Is Arranged So That Students May Organize a Career Plan by Noting

Home , To the Moon and Beyond

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 027 212 SE 006 282 By-Peters, Herman J.; And Others Seven Steps to a Career in Space Science and Technology. Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Research Foundation. Spons Agency-National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. Report No- EP -33 Pub Date 66 Note- 67p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. ($0.45). EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*Aerospace Technology, *Careers, Engineering, Instructional Materia:s,*Occupational Information, *Secondary School Science This guidebook, containing ideas andsuggestions to aid the student in making a career choice, includes information about the space industry and aboutcareer opportunities in space science, engineering, and technology. Suggestions forparents, counselors, librarians, and teacherson how to utilize the book are provided. The book is arranged so that students may organizea career plan by noting special references and by utilizing the checklists at the end of eachchapter. It is suggested that the guidebook be usedover an extended period of time. (BC) U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION

_ THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. vuo untto 0,1 01-1

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...t9ArproldIVN'Ar HIGH SCHOOL EDITION

SEVEN STEPS TO A CAREER IN SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

By Herman J. Peters Samuel F. Angus James J. Ves'sells THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

In cooperation with

THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Through

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION COLUMBUS, OHIO 1966

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402- Price 45 cents

i ,o PREFACE

Grateful acknowledgment is made to all who permitted, encouraged and par- ticipated in the many steps leading to "Seven Steps to a Career in Space Science and Technology."Particular gratitude is due Dr. Bruce Shertzer and Dr. Dorothy Johnson, Purdue University, for their excellent editorial work. To Miss .e; Ruth E. Jewett, our secretary, we offer a sincere "Thank you."To all in the Educational Programs Division, Office of Public Affairs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, we extend our deep appreciation.In particular, we are grateful for the leadership of Dr. Paul L. Gardner, Counseling and Career Guid- ance Officer. We hope this book is helpful to youth, school counselors, and parents in the vocational guidance in their dynamic life dramas.With the assistance of a com- petently prepared school counselor, it may be a springboard for a careful career choice and its consequent implementation in happy and productive career development.

Samuel F. Angus James J. Ves'sells Herman J. Peters TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page PREFACE

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK vii

Chapter

1. BE ALERT TO A CAREER IN SPACE 1

2. BEGIN TO LOOK AT THE SPACE INDUSTRY 13

3. CONSIDERING AN OCCUPATION IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY__ 21 4. DETERMINE PATHWAYS TO A CAREER IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY 33

5. EXPLORE JOB REQUIREMENTS IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY_ _ 43

6. FRAME YOUR GOALS FOR NOW AND THE FUTURE 51

7. LOOK TOWARD EXPANDING HORIZONS 57

SUMMARY. RENDEZVOUS WITH A SPACE CAREER 60 ,...- ,25-!1.7771*.f Z77-

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This guidebook brings together ideas and suggestionsfor things to do to help with career choice; it includes information about the spaceindustry and the world of work. The chapters present an overview of careerchoice related to the great opportunities in space science, engineering, and technology.It is vocational guidance for a space age.

To the StudentMost students will want to readthrough the entire book first. After the first reading many students will want to begin toorganize their individual career plan, following some of the detailed suggestionsoffered here.Other students will wish to reread certain sections of interest.Close attention should be given to the references and checklists at the endof each chapterthese sections can be used to lead the interested person to moredetailed investigation. Each reader should keep in mind that this book isdesigned to be used over a period of time to assist with career planning and exploration.It can serve as a reminder for further career planning.

To the CounselorThe counselor will want to havethis publication readily available for students interested in space.It can be used as a guide previous to or in the course of vocational' counseling. The counselor willalso be interested in reading the sections on career opportunities and careertrends in space.Surveying the references will provide ideas for choosing more extensivedata on space careers as they may relate to aparticular student's interests, aptitudes, or abilities.

To the LibrarianThe librarian may fmd this book useful whenchoosing reference material on space scienceand technology as well as references on career opportunities in the space industry.

To the TeacherThe teacher may use this publication as afocal point for vocational reference, particularly in dealing with articles,periodicals, films, and filmstrips on space science and career opportunities in space.The teacher may also use the book to help interested students find ideas for projectsrelated to space science and careers in spacescience.

To the ParentThe interested parent may wish to read this book to get some ideas on how to assist and work with his son or daughter on career choice questions.The parent may also find the reference material helpful as suggestions for more extensive reading in both spaceand career choice. '''Z151V721,

CHAPTER 1 BE ALERT TO A CAREER IN SPACE

Have you thought about your career choice? to perfect every aspect of the equipment and the Have you thought about a career in science,human activity related to the shot.Anyone engineering, or technology? thinking of entering a space career must be aware that much activitysuccess and failure Have you been looking for a career with precedes every successful launching.Each time unusual opportunity and a future? a space shot is made, a great deal of prepara- Have you thought about a career in thetion has been carried out involving space scientists, engineers, and technologists.So it is with space industry? youif you plan to point toward a space careerpreparation, hard thinking, and honest self-appraisal are required. IMAGINEIT'S FOR REAL!

Come away for a moment in your mind'sWHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW eye and imagine yourself in the blockhouse at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center at Hunts- That we are in the midst of a technological ville, Alabama.It is T minus 25 and counting. revolution is a well-known fact.The need for The launch vehicle is in place.Telemetry is skilled and professional workers increases yearly, coming into the computers; scientists and tech- while the need for unskilled workers continues nicians are making readings and observing banks to decline.The space industry is a manifesta- of instruments. Now it is T minus 20; the ten- tion of the technological revolution.Its occu- sion is building.Each worker concentrates on pations(aerospace technologyspecialties) the task of making final checks.Nerves are represent one of the fastest growing fields in the taut.It is T minus 15 and counting. T minus United States today.There are great oppor- 10.All is in order. T minus 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, igni- tunities for scientists, engineers, and technolo- tion!The huge thrust of the Saturn booster gists in the space industry.In 1964, a shortage engine is unleashed.The vehicle does not move. of trailied people existed in this field and present This is a test, a static test.This is just one oftrends indicate that even greater shortages will the many tests in the Apollo project. occur in the future.The need for scientists, The Apollo project, as you may well know, engineers, and technologists is very clear. has the goal of putting men on the moon in this Many rewards are to be gained by those who decade.For every vehicle that is launched inwork in areas presenting so great a challenge. moving toward that goal, thousands of experi-Couple these twochallenge and rewardand ments, tests, and simulated runs are conductedyou are faced with many career opportunities.

9 "ff

JUST THINK ABOUT THE TREND AND suggests factors to consider when a r,;,)rson YOURSELF determines his goals. The seventh step focuses on theExpanding The space industry is expected to continue Horizons of the Space Industry.This final its rapid growth.High school girls and boys chapter tells you of the trends in the spacein- should be alerted to this impact upon them dustry, indicates what these trends holdin store, directly or indirectly.Many may wish to in- and elaborates on how you mightkeep up to vestigate a career in space science and technology. date as breakthroughs and discoveries emerge to influence and change thetrend. At this point, let us return to the Alert. STEPS TO HELP YOU TAKE ACCOUNT OF YOURSELF DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON IN SPACE? This book suggests seven steps you can use as a guide to explore a career in space science There are many activities in the United and technology.The first step is that of Alert- States space program.Satellites are being ing Yourself to the Possibility of a Space Career; used in studies of weather prediction, naviga- it will be dealt with in the remainder of this chap- tion, communication, and astronomyThe ter.Just for a starter, it is important to be manned space exploration program is familiar alerted to some of the activities of the, space to you through the manned sub-orbitaland program of the United States, the many con- orbital flights of Project Mercury and the two- siderations to be thought about when pointing man flights of ProjectGemini, as well as a series toward a space career, and the necessity of early of flights in the Apollo Project.The next step planning. will be missions to other planets and beyond! The second step, that of Beginning To Ex- To achieve such an ambitious program, the de- plore the Space Industry, is designed to help velopment of high-thrust boosters is well along; acquaint you with the space industry.This superior guidance and control systems are being chapter deals with man's various definitions of perfected; and massive ground facilities for space, and then shifts to thoughts about the assembling, testing, and launching are being de- space industry by answering the questions of veloped.The universities of our nation have a "Who?" "Where?" "What?" "When?" "How?" vital part in the program.They accept much and "Wl,?" as they relate to the space industry. responsibility for increasing our scientific knowl- The third step is that of Considering Occu- edge through research and better preparation of pationa: Fields in the Space Industry.Chapter students. III is designed to help you become acquainted with the general areas and specific groups of jobs in the space industry to which you might HOW DO THESE SPACE ACTIVITIES aspire. AFFECT YOU? The fourth step is that of Determining Pathways to a Job in the Space Industry.This The research, development, testing, and fourth chapter focuses on the educational back- production related to space exploration touches grounds that you will need for different job your life almost daily.Radio and TV broad- fields. casts report the latest happenings.Newspapers, The fifth step is that of Exploring Job Re- magazines, and books report on the progress of quirements in the Space Industry.Chapter V the projects and speculate on their many im- helps you learn about the requirements and ex- plications.It is likely that your thoughts and pectations that are related to jobs in science, conversation often turn to the latest space ac- enginPAring, and technology. complishments.At times you may even dream The sixth step is to assist you in Formu- of what the future will bring. lating Goals for Now and in the Future. Space exploration has already contributed Chapter VI helps you to look at yourself and to your life in many practical ways.Some of

2 the more beneficial results are greater national YOUR INTERESTS. Why not stop for security, a strengthened national economy, new a moment and ask yourself what yourinterests jobs, higher living standards, new consumer are?What school subjects do you like best? goods, improved education, advances in medi- What sports, hobbies, clubs, and odd jobs do cine, and stimulated business enterprise.You you engage in?What type of music do you may reap some or all ofthese indirect benefits like?What kind of reading do you do?;lave of space exploration. you noticed that your interests havechanged, or are they the same asearlier?Have certain WHAT PART CAN YOU PLAY IN THESE people that you have come to like affected your SPACE ACTIVITIES? interests? Why not go back and read these questions again, trying to answer each one just As the space industry expands and the need a little more fully? for scientists, engineers, and technologists con- If you are not satisfied with your answers, tinues you may wish to examine the space indus- you may wish to make an appointmentwith try as a place of future employment. You may about become the scientist who develops a new way your guidance counselor and inquire taking an interest inventory.An interest in- of propelling spaceships, perhaps ionic or nu- ventory may help you to think more deeply clear.Imagine yourself as the engineer who designs the new space vehicle, or the technolo- about your interests and help you to relate your gist who assembles the components of a large pattern to occupations.Remember, however, space station in orbit.Or you might work in that an interest inventory cannot tell you if you another capacity to assist in the solving of some have the ability to perform well in a certain of the myriad of problems related to space ex- occupation. ploration.If you are interested in exploring a career in space science andtechnology you must YOUR ABILITIES. Give serious consideration to the abilities you possess.What can focus on the preparation dimensions that are What indicators do you have of involved. you do best? your abilities?You might start by thinking DIMENSIONS TO CONSIDER WHEN about the grades made in some of your school YOU ARE POINTING TOWARD A SPACE subjects; for example, in mathematics, science, CAREER and English. Which represented your strengths? Which were your weaknesses?Other indicators of ability are scores on achievement and apti- How well do you know yourself? tude tests.What do these scores indicate Do you know about the qualifications needed about you?It may be necessary to make an for occupations in space industries? appointment with your guidance counselor to Do you know about the world of work? get your test results and an interpretation of These are important considerations for any the test scores.When you see the counselor, jobhave you thought about them? you may also be able to get an interpretation of your intelligence test scores in terms of possible ARE YOU AWARE OF YOUR INTERESTS career plans.You will also want to discuss AND YOUR ABILITIES? your career plans with your guidance counselor, your parents, and your teachers.By looking Your interests and your abilities go hand-in- over these indicators of abilitycarefully, you hand when planning your career development. can get an idea of yourcapacity to perform at It is, of course, logical that if you have only in- various levels.It is extremely important to get terest and little ability, you cannotachieve in the a clear idea of your ability so as not topoint career field.By the same token, if you have the toward a career field that is out of reach for you. ability to perform, but little interest in a career, Yet it is equally important that you choose a you would be ill-advisedto choose it for your career field that will challenge youto work com- life's work.Thus, you must-have both interest mensurate with your abilities.This will make in, and ability for, the careerfield you choose. your career more rewarding. 3

:,"1 Cnn 1

WHAT ABOUT YOUR PERSONALITY? Emphasis on Science.There are many sciences such as physics, chemistry, psychology, As you look at yourself in order to learn physiology, psychiatry, and earth science to more about your interests and abilities, it is also name but a few that arerelated to space ex- wise to look at other significant personal attri- ploration.The content dealt with in each and butes.An individual's personality is one im- the way it contributes to space exploration portant factor in how successful he is on the job. varies widely, but there are common threads You might want to take note of how well you among the sciencesattitudesthat are held in get along with your friends and teachers.You common by scientists ineach area.One gen- might want to focus on your problems. How eral type of common thread is what might be well do you handle them? Do you often feel called "scientific literacy" and a more specific extremely uncomfortable in classes or at social common thread is the scientificmethod. gatherings?Are you always a follower, or do you share in initiating and making your ideas WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC LITERACY? known? Are you dependent on others or independent?Are you dependable or undepezzi- For most people, to be "scientifically liter- able?These are just a few of the many factors ate" is not something you are or are not, but related to a person's personality.You might rather a foundation you develop.It means a wP,nt to take a closer look at your personality continuing awareness of what is new in science on your own or you may want to discuss it with and technology.It means understanding the someone, such as your guidance counselor, general workings of the world and outer space. friend, or parent.You may be interested in It means to be alert to the affect of science and taking a personality inventory which, when in- technology on our daily living. terpreted and discussed with a professional The nature of scientific literacy needs to be counselor, can help you to know yourself better. examined in greater detail.First, a person's scientific literacy is based on his or her knowledge in sciencea kind of knowledge that is LEARN ABOUT QUALIFICATIONS broader than mastery of detailed information. It is a knowledge that includes the qualities of If you point toward a career in space, you curiosity, accuracy of observation and interpreta- must meet requirements in science, mathe- tion, and open-mindedness.Thus, if we studied matics, and have certain technical skills.Of a person who was a scientificliterate, we would course, not everyone in the space industry will likely find that he is curious about the "How" be required to be the very top scientist, mathe- and "Why" of the world as well as the way matician, or technically skilled person, but your people behave.He will also be genuinel: in- mastery in these three areas will determine your terested in hearing and reading about activities placement, and how quickly you advance.In of scientists.A person can have scientific lit- the space industry, there are places for men and eracy without creating the new ideas ofscience, women who have different levels of competency but he would certainly be able to converse about in science, mathematics, and technical skills. and communicate the important new and gen- You may specialize in one 'field more than the eral ideas and theories that are developing in others; you may have considerable qualification the halls of learning, in the research laboratory, in all three; or your levels of competency may and on the job.It does not mean knowing the vary among the three areas. many details of scientific knowledge. Perhaps one of the more important evi- dences of scientific literacy is the person's de- WHERE IS THE EMPHASIS? sire to determine the true quality of an idea and to be openminded about one's own idJas and We have stated that three important areas those of others.He strives to be accurate and of qualification are science, mathematics, and precise in his observations and descriptions. technical skill.What does this mean? When more information is available, the person 4 will be ready to adjust his thinking in terms of with so as to focus study on the problem; the new information. He will demand this pains- 4. collect the datasum up the findings taking accuracy in others, and will insist on after the study; being given the basis for making a judgment 5. come to a conclusionon the basis of the about ideas.This whole approach will carry data, decide upon the best answer to the over into all areas of the person's life, such as problem; his philosophy of living, foreign affairs, and 6. remain open-mindedbe ready to con- music. sider, accept, and use a solution that can Thus, scientific literacy includes the per- be shown to be a better answer to the son's knowledge of facts, concepts, and princi- problem. ples, but does not stop there.It also indicates If we look to this method for solving prob- the individual's attitudes and his application of lems in relation to space, it is obvious that there knowledge.It is important to note that so-is an unending application of the method. called facts and even concepts and principles Man's space exploration has opened an infinite have a tendency to be modified or completely unchartered expanse, thus generating an infinite changed as new discoveries and breakthroughs challenge of problems and solution.The scien- come about.This, related to the idea of scientific method is extremely useful in these pursuits. tific literacy, would mean that the person would Space exploration demands variation of the also have to change and modify to keep pace. application of the scientific method to solve At this point, let us focus on you again. unique problems.Therefore, the student who In this time of the "explosion of science and takes advantage of every opportunity to learn technology" how is your scientific literacy?It and to practice the use of the scientific method is really rather obvious that every citizen ofa will likely be better prepared to work with prob- highly developed nation such as ours might lems of space. have a high level scientific literacy.Those in the space industry must have a higher than average level of scientific literacy.Can youEMPHASIS ON MATHEMATICS qualify? Mathematics is also a science, and is some- WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE times referred to as the most exact science.The SCIENTIFIC METHOD? question is often asked, "How much mathematics do I have to know to do that job?"It is true The "scientific method" is the more specific that mathematics is important in relation to common thread that was mentioned among the scientific, engineering, and technological en- sciences.You may say, "Oh, I know all about deavors; however, different levels of mathe- the scientific method; we studied that in science matical competency are required.Certain tech- class."The fact is that no one knows all about nical positions may require only algebra; others the method, for different types of problems re- require mathematics into calculus.Different quire new and varied applications of the method. sciences also require varying mathematical com- Experts say that the scientific method is a petencies; for example, specialization in geology formal approach to selving problems.Differ- and physiology requires calculus, while speciali- ent experts speak of different steps in the zation in psychology and zoology usually re- method.The following are the six steps often quires mathematical competency through referred to: calculus and into differential equations.Of 1. define the problemlimit and concisely course, the person who specializes to the great- state the problem; est extent in mathematics is the mathematician. 2. state hypothesesstatements of possible This brief discussion indicates that mathematics solutions for the problem, sometimes is important for a space career, but the door is called educated guesses; not closed to those who have-high competency 3. experimentdevise a way to control the incertainfieldsnotrequiringas much situation by limiting the aspects dealt mathematics. 5 210-926 0 - 66 - 2 How do you rank in mathematics?Today, capacity.Too many people enter a specific job the trend is toward more fields requiring greater on the basis of chance alone.It would be more mathematical competency.The person skilled efficient and enjoyable for all concerned if people in mathematics, therefore, will find considerable could find jobs in which they are interested, and employment opportunity in the years ahead. for which they are trained, not just the jobs they happen into.If this is to be possible, each person must acquaint himself with theworld of work in advance of the time he is to enter.One EMPHASIS ON TECHNICAL SKILLS might start by thinking a little about the chang- The technical skills required of those in ing meaning of the word "work." space careers vary widely.It may be that THE MEANING CiF WORK CHANGES. among other competencies the astronaut pos- If we go far back in history, we find that the sesses the highest level of technical skill in cer- Greek word for work was ponos, meaning pain. tain areas.For example, astronauts have to fly The same root is in the Latin word for work, simulated missions to perfect their skills in con- peona, and here it implies sorrow.For these trolling the yaw, pitch, and roll of their space people, work was burdensome and connected capsules.In fact, even eating becomes a tech- with fatigue.Today, machinery is used for nical skill in space. most of man's heavy work, and the emphasis is Other examples of technical skills may range now on man's training,skill, and brain power. from the polishing of lenses by ra technician, to Returning to history, we discover that the technical report writing, to ozt)erating a corn- Hebrews were like the Greeks in regarding work puter, to giving an injection to a chimpanzee, to as painful drudgery.Work no longer has this drawing the plans for a satellite, to using a slide meaning of being connected with slavery and rule, to micro-welding, and even to sterilizing a bondage.Today, man has a choice and can satellite.Scientists will have certain technical enter work to his liking.But he muSt exercise skills; engineers and technicians will, as well, his choice. employ technical skills.Drafting is a technical It has been said that through work, wehave skill which is often common to all th-ee.Is the possibility of unlimited progress.It is clear drafting one of your skills?Technical ;21s are that man's great triumphs by means of science important in one's training.Your choice of and technology have led to undreamed of dis- career fields and your level of aspiration in that coveries and advances.In fact, some believe field will determine the skills you will need to that there are no bounds to man's creative master. power and his ability to progressthrough work. It has been said that there is no enemy that cannot be conqueredtime, space, poverty, sick- LEARN ABOUT THE WORLD OF WORK ness, old age, and evendeath itself. With today's radically different viewof Your alertness to the possibility of a career work, man is able to derive greatmeaning and in space, or a career in any field for that matter, satisfaction from working.Couple this with would not be complete without thinking about man's increasing awareness of hisability to the world of work.In this era of increasing exercise a choice as to his field of work,and it specialization, more people are spending more becomes clear that work has a prominentposi- time in school.Few students, however, do tive place in man's life. enough thinking about the day they will leave NATURE OF JOBS CHANGE. How school and become employed.This section will do today's jobs compare with thoseof yester- introduce some ideas about how you may pre- day?For the most part, modern American pare more satisfactorily for the work world. jobs are no longer of theindependent, self- ARE YOU AWARE OF THE WORLD sufficient, small-farmer, pioneering, orrough OF WORK? In society, we have an under- individualistic type responsible for this country's standing that as each person becomes pre- founding and growth.Today, the greatest pared, he will enter the world of work in some number of Americans are employedin some 6 capacity by large corporations.This means tates study of the work world.But, unless you that these people are skilled not only as engi- use this information to planahead, all this neers or technicians, but also have know-how knowledge will be of little use. in organization, coordination, teamwork, plan- Importance of Planning. In the past,when ning, theory application, and large-scale exe- occupations required much less specialized train- cution. ing and know how, a person did not have to con- The trends in automation have also affected cern himself as much as in the presentwith jobs today.The coming of automation has planning a career and training for a career.He taken inventiveness from the workroom and might have waited until he finished school and moved it to the drafting board, and the labora- then chose his career.Now, in the space age, tory.The coming of automation has influenced if a person is thinking of a technical or profes- jobs in an important way that we have mentioned sional career, he must consider in advance his earlierskilled jobs continue to rise while un- abilities, his interests, possible career fields, and skilled jobs decline.Automation and other new needed education. processing tachniques have made it possible for As a nation, the United States has commit- more work to be done in less time.This has, in ted itself to the peaceful exploration of space. turn, brought about shorter working hours in This includes landing a man on the moon in this many fields.The pressing question confronting decade.To achieve such an extremely chal- many is what to do with their leisure time. lenging, imaginative, and technical undertaking, LEISURE TIME. The rise in leisure time we cannot start in 1968.Lead time must be has presented a new challenge tO many. How considered.The actual manned shot to the will people use this time?This may not be- moon must be preceded by activity including come a question for you if you learn to use your planning, building, training, perfecting, and fur- leisure time wisely while still in school.Many ther perfecting.All this involves both people, students find time to take courses or become equipment, and time for the accomplishment of 'involved in activities related to photography, each activity. A master plan is to be conceived music, art, ceramics, aviation, numerous sports, to bring together all of the perfected equipment camping, dancing, dramatics, and other special and the trained individuals to operate it at the interests. time designated in the future.This undertak- A portion of the problem is solved when a ing involves thousands of people and billions of person comes to be aware of his special interests dollars. and develops them.It is often possible to Your career development is of no less im- locate organizations in the community whose portance to you.The career you choose will members have interests similar to yours.You determine what happens to you in the major may affiliate with them and find others who ap- portion of your life.It is clear that planning preciate your interests.The appropriate use of ahead is necessary, but what should be the leisure time depends on being aware of your nature of your plan? likes and exercising initiative necessary to get involved. The use of leisure time is a critical issue. Some maintain that man's use of his leisure time in a constructive and productive way mayNATURE OF PLANNING very well decide the fate of man on earth.This statement has many implications.Why not If you look about yourself today, one important characteristic of your world of work is take a moment to ponder it before going on? evident and that is change. W e are in the midst of a number of explosionsscience, knowl- PLANNING AHEAD edge, and population.All of these explosions mean change.The rapid pace of change in Choosing a career demands that you learn technology, education, and society puts man in about yourself.It requires that you learna position of having to be more flexible and about the qualifications for a career.It necessi- adaptive to keep up. Space science and technology are rapidly think more about yourself in preparation for developing and changing fields.Therefore, if your career choice.It may be helpful for you your plan is to point toward a careerin space to complete it and then discust it with your science or almost any other field, you must have parents, séhool counselor, or teacher. a plan that can be changed according to your needs as they change. With all of the emphasis on planning, it is Based on My Career Guidebook by Harry S. Belman and only logical that you take some time out now for Bruce E. Shertzer.Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Bruce Publish- planning.The following is a guide' to help you ing Company, 1964, 48 pp.

