadelphia wine merchant, philanthropist, and secretary to the American Philosophical So- ciety. His uncle introduced him into the best Philadelphia society and suggested ways for recreation which were both en- joyable and instructive. A close friendship grew between Charles and John Vaughan. This elderly gentleman with years of experience discussed with Charles the political events paramount in the nation be- fore and after the Revolutionary War, the implications of the Westward migrations on American life, customs, and trends in religious thought. These friendly talks developed in Charles a more tolerant and liberal attitnde toward the events in life he was to encounter. After his return to Kentucky this vener- able gentleman had a portrait made of himself and sent it to Charles, who hung it in his study as a pleasant reminder of this helpful friend. For his medical education in the University of Pennsylvania he passed under the supervision of the outstanding physician and teacher, Dr. Caspar Wistar. Dr..Wistar had previously given up his ofllce to devote his full time to medical teaching and research 'and so he was unable to take Charles as a private 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794,-1863 189 pupil." However, he took a fatherly interest in him and gave advice on courses and methodology. Charles's two years (1813-1815) of medical education were spent under such men of high character and teaching ability as Drs. Nathaniel Chap- man, Benjamin Smith Barton, John Redman Coxe, Caspar Wistar, Philip S. Physick, and John S. Dorsey.2° It was during the lectm'es of Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, professor of Natural History and Botany that he received his first formal instruction in botany; those given by Dr. Barton seemed to release a potential ambition.' They were the lighting of the torch of botanical interests which was to be the propel- ling power of his life, which gave him so much satisfaction and won for him many honors. He made numerous botanical ex- cursions with Dr. Barton and his fellow students to the banks of the Schuylkill River and the New Jersey shore to gather and study the plants of these •reas.2' He did not isolate himself entirely to the study of medicine and botany while in Philadelphia, for he frequently attended the theater, also went to art galleries, museums, and book shops. His fondness for the theater gave him the opportunity to enjoy such Shakespearian plays as Othello, Henry IV, and Hamlet, and many of the then modern plays. His love for art, which began under his mother's teaching at "Greenfield," continued throughout his life.22 The art exhibits offered him an oppor- tunity to see and study the works of the masters and from the art shops he secured equipment and materials which he carried back with him to Kentucky. Because of his deep interest in natural history, he was a frequent visitor to the museums. Here he sought to learn the names of the various plants and animals and means of preserving them. Realizing that he would proba- bly return to Kentucky where books of the type desired were scarce, he began to accumulate a'small library of choice works on medicine, literature, and natural history. This small collec- tion of 103 volumes formed the nucleus of the large and costly library that he later acquired. • While in Philadelphia he made two trips to New .Jersey to visit Mary Henry Churchill. Since their childhood days at "Greenfield" he had been very fond of her. These trips were to renew their friendship and ff possible to seek her hand in 140 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19

marriage. Fortune smiled on him for on his second trip she consented to become his wife. On the completion of his medical education in Philadelphia, he turned his steps westward to seek a location for practico and a home for his future wife. He journeyed to Pittsburgh by stagecoach and then down the in an open boat. I-Iis brother, John Cleves Short, who had an established law prac- tice in Cincinnati, tried to persuade him to begin his medical career there. His father, impressed with the future of Christian County, Kentucky, suggested that he settle in the rapidly grow- ing village of Hopkinsville. Dr. Frederick Ridgely and Charles Wilkins were anxious for him to settle in Lexington, and join the staff of the Medical Department of Transylvania University. Knowing that Lexington was the medical center of the West, and realizing that the acquisition of medical information and advancement would be greater in Lexington, he decided to open his office there?" Having made this decision and with money obtained from the sale of part of his Ohio land, he de- parted from Kentucky in the autumn for the home of Mary Henry Churchill in New Jersey, and on November 25, 1815, the couple were married. Because of the slowness of travel, the severe winter condi- tion one might, encounter en route, and Charles's desire to dispose of the land in New Jersey which he inherited from his mother, the young couple remained in New Jersey until after winter. After a long and tedious journey over pioneer roads in a spring wagon with very poor accommodations along the way, they arrived in Lexington in July, 1816, tired but ready to begin a new life. While in New Jersey .he received t•he announcement from his uncle, Dr. Frederick Ridgely, that he had been selected to fill the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany in the Medical Department of Transylvania University. Feeling that he was not sufficiently qualified to teach those subjects, he re- quested information from his uncle about courses in natural history and chemistry.•" On being informed that there were no openings in these subjects, he accepted the position of pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany. Shortly there- after, he declined the position because he thought that with the unsettled affairs and low enrollment in the Medical Depart- 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 141 ment and the proposed Medical Institute in the rapidly grow- ing river town of Cincinnati, the Medical Department in Tran- sylvania University had little chance to succeed.2" He began the practice of medicine in Lexington which was already overcrowded with eminent and well established phy- sicians. His practice was not successful, for he did not make enough money to support his family. However, his time was not entirely wasted, for he collected and identified many of the plants in the environs of Lexington and made and exchanged weather records which were badly needed throughout the Western Country.•" Discouraged by his unsuccessful practice in Lexington he began to consider other places where he might establish a good practice. Encouraged by his father and his two uncles, Dr. Frederick Pddgely and Charles Wilkins, to try a new area to the west, where physicians were in demand, he decided to practice in Hopkinsville.• This small but rapidly growing town. in the Barrens offered an area not dominated by promi- nent well established physicians, also an opportunity to gain wealth through speculating in the rising price of land. In the spring of 1817 he moved his family to Hopkinsville and entered into partnership with Dr. Webber.2" Life was bright for this young "practitioner.' Chris•ail County was rapidly settling and his practice was increasing daily. He had purchased a home, a small farm, and his father had given him 2,000 acres of undeveloped river land. With the rap!d rising in the price of land and the securing of an en- viable medical practice, he looked forward to becoming a coun- try squire. He spoke of this favorable area as the "Eldorado of America" or the "WeStern Wall of Civilization." Being a country doctor, his practice was scattered over a broad area. Frequently he was obliged to travel long distances to visit patients, and a twenty-five mile round trip required all day. On horseback or in a carriage, over areas yet untouched by the plow, his eyes were constantly alert for plants with which he was not familiar. He observed thousands of plants and hundreds were gathered and carefully preserved for future study and to be sent to friends. Here in the Barrens with many plants unknown to the botanist and untried in medicine was a paradise for the young medical-botanist. 142 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19

