DOCSLIB.ORG

IS 1885-16-1 (1968): Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Part XVI: Lighting - Section I General Aspects [ETD 1: Basic Electrotechnical Standards]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान का अधकार, जी का अधकार” “परा को छोड न 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 1885-16-1 (1968): Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Part XVI: Lighting - Section I General Aspects [ETD 1: Basic Electrotechnical Standards] “ान $ एक न भारत का नमण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda “Invent a New India Using Knowledge” “ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी चराया नह जा सकताह ै”ै Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” 1 .::, J ., IS : 1885( Part XV1/Sec I ) -1968 1 Indian Standard ELECT~OTECHNICAL VOCABULARY PART XVI LIGHTING Section I General Aspects ( Third Reprint AUGUST 1990) ‘. *“ [JJ.)C 001”4: 628”9/97 .-, ,, ‘.. @ Copyright 1968 .. BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW’ DELHI 110002 Gr 10 November 1968 IS: 1SS5( Part XVI/See 1 ) - 196S Indian Standard ELECTROTECHNICAL VOCAIWLARY PART ‘XVI LIGHTING Section I General Aspects Electrotechnical Standards Sectional Cornmi~tec, ETDC 1 I Chairman Rsprsssnting SHRST. V. BALAKSUSNNAN Bbarat Hea~ Electrical Ltd, Hardwar Members I ADDMTONALCHIEFENOIXEER DirectorateGeneralof Posts& Telegraphs( Depart- mentof communications) DIRECTOROF TULE~RAPHS (L) ( Alt.na& ) SSSRIG. K. AHUJA Inspection Wing, DirectorateGeneral of Su plies & Disposals ( Ministry of supply, ?echnical Development & Materisds Planning) SHRIA. S., NAGARKAT-IT( Altertsa&) SHRSv. w. cHBKauRKAR Indi~lcu~ctrical Mans&acturet# @xiation, SHRXY. P. KAUSHIK( Ahemu&) ~C1’OR Electronics and Radar Development Establishment ( Ministry of Defence ), Bangalore &O?IG. D. JO~MUM Primary Cells and Batteriks Sectional Committee, ETDC 10, 1S1; and%xmclary Cells and Batteries Sectional Committee, ETDC 11, 1S1 Ssnu S. N. MURKRP National Test House, Calcutta PROFR. C. NARAYANAN General Nomenclature and Symbols Subcommittee, ETDC 1:3, 1S1 Smu A. R. NARAYANARAO Institution of Engineesa ( India), Calcutta %u H. V. F.JARAYANA RAO central Water & Power Comsoisskm ( Power Wing ) SHR]S. N. VINZE( Alternate) SHRSU. K. PATWARDHAN Transformers Sectional Cknnsnittcr+ETDC 16, 1S1 Smu R. RADSiAKRISHNAN Central Eiectro-Chemical Rese@l Institute ( CSIR ), Karaihs~ SHRSH. N. VENKOBARAO( Altsrnate) Ssms K. RAMANATHAN ‘ *VY Electrical ( India) Ltd, Bhopal SHsuS. K. BHATIA( Alternats) SHRSv. v. RAo Departmentof Communication ( Wireless . arming and Co-ordination Wing ) SHRSA, P. SEETSSAPATHY Switchgea.r and Controlgear Sectional Camnittce, ETDC 17, 1S1; anA POWW Frequency and voltages Subcommittee, ETDC 1:1, 1S1 I SNRIR. K. TANDAN National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New Delhi ( Gmtinad on/Ja#s2:) ,. BUREAU OF INDIAN ‘STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHAl)UR SHAH ZAFAK+%$ARG NEW DELI-II 110002 -. IS:l$85(PM XVI/*Cl)=W68 ( Coaiimdfiomj%sgu1) Mmbas &ia#usmf& Snr S. THIRIWENKATACWARX ‘lWfTn#C 24~#’m*t ‘Ctiond amtitt=” $&I