I. Personal Preferences on the Work Situation

A. Check those which you like and x those which you dislike. 1. Work situation involving handling and/or management of money. 2. Work situation in which I would care for other people. 3. Work situation requiring acceptance of responsibility for others. 4. Work situation where I would sell things. 5. Work situation involving the use of mathematics. 6. Work situation requiring individual decision making. 7. Work situation where I would spend time with children. 8. Work situation requiring thinking fast. 9. Work situation in which I would meet many people. 10. Work situation depending on writing skill. 11. Work situation where I would use my physical strength. 12. Work situation where planning and organizing is central. 13. Work situation requiring frequent moving. 14. Work situation involving noise. 15. Work situation outdoors. 16. Work situation indoors. 17. Work situation where I use my hands and/or work with tools and machines. 18. Work situation requiring patience and accuracy. 19. Work situation where I work with other people. 20. Work situation where I have to take orders. 21. Work situation which is clean and orderly. 22. Work sitvation where I would be alone. 23. Work situation involving ideas and original thinking. 24. Work situation requiring close attention to time. 25. Work situation requiring study and research.

B. List other personal preferences you have involving the work situation. Why do you have this preference?

4. 8 C. List other personal dislikes you have involving the work situation. Why do you have this preference?

II. How Do You Stand in Achievement, Ability, and Interest? A. Rate yourself on your performance in the following subjects:

Subjects Check Below Above Average Average Average 1. Science 2. Mathematics 3. English 4. Technical skill courses (drafting) 5. Shop or industrial arts 6. Foreign language 7. Social studies 8. Speech 9. Physical education 10. Music 11. Business courses 12. Home economics 13. Agriculture 14. Others

B. General AbilitiesHow do you rank?

Abilities Check Below Above Average Average Average

1. In your high school academic studies 2. In your skill in using tools and mechanics 3. In your high school technical courses 9 Abilities (continued) Check Below Above Average Average Average 4. In your ability to visualize in three dimensions

5. In your ability to do eye-handcoordinated work 6. In clerical work 7. In artistic work 8. In scientific work 9. In mechanical work

C. Occupational InterestsWhich categoriesfrom the Kuder Preference Record do you like most and like least? Categories Check Like most Like least

Outdoor Mechanical Computational Scientific Persuasive Artistic Literary Musical Social service Clerical D. What other activities are you involved in?

List organizations, clubs, or teams in which What responsibilities have you held in this you are involved. group?

E. What is your usual recreation? Why do you like it?

10 F. What are your hobbies? Why do you like these hobbies?

III. How's Your Health? A. How is your weight for your height? B. How is your eyesight? C. How is your hearing? D. Do you have any speech problem? IV. Care of Your Health A. How are your sleeping habits? B. How are your eating habits? C. How are your exercising habits?

V. Your Study Habits A. What subjects are you taking this year? Why did you take them? Why doyou like or dislike them?

B. Study Habits Always Usually Never 1. Do you make a record of all assignments? 2. Do you have a particular study time? 3. Do you have a particular study place? 4. Do you gather important study tools before you start to study? 5. Do you put off your study? 6. Do you use itudy time for other purposes? 7. Do you keep your mind on your studies? 5. Do you look over your whole lesson before working on it in parts?

11 B. Study Habits (continued) Always Usually Never 9. Do you look over and recall the main points in the lesson as part of your study plan? 10. Do you review what you studied before going to class? 11. Do you finish your assignments on time? 12. Do you spend too much time studying? C. How might you improve your study habits?

VI. Your Work Experience A. What jobs have you held? Did you like or Why? dislike them? 1. 2. 3. 4.

B. What kind of occupations do you feel most fit to do? Kind Why? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1111iIMIN=EN

LEARNING MORE ABOUT resumes, handling correspondence, selecting the SPACE CAREERS right job, and many other helpful pointers not Now is the time to learn more about the generally found in any school situation, are space industry.You may wish to return to among the strong points of this excellent book. your planning guide answers as you learn more A. H. Edgerton. A Career-planning guide. about space careers.These answers may help Chicago: The World Book Encyclopedia, 1956, you to see how you might fit into the space 40 pp. industry. A career guide which has been designed for use by the boy or girl who is planning a career Helpful Reference with his parents help. Walter M. Lifton (ed.).Keys to Vocational Robert Calvert, Jr. and John E. Steele. Decisions.Chicago: Science Research Asso- Planning Your Career.New York: McGraw- ciates, Inc., 1964. Hill, 1963, 152 pp. Topics related to vocational decisions are Provides the student with the tools neces- discussed particularly with the high school stu- sary for career planning.The suggested meth- dent in mind. Some topics included are interest, ods for handling the job interview, preparing personality, and tests. 12 CHAPTER 2 4,4 BEGIN TO LOOK AT THE SPACE INDUSTRY

Is the space industry important to you? argue that spadebegins at the point where man can no longer breathenaturally, without obtain- Are you going to be a part of the spacede- ing oxygen artificially.This is about three and velopment? one-half to four miles above the earth's surface. Why are we in space? Others state that space begins at the level below which 99 percent of the atmosphere lies, which What space developments change ourworld? would be at an altitude of twenty miles. Another place to start toward this infinity would be at a point at which aerodynamic ve- INTRODUCTION TO SPACE hicles can no longer be supported by the atmos- A NEW INDUSTRY phere.This is nonspecific, varying with the type of vehicle.A point where meteors first If a reporter were to look at career oppor- appear, seventy-five miles out,could be used. tunities in the space industry, he wouldprobably In this book "Space" will mean the atmos- take a journalistic approach and considerthe phere beyond the twenty-mile level of the earth's who, what, when, where, and how of space atmosphere.This includes interstellar space. science, engineering, and technology.Each oc- "Space flight" will include flight beyond the cupation within the industry could bedescribed sixty-mile level, below which lies all but one- in many different ways.Implications important millionth of the earth's atmosphere. to career development exist withineach division. From the surface of the earth, to these levels Since space is one of the newest andfastest and on to infinitythis, then, is aerospace, air growing industries in the Nation, all thefacts and space.Space is thus that part of the uni- should be considered.Opportunities for careers verse between celestialbodies and stretches in- in space, to be meaningful, must berelated to finitely beyond this atmosphere. youthe reader! SIX QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHAT ARE THEDIMENSIONS ABOUT SPACE OF SPACE? There are many dimensions ofeach space Everyone has an idea of what spaceis, yet consideration.The questions of who, where, there is no simple way todefine the exact di- what, when, how, and why couldbe concerned mensions or limitations of "space."Space cer- with space itself, but moreimportantly should tainly includes the concept ofinfinity.Depend- be related to your preparationfor a career in ing on what basis you startwith, one might space science, spaceengineering, or space tech- 13 nology, all part of the new space industry.The The space industry is exploding with new focus, then, will be upon you as a student inthe job opportunities that were relatively unknown high school preparing for a future career within in 1960.Each new space discovery, each devel- the space industry. opment, sets off a chain reaction in industrial growth as an entirely new industry emerges on the contemporary business and industrial scene. WHO ARE THE WORKING MEMBERS You are preparing for this new industry OF THE SPACE FAMILY? when you study advanced mathematics, science, economics, language, and government. Yoube- The great majority of people in the space come involved when youdo term papers (intro- industry are highly skilled and semiprofessional ductory research), operate machines(mechanics), employees of private industry, who do not work engage in tests(psychological measurement), directly for the Government.People in space and in a host of other school activities which re- industries come from various socio-economic late to space communication, automation,data levels, and possess many varied skills, talents, processing, and instrumentation. and experiences.They are men and women With you, in these involvement processes, who have differing amounts of education and are your teachers,counselors, school adminis- training, but they also have many things intrators, even your parents, and friends.They common. They all have kept upwith the times all must help create an educational climate that and continued to increase their knowledge. will help you be prepared for the space . age. Besides the scientists, engineers, and tech- Educators in key positions in our government nicians, members of the space industryinclude and elsewhere have grasped the opportunity, the military specialists from all branchesof the born of necessity, to change outdated concepts. service, the astronauts, the universityresearch Their goal is to prepare you better for the new people, educators, contractors of every type,and world of tomorrow. subcontractors.There are also people in ad- Among the planners in government are the ministration, management, finance, and other National Aeronautics and Space Administration services including supply,.repair, andmainte- (NASA), the National Science Foundation nance.Many employees of well-known manu- (NSF), the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), facturing concerns are indirectly members of the the Department of Labor (DOL), the Depart- space industryfamily; for ninety percent of the ment of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), materials are designed, developed, or manufac- and the Department of Defense (DOD). Many tured by American industry. others also are concentrating their special talents In fact, you are one-of the most important and efforts to establish a better standard and members of the space family.As an American organization for living in the space-age society. student and future taxpayer you are a deter- Others with key roles in preparing young mining factor in space development.Americans Americans for their future are the universities,

have already invested more than five billionsof ,colleges, technical schools, research foundations, dollars in the years ahead. and academies.Industrial training is a vital You are a stockholder as well as a recipient part of this educational preparation.Major in a pyramiding industry.It is up to you to see universities such as the Massachusetts Institute that your investment will pay compound interest of Technology, Purdue University, Rice Insti- in providing a better way of lifenew opportu- tute, The Ohio State University, the California nity for you and those that follow. Institute of Technology, and many, many others A few short years ago the astronauts and are performing vital researchwhile at the same those now in training were in high school, just time providing the classroom teacher with fun- as you. A few years from now they or others damental knowledge for space leadership. like them may be managing a new worldone Many people are working with you, the high school student as the focal point, to insure .you may visit.By your actions, your prepara- tions, you will have helped prepare others, if not that the space world of today and tomorrow will yourself, for space travel. be a matter of intelligent conquest.