In 1818, after one year in Hopkinsville, he was again called to occupy, the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany in the Medical Department of Transylvania University.' He de- clined the office because of the poor status of the Medical Department and because his prospects in Christian County were so much greater than he could hope for in Lexington. Before Rafinesque departed from Philadelphia, in May 1818, for his first trip to the West, he had the opportunity of studying many of Dr. Short's beautffnl and well preserved plant specimens which Dr. Short had sent to the A•ademy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. He was informed by Thomas Nnttall, an eminent Philadelphia botanist, that Dr. Short was the out- standing botanist west of the Allegheny Mountains and pos- sessed the largest in the. West. Thomas Nuttall knew of Dr. Short's outstanding ability as a botanist for in his western journey, in 1816, he stopped in Lexington and bota- nized with Dr. Short. Rafinesque was eager to get to Lexing- ton to study this collection of Western plants. En route to Kentucky, Rafinesque visited John Cleves Short, brother of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short. There he learned that Dr. Short had moved from Lexington to Hopkinsville. Unable to go to Hopkinsville, Rafinesque wrote to Dr. Short hoping for his friendship and asking for some samples of his plants. Later, when Rafinesque was professor of Natural History and Botany in Transylvania University, Dr. Short sent him forty- four specimens of flowering plants that Dr. Short was not able to identify. Among them Rafinesque found twelve new spe- cies, but did not give Dr. Short an opportunity to name them.s° Dr. Short and Rafinesque met only twice in Rafinesquo's eight years in Kentucky, although many letters were ex- changed?' The first meeting was in 1821 when Dr. short journeyed by way of Lexington to visit his brother, John Cleves Short, at North Bend, Ohio. Dr. Short invited Rafinesque to make the trip with him from Lexington to North Bend. The next meeting between Short and Rafinesque was in Hopkinsville. Rafinesque, desiring to study the flora of the Knobs and Barrens, departed from Lexington in the spring of 1828. After reaching Hopkinsville he accepted the hospitality of Dr. Short. The two botanists made many collecting trips to 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 14,$ variotis parts of Christian County. When Rafinesque left Hop- kinsville he was loaded with specimens of various types. Dr. Short's herbarium grew and so did his desire to possess and to know the names of all the plants in the West. His reputation as a botanist spread to Philadelphia and other cul- tural centers in the East. Numerous requests came to him ask- ing for samples of his plants; these he gladly fulfilled. Dr. Daniel Drake, who had accepted the position of Materia Med- • ica and Medical Botany in Transylvania University, asked for and received a collection of medicinal plants with which he wished to illustrate his lectures. Like many of the good things of life, his prosperity in Chris- tian County was not to last. Disease began to cause havoc in the land, crops were less abundant, and people less prosperous. The health of his family became a constant worry to him. His medical work increased, his collections decreased, and he be- came discouraged. Migration began to spread among the inhabitants of Christian County and they moved toward the West. The land which was thought to be the "Western Wall of Civilizatiou" became only a pathway of migration toward the West• The value of land decreased and he was unable to sell his holdings for one-half the amount he paid for them. When, in 18'25, the professorship in Materia Mediea and Medical Botany in the Medical Department of Transylvania was again offered to Dr. Short, he gladly accepted it. His de- cision was not based solely on his reverses in Christian County but on favorable changes that had occurred in the Medical Department. During his eight years in Hopkinsville, Dr. Hor- ace Holly, the great thinker and organizer, h•id come to the .University as its president. Library books and laboratory equipment had been greatly augmented, the enrollment in the Medical Department had increased from 20 to 284 students, and an outstanding staff of teachers had been secured. With such able men as Drs. Benjamin W. Dudley, Daniel Drake, Charles Caldwell, William H. Richardson, Samuel Brown, and James Blythe, the Medical Department had progressed so rap- idly that it became the second largest medical institution in the nation.• In the prime of his life, he came to the Medical Department of Transylvania University with high hopes and ambition, and 144 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19