V. VENUOOWJAN Insulator and Acceasoriw Scct@al Comnuttee, ETDC 3, 1S1 SHRI~. S. ZA= Rotating Machinery sectional Committee, ETDC 15, 1S1 SHRIY. S. VIJNKATMWMRAN, DirectorGeneral,1S1( Ex-@xb Mmikr) Director ( Elcc tech ) ( Secwtary: Illuminating Engineering Sectional Committee, ETDC 45 Chaimw SnRI N. B. SATAnAWALA Railway Board ( Ministry of Railway9 ) Manbsn ADDITIONAL Cs-naF ENCXWER Central Public Works Department ( ELBC) Smu B. GUPTASAIWA[ Aitsmats SIiRIR. R. J%ADA i he Ahmcdabad M.illownem’ Association, Ahmcciabad DR G. N. BADAMI Cent;/rabi~ning Rcacarch Station (_!3SIR), SQ-LDRH. S. BHATIA Directorate of Tccbnical Dcvclopmcnt & Production ( Air) ( Ministry of Dcfence ), New Delhi SHR1N. C. GUHA( Altamah ) SHRXJ. P. J. BILLIMORKA Central nxbfic work Department ( At’*itect. Wi ) SHRIP. BOSE EasternT egional ElectricalContractors’Association ( India) Ltd,Calcutta SHRXL. N. M THUR ( Al&rnati) SHRIB. CUNNINGJAM GencrrcuEl#ric Company of India Private Ltd, SHRI D. K. DMS ( Afti ) SHRXD. S. DtXHI Bajaj Electrical Ltd, Ftemba} SHRI S. U. BHOJWANI ( Al&matKJ Philips India Ltd, Calcutta SHRXM. P. GUPTA SHIUP. N. SRrNXVASAN( Aftem@) SHRIH. N. JAQTtANI Directorate General Factory Advici service and Labour Institutes ( Ministry of Labour, Bmploy- mcnt & Rehabilitation), Bornbay S~RI D. M. JAAUNOAR The Bo bay Electric Supply & Transport Under dg, Bombav SIXR1H. B. NAIK( Af&md ) SHRIA. MITRA 1 DiicNtur&w.G&lcrd of Suppli-a & Dab SKR1J. N. Vu ( A&na& ) SHRXB. K. Mumnrqaa NationalTat Ho&, Ca@tta SHRXT. K. KUNDU( Al* ) SHRKJ. R. NAHm - ~e ml Lighting Industria Private Ltd, SXRIJAYANTR. PARI HindcoLig~tiagI@mtrks L@ -Y , IS: 1885 ( Part XVI/See 1)- 1968 CONTENTS PAGE o. FOREWORD . ... ... ... 4 1. SCOPE . ... ,.. >.. 4 2. RADIATION . ... ... ... 5 3. PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES AND UNITS ... ... 14 4. CALORIMETRY: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSAND QUANTITIES 21 5. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER ... ... .,. 28 6. EYE ANDVISION ... ... ... ,.. 34 7. RAD1OMETRIC,PHOTOMETRICAND COLORXMETRICMEASURE- MENTS: PHYSICALRECEPTORS .. ... ... 42 8. THE PRODUCTIONOF LIGHT ... ,.. ... 46 INDEX ... ... ,.. ... ... 49 “J -. —mr--w- ——---- ,, II~m- -.-—- IS: 1885 ( Part XVI/See 1 ) -1968 [ndian Standard I IWECTROTECHNICAL VOCABULARY PART XVI LIGHTING Section I General Aspects ! ) I O. FOREWORD 0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institu- tion on 16 January 1968, after the draft iinalized by the Electrotechnical Standards Sqctional Committee in consultation with the Illuminating Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotech- nical Division Council. 0.2 This standard ( Part XVI/Section 1 ) is based, to a large extent, upon Publication No. 50 (45 ) on ‘ International electrotechnical vocabulary’ i issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission. Thk section deah with the general aspects of lighting, covering terms relating to radiation, calorimetry, optical properties of matter, photometric quantities and units, eye and vision and the production of light. Section 2 of this standard covers terms relating to Iuminaires and lighting for traffic and signaling and Section 3 deals with terms relating to lamps and auxiliaries. 