14 The entire world is fast becoming adapted equipment, supplies, and living organisms to, even obsessed with, their almost inescapable through space; and the preservation of the role role in space development.Our discoveries in of the United States as a leader in aeronautical space, the integration of new knowledge and and space activities. communication capabilities, may do much to NASA is a relatively newagency, but its press this world's technical and scientific activity competence and expected standards of perform- into a closer unityfor a more coherent har- ance are based solidly on the accomplishments, monious society. personnel, and facilities of the long established and well-known National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, plus major segments from other WHERE IS THE SPACE INDUSTRY? Federal agencies that have been transferred by WHAT DO WE MEAN Executive Order of the President into the NASA BY THE SPACE INDUSTRY? organization.These have included elements of the Naval Research Laboratory, the Army'svon The space industry ison the East Coast, Braun rocket development team, and the Jet the West Coast, in Florida, Alabama, and Texas Propulsion Laboratory operated under contract with the hub of administrative activities in by the California Institute of Technology. Washington, D.C.The space industry may be NASA employs nearly 35,000 people, most located at an airport, on acampus, on a moun- of whom are located in seven major research and tain top, a desert, in a factory, ata rail or chip- development centers.About one-third of the yard.ln fact, it can be and is located in nearly total are scientists and engineers.Over two- every state. fifths are skilled craftsmen and technicians, and When people think of thespace industry one-eighth are clerical workers.About one- they naturally think of the National Aeronau- twelfth are administrative personnel. tics and Space Administrationa government NASA's work within its own laboratories is agency.Yet more than eighty-five percent ofonly a part of its larger responsibilities fora all the money spent forspace goes directly into national effort in aeronautics and space explora- private industry.Many of the workers em- tion.More than ninety percent of the total ployed in space industriesare employed by pri- NASA funds are expended for research and de- vate industry.The function of the role of velopment outside the government with NASA government in space should be understood. performing technical and administrative moni- toring.The space industry is primarily involved in the development of hardware items and NASA flight systems, with universities and othernon- profit institutions participating in the support- The National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ing research. ministration (NASA) is an independent civilian government agency established October 1, 1958. Broadly, NASA's mission includes all matters NASA HEADQUARTERS, pertaining to civilian aeronautical research but WASHINGTON, D.C. also the development, construction, testing, and operation for research purposes of aeronautical Within the framework established by Con- and space vehicles, manned and unmanned, to- gress and the President, NASA Headquarters gether with related equipment, devices, and plans and directs the Nation's civilian space ef- components. fort.Centered here are policy formulation, NASA's work includes basic and applied re- direction, and control for NASA's major pro- search for the expansion of human knowledge of grams.These are: (1) manned space flight, in- phenomena in the atmosphere and space; the cluding manned lunar exploration; (2) space improvement of the usefulness, performance, sciences, in terms of unmanned scientific inves- speed, safety, and efficiency of aeronautical and tigation of space, the moon, and the planets; (3) space vehicles; the development and operation practical applications of space technology, in- of vehicles capable of carrying instruments, cluding operations, weather, and communica- 15 tions satellites, and (4) advanced research and civilian, military, and government agencies. technology in both aeronautics and space.The The majority of the actual research and produc- Headquarters also bears the primary responsi- tion, manufacture, fabrication, transpGrtation, bility within NASA for promoting international support, and labor is performed bycivilians cooperation in aeronautics and space research, private citizens, working in American industry. keeping the general public and the scientific The space program is world-wide.Space community informed about NASA operations activity is international and interdisciplinary. and research findings, and developing the neces- It involves almost every countryand climate. sary agency-wide administrative management For example, you may find spacetechnicians systems to support the total NASA program. and engineers on tropical beaches, orin the The major centers are engaged in research, de- jungles of Africa or South America; you may velopment, and operations relating to the manned find observers and scientists in theirlaboratories and unmanned space exploration and peaceful atop a mountain or skyscraper,in an office or use of space.Most of these have management laboratory.In arctic or tropic wastelands, you responsibilities for projects dealing with exten- may find monitoringstations, transmitting sta- sive development contracts in industry.' tions, experimental stations.These various sta- Space industrial research also includes tions are sometimes a great distancefrom the schools.For example, in 1962 more than half research centers, the flight test centers, or com- of NASA employees were attending some sort munications centers of the Nation. 11 of formal training program.This does not in- An increasing amount of the space research clude numerous other employees who took un- is conducted in the Nation's universities, re- sponsored educational or training courses to search foundations, academies, and other cam- improve their potential. pus settings.Space programs are also found How does NASA operate?Government interlaced with military programs and those of scientists initiate (theorize, synthesize, and eval- other government agencies. uate) a space project or program.They call in The scientists, the technicians, the engi- experts in the engineering area who construct neers, the educators, thegovernment officials, models, prototypes, designs, or plans.Further all focus their interest on the space laboratories evaluation follows.The production of the that soon will be launched into orbit to function model or models is then "farmed-out" to various as another planet.Some of those now workiag civilian contractoro who in turn farm out por- around the earth, may soon transfer their activ- tions to many subcontractors and suppliers, all ities to a lunar or planetary experimental sta- in private industry.Often the facts, figures, tion.Their moving van will be a rocket- specifications, and details are fed into computers powered space vehicle. and continuously studied as each aspect of a The Department of the Army's missile test new model or project is developed.This is center in El Paso, the Departmentof the Navy's checked by the scientists, engineers, and other nuclear-powered submarines with their Polaris experts in NASA and in other government missile capability, are part of the spaceindustry agencies, even congressional committees. family.The United States Air Force and its Much of the initial research and feedback vast network of intercontinentalballistic mis- is "farmed out" or contracted to major univer- siles, its ultrasonic aerospace craft, andits vast sities, taboratories, planetariums, or research communication and radar network provide the foundations with NASA structuring the contract military management of space.Aerospace pecifications as to quality, performance, time, medical centers work with civilian researchers and costs. to provide the physiological andpsychological NASA monitors the entire space effort.It flight. develops the contracts, coordinates and inte- processes necessary for space grates the project activities with all interested New fields of interest in space law, space medicine, space communication,and an entire field of a new geology are now beingstudied in ' Historical Origins of the National Aeronauticsand Space Ad- research centers, mostly on thecollege campus. ministration, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, student in D.C., 20402. This means that you as a graduate

16 college will have an opportunity to be a part of above the obscuring and distorting atmosphere vital space research. to observe the universe. The Union of Socialist Soviet Republic, the As technology advances, more and more 01 United Kingdom, France, and many other coun- the solar system will become accessible to direct tries are devoting great efforts toward space re- observation by means of instruments carried in search.Some of this research is cooperative rocket-powered vehicles. with the United States.International coopera- The rocket makes all this possible, not only tive research brings into focus such areas as because of its ability to hurl itself away from diplomacy, international relations, foreign lan- earth, but also because it can operate in a guage, and international law. vacuum.Even in 1865, these abilities of the The space industry is, then, the civilian and rocket were recognized by French author Jules military agencies of the government working Verne, who included in his fictional account of with the universities and research centers toFrom the Earth to the Moon, rockets for provide space development.This work is ac- steering a spaceship.However, Verne's space- complished almost entirely by private industry. ship was launched from a cannon. Between 1914 and Wevid War II, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, an American physicist, conducted extensive research on rockets.His principle WHEN AND HOW WE GOT motive was to find a way to explore the earth's, IN THE SPACE BUSINESS higher atmosphere.Goddard's early analysis of the problems of rocket propulsionwere com- Over seven hundred years ago the Chinese, plete and remarkably accurate.In 1926, he having invented gunpowder used rockets to re- conducted the first successful test ofa liquid pel the invading Mongols.In the centuries that fuel rocket.However, his early efforts and followed a more entertaining use was made of those of other rocket enthusiasts went largely rockets, in the form of fireworks.Military per- unheecl, i. sonnel then discarded rocket power in favor of C.,Lisiderable interest in rocketry arose in the cannon.Yet, from time to time, English Germany in the early 1920's.In 1923, Hermann and French military personnel revived their in- Oberth published the important work The terest in rocketry with mixed success.It was Rocket Into Interplanetary Space.Starting on not until the twentieth century that scientists an amateur basis, the German effort eventually began to relate the idea of space travel with secured government support and during World rocketry, or the military began to *develop a War II brought forth the buzz-bomb (air breath- controllable missile. ing jet) and the V-2 missile (a true rocket). A Russian schoolteacher,Konstanin The V-2 marked a tremendous advance in Tsiolkovsky, in 1903, published an article on the rocket technology and clearly established the possibility of sending a rocket into space as an possibility of future space flight.Foremost exploration vehicle. among German scientists was Wernher von Space exploration vehicles, whether manned Braun, now a citizen of the United States, who or unmanned, must have a propulsion system, heads NASA's Marsl-all Space Flight Center. some sort of guidance or control system have Since World War II, rocket engineering has some purpose or payload, and have a framework advanced rapidly.With greatly improved to unite the various parts.Until the twentieth launching vehicles, both the Soviet Union and century rockets were largely without all of these the United States have been able to place satel- required components. lites in orbit above the earth and send instru- Until recently, our access to outer space lay mented packages to the Moon and beyond. entirely through light and other radiations that Our space industry was born out of this penetrated earth's atmosphere from the vast- Nation's supremacy in the aircraft industry. nesses of the universe.With the advent of the From the Wright brothers' first attempts with modern rocket or space exploration vehicle, gasoline engines and propeller-driven aircraft to great new vistas opened before us.It then be- today's modern jets, this Nation has excelled in came possible to send observation equipment aircraft production and in air transportation. 17

210-926 0 - 66 - 3 The Government has often been the sponsor of oped labor and its economic impact and are much of the aircraft technology because of de- devoting more and more effort in the education fense purposes. Now rocket-powered and nu- and training of their employees. Much of this clear-powered spacecraft concepts are blending effort at a higher level is directed to the Nation's with the space exploration vehicle to change an universities through grants, research contracts, entire industrial concept. scholarships, and similar incentives.At another level, it is directed toward retrainingand Competition, the impetus of progress,has transfer of skills. played a most important part.Competition with other nations, competition among manu- The problem, then, becomes educational. facturers and among the militaryhas done much One must develop his capabilities to meet the to advance space technology.The U.S. Air challenge of space.He must keep up with the Force in cooperation with civilian resourceshas exploding developments in space science and developed new supersonic vehicles, newnaviga- technology and at the same time contribute to tional capabilities, and newairlift capabilities the preparation of new generations for a future which are coveted then adoptedby the ,Avilian that cannot be visualizedone that requires aircraft industry. greater knowledge and ability than is now known. He must prepare! As you become more and more a part ofthe space age youshould also become aware of its Space technology is today the most compli- extensive possibilities.Each new discovery cated yet exacting new area of development and opens new areas forresearch and further devel- the most rewarding.It is becoming the largest opment, creating additional careersin space and most important industry employing over a science. million people in 1964 with an annual payroll of billions of dollars.All the inventions and ad- The cost of space researchand development vancement of mankind are dwarfed in size when can be justifiedin many ways.The capital in- compared to the future potential in the develop- vestment of the corporationshas increased. An ment of space.Your great grandchildren may increasing demand for newskills in newly devel- refer to today's effort in space development as oped career fields in space hasgiven these jobs the beginning of a Space Revolution even as we prestige.This represents new investment. refer to the Renaissar le or the Industrial Revo- lution.So there artAings that must be done, Automation has increased the need for new changes that have tobe made, dreams that highly skilled individuals.For every laborious have to be dreamed, goals that have to be estab- task that automated devices replace, a hostof lishedfor you and by you! new developmentsresult.New production capabilities made possible by automation increases Electronic computers can be as small as a the potential standard of living, whichin turn portable television set or as big as a large living makes the use of leisure time an important mat- room and cost huge sumsof money.Most com- ter of consideration.Automation makes pos- panies would of course, rent such expensive serv- sible a precision that can be programedand ice.Programers, workers representing a new costed.It may also cause unemployment among career will be neededin increasing numbers as those whose education, training, and experience computers figure a less expensive way to pro- have been neglected or whose talents andapti- duce goods and services.One expert estimates tudes have been misdirected. Choosing a career that we will need 65,000 programers within the in an expanding technological field, then,be- next ten years. comes more than justthe achievement of greater socio-economic rewardsit has social and personal implications. Without electronics the guidance systems of aerospace craft and missiles could not func- The major agencies of government andin- tion, nor could our present day society.The dustry have recognized the loss ofunderdevel- transistor and the printed circuit have revolu-

18 tionized electronic production.The Telestar wisest investment America has madenot be- and Syncom Satellites have introduced new con- cause of his leadership role, but because it is the cepts in communication, in transmission; other kind of stimulus the economy needs.He indi- innovations and discoveries promise to revolu- cated that the real pay-off did not lie in mining tionize the traditional science curriculum. the moon but enriching our economy and our sciences with new methods, new knowledge, new Breakthroughs in sciencenew sources of procedures, and advanced technology.Dr. heat, light, energy, power, new synthetics, Edward Teller, one of America's leading scien- plastics, new chemicals, and basic materials tists has said that before the century is over we require fundamental understanding of the tra- will have explored our entire planetary system ditional and contemporary content of science, reasonably well; we will have found out how to mathematics, and languages.But intellectual influence weather, to make proper use of the initiative, perception, and inventiveness, as well ocean, to cure cancer and heart disease, and to as new and continuous knowledge are also produce materials to order, synthetically.He necessary. states that a scientific career is more than a duty to societythat it is an opportunity, un- equalled.3James E. Webb, Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- WHY ARE WE IN SPACE? tration says that pre-eminence in space exploration will insure a place of leadership for the We are in space to gain knowledge.Space United States; that the stimulus of new knowl- provides infinite industrial opportunities.Pres- edge will return practical dividends in the form ident Lyndon Johnson, former Chairman of the of new products and techniques of great value National Aeronautics and Space Council, stated to industry, the professions, and everyday life. that the whole economy would be enriched by The scientific importance of exploring space may space development; that space will act both as hold the answers as to how the solar system was a stimulus and a catalyst in improving standards created, where life began, and how planets de- of living, increasing employment, and adding to velop and change.History has repeatedly our wealth of knowledge.He indicated that shown, Mr. Webb declares, that the results of soon space science will reach into every home, investigations in basic science are eventually for every business, and the life of every family. mans' betterment.4The NASA Administrator President John F. Kennedy said that we are setting sail on a new sea because there is new also indicated that science and technology are knowledge to be gained and new rights to be rightly regarded by the world's peoples as the won and that they must be won and used for keys to economic progress and military strength. the progress of all people.He indicated that Colonel John Glenn, United States Marine now is the time to prepare, to take longer Corps, retired, first American astronaut to orbit stridestime for a great new enterprise.In a the earth said that, "The clock is operating special message on urgent national needs to a we're underway.All systems are `Go'." Joint Session of Congress, he stated that this Nation should commit itself this decade to To sum up, we are in space because we achieving the goal of landing a man on the moon must be, intellectually, morally, scientifically, and returning him safely to the earth.He militarily, and economically.The fact that the stated that no single space project would be United States entered into the frontiers of space more impressive to mankind or more important exploration is of paramount importance to you, for the long-range exploration of space.He the high school student.By your careful con- concluded that none would be so difficult or ex- sideration and deliberate preparation you can pensive to accomplish.2Wernher von Braun choose a lifetime career that will be rewarding says that he believes space exploration is the by every measure of your desire. 3 Career Opportunities, New York Life Insurance Company, 2 The G E Forum, July-September, 1962, Vol. V, No. 3, 1963, p. 352. Reprint: Missiles/Rockets, November 27, 1961. 1:).7. 19 A CHECKLIST OF BASIC FACTS HELPFUL REFERENCES ABOUT THE SPACE INDUSTRY 1001 Questions Answered About Space, by Did you know that: Clarke New lon.New York: Dodd, Mead & 1. Infinity, as applied to careersin space Company, 1964, 338 pp. industry, means subject to no limitation, The book is organized so that the reader immeasurable, inconceivable. may prepare himselffor understanding of the latter part of the book by reading the first part. 2. Estimated U.S. space budget*excluding Some knowledge of physics and mathematicsis Defense, for 1965, is over five billion dol- necessary for ufiderstandingof the techniques lars, for 1967 over seven billion, for 1970 of space exploration, but history, space programs, over nine billiondollars. and other topics are easily understood. *includes Atomic Energy Commission, National Science Foundation, and One, Two, Three and the Moon.NASA Weather Bureau. EP-7, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, (Revised 6/63), 28 pp. 3. Over 85 percent of spacedollars goes A step-by-step report of America'smanned into private industry. space flight programleading to fulfillment of a manned expedition to the moon by 1970. 4. A national objective, clearlydefined, uni- versally understandable, is to put man One, Two, Three ...Infinity, by George on the moonin this decade. Gamow. New York: The Viking Press, 1961, 335 pp. 5. An expenditure of about eightmillion This book could serve to give the reader a dollars a day will greatly enhance the feeling for and general knowledge of theentire technology of this country, creating area subject toscientific inquiry.Some mathe- thousands of new jobs. matics and science knowledge would undoubtedly 6. Exploration of the moon maybe just the be helpful in gaining all that is to be gainedfrom first step of a planned explorationof the book. celestial bodies in other galaxies. The Space Guidebook, by William J. Weiser. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1963,311 pp. 7. New concepts of miniaturization, management, and precision, will require mas- The book is written so that a high school stu- tery of fundamental high schooland dent with an averagebackground in science and college course work. mathematics could benefit from it.Ideas of outstanding scientists and scientific knowledge are 8. That a conservative average entry wage simplified. in a specialized space career in industry Space, The New Frontier. NASA EP-6, for a person with a master's degree or Washington, D.C.: U.S. Goverrment Printing beyond will be close to $1.000 a month. Office, (Revised 11/64), 72 pp. 9. That now is the time toplan and pre- A comprehensive report of America's un- pare for a careerin space science, engi- manned and manned space programs.Includes neering, and technology. a glossary offrequently used space terms.