in the main these were fulfilled. His first'two years were spent in the gruelling task of extensive reading, making charts and other illustrative materials, and the writing of his lectures on Materia Medica and Medical Botany. Dr. Charles Caldwell, a medical colleague, complimented him on the completeness and organization of his written lectures, but he had great dif- ficulty in reading them before his classes because of his timidity and weak voice. These handicaps were overcome as he gained confidence in himself through the reputation of his lectures. Having compiled a satisfactory set of lectures and established a position in the Medical Department, he turned his attention to the ,fl°ra of the Lexington area. Whenever possible he was in the field enjoying the labor of identifying, collecting, and preserving the hundreds of plants which came under his ob- servation. Desiring some plaeeto publish the results of his botanical studies and medical, observations, he entered into a partner- ship with Dr. Johfl Esten Cooke, who had recently come to the Medical Department as professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, to edit the Transylvania ]ournal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences. Dr. Cooke was to edit the medical i)ublications and Dr. Short all the others. As Dr. Cooke's medi- cal practice in Lexington increased, more of the burden of editorship was assumed by Dr. Short. The lournal grew into one of the foremost medical magazines in the United States. Nearly all Dr. Short's publications appear in this lournal. During the summer of 1827, through invitation, Dr. Short taught a course in local botany to a group of medical students and citizens of Lexington. The manuals then available (Andre Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana and Frederick Pursh's Flora Americae Septentrionalis) for such a course were not very ap- plicable to the local flora and were too difficult for the begin- ning student. Feeling deeply the need for a manual of practi- cal botany for beginners in the local flora, he started to ac- cumulate records and materials for such a manual. In the first issue of the Transylvania ldurnal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences he began his "Florula Lexingtonesis, or A Descriptive Catalogue of the Phaenogamous Plants Indigenous to this Por- tion of Kentucky." In two years his "Florula Lexingtonesis" passed through a Prodromus and four Fascieuli. •r

DR. CHARLES YVILK1NS SllO1qT, 1794-1863 The above is from a painting now owned by Mrs. Ernest I. Bacon, Los Aogeles, California-not published'heretofore. On Jmmary ]2, 1859, Dr. Short wrote on the back of it: "This portrait which was taken for C. \V. Short was painted in Lex- ington, Ky., by [J.R.I Lambdin abmlt the year 1834. It was never considercd a good likeness."

Dn. CuAnLns Wmr:INs SrtonT, 1794-1863 This picture of Dr. Short appears in The Filson Club's History of tile Medical Department of Transylvania University (1905) and in a number of earlier and later publications issued by others. J:l : Ii i: ,,i;i i• 'L• ii : i• •lil• :1 I• II !•I¸, ,

,nln;,,'n '', ,el ,'•,, 'Li" c!'• ,',' IhI, ,nn,•,n'•", ,I,' !i• nn 'n'n, I',,"1 tit!i!,' I ?1 I' n•i!Jr

I I':1", IIl, I I ! : I1" I!1 ,,I , II i I :! ; I:'.q I I,IIl,ll,;Lli,•ll, I<;l:l',l I,, ,:1,,, 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 145