0.3 A compromise has been made between absolute precision and simplicity in order to arrive at the most apt ddinitions. The principal object of this terminology is to provide definitions which are sufficiently clear so that each term can be understood with the same meaning in the electronic field. Thus, it may sometimes be felt that the definitions used in this standard are not sui%ciently precise, do not include all cases, \ do not take account of certain exceptions or are not identical with those \ which may be found in other publications designed with other objects and I for @her readers. Such imperfections are inevitable and sometimes have ‘ to be accepted in the interest of simplicity and clarity. 0.4 The elcctrotechnical vocabulary m being prepared in several parts, k each having one or more sections. ! 1. SCOPE 1,1 TM standard ( Part XVI/Section 1 ) covers definitions of terms used in the fie!d of lighting relating to the general aspects, namely, radiation, calorimetry, photometric quantities and units, optical properties of matter eye and vision and the production of light. 4 -,,. ——-.—-—--’—.-—.---——–!—, ,. ,, ,, _ __ IS: 1SS5 ( Part XVI/See 1 ) - 196S 2. RADIATION 2.1 Fundamental Concepts 2.1.1 Radiation a) EmMlon or transfer of energy in the forms of electromagnetic waves or partieks. b) Electromagnetic waves or particles. No’ra— In generaf,nuclearradiationsand radio wavesare not consideredin this vocabularybut only opticalratitions, thatis, electromagneticradiations( photons) of wavelengthlying betweentheregionof transitionto X-rays ( -1 nm) and the region of transitionto radiowaves( * 1 mm). 2.1.2 Irradiation — Application of radiation to an object. 2.1.3 Monochromatic Radiation — Radiation characterized by a single. frequency. By extension, radiation of a very small range of frequency or wavelength, which can be described by stating a single frequency or wavelength. 2.1.4 Complex Radiatwn — Radiation composed of a number of monochromatic radiations. 2.1.5 Vidde Radiation ( Light) — Any radiation capable of caus~g a visual sensation directly. The wavelength limits adopted by Commi- ttee E-2. 1.2 of CIE ( Vienna 1963) for the spectral range of this radiation are 400 and 760 nm. NOTE— The limits of the spectral range of visible radiation are not welI defined and may vary according to the user. The lower limit is generally takmt between 380 and 400 nm and the upper limit between 760 and 780 nm [ 1 nanometre (nm)=10-gsn]. 2.1.6 Infrared Radiation — Radiation for which the wavelengths of the monochromatic components are greater than those for visibk radiation and less than about 1 millimetre. NOTSS— The l~mits of the spectral range of infraredradiationare not well defined and may vary according to the user. CommitteeE-2.1.2 of CIE distinguishesin this spectral range: IR-A 780to 1400 mm IR-B
Recommended publications
  • Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes

    Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes

    Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes (Appendix A last revised November 2020) This appendix of the Author's Kit provides recommendations on prefixes, unit symbols and abbreviations, and factors for conversion into units of the International System. Prefixes Recommended prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are as follows: Multiple Prefix Abbreviation 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 10-21 zepto z 10-24 yocto y Avoid using compound prefixes, such as micromicro for pico and kilomega for giga. The abbreviation of a prefix is considered to be combined with the abbreviation/symbol to which it is directly attached, forming with it a new unit symbol, which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with other unit abbreviations/symbols to form abbreviations/symbols for compound units. For example: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3 1 μs-1 = (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1 1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s Abbreviations and Symbols Whenever possible, avoid using abbreviations and symbols in paragraph text; however, when it is deemed necessary to use such, define all but the most common at first use. The following is a recommended list of abbreviations/symbols for some important units.
  • Traffic and Road Sign Recognition

    Traffic and Road Sign Recognition

    Traffic and Road Sign Recognition Hasan Fleyeh This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Napier University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2008 Abstract This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm. Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%.
  • Paper Code and Title: H01RS Residential Space Designing Module Code and Name: H01RS19 Light – Measurement, Related Terms and Units Name of the Content Writer: Dr

    Paper Code and Title: H01RS Residential Space Designing Module Code and Name: H01RS19 Light – Measurement, Related Terms and Units Name of the Content Writer: Dr

    Paper Code and Title: H01RS Residential Space Designing Module Code and Name: H01RS19 Light – measurement, related terms and units Name of the Content Writer: Dr. S. Visalakshi Rajeswari LIGHT – MEASUREMENT, RELATED TERMS AND UNITS Introduction Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum which will stimulate a response in the receptors of the eye. Its frequency usually expressed as wavelength determines the colour of light and its amplitude determines its intensity. Accommodation from the individual’s part enables focusing of vision. Hence the need to study lighting in interiors. Especially when activities are carried out indoors it is necessary to provide some sort of artificial illumination. In such circumstances, the designer should be aware of what (lighting) is provided and the satisfaction the ‘user’ derives out of it. 1. The radiant energy spectrum Vs visible spectrum Light is visually evaluated radiant energy (electromagnetic), which moves at a constant speed in vacuum. The entire radiant energy spectrum consists of waves of radiant energy that vary in wavelength of a wide range; an array of all rays - cosmic, gamma, UV, infra red, radar, x rays, the visible spectrum, FM, TV- and radio broadcast waves and power transmission. The portion of the radiant energy which is seen as light, identified as the spectrum visible to the human eye ranges from about 380 (400) to 780 (700) mµ (referred to as nanometers or millimicrons). A nanometer (nm) is a unit of wavelength equal to 10 -9 m. Light can thus be thought of as the aspect of radiant energy that is visible. Colour perception is attributed to the varying wavelengths noticeable within the spectrum of visible light.
  • CAR-ANS Part 5 Governing Units of Measurement to Be Used in Air and Ground Operations

    CAR-ANS Part 5 Governing Units of Measurement to Be Used in Air and Ground Operations

    CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES Part 5 Governing UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Old MIA Road, Pasay City1301 Metro Manila UNCOTROLLED COPY INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK UNCOTROLLED COPY CAR-ANS PART 5 Republic of the Philippines CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES (CAR-ANS) Part 5 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS 22 APRIL 2016 EFFECTIVITY Part 5 of the Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services are issued under the authority of Republic Act 9497 and shall take effect upon approval of the Board of Directors of the CAAP. APPROVED BY: LT GEN WILLIAM K HOTCHKISS III AFP (RET) DATE Director General Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines Issue 2 15-i 16 May 2016 UNCOTROLLED COPY CAR-ANS PART 5 FOREWORD This Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services (CAR-ANS) Part 5 was formulated and issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), prescribing the standards and recommended practices for units of measurements to be used in air and ground operations within the territory of the Republic of the Philippines. This Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services (CAR-ANS) Part 5 was developed based on the Standards and Recommended Practices prescribed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as contained in Annex 5 which was first adopted by the council on 16 April 1948 pursuant to the provisions of Article 37 of the Convention of International Civil Aviation (Chicago 1944), and consequently became applicable on 1 January 1949. The provisions contained herein are issued by authority of the Director General of the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines and will be complied with by all concerned.
  • CAR-ANS PART 05 Issue No. 2 Units of Measurement to Be Used In