20 CHAPTER 3 CONSIDERING AN OCCUPATION IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY

Have you noticed that occupational choiceyou.Once you have made a selection of groups, requires a great amount of learning? you may finally proceed tothe occupational specialties within those groups, and again find those Have you noticed that occupational choicemost interesting to you.The check list at the takes time? close of this chapter should be of further help How much time have you spent on yourto you in becoming acquainted withoccupations choice so far? and indicating your preference for occupational It can help you also in nar- Do you think the time spent on your Choiceareas and groups. has been sufficient, so you can say, "I haverowing your choice of career fields. been fair to my future"? Naturally, once you have determined which occupational group(s) is most attractive to you, you would need to learnabout its educational Now that you have been alerted to the pos- and experience requirements, and about the re- sibility of a career in the space industryand sponsibilities of the job in order to determine have begun to learn more about the industry your qualifications toperform the job.This will itself, it is time to get a perspective on space be discussed more fully in later chapters, but should be present in your mind to some extent careers.This may be done by first thinking about an overview of all occupations,and next as you consider thepossibilities. by becoming acquainted with the manydifferent occupational groups within the space industry. One of these may be your choice of careerfields. THE GENERAL AREAS OF ALL OCCUPATIONS Do you realize that there are thousandsof occupations?Have you seen the book, Diction- If you are thinking about selecting a career ary of Occupational Titles Ithat is organized in space, it may be helpfu: for you to make a into nine categories into which all occupations mental note of those occupational categories that are most attractive to you.Since there can be placed? are so many differentoccupations within the space industry, perhaps it willbe easiest to start Think for a moment of all the people you by selecting from broad occupational groups or know who are part of the working world.With families, such as Life Science, or Fluid and the help of the Dictionary of Occupational Flight Mechanics, or other groups that attract Titles classification system, this variety of occu- 21 pations can be grouped into areas, thusfacilitat- VI.ServiceOccupations in this category are ing your quest of selecting a career.As you characterized as work done, or the performance read and think about the following clasEifica- of duties, for another person orother people. tions perhaps you will place in their proper The four generally accepted groupsincluded categories those jobs with which you are familiar. here are: You may also be thinking about those areas most Domestic: Occupational examples are attractive to you. day worker, cook, housekeeper. I.ProfessionalProfessional occupations often Personal: Barber, waiter, doorman, require training, ranging from four to seven years. usher. Many professions require college, andoften Protective: Watchman, fireman, po- licensing examinations are required. liceman, soldier. Building service: Janitor, porter, elevator Here are some examples of the professional operator. occupational titles that appear in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles: Accountant and auditor, VII.Agricultural, Fishery, and ForestryThe professor and instructor, engineer, teacher, social occupations in this category have a strong em- scientist. phasis on outdoor work. Agriculture: Jobs included are dairy farmer, II.SemiprofessionalSemiprofessional occupa- landscape gardener, and nurs- tions usually do not require the study of as much eryman. theory.The emphwiis is more on knowledge of Fishery: Examples are fisherman and the technical and practical aspects of the work. oysterman, sponge and sea- Examples of occupational titles included are weed gatherer. aviator, designer, draftsman, and photographer. Forestry: Examples are hunting and trapping guide, hunter and III.ManagerialManagerial occupations center trapper. around supervisory work and/or leadership responsibility.Included are hotel and restaurant VIII.ASkilled, BSemiskilled, and CUn- manager, buyer and departmenthead, adver- skilled OccupationsThis category covers a tising agent, manager and superintendent of variety of occupations both in (1) manufacturing buildings, and railroad conductor. and (2) nonmanufacturing industries. Al. Skilled occupations in manufacturing IV.ClericalOccupations in this category con- and related activities include baker, cloth sist mainly of routine type work; however, speed grader, cabinetmaker, bookbinder, and and accuracy are very important in the skilled welder. positions.Training in typing, shorthand, and A2. Skilled occupations in nonmanufactur- frequently, bookkeeping is necessary for jobs of ing include bricklayer, bus driver, lineman, this type.Examples of jobs range from book- meat cutter, and maintenance mechanic. keeper, clerk, and library assistant, to messenger, 81. Semiskilled occupations in manufactur- stenographer, typist, and telephone operator. ing and related activities include slicing machine operator, box maker, solderer, and V.SalesThere are different types of sales oc- general assembler. cupations.Retail sales occupations are involved 82. Semiskilled occupations in nonmanu- with selling directly, to the consumer; onthe facturing fields include wrecker, chauffeur, other hand, wholesale selling is done to busi- parking lot attendant, park caretaker, and nesses, industries,and stares. automobile mechanic helper. Cl. Unskilled occupations in manufactur- Some typical sales occupational titles are ing and related activities include candy auctioneer, demonstrator, newsboy, sales clerk, packer, packing machine feeder, rag sorter, and real estate salesman. stone feeder, and shopboy- 22 C2. Unskilled occupations in nonmanufac- obvious to you that classifying jobs in this in- turing fields include carpenter helper, long- dustry is quite difficult.New work areas con- shoreman, fuel attendant, park laborer, and tinually emerge, and existing areas change; thus, stock boy. there is a continued need for review, revision, You have just completed a very brief pre- redefinition, and creation of Aerospace Tech- sentation designed to give you an overview ofnology Specialties.The idea' behind it all is to all occupations.Were you able to get a tenta- describe adequately the scientific and engineer- tive idea of which occupational areas may be ing work associated with solving aerospace prob- attractive to you? lems so as to make it possible to select qualified workers to get the job done or the problems It is, of course, obvious to you from what solved. you already know about the space industry, that all of the occupational areas mentioned do not relate to the space industry.Just on the basis The task of classification in the space in- of your limited and rapid survey of all the occu- dustry is also made difficult by the fact that pational areas, which would you say are thespace jobs are often not the mostclearly defined areas most closely related to the space industry?jobs, such as may be found in some other indus- Think just a bit longer; it is rather easy, you tries.In addition, because of the nature of the say? On the basis of the information provided, more complicated problems tobe solved in space what is your conclusion?You think that the activities, workers must be qualified in more majority of the jobs in the space industry are than one field.This is called interdisciplinary for scientists, engineers, and technicians; and on competency. A person who is educatedand/or that basis you select the professional and semi- trained as a specialist in one field may be re- professional areas as being most closely related quired to study another field as well.As a con- since they include the scientists, engineers, and sequence, he will be able toattack the interdis- many technicians.You say also that the other ciplinary problems he meets.Examples are areas that are related to a lesser degree are man- meteorologists who study astronomy, or lubri- agerial (moderately), clerical (as it is in many cation specialists who study.propulsion systems. fields), skilled occupations (especially certain manufacturing occupations), and semiskilled occupations (again, in certain manufacturing fields). At this point, we will focus on theNASA The other areas you do not regard as directly Aerospace Technology Groups. related, but in special areas some relationship may be found.If your thinking followed this line, you have shown a good grasp of the overall AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY picture.At this level of understanding of oc- OCCUPATIONS cupations, you are likely in a good position to think of how you might fit intO the space There are ten groups of occupationsin industry. aerospace technology.Each group includes occupations in which there are scientists,engi- At this point, more information about space Whether you should careers would be most helpful;thus, the next neers, and technologists. section finally focuses on an overview of occupa- elect to enter an occupation in one of the groups tional groups in the space industry.The for- as a scientist, anengineer, or a technologist mat for this overview is the NASA Aerospace would depend on your education, training, ex- Technology Specialties Classification Plan. perience, and level of competency.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPACE 1. Space Sciences Group INDUSTRY OCCUPATIONS This group includes a wide range of jobs With all the previous emphasis on therapid ,which extend from work with theory about space changes in the space industry, it isundoubtedly to development and use of methods and equip- 23 ment to get information about space; from re- the simulated mission to prepare far in advance search and study of space phenomena to experi- of the flight time. mentation in space using sounding rockets and other probes; it also includes analyses of infor- Other jobs are related to the study of physi- mation gathered about space. ological stress factors during space flight.This The subjects that are dealt with in space would also include the study of the physiologi- sciences include the composition and the struc- cal responses, adaptations, and tolerance limits ture of planetary atmospheres and interplane- of the space travelers.The space equipment tary plasma; the sources, natures, and effects of must be designed to provide man with an en- planetary and solar ionospheres; the sources, vironment to meet his needs.One prominent natures, and effects of magnetic, gravitational, question is just how much of man's environment and electric fields, and of energetic particles exist- must be taken with him into space.So far, he- ing in space; the study of extrasolar celestial has taken the bare minimum, but he has not bodies and phenomena; the origin and evolution stayed in space long.If he stays longer, he will of stars and planets, and their elements and have to take more of his environment into space. constituents; the study of moons, planets, aster- oids, and interplanetary media and their changes; Another major group of problems dealt with the study of the physical properties of meteoric by people in other jobs in this group concerns materials or dust particles in space media. You aerospace radiation phenomena and its effects may have begun studies in these areas in your on living organisms.The problems related to general science, space science, or astronomy satisfactory shielding necessary for the maintenance of life is studied, and means of solving courses. this problem are dealt with by persons holding Another important subject area is related jobs in this group. to the sun; these studies involve determination and analysis of phenomena of the sun by investi- Still other jobs in this group relate to prob- gations of electromagnetic solar radiation.In- ems of psychology, such as the responses and formation concerning solar phenomena that can performance of the space traveler under phyiscal be viewed within our country are reported in and psychological stresses.The problems re- newspapers, science classes, and science maga- lated to manned operation and control of vehi- zines.All of the information obtained from the cles and flight or ground equipment involving study of these subjects contributes to the solu- instrument displays, manual controls, and tion of space exploration problems. communications, are also dealt with by persons classified in this group.You have no doubt heard of the space flight problems of isolation, II. LIFE SCIENCES GROUP monotony, sensory deprivation, tensions, and conflictsthese are important considerations for This group includes jobs for scientists, engi- this occupational group. neers, and technologists and pertains to the study of life and the maintenance of the lives of Another group of problems pertinent to this the space travelers. group is the development of replenishable, par- Some of the jobs involve planning, develop- tially regenerative, and regenerative life-support ment, or evolution of systems or techniques for systems.These problems must be solved to actual or simulated aerospace flights or extra- make possible extended aerospace flights, space terrestial explorations. We have mentioned the voyages, and planetary explorations. necessity of many tests, experiments, and simulated runs related to space flight.Complicated III. FLUID AND FLIGHT MECHANICS simulated approaches to landing on the moon GROUP are being run already by astronauts who may fly the Apollo mission.This is an example of This group includes jobs for scientists, engi- planning ahead (lead time)astronauts flying neers, and technologists who study and perfect 24 ocr

space flight vehicles.They deal with a wide 7. Study of atmospheric characteristics that range of problems related to space flight.Some affect the design and operation of aircraft, jobs are oriented toward the solution of the missiles, and space vehicles. problems of spacecraft in the areas of aerody- namically (air motion) and mechanically induced loads, vibrations, aero-elasticity, noise, internalIV. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES flow, fluid flows,heat transfer, and skin friction. GROUP Several of these problem areas are connected with certain aspects of our space program. You Workers (scientists, engineers, and technol- probably have heard about the vibration prob- ogists) in this group focus their energieson the lems with the Titan missile.You, no doubt,solution of problems related to the materials remember the heat shield burn-up when John(metals, plastics, ceramics) and the structure Glenn's capsule re-entered the atmosphere. use4l in spacecraft, aircraft, and launch vehicles. This is a problem related to skin friction. Re ted studies cover a wide variety ofconcerns, Other jobs in this group are concerned withsuclh as problems connected with: solving problems related to mathematical calcu- 1. High and low temperatures, erosion of lation and expression of ffight paths, ranges and materials. orbits, space rendezvous, and hard and soft 2. Properties and characteristics ofma- landings.Another category of jobs emphasizes terials and their effectiveness under various the investigation of questions involving control, conditions. guidance, and navigation of space vehicles both 3. Techniques of fabricating the materials in the atmosphere and in space.Control of and methods for applying the material in- spacecraft is an extremely critical problem. formation in aerospace structures. Small errors made early in flight and uncor- 4. Molecular and atomic structure, crystal rected become errors of hundreds or thousands structures, structures and plastic deforma- of miles later in flight.Therefore, early detec- tion of materials used in spacecraft. tion and correction of errors in space flight are 5. Research and development of plastics, absolutely necessary if success is to be achieved. adhesives, and other organic materials and Thus, other jobs in this group also pertain to their use in aerospace vehicles. determining the best flight paths, tracking, de- 6. Thermal control, insulation, corrosion termining errors in orbits or trajectory, and protectim, and tailored optical properties calculating the life expectancy for space vehicles. as these areas relate to aerospace craft. 7. Friction and lubrication peculiar toaero- space vehicles. The following topics give you a better un- 8. 'Extreme temperature environmentsas- derstanding of other problems confronting work- sociated with hypersonic flight and atmos- ers in this category: pheric re-entry. 1. Study of the flow of fluids associated 9. Building spacecraft of minhnum weight. with planetary atmosphere and in space. 2. Studies of ionized gases and plasma under the action of magnetic fields. V. PROPULSION SYSTEMS GROUP 3. Study of structures, mechanical systems, structural components, and payloads of This group includes jobs related to research, space vehicles in different environments. development, design, test, and evaluation ofaero- 4. Study of the effects of noise in the designspace propulsion systems.The kinds of systems and operation of aircraft, missiles, andspace included are liquid, solid, hybrid, electrical, and vehicles. nuclear.You are acquainted with the Atlas, the 5. Study of convective heating variablesTitan, and the Saturn rockets whichare liquid affecting the transfer of heat in bodies. fueled rockets.The Minuteman rocket is a well- 6. Study of aerodynamic lift, drag, andknown solid fuel rocket.Electrical and nuclear pitching. powered rockets are now under extensivere- 25 search.More and more jobs in this group re- evaluation of spacecraft manufacturing tech- late to liquid and solid fuel rockets; however, niques and methods for efficiency. breakthroughs in research in electrical and nu- Others would be engaged in professional clear rockets could create many new jobs in this work to establish, maintain, and evaluate qual- field. ity assurance programs.These quality assur- Some special problems dealt with by the ance programs would relate to all aspects of the scientists, engineers, and technicians in this oc- development of space systems, launch vehicles, cupational group are: spacecraft, and the ground support equipment. 1. Engine development, thrust vector con- These programs would have to be associated trol, fuel storage, and feed systems. with the space equipment production from the 2. Study of solid propellants, ignitors, gasdesign stage to the actual operational stage. generation. This program must insure that every article 3. Studies of generation, containment, and produced for the spacecraft is of the highest acceleration of plasmas and charged particles. quality.Can you imagine the feelings of an 4. Reactor core physics, neutron studies, astronaut, about to be launched into space, shielding experiments, radiation effects on whose very life depends on the equipment and materials. its functioning?There js little doubt but that 5. Methods and devices to provide power his confidence is in the quality assurancepro- to the spacecraft. gram of every manufacturer contributing to his 6. Stability and properties of propellants. spacecraft. 7. Hydrodynamics and pumps and aerody- Workers in this group also attend to the namics of turbines. electrical systems of the spacecraft and itssup- port facilities.This involves such subsystems as guidance and control, propulsion, instrumentation, tracking, and separation in multistage VI. FLIGHT SYSTEMS GROUP vehicles. Jobs in this category also relate to studies This group includes those jobs that have to of manned space flights.The studies might in- do with the flight vehicle and its related sys- clude the objectives of the Apollo mission and tems, e.g., launcher, telemetry, support equip- the means to achieve them. ment or a whole flight vehicle including its propulsion, control system, and instrumentation. Workers in this group are concerned with determining the reliability (how long and how well VII. MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMEN- does it perform) of aerospace systems.It is, of TATION SYSTEMS GROUP course, more important than everwith space equipment that it perform without breakdown, Jobs in this group have to do with equipment as once a vehicle is in orbit or on anextended and systems for detecting, recording, measuring, voyage, repair or replacement of parts is ex- or controlling physical conditions and phenomena tremely difficult.Thus, a part failure may encountered in aerospace research.When space cause the mission to fail or abort. probes or satellites are put ;n space they have This group of occupations also performs a particular function and require equipment to tests of ground systems that support the space- help collect information.Different types of craft.Here again, failure in these support sys- sensing devices are used and must be carefully tems may cause a mission to fail or end designed to do the job.Workers in this group prematurely. are involved in the work of perfecting this type This category includes occupations having of equipment.Other jobs involve standards of to do with the manufacture and assembly of measurement of space phenomena, e.g., once the unique multistage launch vehicles.This would sensors of the spacecraft detect radiation in also involve the evaluation of the vehicles, de- spac, they must measure it accurately; other termining potentials and limitations.The task jobs involve workers who perfect the automatic of workers would also require their constant controls that are designed to control spacecraft 26 functioning.Jobs also relate to radio equip- Other workers, in this group are involved in ment used in tracking, command or communi-the application of computer capability to the cations systems, measurement systems, andstudy of aerospace problems by simulation tech- analytical techniques in spacecraft.This group niques.In other words, a theoretical model of thus includes jobs related to design, develop- an aerospace problem is formulated in computer ment, performance analysis of space vehicles and/ language. The computer may then be operated or ground-band antennas to 1',e used withtheto apply and/or test out the approach repre- radio equipment.Others in this group involvesented by the model without actually building work with radar and radar systems for use inthe hardware to solve the aerospace problem. tracking of aerospace vehicles. These jobs require computer theory understanding, as well as appreciation of aerospace Other workers in this group spend their problems. time with the problems of aerospace telemetry systems used for transmitting test and scientific Workers in this group also specialize in re- data from space vehicles.Workers also devote search, design, development, test, and evalua- themselves to communication control techniquestion of data handling and computing equipment. that involve coordinatiag, utilizing, and providing Closely related are those workers who install, operational control for aerospace communica- modify, and maintain this type of equipment. tions.You may recall during the TV coverage of the Mercury ffights that announcements at times came directly from Mercury controLDuringIX. FACILITIES AND OPERATIONS - a space flight many communication aspects, GROUP such as tracking and information processing, must be attended to. Many complicated circuits Persons engaged in work in this category must be developed and perfected to handle theseplan, develop, and design facilities and equip- communicating networks and controls.Thement used in aerospace research.This involves workers who operate the equipment must prac- such facilities and equipment as flight vehicle tice to perfect their tasks of receiving, recording, launch and range and tracking facilities, wind routing, and transmitting communications. tunnels, test stands, space environment cham- bers, and aerospace simulators and flight trainers. Workers in this group are also involved with Workers in this group also focus on aerospace research, development, and design of electronicvehicle launching and flight operations.The flight and support equipment.This equipmentwork involves the planning, development, co- may include synchronization devices and remote ordination, and evaluation of activities related programming parts, such as switches, timers,to the launching and operation of aerospace distributors, adapters, connectors, relays, poten- vehicles.Workers may also devote themselves tiometers, and the like. to the design and development of special model tooling and equipment for experimental programs in aerospace.Others focus on problems VIII. DATA SYSTEMS GROUP relating to handling gases and liquids involved in aerospace work.Still another group of This group includes jobs that have to do workers is engaged in the application of electri- with the handling and computing equipment cal techniques, equipment, and systems in aero- used to process the great amount of data inspace facilities. volved with space exploration activities.Work- ers i,-, this group will be occupied in the appli- Also, some employees are involved in the cation of mathematics, numerical analysis, datatask of determining the operation and studying reducing, and computing methods focusing onthe use of the facilities.For example, a wind the solution of problems in aerospace research.tunnel may be adapted for use in the test of For example, the discovery of the Van Allenantenna satellite configurations as well as for radiation belts was related to the data-process-shapes of other types of aircraft.This group ing technique of workers in this group. includes those workers whose tasks are piloting 27 of flight vehicles, such as aircraft and space SURVEY COMPLETED vehicles.These test pilots would thus be involved in evaluation of the performance of the You have just completeda survey of the craft in flight and/or during simulated ground occupational groups related to careers inspace. missions.The work also includes quality re- The view is through the eyes of NASA and,as search and dete:i'mining requirements of space- you might imagine, private industry would have craft in terms of stability and control, pilot pre- a somewhat different view.This is because sentation needs, and escape systems.Pilots' NASA's responsibility cuts across all theareas tolerance and efficiency under various conditions related to space activity whereas private indus are also studied as part of the work of those in try would specialize on a few of the aspects. this group.You have probably seen pictures of For example, an electronics company mightspe- simulators designed to test man's endurance at cialize in radar equipment, anothercompany different G levels.Such tests provide needed may specialize just in the production of nozzles information before actual space flights are made. for rocket engines, another companymay build radio equipment components and dataprocess- ing equipment, and another may assist by doing X. MANAGEMENT GROUP research or development. This group includes jobs having to do with the m anagement of space projects.Manage- Before Going On to More Information ment would involve attention to cost estimates on projects, research necessary to complete proj- At this point and before moving ahead to ects, production of equipment considerations, pathways and requirements in spacecareers, also supporting facilities, launch operations, you may wish to complete the following check- project requirements, negotiations for services list.The list includes the occupationalareas at space centers, and questions of policy, money, plus examples of all occupations, and theoccu- scheduling, resources, and technology, as well as pational groups, plus examples, relating tospace many other considerations.For example, a careers.You might just read through andon major phase in management would be the re- the basis of what you know about yourself and scheduling and adjustment in a project after a occupations check the ones you want to explore major breakthrough in technology has been further. made.If a breakthrough occurred in electrical or nuclear propulsion this could change the Apollo Project and the upper stages in theOccupation ChecklistCheck Saturn vehicle.Management would be instru- Your Preferences mental in making decisions about rescheduling. Occupational AreasRelated to all occupations Workers in this group are also involved in Professional occupations technical management having to do with plan- Examples: ning, consulting, advising, evaluating, and ad- Accountant ministering in aerospace projects and programs. Actor and actress Here the concept of lead time is related as it is Author throughout aerospace. Chemist Dentist If deadlines are to be met and the work to Engineermetallurgical be accomplished to complete a project at a cer- Engineerchemical tain time, the management must be superb. Engineercivil Engineerelectrical This group also includes tracking station Engineerindustrial management and management jobs related to Engineermechanical all of the other specialties within the space Engineermining industry. Lawyer 28 Musician Newsboy Pharmacist Sales clerk Physician Salesperson Teacher Huckster Trained nurse Service occupations Veterinarian Examples: Natural scientist Housekeeper Social scientist Maid Semiprofessional occupations Cook Examples: Ship steward Aviator Barber Decorator Dancer Doorman Usher Designer Draftsman Watchman aboratory technician Policeman Athlete Soldier Radio operator Agricultural, Fishery, Forestry Showman Examples: Surveyor Cotton farmer Technician Dairy farmer Photographer Farm hand, general Managerial Fisherman Examples: _Hunter and trapper Truck farmer Hotel and restaurantmanager , arm mechanic Wholesale manager Buyer Skilled, Semiskilled, and Unskilled Credit man Examples: Ship captain Miller Purchasing agent Weaver Railroad conductor Tailor Inspector Cabinetmaker Clerical Upholsterer Examples: Photographer Bookkeeper .Teweler Clerk Engraver Collector, bills Electricians and accounts Aircraft designer Telegraph messenger Optician Mail carrier Carpenter Secretary Plasterer Technical clerk Longshoreman Stenographer and Meatcutter typist Machinist Statistical clerk Tool maker Stock clerk Foundryman Telegraph operator Welder Sales _Photographicproc- essing occupations Examples: Oiler of machinery Auctioneer Mechanic and repairman Salesman, insurance Tool dresser Other scientists, en- When you use theprevious checklist to in- preferences, it should gineers, and techni- dicate your career choice cians be on the basis ofthe job title and your ac- quaintance with theduties of those whohave Propulsion Systems Group such jobs. Examples: When you use thefollowing checklist type Aerospace engineer you will note adifference.In this checklist you Physicist focus on the contentand activities ofthe job Other scientists, engineers, and techni- first.You then select yourpreferences on that basis and the job title comesnext.This ap- cians proach is logical becausein dealing with space Flight Systems Group careers, thejobs cut across so manyfields and Examples: are so newand changing thatin many cases Aerospace engineer they are not clearlydefined. Electrical engineer _Manned space flight systems engineer OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS Other scientists, en- RELATED TO SPACECAREERS gineers, and technicians Space Sciences Group _IVIeasurement andInstrumentation Sys- Examples: tems Group Physicist Examples: Astronomer Physicist Mathematician Electronic engineer Meteorologist Other engineers, sci- Ascrophysicist entists, and techni- Engineers, various cians types Data Systems Group Life Sciences Group Examples: Examples: Mathematician Biologist Electronic engineer Psychologist Other engineers, sci- Technician entists, and techni- Physiologist cians Physicist Facilities and OperationsGroup Engineer, aerospace Examples: Ecologist Mechanical engineer Geneticist _Electrical engineer Other scientists, en- Aerospace engineer gineers, and techni- and pilot cians Other engineers, sci- Fluid and Flight MechanicsGroup entists, and techni- Examples: cians Aerospace engineer Physicist Management Group Other scientists, en- Examples: gineers, and techni- Various scientists cians Engineers Materials and StructuresGroup Various aerospace specialists, technolo- Examples. Aerospace engineer gists, and technicians