The area of his botanical explorations broadened with the coming of Hezekiah Hulbert Eaton, fourth son of the famous botanist and educator, Amos Eaton, to the Medical Department of Transylvania University i'n 1831. They made numerous trips to different streams in central and north-central Kentucky, Dr. Short collecting plants and Professor Eaton gathering shells, amphibia, snakes, and other zoological specimens. With the aid of this ambitious and well educated young naturalist, he looked forward to the study and eventually the publication of a "'Natural History of Kentucky." His hopes were dashed when his young friend and companion, with but a year's service in the University, died. His deep feeling for the loss of young naturalist was expressed in a beautiful and touching memoir, "A Biographical Memoir of H. Hulbert Eaton," which he read before the students in the Medical Department2• He was compensated in part for the loss of Hezekiah Hulbert Eaton by the botanical interests of Dr. Robert Peter and Mr. Henry H. Griswold. With the aid of these fell0w-botanists, he continued to harvest the native plants of Kentucky. They made many col- lecting trips to the Kentucky, Elkhorn, and Red rivers, and to Blue-licks and Mud-lick. His memoranda of botanical excursions show that during 1833 he made 15 major excursions which required 48 days and covered 821 miles in a carriage or on foot. In 1834 he made 22 excursions, requiring 33 days and traveled 928 miles. Be- tween 1833-1838, he gathered, preserved, and distributed to friends and organizations at home and abroad the enormous. sum of over 28,000 specimens,s* He received collections in return and his herbarium became the largest west Of the Al- legheny Mountains. Based upon their large collections, Short, Peter, and Gris- wold began in 1833 to publish in the Transylvania Iournal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences a list of the phaenogamous plants and ferns of Kentucky. The first list published as a catalogue contained over 871 species. The first, second, and third supplements, containing, 116, 211, and 78 species respec- tively, were published in the same Iournal, while the fourth supplement, containing 69 species, was published in the West- 146 Tbe Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19 drn lournal of Medicine and Surgery. The last three supple- ments were published by Dr. Short without the aid of Dr. Peter and Mr. Griswold. With the coming of the steamboat, river towns began to 'grow rapidly: It was not long before Louisville and Cincin- nati. surpassed Lexington in population, and robbed her of much of her prosperity. Lexington was a conservative city, and the citizens objected to the methods used in securing human bodies for dissection in the Medical Department. Cog- nizant of their needs, the members of the staff began to look toward Louisville, with its more liberal attitude,; as a more favorable location for a medical center. When the Board of Trustees of Transylvania University and the citizens of Lex- hagton heard the news, they were bitterly opposed to the idea. The controversy which followed resulted in a split in the Medi- cal Faculty. The Trustees in order to bring an end to the controversy dissolved the Medical Faculty. In order to pre- serve the Medical Departnaent they re-elected all but Dr. Charles Caldwell.• Dr. Short was re-elected as professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany, but his position as Dean of the Medical Faculty was taken from him. Louisville desiring a medical school used the controversy in. Lexington to its advantage. It offered great opportunities . in remuneration, buildings, equipment, and materials to cer- tain members of the Medical Department of Transylv•mia Uni- versity ff they would come to Louisville and organize a Medical Institute. Drs. Charles Caldwell, John Esten Cooke, and Luns- ford P. Yandell came to Louisville from Transylvania University and with Drs; Henry Miller and Joshua Barker Flint organized the Louisville Medical Institute. Dr. Short was dissatisfied with conditions in Lexington, but due to his hesitant nature and not coveting the disfavor of his brother-in-law, Dr. Benja- min W. Dudley, who continued with Transylvania, and his uncle, William Short of Philadelphia, he remained with the Medical Deparlment of Transylvania University. • HIS medical colleagues in Louisville,particularly Dr. Luns- ford P. Yandell, urged him to come to Louisville to observe the progress and the possibilities of the newly organized Medical Institute.s° In the 'summer of 1888, one year after the founding of the Institute, he came to Louisville to seek firsthand informa- .1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 147 tion about the attitude of the citizens toward the new" school, the number of students present in the first session, and its pos- sibilities of success. Finding conditions so favorable, he re- signed his position in Lexington and joined his colleagues in Louisville, as professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany and Dean of the Faculty. Another motive for coming tO Louisville was the possibility of botanizing a new region. With his friends Peter and Gris- wold he had covered the areas around Lexington so thoroughly that it was difl•cnh to find an unfamiliar species. The extensive swamp near Louisville, the "Wet Woods" to the south, and the Knobs beyond offered new fields for his botanical harvests. So enthused was he about his prospects at Louisville, that the spring following his removal there he wrote-in May, 1839-to his uncle William Short of Philadelphia: "I continue to devote a good portion of my leisure time to the investigation of botany of the west, and shall find, I think, in this neighborhood a con- siderable acquisition to my collection. The region round about being a very different one from that about Lexington."'37 He was amply paid for his botanical efforts, for large numbers of Jefferson County plants were collected, preserved, and sent to his fellow-botanists and institutions at home and abroad. A goldenrod he discovered on "Rock Island," at the Falls of the Ohio, at Louisville in 1840, was named Solidago Shortii in his honor by his good friends Drs. and Asa Gray. He held these two leading American botanists in such high esteem that he called John Torrey "the Father of American botanists" and Asa Gray "the Linneaus of America." From the time he began to exchange plants with other botanists, he possessed the desire to have a country estate where he could plant the roots, bulbs, and seeds sent to him by Sir William T. Hooker and others throughout the world. Also desiring to be near his brother, John Cleves Short, he purchased from him a tract of land near his country estate, Shorthill, on the bank of the Ohio River, twelve miles below Cincinnati. Because of the profusion of ferns he found growing there, he called this summer residence "Fernbank." Many pleasant summers were spent at "Fernbank," cultivating and enjoying the rare plants in his gardens, improving the estate, enioying 148 The Filson Clut• History Quarterly [Vol. 19

the companionship of his brother, and botanizing the surround- ing areas for new plants,s" His pleasures at "Fernbank'" werenot to last. His health was failing, and his family, because of servant difllculties, wished to remain in Louisville. He sold "Fernbank" to his brother and bought an estate called "Hayfield," five miles south of the center of Louisville. "Hayfield" at the time Dr. Short purchased it contained 280 acres of fine farm land on the South Fork of Bear Grass Creek. It was considered the most beautiful and highly prized subttrhan home in the Louisville region. Having obtained financial security and now suffering from" continual poor health, he retired in 1849 from his position in the Medical Department of the University of Louisville and went to live permanently at "Hayfield." On his retirement the Board of Trustees, as a just tribute to his faitlfful service, hon- ored him by naming him Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany. His colleagues sent him a most compli- mentary letter expressing their wishes that he might find in his retirement the comfort and pleasures he so desired. His time at "Hayfield" was spent in his gardens, working with plants and increasing his herbarium, and in entertaining friends. The slope between the house aiad Bear Grass Creek he changed into several terraces. Here he planted and tended with care all the rare and beautiful plants he could obtain that would grow in this climate. It afforded him great delight when each new plant came into blossom for it added a new specimen to his herbarium. Here, year after year, in his retirement he built botanical cases, pressed and labeled plants, and exchanged or .sent them gratis to anyone who wished specimens. His botanical cases, of which there were about 800, were made of wood and cardboard and elegantly shaped into the form of • folio volumes. These stood upright, and each held thirty to fifty specimens. Each case was numbered and labeled care- fully so that it could be located easily2• He devoted some of his wealth to promote this impelling interest he possessed. He arranged with Drs. Torrey and Gray, at various times, to send out collecting expeditions to different parts of the world. Dr. Short was to furnish the money, and in return receive some of the specimens. Many expeditions were made which greatly enhanced his .collections. 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 149

Dr. Short had a desire to meet and talk with Asa Gray, for he considered him the greatest American botanist. In August of 1852 he went to Cambridge to meet Dr. Gray and see his large herbarium. Dr. Gray was away on a vacation and as a result these great botanists and friends, one from the West and the other from the East, never saw each other. Dr. Short stated that not seeing Dr. Gray was "one of the great sorrows" of his life. His great delight was in receiving his colleagues and friends at "Hayfield." Here in the midst of splendor and pleasantry, with a thoughtful host, all would have a delightful time. The Civil War curtailed his botanical activities at "Hay- field" and disturbed Dr. Short's mentality. His family was divided on the War, some sympathized with and fought for the South, others for the North. His home was in danger of being invaded by one force or the other. In the fall of 1862, those remaining at "Hayfield" decided to close the home and spend the winter in Louisville. On March 7, 1863, at the age of sixty- nine years, he quietly passed to his eternal rest. He was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville. (Section N, Lot No. 211.) The four inscriptions on the Charles Wilkins Short monu- ment read: "Charles Wilkins Short. Born in Woodford Co., Ky. Oct. 6, 1794. Died March 7, 1868." "During a long period of his life he devoted the riches of a well stored mind to instruction in medical science directed toward that branch which was ever his favourite study, Bota- ny." "In all the relations of life no one ever lived more faultless, to the [word obliterated] of those who enjoyed his friendship [word obliterated] was ever true and faithful to his God. He has rendered a good account of the talents committed to his keeping." "Mary Henry Churchill, wife of Charles W. Short. Born June 16, 1794. Died Jan. 21, 1870. "My life with Him My death has passed away My clouds have melted into light My midnight into day." 150 The Filson Club History Quarterly - [Vol. '19

On one headstone is carved "'C. W. Short," and on the other is "M. H. Short." It may be well to add that six of the ten children of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short and his wife Mary Henry Churchill • Short reached maturity. The six were: Mary C. who married William Allen Richardson; William, who married Catherine Matilda Strader; Jane, who married Dr. John Russell Butler; Sarah Elizabeth, who married Dr. Tobias G. Richardson; Lucy Ridgely, who married Joseph B. Kinkead; Alico, who never married. For Dr. Short's personal traits, we turn to the one who knew him as a medical colleague for nine years, as a very close friend, and as a frequent visitor in his home. Dr. Samuel D. Gross says of him: "In stature Dr. Short was of medium height, well propor- tioned, with light hair and complexion, blue eyes, and an ample forehead. His features, when lighted up by a smile, were radiant with goodness and beneficence. In his manner he was graceful, calm and dignified; so much so that one coming into his presence for the first time might suppose him to be haughty and ascetic; such, however, was not the case. A kinder heart never vibrated in a human breast. Naturally mild and amiable, he had all of a woman's gentleness, with a mind of inflexible firmness upon all questions of duty:"`° An individual's worth to his fellow-men is attested by the honors they confer upon him. Dr. Charles Wilkins Short re- ceived high honors from his compeers in the fields in which he was so capable. Available records show that he was a member of the Western Museum Society in Cincinnati, Kentucky Insti- tute, Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, College of Physicians and Surgeons in Lexington, Cincinnati Horticulture Socie•.y, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Bost•on Society of Natural History. Two distinguished botanists conferred upon him the high- est honor a fellow-botanist can confer upon a co-worker, the naming of a genus in his honor. C. S. Rafinesque in 1884 named a crucfferous plant, Shortia dentata, in his honor. Two years later, while studying Michaux's herbarium in the , in , Dr. Asa Gray found an incomplete and 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-18#3 151