30 47, , fe.r.

Helpful Reference Personnel Staff edited in cooperationwith the Civil Service Commission, Washington,D.C.: Careers in Space, by Otto D. Binder.New United States Government Printing York: Walker and Company, 1963. Office, 1965. Written for high school students, thisbook This publication of the Educational Pro- gives a comprehensivecoverage of the space in- grams and Services Office of the National Aero- dustry.Its profiles of majoraerospace indus- nautics and Space Administrationprovides the tries should prove useful for thosestudents reader with the latest informationon educa- planning for careers in thespace age. tional qualifications and otherrequirements for employment by NASA in CareerProfessional NASA, Twentieth Centwy Explorer. NASA Positions in Aerospace Technology.

NOTES

31 ,//

NOTES

32 CHAPTER 4 DETERMINE PATHWAYS TO A CAREER IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY ,f1/.11 7:441M111,in:MAk

a/ AVAl 4..0..4, Where does one start to prepare fora life- accurate information about what occupations time career in the space age? are available, what they require, and what they What sort of preparation should be made in offer and the trends for the future. high school for future training? Where should one go to find out about the STAY IN SCHOOL t- qualifications for choosing a career in the ;:j space industry? To choose properlyone must prepare, and Can a woman have a career asa space sci- the great principle of preparation is learning. entist, engineer, or technician? To learn one must becomea good student, not just a pupil.A good student must have good study habits.One must stay in schoolforper- A VARIETY OF PATHWAYS TO CHOOSE haps the next eight to ten yearshigh school, college, graduate school, technical school, flying While you are reading this,new space school, specialized training, test and research careers will be born, adding to the complexity of training, workshops, seminars!Yes, choosing a choosing from among rewarding lifetimeoccupa- specific career in space science, engineering,or tions.There are so many routes forone to take technology is choosinga lifetime of further that planning becomes all themore essential. study. All choices require thorough investigation, deliberate planning, and careful matching of quali- Major Robert White, an X-15 pilot and fications against opportunities.What pathways astronaut, declares that the stairway to the stars you determine should be based on fact, not is built of school books and there is no conceiv- fancy.Your choice should be builton an able shortcut.The basic principles of space- honest self-appraisal of your interests, aptitudes, manship are being taught, now, in the classroom. abilities, and achievements.Your qualifications He concludes that there is no such thing as too and ambitions chould be realistically relatedto much knowledge and that one never knows what your goals.Your planning should be thorough a young man or woman will need or find useful and your choice based on all the factors. for the hard climb to a top-level job in the space industry. One cannot choose what one does not know. Some basic steps must be taken in planning. One may stumble into an occupation by sheerThe scientific method mentioned in the first luck.The wise choice of an occupation requires chapter indicated an appropriate approach to

33 7.1, rre7,7,7,4 FRS

solving complex career choice problems.The and their teacher are not antiquated.This is gaining of information and ideas about a future the age to acquire and test knowledge of funda- career should begin at homeand in the elemen- mentals, to review And to fortify the basic con- tary grades at school. tent of arithmetic, grammar, geography, study habits, and health. dis- ELEMENTARY PREPARATION This is the time to read of success, of covery, of spaceadventures and activitiesa Your inquisitive younger brothers or sisters time for science fiction and fact. will spend a large part of their lives working in Since the space race began, the American the twenty-first century.Many unnoticed vo- people may have become more and more con- cational ideas applicable to space jobs are devel- vinced that the strength and destiny of the oping within the classroom and neighborhood; Nation depends on its educational system.The they should be explored and developed.Activ- people look to the schools, the teachers, and the ity in early years that helps develop creativity, students for an expression of progress.College inVentiveness, inquisitiveness, and orginality students who lack scientific fundamentals may could be nurtured more by parents, teachers, find themselves out of step in the present na- and others.There are space career implica- tionwide trend.Their knowledge of the space tions in art, music, language, in numbers, geog- age should be developed from juniorhigh school raphy, health, certainly in reading.This is the through college into graduate school. A space- place to build the foundations of researchto age vocabulary, then, is a potentialbuilding form study habits.Role-playing, or acting out block, a starting point, to determining a path- the requirements of a job, for example, may de- way to a career in space.Vocabulary building velop new insight, contribute to personality should be an important, deliberate habit in the traits that can be channeled into productive daily class activity and study habits of the ability.Space age role playing, a youth activ- junior high school student.Every new word ity, would introduce new important concepts may serve him or her well in the future.One that could be further developed by teachers and must know before one may chooseand the parents.Field trips to automated electronic or junior high school is the place to get to learn aircraft industries, or a visit from an airline jet about oneself, about the world of work, and the pilot or engineer, provide students with first- pathways, through high school, into this excit- hand information needed for forming realistic ing electronic world of space activity. career concepts.Study habits at home and at school and teaching skills can be made more meaningful if they are enriched by space adven- CHOOSING A TENTATIVE ROUTE tures.Films at school, television at home, and THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL other media could be selected to keep the chan- nels open for space-career information.The After having started your preparation in pathways develop at an early age.They begin grade school and making realistic adjustments to branch out in junior high school and they in junior high school, your pathway to a space divide in high school and college. career is already beginning to present alternate routes.Various paths through high school now EXPLORING INTERESTS AND become a consideration.Should you choose a APTITUDES IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL vocational and technical course?Should you take a business course?Should you participate Guidance and counseling services can help in distributive educational programs to learn youth discover their aptitudes, interests, skills, merchandising, purchasing, selling, or some other talents, and experiences and turn them into life- domestic or commercial preparation?Or should time potentials.Science literature, including you take chemistry, foreign language, geometry, science fiction, can do much to indicate to the physics, and other college preparatory courses? young teenager that theirschool, their program, Without a goal in mind and careful realistic con- 34 siderations of your qualifications and capabili- There is nothing like practical experience ties, your pathway may become a barricade. to determine a career choice.Part-time work It is always best to have an alternate plan.in a type of industry that is similar to your ten- As you plan your career, it is best to prepare for tative career goal would be most desirable. emergencies, such as changes in economic or Whenever possible, students should visit space social conditions.For example, if you plan to industrial activities and observe and ask ques- go to college keep in mind that sometimes mili- tions concerning the pattern of work and the tary obligations, or marriage, or even tragedy feelings of the employees. may interfere with these plans.It may be necessary to take some other route or pursue some alternate goal.Basic courses in typing, BUSINESS PREPARATION IN speech, salesmanship, and bookkeeping, often SCHOOL IS IMPORTANT come in handy. Engineering and scientific professional posi- Management and sales development often tions require greater preparation in high school, become the careers of those who succeed in college, and beyond.Even though your inten- technical or professional occupations.Psycho- tions may be for a professional occupationan logical skills, personnel management, business engineer, a scientist, a research technicianyou management, law, public relations, all should be may be forced by circumstances to a different considered in your vocational development. goal.Recent statistics collected from Ohio Data processing, computer programing, and au- schools indicate that only fourteen out of one tomation should also concern you.Perhaps hundred boys and girls who enter the first some of this could be studied in vocational, grade graduate from college.It is imperat've, technical, or distributive education courses then, that one equip himself with practical within your schools. know-how that will insure an adequate standard Most scientists are graduates of engineer- of living.For example, this may be found in ing programs.Project managers at space ffight the space-age technologists' skills. and research centers are usually engineers who can speak the language of the technician and Colleges and universities graduate young also of the scientist.Many technologists and men and women who are somewhat prepared for skilled technicians are graduates of pre-engi- industry, graduate, or professional work, but neering or engineering programs.For the engi- many of them lack imagination, creativity, and neering student a typical high school preparation expression.Your high school preparation, par- might be: ticularly if you plan a career in space science or engineering, would be incomplete if you lack High School Subjects Units high schools' communicative skills.A mastery English 4 of the English language, grammar, speech, and History and Social Studies 2 then a second or third language is most neces- Algebra 2 sary.The shrinking world and future interna- Plane geometry 1 tional relations demand that professionals be Solid geometry bilingual or multilingual.High school courses Trigonometry in mechanical drawing, economics, civics, and Physics 1 geography are also needed as well as language Chemistry 1 skills.To prepare for a space career dealing Other academic subjects with lunar exploration, automation, nuclear 5* power, solar energy, and other new concepts, 17 college preparation must include physics, biology, chemistry, and other sciences including basic *Foreign languages, mechanical drawing, economics, typ- and advanced mathematics.Your ability to ing, and similar courses. think logically and express yourself clearly will become increasingly important in establishing Some high school students manage to pick yourself in college or on the job. up extra credits in summer school, evening 35 school, trade school, or at a junior college. Often ing and retraining persons whose present skills would-be engineering students are able to get or talents are not in demand. A studert should introductory college courses or advanced courses find out early through testing what interests, while still in high school.These include such aptitudes, abilities, and skills he possesses.A courses as calculus, aviation, design, slide rule, test battery profile at various ages could indi- and foreign languages. cate vocational areas and career families in which one might excel.It could also reveal The specific preparation for an engineering areas to avoid.With occasional test evalua- career, for scientific concentration, or for tech- tions and by constantly striving to improve one's nological fields will vary with the field of inter- self, a student could be relatively confident as est.Preparation narrows down as the student to his potential success in a selected career field. proceeds through college or technical school. In general, pre-engineering courses are the first There are many vocational opportunities step.The student desiring to be a scientist that go unnoticed.Many of these opportuni- may narrow his choices and be involved in more ties are available through your local employment theory, measurement, and research.The engi- office.The U.S. Department of Labor and its neer may follow the same pattern but cover Bureau of Labor Statistics coordinates labor in- more areamore management, more operational formation and statistics with state employment offices.It publishes the Dictionary of Occupa- details concerning other engineering and tech- tional Titlesthe "bible" of occupational classi- nical areas.The technician concentrates on fication. getting a specific job accomplished as far as pro- State employment offices usually have duction, installation, maintenance, and repair. professionally trained employment counselors, The engineering area bridges the gap between testing facilities, and current unbiased informa- the purely theoretical areas and the realistic tion regarding labor conditions in the area. technical operations. They are in the business of finding suitable jobs for qualified people.Public libraries, university and college libraries, counseling centers, the Those who enter into technical training Veterans Administration, the YMCA and and excel in that area can be assured of high YWCA, the American Legion, B'nai B'rith, and salaries, continued employment, and expanding other similar agencies also provide occupational opportunities for advancement.Many of the information, literature, and service.The Occu- technical schools are now granting degrees based pational Outlook Handbook and Occupational on mastery of industrial knowledge and skills. Outlook Quarterly, published by the Depart- Most graduates of these schools meet state re- ment of Labor, can usually be found in any quirements or the requirements of the union for school guidance office or library.They provide licensing, certification, or permission to practice the latest occupational information available their particular skill. nationally.Occupational information has become an area that many publishing concerns and psychological agencies have recently turned VOCATIONAL EXPERIENCE to for profit and growth.Many such agencies IS HELPFUL IN provide psychological tests, programed and MAKING CAREER CHOICES other texts, occupational briefs, occupational monographs, fact sheets, job descriptions,career The need for vocational education cannot indexes, and relatedvocational guidance be met entirely by the schools.Work experi- material. ence is necessary.Some students as well as adults participate in community-sponsored work The National Vocational Guidance Associa- projects, take courses to learn a trade from cor- tion (NVGA) publishes a Bibliography of Cur- respondence schools, and teach themselves a rent Occupational Literature (1963) which lists rewarding vocation.The Veterans Administra- many items that are published.It also pro- tion and many state employment offices provide vides a standard or yardstick for evaluating testing and counseling services to help in train- occupational information. 36 The NVGA standards for judging occupa- as well as pressures, deadlines, and other frus- tional literature include the consideration of the trations.Stamina, strength, agility, and con- history of the occupation, the duties and nature tentment go hand-in-hand with vocational of the work, the current need for workers, choice. trends and outlook, the qualifications for the job, the preparation necessary including the general education, and the special training or DEVELOP YOUR PERSONALITY experience required.The standards also give BUILD YOUR CONFIDENCE consideration to the methods of entering and advancing, other related occupations, what A key to success in whatever endeavoryou earnings would be, the wage range and other choose lies in your ability to get along with benefits as well as the working conditions, the your associates.A pleasant, cheerful attitude hours, and the hazardsthe advantages as well may 16e as valuable as a specialized skill.You as the disadvantages.In brief, occupational may find it necessary to take some psychological literature should be clear and concise, interest- and personality tests to discover what things ing, understandable, illustrated, easily identifi- you like and dislike, what frustrates you, and able with charted specifics, and easily interpreted. what biases, prejudices, and inhibitionsyou Should not you consider each tentative career have.On the more positive side it would be choice similarly?How do your tentative selec- well to evaluate how wellyou can express your tions meet such criteria? feelings, needs, ideas, and strong points.It would be advantageous to understand whatyou Deliberate study of occupational informa- hold to be of greatest value, of little value,per- tion may lead to earlier decisions and fortify missible, or intolerable. previous choices.There is nothing like seeing for oneself, however.Visits to industrial concerns by class groups or individuals will help The skill and art of winning friends and in- one appreciate the work environment and give fluencing people should be practiced at home, in insight into what the worker is like on the job. school, on the job, and enroute.Personality Besides tours, it is always helpful to talk to or development is a continuing process and func- correspond with persons who are actually doing tions when you are relaxing, working, or play- the type of work that seems to meet your ten- ing.Pleasant associations and a sense of humor tative choice. can do much to release the accumulating pressures of modern society. Career Days and Career Nights, Career Weeks, and Career Clinics are also opportunities to learn about many career interests.These MILITARY SERVICEAN should be related to visits to the campus and OPPORTUNITY FOR LEADERSHIP perusal of college, university, or technical school catalogs, bulletins, and brochures. Men and women often enter the military service with an idea that they are fulfillingan obligation or that they will have great fun in PHYSICAL-PERSONAL CONDITIONING traveling.Military service is also an opportu- SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED nity to prepare oneself fora lifetime career in space science, engineering, or technology.The The physical requirements needed to per- Department of Defense provides the most mod- form an occupation are important and should ern equipment and facilities to perform vital be considered when you plan your career.In defense missions:Military technical schools addition, attention should be given to the health offer courses that extend from basic to thepro- and recreational opportunities.The psycho- fessional level in such areas as electronics,me- logical needs for relaxation, pleasant surround- teorology and weather, weapons systems, air- ings and companionship should be considered craft, and missile maintenance. 37 Military occupational specialties are sys- The opportunities to study in foreign coun- temized and directly related to civilian classifi- tries, and to learn their languages, customs, pro- cations and titles.Thousands of veterans have cedures, to assimilate their culture, and to travel been introduced to their present skills because can also enhance yourpreparation for a career of their military training.Following technical in space development.Many persons in the education while in service, young men and military manage to save money while using their women perform on the job under skilled and military service to gain valuable education, professional supervisors at installations such as training, and experience. Patrick Air Force Base (Cape Kennedy), Ed- wards Air Force Base (X-15 testing), Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and dozens of other AFTER HIGH SCHOOL major research, development, testing, or mis- DOORWAYS TO THE TOP sile operational bases.The management and operations activities within the military are Plans for your future and alternate plans almost identical with those of large space indus- should be discussed with your high school guid- try agencies.An off-duty educational program ance counselor, your parents, and friends.You is available at nearly every military installation, have this responsibility.Plans should, if pos- usually providing high school courses, some sible, include a good four-year accredited college technical courses, business courses, college or a nearby junior college that can provide courses, graduate courses, even specialized and transferable credits.Choose your university or professional training.Much of the cost of this college carefully, based on all the information extra education is borne directly or indirectly you can gather.Check the advantages and dis- by the Department of Defense.Thousands of advantages of each school against your tentative servicemen have received their bachelor's or or long-range plans and know what you are master's degrees from a nearby civilian univer- seeking before you enroll.Start gathering your sity or college while receiving full pay and al- data when you enter high school and by the end lowances as an active member of the Department of your junior year know what your choices are. of Defense. Costs of tuition, room and board, textbooks, fees, student activities, and clothing are con- Hundreds of serviceinen and women are stantly rising and as such should be deliberately granted permission to attend universities and considered.Someone has to pay the bills, so complete their college work under a program each choice should be carefully measured in known as "Operation Bootstrap."Still hun- terms of money, time, difficulty, and probable dreds of others are sent to universities for sev- outcome.Often compromises or alternate eral semesters to receive professional training choices must be made. and advanced graduate degrees under the Armed Forces Institute of Technology program.Cor- respondence, extension, and self-teaching courses Entrance requirements and procedures also under the sponsorship of the United States change.Most schools are becoming more se- Armed Forces Institute are also available to lective and require pre-enrollment information service personnel. months in advance of the beginning of the school term.The grade point average and the Perhaps more important than the class- results of college entrance or placement tests room work gained in civilian or military schools are the major determining factors in student se- is the leadership and experience gained from lection and processing for admission. A grade performing on the job.The military is such a point average near or below a 2.00 (C) may large industry that science, technology, manage- eliminate you from future consideration in the ment, and logistics become matters of direct school of your choice.It may also influence or ti concern to the taxpayer. A serviceman has a indicate the academic difficulty you will have golden opportunity to study the functions of big pursuing a particular course of study that you business, space industry, and scientific develop- have selected.Your entrance examinations ment and at the same time serve his country. and other psychological testing can give you an 38