unnamed plant which Michaux had collected in the mountains of North Carolina. Dr. Gray claimed the right to name the plant and in his Journal to John Torrey he states, "It shall be christened Shortia, to which we will stand as god-fathers. So Shortia galaci[olia Torrey and Gray it shall be." Although many journeys were made into the mountains of North Caro- lina, it was not rediscovered until after Dr. Short's death. Many other plants were named for Dr. Short: Myosurus Shortii (pre- viously named Mgosurus minimus by MichatLx); Festuca Shot- tii; Vidicaria Shortii (discovered by Dr. Short'on the bank of Elkhorn Creek); Astragalis Shortianus, Phaca Shortiana (named by Thomas Nuttall); Aster Shortii (named by Sir William J. Hooker); Solidago Shortii (found by Dr. Short on "Rock Is- land" in the Ohio River and named by John Torrey and Asa Gray); Carex Shortiana; and Gonalobus Shortii. Dr. Short's literary contributions were not many• I have been able to locate only twenty-nine published articles. All bound into one duodecimo volume would make slightly more than three hundred pages. Unlike other great botanists of his day (Michaux, Hooker, Nuttall, Darlington, Eaton, Torrey, ,Gray, and many others) he failed to assemble his botanical researches into a major work. Dr. William Darlington in his Progress of Botany in has this praise for Dr. Short: "That zealous and truly liberhl botanist has probably done more toward bringing to light the vegetable treasures of the West, and in preparing beautiful specimens, than any other person in our country; and he has, certainly, in the way of exchange and remittance sent more Western plants to his correspondents in the Atlantic States and throughout the Old World than all the rest of Ameri- can botanists put together." This truly liberal botanist's greatest contribution to science lies in the vast numbers of Western plants he collected, preserved, and freely distributed to anyone at home or abroad who desired them. The herbarium he accumulated through his own collecting efforts and through exchange with other botanists was a very large one. His first contribution of Western plants was sent to Dr. Edward Barton in Philadelphia during the summer of 1815, after his return from two years of medical education in Phila- delphia. During the spring, summer, and autumn of 1816 he

f • 152 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19 botanized the Lexington area and sent plants to his brother, John Cleves Short, in Cincinnati. Shortly after his transfer from Lexington to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, he sent Dr. Daniel Drake plants to illustrate his Materia Mediea lectures in the Medical Department of Transylvania University. Later, C. S. Rafinesque received forty-four plants which Dr. Short had difficulty in naming. With his return to Lexington, in 1825, he began to botanize in a wide area in that vicinity, first with H. Hulbert Eaton and later with Dr. Robert Peter and Henry H. Griswold. He amassed a very large collection of plants, many of which he generously distributed. The European botanists who received plants were: Sir Wil- liana J. Hooker, Scotland; Francis Boott, England; M. Merbel, France; and Joachim Steetz, Germany. Some American beta- nists favored with plants were Samuel Boykin, R. Buchanan, A. W. Chapman, M. A. Curtis, William Darlington, Elias Du- rand, Asa Gray, M. C. Leavenworth, William Oakes, J. L. Rid- dell, and Thomas I. Wray. Plants were also sent to the Phila- delphia Academy of Science and the American Philosophical Society. From 1888 to 1841 Dr. Short collected in the Louisville area and sent seventeen boxes or packages of plants to botanists and Organizations in America and Europe. Those in Europe then receiving plants were: C. B. Meisner in Switzerland, and Joach- im Steetz in Germany; and ,in America, John M. Bigelow, A. W. Chapman, M. A. Curtis, William Darlington, Asa Gray, Josiah Hall, 1. A. Lapham, William Oakes, J. L. Riddell, John Torrey, and Jacob Walle. From various records which he kept,' I have compiled data which show that he distributed at least 152 parcels or boxes of plants. The number of specimens is speculative, for in the majority of eases he does not tell how many are in each parcel or box. After inheriting a fortune and retiring to "Hayfield" he gave up the active collection of plants, but continued to exchange with other botanists. Through the purchase of collections and the financing of expeditions he added to his herbarium and it became one of the largest and most prized in America. He re- ceived specimens from these collections: Charles Wright "in New Mexico, in Sonora and in Coahuila; from Berlandier's 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 153

Texano-Mexican herbarium; from Ervendberg in the province of Huasteca, and Mexican plants from Gregg and Coulter. At the time of his death, it contained about 4,000 European sp.ecies, between 6,000 and 7,000 North American, and about 6,000 species of tropic plants, making in all 16,000 to 17,000 species."= Realizing that hi• life was drawing to a dose and, since his immediate family had no great interest in botany, he began to seek a safe haven for his collection. The Buffalo Natural History Association desired to purchase it, but he refused the offer because he was more interested in its safe deposit than any amount of money it would bring. He offered it to the Smith- sonian Institute, but their acceptance carried so many ifs and ands that he withdrew his offer."3 Believing that no other place was capable of caring for it properly, he willed it to the Smithsonian Institute. After his death his wishes were con- veyed to the Smithsonian. The Institute being unable to ac- cept it, acting upon the advice of Dr. Asa Gray, his heirs gave the collection for safe keeping and reference to the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. In accepting the herbarium for the Academy, Elias Durand in writing a letter to William Short, sou of the late Dr. Short, says, "I can assure you, my dear Sir, with our friend Prof. Gray, that the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science is the right place for depositing this treasure which has cost so much labor and given so many causes of enioyment to your dear father; it will be appreciated and carefully preserved." And today-after eighty years-the Collection of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short of Kentucky still ranks among the outstanding in America. (To be concluded with Part H, in full.)

FOOTNOTES

For aid in compiling these articles on Dr. Short I am indebted to Mr. Otto A. Rothert and Miss Ludie J. Kinkead of The Filson Club; Miss Evelyn J. Schneider, Miss Grace Virginia Winstandley, and Mrs. Mar5' P. Sublett of the Library of the University of Louisville; Dr. Harlow Bishop of the Department of Biology, University of Louisville; Mr. and Mrs. William H. Courtenay, Mr. Alexander F. Courtenay, Miss Violet F. Hemy, Mrs. Jane Courtenay Tyler, Mrs. Ernest Bacon, and Mrs. Celestia M. Davies. •Some writers erroneously give "Greenville," instead of "Greenfield," as Dr. ShoWs place of birth. 154 The Filson Club History Quarterly [Vol. 19

z A Genealogical Record of the Families of Charles Wilkins Short and Mary Henry Churchill. Compiled from various authentic sources by Charles Wilklns Short, Louisville, Kentucky, January, 1843, and continued by his daaghter, Mary Churchill Richardson, Ivywood, Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1879. Mrs. Ernest Bacon has the original. Complete copies are in the possession of Miss Violet F. Hem'y and Mr William H. Courtenay. The Filson Club has a typed copy of the first part which was compiled by Dr. Short in 1848. * William and Mary College Quarterly llistorical Magazine, Volume XI, Number 3, July, 1931, page 249. •Historll of Kentucky (1882), by Lewis and Richard H. Collins, Volume I, page 357; Volume II, page 170. Transy[vania University, Its Origin, Rise, Decline, and "Fall, by Robert Peter, The Filson Club Publications Number 11 (1896), page 45. The Kentucky River Navigation, by Mary Verhoeff, The Filson Club Publications umber 28 (1917), pages 62-89. Tarnished Warrior, Ma]or-General James Willdn- son, by James R. Jacobs (The Mac Mfllan Co., 1988), pages 127, 128. The H/story of Pioneer Lexington, Kentucky, 1779-1806. by Charles R. Staples (Transylvania Press Lexington, Kentucky, 1939), pages 65-78. Early Kentuck• Distillers, by Wil ard R. Jillson (Standard Printing Co., Lotfisville, Kentucky, 1940), pages 11-13. * John Cleves Symmes, by Beverley W. Bond, Jr., in Dictionary o• American Riograph•t (C_hades Seribner's Sons, 1936), Volume XVIII, pages 258, 259.. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Volume XI, Num- ber 8, July, 1931, pages 249, 250. William Short, by Marie G. Kimball, Dictionand of American Biography (Charles Scribners Sons, 1985), Vohmle XVII, pages 128, 129. The Ilistm•j of the Medical Departme t of Transylvania Univevsitb, by Robert Peter, The Filson Club Publications Number 20 (1905•, pages 1O, 11. 6 Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to his uncle, William Short of Philadelphia, dated Lexington, Kentucky, August 1, 1918. In The Filson Club Collection. •Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to his uncle, Dr. Frederick Ridgely, dated New Jersey, blarch 25, 1816. In the Violet F. Henry Collection. "Letter from Charles Wilkins to Charles Wilkins Short, dated Lexington, Ken- " tucky, April 5, 1825. In The Filson Club Collection. u The History of the Medical Department of Transylvauia University, by Robert Peter, The Filson Club Publications Number 20 (1905), pages 15-88. lJ B,wgraphlcal Sketch of Charles Wilkins Short, M.D., by Samuel D. Gross (Collins, Philadelphia, 1885), page 17. 1• Letter from Charles Wdkms• . Short to Mary Henry Churchill, dated Lexington, Kentucky, August 10, 1810. In the Alexander F. Courtenay Collection. •'Historp of Kentucky, by Lewis and Richard H. Collins, Volume II (1882), page 625. • Two Notes of Recommendation for Char es Wi kins Short from Transylvania University, both dated 1811, are in The Filson Club Collection. Biographical Sketch of Charles Wllkins Short, M.D., by Samuel D. Gross (Philadelphia, 1865), p•ige 6. •' Letter from Jane Short Wilkins aunt of Charles Wilkins Short, to William Short of Philadelphia, dated Lexington, Kentucky, April 25, 1813. In The Filson •IUD •OlleCtiOn. • 8 1 •' Letter from William Short to Charles W•Ikms Short dated Philadelphia" July , 818. Letter from Charles W lkins Short to Wi iam Short of Philade phia, dated Lexington, Kentucky, August 1, 1818. Both letters are in The Filson Club Collection. 11 Day-by-day Dmty" of Charles Wilkms• Short in a Journey from Le•agton, Kentucky, to Philadelphia in 1818. Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to Mary Henry Churchill, datedPhiladelph a, November 7 1818. The diary is in The Filson Cub Collection, and the letter is in t le A exander F. Courtenay Collection. •a Letter from •Villiam Short to Charles Wilkins Short, dated Philadelphia, July 8, 1818. In The Filson Club Collection. •° Sixteen tickets of attendance issued to Charles Wilkins Short between 1818 and 1815 by Professors in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. In The Filson Club Collection. 1945] Dr. Charles Wilkins Short, 1794-1863 155