CA indication of your actual aptitudes, abilities, There are hundreds of colleges and univer- and intelligence that you must factually consider. sities that can adequately preparea student for Even if you have no worries in academic au entry position in thespace industry.The preparation, you will have a major concern in school that you choose, should, however, offer choosing your course work.Be certain that the special advantages and opportunities related to curriculum you choose has real value in relation your particular needs, special qualifications, and to the goals that you have selected.From the personal goals.Similarly, your entry occupa- many choices of courses you must select those tion should provide an opportunity to continue that lead to a goal, that provide a platform for your academic and specialized education either another area of specialization.Your guidance on the job by industry sponsored training or by counselor, your parents, and your friends can evening courses at nearby colleges or universities. help explain these relationships but it is your responsibility to understand why each building ROUTES FOR THE COLLEGE block is of value to you based on your self .GRADUATEPROFESSIONALISM appraisal. Scholarships are available formany.For Graduate training beyond the bachelor's de- those in need, college loans, and sometimes gree is absolutely essential for the would-be pro- grants are available for those whose academic fessional.The baccalaureate degree is regarded record has been noteworthy. A study of avail- as the minimum requirement for starting a life- able scholarships, grants, loans, fellowships, and time career in science or engineering.Graduate assistantships is necessary. Several recent books study, then, becomesa must. The best time for on scholarships are available in many high many students to do graduate study is following school guidance counselor's offices or in libraries. graduation from a four- or five-year college. This information is constantly changing and Ideally one should continue through the master's often requires much advance planning andcor- degree with few interruptions except for travel respondence to insure support fora particular or to engage in industrial research.One should course, semester, or college. A thorough study consolidate all experience and trainingas one of available scholarships that fityour career prepares for a doctorate.This is particularly plans should be made while you are still intrue for the student scientist, the research- school. oriented student, and the educator. Government employment oftenpays less thakk industry for a comparable professionalor MILITARY ACADEMYA ROUTE semiprofessional position.However, paid edu- TO A PROFESSIONAL CAREER cational opportunities, vacations, and retirement available in government service often overrides the initial higher salaries available in private A military academy may fulfill careeram- industry. The employees of the National Aero- bitions for young men with outstanding leader- nautics and Space Administration as wellas the ship abilities, motivation, and better thanaver- employees of the Department of Health, Educa- age physical and academic ability.Certainly tion, and Welfare, the Department of Defense, graduates from military academies will be lead- and the Atomic Energy Commissionare career ers in the development of space missiles and civil service employees. nuclear management.Academic preparation in Perhaps the most direct route toa career academies in the engineering and scientificareas in space science, engineering, and technology is is equal to that available in the Nation's largest graduation from a leading five-year engineering and most expensive universities.Here also are school with well above average marks.Indus- the built-in advantages of practical experience try and government are eager to hire the college in the operation of missiles, rockets, andspace- graduate who has specialized yet is able tograsp craft.As a professionally trained, scientifically relationships within engineering and production oriented student, the potential for futurespace fields and are able to express themselves clearly research and leadership is limitless. in writing and speaking. 39 Other routes besides colleges, universities, A CHECKLIST FOR DETERMINING and academies may include some specialized PATHWAYS: Check Yes or No technical schools, foreign schools, or work with highly scientific or specialized research teams. Yes No The talented artist, the gifted speaker, the 1. Do you have a definite procedure skilled tradesman, the inventor, the highly ca- for studying that is producing de- pable repairman, all have found their way into sired results in school? the aerospace industrial family. 2. Do you actively seek new information and explanations about new developments, new procedures, MORE WOMEN WILL BE IN SPACE and new discoveries? 3. Do you discipline yourself to reaoh Womanpower is a source of supply to help tentative gonls applying new facts, meet the great need for engineering and scien- new words, and new ideas to pre- tific talent.Women have proven themselves to vious plans? be skilled technicians, capable engineers, and 4. How well have you mastered arith- outstanding scientists.In Russia, 30 percent metic, grammar, geography? of the engineers and 75 percent of the doctors 5. Have you talked to your counselor are women, compared to alittle more than 1 about your interests, your apti- percent of America's engineers who are women, tudes, your achievements related 6 percent who are doctors, and 8 percent who to possible careers you might become qualified for? are scientists. 6. Have you selected a course of Sex-typing of occupations, or limiting cer- study to follow in high school to tain jobs to men, is the most expensive thing a prepare you for college or a spe- society can do, according to Dr. Margaret Mead, cific area of concentration or tech- Anthropologist for the American Museum of nical skill? ti Natural History.Dr. Mead claims that sex- 7. Have you visited an industry or typing in the technical occupations has lost not worked part-time in a job that is only the brightest members of the female sex, related to a career choice? but half of the top talent.She states that 8. Have you figured the high cost of there is also a loss in contemporary values to be a college education and its higher gained through the differing approaches of the rewards and discussed a college two sexes to the same problems. program with your counselor, parents, and friends? Down through the ages, women have proven 9. Do you have stamina, health, and their capabilities in many areas in spite of tra- tenacity to continue to prepare for ditional limitations. the future in the face of pressures, problems, setbacks, or defeat? There is no longer discriminatory legislation 10. Will you really use part of your dealing with the hiring of qualified engineers, spare time to study, to investi- technicians, or scientists in our government and gate, or to prepare yourself for a few restrictions in top industry.Lasting careers better positionat home, in the for educated and well-trained women are to be military service, or away? found in research, in education, in administra- 11. Do you have the personality to tion, and in management.Such careers for gain and hold your friends and to women are becoming more and more the rule enjoy your daily effort? instead of the exception.The distaff side in the 12. Have you determined which space age will have equal opportunity but must schools offer what kinds of courses he equally qualified professionally or technically. that meet your needs and quali-

40 ,

Yes No in secondary schools, colleges anduniversities ficationS; do you know how much and government-sponsoredprograms. they will cost you in effort, in time, in money? Otto D. Binder.Careers in Space.New 13. Do you know thata professional York: Walker and Company, 1963. career in the space industryre- This book offersa most comprehensive quires constant study, retraining, guide to job opportunities includingwhat col- and graduate level education? lege courses are necessary and whichinstitutions 14. Did you know that thecompeti- offer them. tion will be keen from othercoun- The text includes educational requirements tries and that the bestopportuni- financial rewards, recruitment methods, financial ties will go to the best prepared? data of civilian and government projectedpro- 15. Did you know that theinforma- grams and lists additional sources ofcareer infor- tion services ofyour school's guid- mation including student aidprograms. ance department can provideyou Henry B. Lent. with much informationabout Your Place in America's Space Program. New York: MacmillianCom- yourself and the educational and pany, 1964. vocational information to succeed in a space career? Written for high school students, this well- illus trated book should add to themounting literature in the emerging fields of work relatedto America's space program. Helpful Reference Occupational Outlook Handbook.U.S. Carsbie C. Adams and Wernher Von Braun. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis- Careers in Astronautics and Rocketry.New tics, 1963-1964 (Bulletin No. 1357).Washing- York: McGraw-Hill Book Cumpany, Inc., 1962. ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. This book makes a detailed examination of This is a valuable occupational information careers and opportunities ui the space industry. manual.It provides informationon occupa- The various career fields in the engineering dis- tions by describing tLe employmentoutlook, ciplines and in the natural sciences are clearly earning, and working conditions, andwhere to defined as are recommended courses of training get additional information.

NOTES

41 *, 5,7 +7.

CHAPTER 5 EXPLORE JOB REQUIREMENTS IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY '

What has been in the newspaper and on researchers who fall into thisgroup are associ- TV about space activities this week? ated with laboratories in universitiesor with What particular type of workers in the certain foundations. space industry were prominent in these Scientists of this type number less than space activities? one-fifth of the total scientific population in the United States.Their work is extremely im- Do you have an idea how these prominent portant, since they provide ideas and theories workers became qualified for their jobs? from which whole new industries andnew trends in What types of requirements do the space technology develop and finda foundation.This industry workers have to meet to qualify? group includes the Einsteins, Curies, Marconis, and Faradays.These researchers brought forth new knowledge essential in developing theories about atomic energy, radioactivity, electromag- This last question is important for a person netism, and radiowaves. who is examining a particular career.You These developments might ask the same question a number of dif- have spawned a wholenew way of life for people ferent ways. A common way is to ask, "What in the technologically advanced countries. will be expected of me in that job?"The answer Today people of thissame intellectual cali- is, of course, different for each job.Thus for ber are generating new ideas that will greatly clarity, we return again to the three major cate- affect future technology.One major influence drives this process onthe curiosity of the scien- gories of workers in the space industryscien- tist. tists, engineers, and techniciansand discuss the This curiosity causes the scientist to strive qualifications expected of each. on to explore the unknown.The knowledge thus uncovered through his efforts provides the basis for technologicalprogress, and for many new and improved ways of doing things.Prog- EXPECTATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS ress is also made in improving the means where- by the scientist can do better,more far-reaching In the strict sense of the word, a scientist , research. is thought of as one who does pure research, Another group of scientists includesmore involving the use of the sdientific method and than half of the scientists in the United States. aiming at the extension of knowledge.Pure This group is referred to as "applied scientists." research means that the scientist actually has no Applied scientists are often givena particular particular goal or end in mind as he starts to do problem to solve; however, they maintain the the research.He studies and experiments in freedom of selecting the approach to solve the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.Most problem.Often times, applied scientistsare

43 able to push as far along in the solution of prob- it would be spacecraft or means of spacecraft lems or into the uncovering of knowledge as production) more efficiently.The engineer is pure scientists succeed in doing.Their number also different from the scientist in that he has is growing rapidly because of increased demands a clear goal or end-product inmind.In other for their services. words, he designs a piece of equipment for a particular job, and in so doing, he calculates The scientist, in order to perform research what is theoretically possible to build and how efficiently, must be able to remember details it should operate. quickly and easily.He must be alert and observ- ant.He will also want to know the why and the In this designing process, the engineer pays a what of things.The scientist's vocabulary will great deal of attention to his plan.The plan be extensive both in the words he understands describes how the raw materials are to be trans- and the words he uses.The scientist is capable formed into the finished product.The engineer of learning rapidly with few exposures to the is also concerned with the use of tools required material.He is able to pay attention over an for building the end-product.The engineer has extended period of time.His interests are wide, another area of concern.Does the equipment often with one or two special interests in depth. function as it was expected to?If not, the en- He is able to reason clearly, and abstract ideas gineer must work out the modification:J neces- are not difficult for him to understand.Mathe- sary to bring the equipment up tostandard. matics is one of his stronger subjects, along with Thus, the engineer must have a scientific science courses.Finally, he possesses and re- mind to qualify him "in the art and science of tains good physical and emotional health. applying the law of the natural sciences to the These characteristics are important for the per- transformation of materials for the benefit of son working in scientific endeavors. mankind."He must have the mental attitude that will allow him to persist in long study and attain a high level of scholarship.This must be EXPECTATIONS FOR ENGINEERS combined with initiative and self-reliance which The engineer, contrasted to the scientist,will make it possible for him to attack difficult is different in that he is more the designer ofprotdems and stick with them until they are equipment than the one who works for the ex- solved. tension of theory.The engineer does solve problems, but these problems center around theEXPECTATIONS FOR TECHNICIANS design of equipment (hardware, in space termi- nology) to test or put into practice an idea or Technicians must have a basic knowledge of theory generated by scientific research. science and a mastery of technical skills.Ex- The extremely complicated design of space- amples include the handling of X-ray machines, craft and the necessity for its being failure-proof attending telemetry monitors, checking launch have demanded that the space-age engineer be- rockets during countdown, testing missile com- come not only a designer, but that he be a re- ponents, or running a computer complex.Tech- searcher as well.The space-age engineer must nicians work closely with scientists and engineers, do studies of his own to learn more about ma- but they work more with the practical aspects terials and to perfect new designs.Therefore, of using and testing the space equipment than the engineer must also possess the characteris- with the theory involved in building it.Tech- tics of scientists.The emphasis on mathe- niciana, therefore, are not required to have such matics is even gre&Ler for engineers than for most a high level of competency in mathematics (ex- cepting mathematics technicians who assist scientists. mathematicians, statisticians, and computer Engineers are, more specifically, charged experts) as do engineers and scientists.Tech- with the responsibility of the logical pursuit of nicians may not hold a college degree, but they the application of the physical sciences for the often have the equivalent of two to three years purpose of producing a better product (in space, of study beyond high school.This training 44 may be obtained in college, technical school, vo- trol, technical service, or as a trainee to do cational school, or in a combination of these. laboratory research and development work. The technician also has skills for keeping Chemists who hold the master's degree accurate records of the results of his work. As often meet the requirements to do applied re- he works on a project, his report may include search and hold teaching positions in colleges and photographs, sketches, models, compilation of uthversities.The Ph. D. in chemistry is quali- figures, and written records.Such reports must fied to do basic research and hold teaching posi- be kept carefully to meet standards sufficientto tions in the college or university. tUrn over to the scientists and engineers with whom he works.It is equally important that Courses that are included in theprogram the technician have the ability to work closely for a college major include quantitative and qualitative analysis, inorganic, organic and phys- with scientists and/or engineers in the develop- ical chemistry. ment and perfection of equipment to be used Courses in physics, biology, in solving problems.The technician often car- English, foreign language, and mathematics (usually analytical geometry and calculus)are ries out the detailed aspects of solving the also included. problems that confrontspace workers.How- Beyond the undergraduate de- ever, as technicians with more training and ex- gree, the chemistry specialist will takecourses in perience appear and as fields of study become a field of specialty.The advanced degreesem- phasize laboratory research, library research, more specialized, technicians are now formulat- and the preparation ofa thesis and/or a ing their own problems and devisingways to dissertation. solve them.Thus, there are more places for technicians who have the initiative to workon 2. Requirements for Physicists.The minimum their own in the solution ofvery specialized requirement to enter acareer in physics in the problems. bachelor's degree witha major in physics.The doctor's degree is a necessity for those interested in high level research positions.Those holding WHAT IS EMPHASIZED IN THE the master's degreemay qualify for certain re- REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTISTS, search positions and teaching assignments. ENGINEERS, AND TECHNICIANS? The courses usually included in the physics curriculum are mechanics, electricity, and atomic Selected Scientists and Their Requirements physics.Courses in mathematics and chemistry are also required.Graduate programs in phys- As you know, thereare several major sci- ics continue from the candidate's basic back- ence areas, e.g., physical sciences, the earth ground, emphasizing special interests in physics, sciences, biological sciences, and mathematics. including research and thethesis and/or Physical Scientists dissertation. 3. Requirements for Astronomers.In astron- The physical sciences deal with the basic omy, an advanced degree is a necessity for most laws of the physical world.The four specialties careers, and the Ph. D. is the most advantageous included in the physical sciences are chemistry, degree to hold.The Ph. D. is required of those physics, astronomy, and metallurgy.Details pointing toward research and teaching positions pertaining to three of these major categories in astronomy.The bachelor's degree in astron- chemistry, physics, and astronomyfollow. omy is suitable for the person starting a career 1. Requirements for Chemists.Chemists usu- in astronomy; the higher degreesare necessary ally hold the bachelor's degree with4 major in for advancement. chemistry.Often, however, many chemists do The undergraduate curriculum in astronomy graduate work in chemistry to qualify for posi- includes physics, mathematics, astronomy, and a tions in research and teaching.Bachelor degree reading knowledge of a foreign language.Other chemists will usually meet the requirements for courses most helpful are chemistry, electronics, a position in analysis and testing, quality con- and statistics.The undergraduate will also

45 :1; take astrophysics, astronomical techniques and practical application of knowledge to life proc- instruments, optics, spectroscopy, atomic phys- esses.Included in the biological sciences are ics, calculus, differential equalitions, and solar botany, microbiology, zoology, agronomy, anat- and stellar systems. omy, biochemistry,biophysiology, embryology, entomology, genetology, horticulture, husbandry, The graduate student in astronomy will nutrition, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, take advanced work in astronomy, physics, and and phytopathology. mathematics.Some specific courses included are celestial mechanics, galactic structure, radio Individuals who plan to specialize in one of astronomy, stellar atmospheres and interiors, these fields should plan to obtain the Ph. D. de- and theoretical astrophysics.The graduate gree in their field of interest.The bachelor's work for a doctor of philosophy degree usually and master's degree with a major in a particular requires reading knowledge of two foreign field will also prepare a person to gain beginning languages. jobs in the field.The Ph. D. degree is usually required, however, for the higher level teaching Earth Scientists and research positions in the biological field. Biological science students will need a broad The earth sciences are involved with stud- undergraduate background in many branches of ies and research related to the history, composi- biology along with related work in the other tion, and characteristics of the earth, its oceans, sciences.Courses especially helpful are organic and its atmosphere.Examples of earth scien- and inorganic chemistry, physics, and mathe- tists are geologists, geophysicists, meteorologists, matics.Mathematical competency required and oceanographers. We will consider the me- will vary depending on the field chosen and the teorologists in more detail. level of specialization to which the individual The usual minimum educational require- aspires.Other increasingly valuable courses ment for a meteorologist is a bachelor's degree are statistics and biometrics.Research tech- with a major in meteorology for those beginning niques including the use of equipment both in in weather forecasting.Others who have a the laboratory and in thefieldare very bachelor's degree in related science or engineer- important. ing with courses in meteorology are often quali- Graduate degrees in biological fields involve fied for beginning positions in meteorology. advanced courses in one's special field, as well as Those who plan to teach or do research in me- fieldwork, research, studies, library research, teorology will be expected to obtain the Ph. D. and the preparation of a thesis and/or a disser- degree.This will require advanced courses in tation.Keen interest and curiosity about liv- meteorology, physics, mathematics, and chem- ing things, as well as abilities in observation and istry while the bachelor's degree in meteorology logical thinking are needed by those aspiring to includes meteorology and more basic courses in work in biological fields. physics and mathematics.Those who work toward graduate degrees in meteorology are as- Mathematicians signed to actual practical work in meteorology which provides a climate for various research Mathematics as a field of science is one of studies.This work requires ability in both the the oldest and is regarded as one of the most physical sciences and mathematics. basic.Mathematics can be a field of specialization in itself, but it is also extremely important and essential as a tool in many fields, such as Biological Scientists science and engineering.The application of Biological scientists are involved with study mathematics to many fields of endeavor has in- and research in the realm of living things which creased recently as a result of advances in elec- includes plants and animals ranging from bac- tronic computing. teria, to protozoa, to earth worms, to molds, To enter the field of mathematics, the mini- and includes man.This work includes extend- mum requirement is a bachelor's degree with a ing the knowledge about living things, as well as major in mathematics.Advanced work in math- .19.'

ematics will require graduate degrees.The quirements is througha cooperative school. Ph. D. degree is a requirement for high-level Under this plan the student alternates attend- teaching in college and advanced research work. ing school and working in industry.This al- The bachelor's degree is sufficient forassistant ternative plan takes five or sixyears to complete. mathematician positions for research assistantships, and many computer-related jobs.The All the states and the District ofColumbia person who has competency in mathematics and have laws that set forth therequirements engi- physics, engineering,or other sciences may neers must meet to be licensed when their work qualify as an applied mathematician.Others involves life, health, and property.These re- who have training in numerical analysis andpro- quirements usuallyare graduation from an ac- graming have qualifications desirable inthecredited engineeringprogram, at least four computer field. years' experience, anda satisfactory score on the state examination. Engineers There are a number of branches of engineer- Technicians ing. The more traditional branchesare aero- This section is devoted to thosetechnicians nautical, agricultural, ceramic, chemical, civil,who work with engineers and scientists.(Other electrical, industrial, mechanical, metallurgical,technicians are related to the healthfield, which and mining engineering. Anew engineering includes medical technologists, dental field is aerospace engineering, laboratory a field which hastechnicians, and dental hygienists.)Examples come into being as a result of space-age activities. of the technicians who work withengineers and Most engineers specialize in a particular scientists are aeronautical technicians;air-condi- branch of engineering.However, there is a tioning, heating, and refrigerationtechnicians; large body of knowledge and methodology that chemical technicians; civil engineeringtechni- is common to all of the fields.It is thus pos- cians; electronic technicians; industrialtechni- sible for a person to explore the common aspects cians; mechanical technicials;metallurgical of engineering and then focus on the special field technicians; mathematics technicians;biological that interests him. Two areas of great emphasis technicians; agricultural technicians;instrumen- in all engineering fields are mathematics and the tation technicians; safety technicians;drafts- physical sciences. men; and surveyors. To enter most engineering positions the bachelol's degree in engineering is usuallyre- To meet the requirement to workas a tech- quired.It is also possible that graduates innician who assists engineers and scientists,a physics, one of the natural sciences, person can get his formal education in a number or mathe- of settings. matics may qualify for certain engineering posi- Some of these settingsare techni- tions.Occasionally persons who have extensive cal institutions, junior colleges, communitycol- training and long experience may enter engineer-leges, extension branches of universitiesand ing positions without the degree.Graduate de- colleges, technical high schools, vocationalhigh grees in engineering are important in teaching schools, and certain comprehensive high schools. and research positions. The educationalprogram will often be a two- year technical program beyond the high school Most engineering schools offera four-year or its equivalent.The courses involved are sci- program which includes mathematics, physics, ence, mathematics, technical courses related to chemistry, English, social sciences, and the the specialty, and technical experience inthe humanities as the foundation.The foundation laboratory or on the job.It is also possible to courses are followed by engineering courses. A meet the requirements by on-the-job training number of other schools offera five-year pro- under the supervision ofan experienced techni- gram in engineering.It is also possible incer- cian or the supervision ofa scientist or engineer. tain schools to take one's early work ina liberal It is also possible to combine education,train- arts school and then transfer toan engineering ing, and experience in several of the aboveset- school.Another alternative in meeting there- tings to Meet the requirements.

47 C,0

The student interested in gaining admit- and explain to you how you can learn more tance to a technical training program is usually about them. required to have obtained a high school diploma. Mathematics teachers: Mathematics teach- Some technical schools will admit a person who ers will have studied courses pertaining tothe has not graduated from high school if he can theory of numbers, algebra, geometry, trigonom- demonstrate through examinations the neces- etry, calculus, and differential equations.They sary qualifications.It is possible in some cases can thus discuss with you how to pursue your for interested and qualified students to attend interests in mathematics. night school or other schools to make up defi- ciencies, such as in science or mathematics. English teachers: Your English teachers will have studied technical writing, literature, Technical training schools above the high composition, speech, and language structure. school level emphasize such courses as labora- They will thus be able to advise you on how to tory techniques, science, mathematics, and en- improve your language skills and pursue your gineering.Students are also given practical interests by writing and reading. problems to solve such as the type they would meet on the job.Students are prepared in the All of your teachers will, in fact, be helpful use of instruments, machinery, and tools that to you in your consideration and discussimi of relate to their specialty. questions that pertain to their special fields. Before selecting a school for training for a Your School Counselor particular technical specialty, a student is well Your guidance counselof is especially advised to explore the types of jobs that gradu- trained to help you explore the requirements of ates of the school are able to obtain.It is also career fields, to assist you in learning about necessary to gather information about the ac- your qualifications, and to help you in planning creditation, faculty, acceptability of credits, and your goals.Your counselor will have literature length of time the school has been in operation. which you can use pertaining to careers; he will be able to help you select tests and inventories to learn more about yourself; he will help you WHO CAN HELP YOU LEARN by interpreting the results of your tests and in- ABOUT REQUIREMENTS? ventories; and he will be able to discuss your plans with you and assist you as you prepare Requirements are difficult to pin down and an outline of your plans for now and the future. they change as the jobs do; therefore, you will want to consult with different persons who can Your Parents and Friends help to give you more up-to-date information about the competencies you should have to be- You will, of course, continually be discus- come a scientist, engineer, or technician.The sing the development of your plans with your following is a list of those to whom you might parents.Your parents may be able to assist look for help. you in visitations to colleges, universities, and technical and vocational schools where you can Your Teachers explore requirements for careers that interest you.Friends of your family who are in occu- Your teachers can help acquaint you with pations related to your field of interest can also the requirements that are necessary in certain help you learn more about the occupation and fields.Teachers who can offer special assist- its requirements. ance because of their backgrounds are: Science teachers: Your science teachers will Employers have studied such science courses as zoology, Your employers, as you hold part-time jobs, botany, physiology, physics, chemistry, psychol- can assist you in learning aboutthat particular ogy, and astronomy.They will thus be able to occupation, and also about other related occupa- discuss with you your interest in these subjects tions.Other persons who have a great deal of 48 information on occupations are workers in em- This is related to what you expect to get from ployment agencies, both governmental and your job, what goals you expect to reach in your private.You can make an appointment to see life, and how you are equipped to achieve your an employment Literviewer and he can help you goals.These topics will be dealt with in the explore occupations and occupation requirements. next chapter.Before going on to this section, however, you may wish to complete the following guide to obtain a clearer idea of how you meet the requirements for space careers. WHAT OTHER WAYS CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT REQUIREMENTS? Science Personal Exploration What science courses have you taken? You can set out on yourown to learn more How did you perform in each? about requirements.You could go to the li- Do you need to improve? brary and look up occupations that hold special What is your plan to improve? interest for you.You will thus find the books and articles that are availableon the topic. Science Need to You can then set up a plan to readsome of the Courses PerformanceImprove Plan materials.In these publicationsyou can look for leads to other materialsyou can read.You will also find addresses of organizations andso- 2 cieties that relate to your career interest.As time permits you can write to these organiza- 3 tions and request information they have to offer. 4. These materials will giveyou more leads. 5. Institutions of Higher Learning 6 You might want to write toa college, university, or another type of school requesting What other science courses are you plan- information that they have to offer.You may ning to take? wish to follow this up by makingan appointment and visiting a school of interest toyou. Mathematics You could arrange to talk with admissions people.Various schools have differentways of What mathematics courses have you taken? assisting students along this line, butyour letter How did you perform in each? to the registrar would yield ananswer as to how Do you need to improve? to succeed. What is your plan to improve? Math Need to Industrial-Governmental Establishments CoursesPerformance Improve Plan You may wish to write or visit industrial or government establishments that relate to 1. your career interest, either for information or to 2. arrange visiting times.In addition, personnel in these establishments may help put you in 3. touch with other sources of information. 4. Exploration Not Complete 5 At this point you may feel that you have 6. explored much of the space industry.There What other mathematics courses do you remains, however, another important area. plan to take? 49 ,

Special Skill Courses Helpful References Drafting or Electronics Careers in Science: A Selected Bibliography What special skill courses have you taken? for High School Students, by Hilary J. Deason How did you perform? and William Black low (eds.).Washington, Do you need to improve? D.C.: American Association for the Advance- How can you improve? ment of Science, 1961, 23 pp. Special This booklet has been designed for high Skill Need To school students to assist them in obtaining in- CoursesPerformance Improve Plan formation on careers in pure or applied science. Engineers Unlimited: Your Career in Engi- neering, by Harry Edward Neal.New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1960, 192 pp. 2. This book tells the kind of work that a young man or woman can expect to do in the various engineering fields.The preparation necessary to enter is also discussed. 4. Orientation to Engineering, by A. W. 5 Futrell.Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 1961, 250 pp. 6. This book discusses the profession of engineering in general, the major engineering fields, What other courses do you plan to take in the engineer's activities, and the trends in em- special skills? ployment for engineers.

NOTES 17,

CHAPTER6 FRAME YOUR GOALSFOR NOW AND THE FUTURE

What are goals andare they important? Financial NeedsCC". Should you makea detailed plan for your Our increasing standard of living is associ- future? ated with spiraling costs for all types of services, What are the secrets ofsuccess at home, at equipment, luxuries, recreation, transportation, school, on the job? insurance, taxes, not to mention food, clothing, and shelter. When should you set goals foryour life? College tuition now averages near $2,000a year for each of the four or five years necessary GOALS, WHAT THEY ARE, for a professional degree.This college cost WHY THEY ARE, WHERE THEY ARE does not include clothing, recreation, and other necessary items.Standard costs change, ac- Goals are steps that must be touchedor cording to a recent study reported in Financing skipped to reach the top.Goals are needs, real a College Education, A Guide for Counselors, and imagined.Goals are rest stations fora published by College Scholarship Service. The longer journey.Goals are checkpoints tomeas- cost of a college education is handled as follows: ure or determine one's progress, speed, and capacity.Goals apply to youto everything Parents use current income to pay for 40 you do or want to do.Since goals are needs, to 50 percent. every time you establish or think abouta need Family savings and loans cover 10 to 15 you set up a goal. percent. Students use their own savings and earnings to provide for almost 25 percent. Physical Needs Scholarships provide 10 to 20 percent. There are physical needs, financial needs, social needs, and psychological needs.Some There is no ultimate standard of living that goals may temporarily satisfy several needs. can be reached and maintained in our society. Your need for food, shelter, and clothing, for We constantly strive for more sophistication, example, must be satisfied by working ata prof- more culture, more comfort, more of every- itable vocation, trade, or profession.You and thingand better.Our needs are constantly your family must be provided with these essen- costing more and our goals are becoming higher tial items and at the same time satisfymany and higher.More and more individuals are physical and psychological needs suchas exer- saving for an emergency or for retirement cise, rest, recreation, and comfort. financial security for an underproductive future.

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Goals are important.They reflect your vocabulary should be developed.Also, his read- needs and your desires but they must be related ing and comprehension skills should be sharp to the cost in time, effort, and income. and his knowledge of mathematics, history, and government should be extensive.Basic to mas- Pchological Needs tering the fundamentals is the ability and ,ease to communicate clearly both in writing and For most people, more important needs speaking.This sort of preparation requires than financial rewards are their psychological good study habits and self-discipline. needs.The need for self expression, for recognition, for respect, outweighs purely monetary Advancement in Education or Training rewards.Happiness is often found in the reali- zation of doing something for others.It may Before you finish high school, establishing be found in excelling, in succeeding, and in be- and achieving short-range and long-range goals longing to a group.Social relations established should be standard activity.By the time you with other workers, other students, one's family, enter the tenth grade you should have your col- satisfy certain psychological needs.Psycho- lege program well planned.During your re- logical needs, whether intellectually perceived maining years of high school, these plans should or vaguely felt, draw one in a certain direction be refined, reduced to realistic goals, and pro- and influence choice of a career or a curriculum. gramed with respect to financial considerations. Satisfaction depends upon the extent the job or If your plans include college preparation, the the school meet9 the needs that have been felt. area of preparation should be outlined and discussed and considered by your counselor, Detailed Plans and Goal Setting parents, teachers, friends and determined to be attainable.Your college plans should relate to Goals express constantly changing needs. a vocation or a career family, a particular indus- This does not mean that one should not have a try or area of specialization or professionaliza- detailed plan directed toward a specific goal. tion.To make definite plans you really have However, planning should be flexible enough so to know yourself, your interests, aptitudes, that changes can be made as more information, abilities, your intelligence and experience levels, more awareness, and more intellectual maturity your capabilities, and your shortcomings.These becomes evident.A list of goals should be set data are not easy to come by.Your counselor up for this next semester's work in school; goals and parents will help you if you have the intes- should be established for out-of-school needs, tinal fortitude to bring your thoughts, feelings, physical, social, and financial.A most reward- and desires out so they can be understood and ing goal is that of establishing better personal discussed meaningfully. relations with those whom one is working, living, or studying.If personal-social goals fail to be met the entire pattern rimy suffer.Produc- A preliminary method of discovering what tive goals are those that insist on personal de- you are like and to help you plan tUture goals velopment, 3n progress.Such goals are set just might be the writing of an autobiography.In somewhat above the level that can be reached your autobiography you could include as much with normal effort. information as you can about your family, your Your goals should be flexible enough to per- home, and your early childhood.You might mit change so as to provide for an unexpected also include factors about your health and you opportunity or failure. probably would explore in detail your school progress.Your interests, activities, and hobbies could also be worked in along with your occu- Intermediate Goals Education for Living pational interests, and your work experiences. Being prepared means another step forward Any special personal accomplishments would toward success.It means being re6,dy for a new also be appropriate to bring out.From your pathway to a space-age career.To be ready a autobiography, which goes back into your past student must have thoroughly mastered the and brings you up to the present, you can geta fundamentals.Before one enters college his picture of yourself.On the basis of this picture

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which includes your interests, abilities, and 4. Learn to observe closely. achievement, among other things, you can de- 5. Learn to inquire about the why, as well fine your goals for the future.Goals you can as axe What. reach, yet goals that will challenge you, can be 6. Develdp-a longer attention and concen- determined.When you have completed writ- tration span. ing the autobiography, have someone you trust 7. Take care to read widely, as well as in read it and discuss it with you. depth in certain areas. 8. Learn to think critically and logically. Your goals, if not college, should ineude 9. Learn to handle mathematics skillfully. immediate vocational or technical training inan 10. Learn how to maintain your best phys- expanding new career field, perhaps dataproc- ical and emotional health. essing, electronics, plastics, business machines, The level of these skills will bea factor in or automatic vending machines.The selection determining just how fara person can go in is important and should be matched withproven science-related careers. aptitude and capacity to learn. Acquiring Greater SkillSQ3R Occupational Choice, Central Factor in Achieving Goals Becoming more skilled is a function ofyour capacity, your motivation, and themeans you For most people the choice ofan occupa- employ to improve your performance. Youcan tion is the major determinantas to whether or do a great deal to improveyour performance by not they reach certain goals.Thus, a personlearning more efficient study habits.Good in the process of career choice should oftencon- study habits take time to develop.If you want sider the following questions.(The autobiog- to check on your study habits you might ask raphy may be useful in answering.) your school counselor about taking a study habit survey.If you need improvementyou 1. What occupations have I considered for can get advice fi m your counselor and teachers. my life's work? Remember that study in a good, well-lighted 2. Why have I considered this kind of work? properly equipped study room is the first step to 3. What are the requirements for this job? good study habits. 4. What special qualifications do I possess for this kind of work? A good source book to use as a guide to im- 5. In view of my choice, what should I plan prove your study habits is Effective Study by to major in? Francis P; Robinson.'This book presents a 6. How should I start? formula for more effective study.It is called 7. When should I begin? the SQ3R Study Method.The S stands for 8. What should I do first? Survey.The Q stands for Question and the 3 R indicates Read, Recite, and Review. You might Today, special skills are more and more in try this approach with your next reading assign- demand, yet specialization too early may close ment.Take a segment of your assignment and the door to many opportunities.Thus, for survey it (look it over quickly, reading the heavy those considering a career in either science and black titles and getting an idea of what it is all' engineering, or technology, a broad academic about).The next step is to convert these titles base is most helpful to undergird the eventual into questions which you can answer whenyou specialization.The following is a list of the read the segment.After the survey and ques- more basic skills that will serve to prepare the tion steps you read the segment and look for science-oriented student to go the farthest. answers to your questions.The next step is to recite. 1. Learn to read rapidly and accurately. This can be done by lookingup from 2. Develop a large vocabulary for speaking your book and trying to recall the main points and writing. 3. Learn to concentrate and remember 'Francis P. Robinson, Effective Study (revcifed.; New York: details. Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1961). 53 s you have read and answeringthe questions you thing.It takes directed energy to perfozntoIt have in mind. You might also jot down some takes initiative to investigate, it takes nerve to notes covering the main points.Finally, from insist, it takes inquisitiveness to ask, it takes time to time review each segment you have talent to accomplish, and it takes hard work to reLtd by thinking over the main points.You succeed.It takes intelligence to find a more might also return to your notes and check your- productive method, technique, or approach to self.For more detail on this method and other learning or completing a task.Programed pointers on study, read Dr. Robinson's book. karning, film, ffimstrips, memory courses, con- It might be wise to consult your counselor and centration exercises, brainstorming, and other your teachers to get further ideasand references innovations might be used to get one started, or on becoming more skilled in study. off of "dead center."There are short cuts but there is no easy way to the top.The "stairway Military Service Skills to the stars" is paved with school books.To learn more, you must study, not just read.., The For young men who are or may be(,ome midnight oil must be burned.Hard work must career minded, the military service offers great become a habit long before one reports for work opportunity.Military technical schools and on a new job.Hard work at school produces off-duty and in-service educational and training more than gradesit establishesconfidence that opportunities offer an ideal way of preparing one can learn to succeed.Grades in high school oneself for a rewarding future, a way that one and class rank, however, are the best predictors can progress without financial supportfrom of success in college.This extra work or study family or friends.Modern military skills are may prove to you that you cansucceed in spite readily convertible to civilian industry and of obstacles, real or imagined. many are identical with technicalskills in the space induistry, whichincludes space develop- Tenacity is equally important with extra ment for national defense. effort.With bulldog-like determination, a seem- ingly unsurmountable obstacle can become an Successful military service includes devel- accomplishment.Goals sometimes appear as oping one's character, one's potential for citizen- insurmountable barriers.There is nothing like ship;itprovides training,education, and succeeding to insure success.Comadence is experience to succeed in a civilian occupation. built on success based on hard work and intelli- Educational opportunities for a serviceman and gent planning.To do these things one must even for his family are greater than in civilian have self-discipline.Here is a formula for suc- life.One must, however, have and set educa- cess based on self-confidence. tional and training goalseven in the military service! A Working Formula For Success Pleasant Companions To be very practical about this matter of succeeding, here is what you have to do: First, An important part of living is the friend- determine specific goals to be met in a given ship and companionship of fellow students, length of time.Second, require yourself to teachers, fellow workers, and employers.Hap- meet or surpass that goal by concentrating on piness comes from pleasing others as well as it for _number of minutes each day, seven days oneself.Self-expression and personality are a week.Third, evaluate your results as you go developmental goals which when achieved can along and again when the set length of time has do much to make life worth living, a job worth passed.Fourth, critique yourself to improve working for, and money worth spending.Get- your concentration, then increase or decrease ting along with others is important. the time spent based on new goals and time limits. Reaching Your GoalHow To Succeed Sacrifice is necessary to achieve goals.To For example, let's say that you wish to get something you usually have to give up some- make a B + in English literature during the 54