Diary of Activities while in philadelphia attending th,e University of pennsyl- vania from 1818 to 1815. In the Jane Courtenay iyier t..ouection. n Three paintings.by Dr. Short, made during the later period of his life, are the property of William H. Courtenay. = Memorandum of books purclmsed by Charles Wilkins Short in philadelphia h.om 1813 to 1815. In the Jane Courtenay Tyler Collection. Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to William Short of Philadelphia, dated Lexington, Kentucky, June 10, 1815. In The Filson Club Collection. Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to Dr. Frederick Ridgely, dated New Jersey, March 25, 1816. In the Violet F. Henry Collection. Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to William Short of philadelphia, dated Hopkinsville, Kentucky, April 16, 1823. In The Filson Club Collection. Meteorological Observations Made in Lexington, Kentucky, by Charles wilkins Short from November, 1815, to March, 1817. In the Filson Club Collection. Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to William Short of Philadelphia, dated December 21, 1818. In The Filson Club Collection. n Biographical Sketch of Charles Wilkins Short, M.D., by Samuel D. Gross (Philadelphia, 1865), page 8. Letter from C. S. Raflnesque to Charles Wilkins Short of Hopkinsville, Ken- tueky, dated Lexington, Kentucky, September 27, 1818. •A Life of Travels, by C. S. Rafinesqne (Philadelphia, 1836). Republished in The Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Massachusetts, Volume 8, Number g, 1944, with a foreword by Elmer D. Merrill and critical index by Frances W. Pennelh This reprint was also published (1944) as a separate booklet. Histortt of the Medical Department of Transylvania University, by Robert Peter, The Filson Club Publications Number 20 (1905), page 167. Trar•lvania Journal of Medicine and the Associate Sciences, Volume V, Num- ber IV, 1882, pages 469-481. u B•tanical Memoranda of Charles Wilkins Short. In The Filson Club Col- lection. •A History of the Lonisville Medical Institute and the Establishment of the University of Louisville and Its School of Medicine, 1838-1840, by Dr. Emmet F. Horine The Filson Club Historic Ouarterltl, Volume 7, Number 8, 1988, pages 135, 136. Letters from Dr. Lunsford P. Yandell to Dr. Charles Wilkins Short from 1836 to 1888. In The Filson Club Collection. Three written in 1838 are published in The Filson Club Histo• Quarterly, July, 1938. s• Letter from Charles Wilkins Short to William Short of Philadelphia, dated Louisville, May 1O, 1889. In The Filson Club Collection. "Fernbank" Records of Charles Wilkins Short. In The Filson Club Collection. The Handbook of the Museum of the Academg of Natural Science of Phila- delphia, edition 2, edited by Dr. J. H. Slack, published in 1866. ,o Biographical Sketch of Charles Wilkins Short, M.D., by Samuel D. Gross (Philadelphia, 1865), page 17. '• Progress of Beta iv in North America, Published in Memoriols of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall, by William Darlington (Philadelphia, 1849 , page 29. • • The Handbook of the Museum of the Academy of Natural Science of Phila- delphia, edition 2, edited by Dr. J. H. Sack, publ shed in 1866. Let!er from Charles Wilkins Short to his brother, John Cleves Short, dated "Hayfield, Kentucky, April 7, 1862. In the Violet F. Henzy Collection. "• Letter from Elias Durand to William Short, son of Charles wilkins Short. In University of North Care na Collection• Published in Letters from the Collection of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short (in University of North Carolina), by W. C. Co•er, Journal. of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Volume 57, Number 1, July, 1941, page 167. Republished as a separate (1941).