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next six weeks.You arbitrarily determine that your approach more systematic and simple. you are going to study twenty-seven (27) min- The six levels of learning.are (1) knowledge, (2) utes each day in English literature, concentrat- comprehension, (3) application, (4) analysis, (5) ing on it and it alone, and using all the study synthesis, and (6) evaluation.The highest level aides, device, and techniques you know.Each evahwtion means comparing and forming judg- week you will stop for, say, seven minutes and mcWAI )r placing a value on your feeling toward evaluate your progress and at the end of the six a facq.Synthesis, simply stated, means putting weeks you will measure your effort against your related and unrelated facts or things back to- grade, gether, forming a whole.Analysis means to take them apart and look at them_ Application The magic of this system lies inyour not means the ability to use what is understood or telling your parents, your teachers,or your comprehended. The lowest level of learning is friends what you are doingso they can monitor your adherence or evaluate your dedication. knowledge or recognition and remembering. You and only you set the time limit (27 minutes), the goal (B), and the degree of concentration These factors should be considered in your (all out utilization of concentration and studystudy habits along with the SQ3R method of habits).You and you alone can appraise thestudy and the scientific method of problem solving previously mentioned. results and make the necessary changes.The What level of magic is that you will either increase the time learning offers you a challenge? limit to reach the goal, raise the goal to,say, an A , or seek improved study and concentra- Become Research-Oriented tion habits, possibly all three.If you religiously There are things that one must do to begin adhere to this self directionyou will prove toto prepare.As you read and study and visit yourself that goals you set are attainable.You and talk with people in the world of workyou will have developed a security of self discipline collect facts.Don't lose them!Write them that can be channeled into every activity in life. down, cut them out, label them, and put them Your confidence will be basedon hard work and to use.Collect and classify all sorts of data, you will realize new values for time and for, ef- analyze those that you think fit your needsor forts and have proved to yourself that youcan contribute to your growth. do what you determine to be important. Good tools are important toany trade. Planning Your Work Buy a good dictionary, a set of encyclopedias,a Following Your Plan slide ruleand use them.Start your own per- As you plan your work, do you try to im-sonal reference and research library.Get or prove your planning itself?Do you take timemake a drawing board and obtain drawing in- to evaluate how much you are accomplishing;struments.Get your own typewriter and books, how much time it is taking?Step by step, your lots of books.Learn to read widely, critically, plan and your work should takeyou along aextensivelyand look up whatyou don't under- pathway leading to a desirable goal.As youstand.Catalog your books inyour own library evaluate and discuss your progress, theremayjust like the technical or standard library at be reason to change pace or change toa more school.Do it yourself, so you will know it's logical sequence.Sometimes a self-inflicteddone right. punishment or self-directed reward will provide an additional challenge. Question everything you hear or read and demand explanation and verification.Con- Careers in science, engineering, and techni- tinue your 4ducation; expand it.Take an cal areas require logic, system, and common evening class at a university or college; or go to sense. A "check list" approach to a task often a nearby college before you enter college.At- meets these requirements. tend summer school or a summer college work- Considering the difficult level of the mate- shop or a seminar.Start a research project or rial you study may make your plan easier and science project of your own, and, most impor- 55

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tant, finish itwith all the precisionand pride day each week.Study your technique for be- that you can muster. ing successful at this. Prepare a paper for publication.Put down 8. Make a list of ten books that you want the facts of a favorite item you,have investigated, to own.Check them out of a library.Read as you see them.Organize them into an out- two of them. line.Build them into useful, understandable 9. Make a list of tools, materials, and sup- data, test them, and write them forpublication. plies that you would like to have for your re- Technical writing is a very important pa-4 of searzh laboratory and library. science, engineering, or otherspace-related 10. Make a checklist of the various things technology. that you plan to do this month and next month Seek leadership roles.If you are to suc- and post it where you can see it often and ceed you must gain experience in followingand where you can change it, if you need to. in leadingin groups, interacting withothers. You may be interested in science clubs,discussion groups, politics, civic clubs, collegeclubJ, Helpful References or perhaps aspeech club, like Toastmasters. To frame your goals now and in the future The National Geographic Magazine is the you must learn tothink, communicate, and co- monthly publication of the National Geographic operate.Here is a checklist to help. Society, a Lon-profit scientific and educational organization for increasing and diffusing scientific knowledge and promoting research and ex- A Checklist for Goal-Reaching ploration.National Geographic Society, 16th 1. Make a list of five goals for this month, and M Streets, NW., Washington 6, D.C. five goals for next semester, and three goals for Rocket Encyclopedia, Illustrated, by John next year at this time. Herrick and Eric Burgess.Los Angeles, Cali- 2. Make a detailed budget for your first fornia: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1959. year's expenses in college and research every This encyclopedia provides authoritative item. and comprehensive facts and theory about 3. Make a list of people whom you dislike, rockets, rocket assemblies, components, acces- whom you like, and those you want to like you. sories, manufacturing machinery, test and Figure out why you have included or excluded ground equipment, and production methods. certain people. 4. Prepare a detailed schedule for one The Space Guide Book, by William J. weekday-by-day, hour-by-hourand note what Weiser.New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., items you accomplished or missed doing. 1960. 5. Write for five college catalogs and for This book provides explicit answers to information about five possible careers. clearly stated questions focused upon current 6. Try the SQ3R study technique for a six- information of all the sciences related to space. week period. It skillfully translates complex scientific data 7. Try to gain a new friend and get along. into clear and simple language the student can happily, with everyone you meet otta particular readily use.

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fr CHAPTER 7 LOOK TOWARD EXPANDING HORIZONS

How can you keep up with the trends? Of the nearly 192 million people in the Is your training preparing you for a lasting United States, seventy million are employed. career? Two students out of every three who enter school will graduate from high school.Only What is the outlook for the career you have one out of every 29 persons in their early twenties chosen? has a college degree yet the trend is that college How will your career fit into the space enrollment will continue to rise. program? For hundreds of years people have been AUTOMATION vs. UNEMPLOYMENT saying, "There is nothing new undar the sun," that "the sky is the limit," and other suchnon- Automation eliminated some 2,000,000 jobs sense while space-age science has passed them l&st year.In 1963 there were 3,000,000 new by.In fact, few of us are aware of how far and jobs but unemployment was not affected.The how fast we have advanced.Few of us have .exploding population and the drop-out rate of kept up with the changing times. undertrained, poorly educated youth swell the nation's unemployment rolls.

TRENDS The duration of unemployment has increased sharply since 1957 wiiile the rate of Trends are indications of change.Trends are growth in gross national product and employ- made from careful studies of the past and the ment has decreased in the past five years.To rate of change can be used to predict the future. contrast this, professional, white collar, and We live in a continuously changing world and skilled occupations continue to expand rapidly, if we are not going to become obsoletewe must while the semiskilled and unskilled groups show look ahead. little or no change.' OCCUPATIONS CHANGE. The Depart- Studies for several years have shown that ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963- workers with more education and training are 1964, Occupational Outlook Handbook, reports employed in better jobsa simple statement, changes in the world of work taken from decen- but consider how it applies to your career choice. nial census reports and monthly labor force sur- veys.Factors reported also reflect data from their Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training. 1 Manpower Research, Bulletin 2 (March, 1963), U.S. There are many facts to consider. Department of Labor. 57 Training programs should berealistically ori- Average annual earnings in 1962 in private ented toward present andfuture labor market industry are comparable: requirements.This is particularly important Physicist, aboUt $7,000 to start, $10,000 because of the continuing decllnecinthe number with experience, top $18,000 or more. and kinds of jobs whichyouth,with low levels of Chemist, start about $6,000, withexperi- training and education canfill. ence, average $11,000. $5,000- Even though the most dramaticchange in Geologist, $5,400 with B.S.; be the influx of $10,000 M.S.; $7,500-$10,000 Ph. D. the labor force in the 1960's will Plant Scientists, $5,000 start;$7,000- young workers, andthe largest increases in employment by 1970 will be in theservice-produc- $12,000 with experience; top $20,000 or ing industries, the major demandin the next more. white-collar Technicians, start at about $3,500-$5,000; decade will be for professional and $6,000-$8,000 with experience; top$8,000. workers. Meteorologists, start at $5,500; with ex- The fastest growing occupationsduring the perience $7,000-$12,000, average$9,000; next ten years will be theprofessional and tech- top $25,000.3 nical positions, especially engineers,scientists and technicians, and white-collar,clerical, and sales people.2 COMPUTERAUTOMATION The Federal Government is the largest em- government is using, of its em- One new computer the ployer in the United States and most the Univac 1107 ThinFilm Memory System, ployees are civil service employees.Seventy 3,000,000 items a minute as com- employees are white- can tabulate percent of the civil service pared to 30,000 items for a1950 model.Since collar workers or executive,managerial, or themselves so effi- Only 14 percent of these 1950 computers have proven supervisory positions. cient that today we areusing some 15,000 units, white-collar positions are professional,however. some capableof remembering 17 billiondifferent They are being used in everymajor The National Aeronauticsand Space Ad- facts. ministration (NASA) estimatesthat 20,000 industry. companies and 3,000,000 peoplewill participate One thousand newly-trained computer per- in the space conquest bythe end of this century. sonnel may be required each mouth tosupple- NASA now operates from ten major centers ment those already skilled.Some 60,000 are and employs about 35,000 people, mostly in the needed immediately.Approximately 45,000 skilled or professional or administrative areas. Federal employees were involvedin the opera- NASA's work includes basic and applied research tion of automatic data processingunits with for the expansion of human knowledge of phe- computers in 1963.They were located in 29 nomena in the atmosphere and space;the im- separate states and in 16other locations outside provement of the usefulness, performance, speed, the United States. safety, and efficiency of aeronautical and space This is an explosive age.The explosion of vehicles; the development and operation of knowledge has placed science and technology vehicles carrying instruments, equipment, sup- years ahead ofsociety.The population explo- plies, and living organisms through space; and sion increased the need for betterstandards of the preservation of the role of the United States health, education, and welfare; for abetter dis- as a leader in aeronauticaland space activities tribution of new and better products.The within and outside the atmosphere.Civil serv- of ice salaries for career-professional people start standards of living are increasing; prices goods, cost of labor, and levels ofeducation are around $7,000 per year and extend above $20,000, The plus many retirement, vacation, educational being raised, but unemploymentremains. opportunities, and other benefits. cost of education is climbingbut educational 3 jobs in ScienceJob Family Series #1, SRA, 1958, 1963 2 Ibid. 58

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programs, particularly vocational and technical antly, you must keep up with the trends.If not, training programs, remain inadequate.People you may be left behind.Thousands of students are getting married and seeking employment are spending hundreds of thousands of hours earlier and living longer than ever before. and dollars prepiaring for occupations that are Women are competing with men in all areas becoming obsolete.Hundreds of thousands of and doing a good job of it.Even the combined school drop-outs and the under-educated, under- income of man and wife does not insure a col- trained, unskilled, or semi-skilled are unemployed lege education or a profitable career for "junior" and will remain so unless they go back to school unless prior preparation and choice of such a or retrain.Such people will face continued un- career is based on the stnely of occupations employment and poverty.The costs of living, what they require and what they offer. the cost of education and training will continue to rise, but so will salaries and career opportuni- The pattern of man's work has changed. ties for the experienced technician, the engineer, A space-age career will probably requirea series the scientist, the educator, and other highly- of different jobs, each requiring an acquistion skilled or professional personnel.The future of a new skill.Even within the same occupa- promises great adventure and psychological ful- tions, the space industry will demand continued fillment in their work. periods of education, training, and retraining to keep pace with the changing times.Young job Whether you achieve your well-planned seekers will find that, regardles of what job goals and reach the expanding horizons ofsuc- fields they choose, opportunities for employment cess in a space age will depend on the decisions and advancement are directly related to the that you make now!One of these decisions, quality of preparation and the kind of skills perhaps the most important inyour entire life, they possess. will be your choice ofa satisfying and rewarding career.Accept the challenge of today for bet- Success will often dependon inventiveness, ter living today and tomorrow. ingenuity, communicative skill, and personality. Success will always depend on hard work. Helpful References

THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE Careers and Opportunities in Astronautics, by Lewis Zarem. New York: E. P. Dutton & Great things lie ahead in science and in Company, Inc., 1962. space exploration and development. Un- This book is a guide to the challengingop- dreamed of advances in industry will occur! portunities and professional jobs in all branches Several years ago, Dr. Wernhervon Braun de- of the the science and technology of space flight. clared that travel to the moon wouldsoon be a Fundarantals of Guided Missiles, Air Train- matter of routine.He predicted that we would ing Command, U.S. Air Force.Los Angeles: have a permanent moon base, with dozens of Aero Publishers, Inc., 1960. people living there all year round similar to the permanent research.station we now have at the This text contains comprehensive technical South Pole.Von Braun also predicts a manned data about missiles and guidance systems includ- expedition to Mars by 1983. ing a glossary of "Guided Missile Terms." Spacecraft, By James J. Haggerty, Jr. Most space experts agree to thc.,i etable New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1962. but many believe new breakthroughs th power, energy, fuel, medicine, and other areas may very This book was published as a joint project well shorten the date, sinée bigger and better of The National Science Teachers Association computers will help manage this space age. and the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration.The book was designed at there- All of this is important to you and your edu- quest of students and teachers to providea bet- cational and vocational plans.You must be- ter understanding of careers in science and the come alert to these changes but, more import- technological society in which we live.

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= 204 SUMMARY

RENDEZVOUS WITH A SPACE CAREER

The coming together of two space flight vehicles for a rendezvous in space is an extremely difficult feat to accomplish.To achieve a rendezvous in space, the course of the first vehicle of the two to put into orbit must be carefullydeter- mined. A careful plan must next be devised to launch the second vehicle into an orbit, such that, after the two vehicles have orbited for a time, they will come extremely close together.The obtained orbit of the second vehicle may require some correction.The error in orbit can be corrected if it is not too large and if it can be corrected early.The uncorrected error will result in greater and greater error if undetected and corrected early.Very slight errors, however, can be corrected as the vehicles near one another in their orbits. If all of the planning, application of knowledge, and equipment functioning is within certain limits, the coming together of the space flight vehicles will be achieved.The vehicles can then be attached and orbit on together. This oversimplified view of space vehicles rendezvousing can be compared to your career choice process.Think for a moment of careers as space vehicles orbiting around the earth.The vehicles travel around and around and you might not even be aware of their presence, as you are not aware of certain careers. One day, today, you are Alerted to the presence of the orbiting careers. You start to think about going into a space career.This means you will have to rendezvous with a space career, and this is a difficult feat to achieve. You decide to go ahead and you Begin to Explore the Space Industry.You learn about who is in it, where it is, and its history.If you are to come together with a space career you know that you must focus in on the orbits of the space careers.Thus, in greater detail you Consider the Occupational Fields of the Space Industry.It is critical that you know the kinds of things that people in space careers do and thekinds of problems they must solve.Once you have plotted the course of some space careers that interest you, you must focus on yourself and your qualifications.It is time to Determine a Pathway that will bring you Together with a Career in Space.You thus think about and explore different educational and training programs. It so happens that you were already in orbit when you became alerted to space careers.Now, the question is, can you adjust your orbit enough to come together with the orbit of a space career?You must check your orbit to see if it is high enough in ability to reach the level of scientist, engineer, or technician. You must check your apogee of interest in space careers and your perigee of personality to see if they are not too far out to bring you together with a space career.What about your orbital speed or achievement in science, mathematics, and technical skills?Which type of career in space does your achievement qualify you for at present?Remember that you can correct for error but that large corrections must be made early.So if you are to have the background you must get the science and mathematics while you are still in high school to prepare for advanced study. You can make some small corrections later on in your flight, but usually only small changes in your orbit can be achieved the longer you are in orbit.

, To make these small changes, more information will likely be needed. Thus you will want to analyze more carefully the orbits of the space careers.in other words, you will want to Examine Job Requirements in the Space Industry.As the gap between your orbit and that of the space careerriaiioWsyou will want to keep making corrections in your flight plan.-This will require that you Formu- late Your Goals for Now and in the Future, in termS of your objective(s) in life, as you view them more clearly. OP '2.e you get close or have Rendezvoused with a Space Career you will be in a position to better view the Expanding Horizons.At this point, though, those who have gone into orbit are reporting back the likely trends forspace careers. They have reported Expanding Horkons and they also point out that farther out in space there is no horizon.This means the opportunities and expansion in space careers are expected to go on growing without end.Other career fields, such as coal mining, steel industry, and petroleum engineering, have begun either to decline or are expected to do so in the future.Space career opportunities will continue to increase.Will your career development be in space science and technology?

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