    CAR-ANS PART 05 Issue No. 2 Units of Measurement to Be Used In

    CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES Part 5 Governing UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Old MIA Road, Pasay City1301 Metro Manila INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CAR-ANS PART 5 Republic of the Philippines CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES (CAR-ANS) Part 5 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS 22 APRIL 2016 EFFECTIVITY Part 5 of the Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services are issued under the authority of Republic Act 9497 and shall take effect upon approval of the Board of Directors of the CAAP. APPROVED BY: LT GEN WILLIAM K HOTCHKISS III AFP (RET) DATE Director General Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines Issue 2 15-i 16 May 2016 CAR-ANS PART 5 FOREWORD This Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services (CAR-ANS) Part 5 was formulated and issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP), prescribing the standards and recommended practices for units of measurements to be used in air and ground operations within the territory of the Republic of the Philippines. This Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services (CAR-ANS) Part 5 was developed based on the Standards and Recommended Practices prescribed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as contained in Annex 5 which was first adopted by the council on 16 April 1948 pursuant to the provisions of Article 37 of the Convention of International Civil Aviation (Chicago 1944), and consequently became applicable on 1 January 1949. The provisions contained herein are issued by authority of the Director General of the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines and will be complied with by all concerned.
  • Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS Photosensors Contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 Valid

    Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS Photosensors Contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 Valid

    TAOS Inc. is now ams AG The technical content of this TAOS application note is still valid. Contact information: Headquarters: ams AG Tobelbaderstrasse 30 8141 Unterpremstaetten, Austria Tel: +43 (0) 3136 500 0 e-Mail: [email protected] Please visit our website at www.ams.com NUMBER 21 INTELLIGENT OPTO SENSOR DESIGNER’S NOTEBOOK Radiometric and Photometric Measurements with TAOS PhotoSensors contributed by Todd Bishop March 12, 2007 valid ABSTRACT Light Sensing applications use two measurement systems; Radiometric and Photometric. Radiometric measurements deal with light as a power level, while Photometric measurements deal with light as it is interpreted by the human eye. Both systems of measurement have units that are parallel to each other, but are useful for different applications. This paper will discuss the differencesstill and how they can be measured. AG RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES Radiometry is the measurement of electromagnetic energy in the range of wavelengths between ~10nm and ~1mm. These regions are commonly called the ultraviolet, the visible and the infrared. Radiometry deals with light (radiant energy) in terms of optical power. Key quantities from a light detection point of view are radiant energy, radiant flux and irradiance. SI Radiometryams Units Quantity Symbol SI unit Abbr. Notes Radiant energy Q joule contentJ energy radiant energy per Radiant flux Φ watt W unit time watt per power incident on a Irradiance E square meter W·m−2 surface Energy is an SI derived unit measured in joules (J). The recommended symbol for energy is Q. Power (radiant flux) is another SI derived unit. It is the derivative of energy with respect to time, dQ/dt, and the unit is the watt (W).
  • Measuring Luminance with a Digital Camera

    Measuring Luminance with a Digital Camera

    ® Advanced Test Equipment Rentals Established 1981 www.atecorp.com 800-404-ATEC (2832) Measuring Luminance with a Digital Camera Peter D. Hiscocks, P.Eng Syscomp Electronic Design Limited [email protected] www.syscompdesign.com September 16, 2011 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Luminance Standard 3 3 Camera Calibration 6 4 Example Measurement: LED Array 9 5 Appendices 11 3.1 LightMeasurementSymbolsandUnits. 11 3.2 TypicalValuesofLuminance.................................... 11 3.3 AccuracyofPhotometricMeasurements . 11 3.4 PerceptionofBrightnessbytheHumanVisionSystem . 12 3.5 ComparingIlluminanceMeters. 13 3.6 FrostedIncandescentLampCalibration . 14 3.7 LuminanceCalibrationusingMoon,SunorDaylight . 17 3.8 ISOSpeedRating.......................................... 17 3.9 WorkFlowSummary ........................................ 18 3.10 ProcessingScripts.......................................... 18 3.11 UsingImageJToDeterminePixelValue . 18 3.12 UsingImageJToGenerateaLuminance-EncodedImage . 19 3.13 EXIFData.............................................. 19 References 22 1 Introduction There is growing awareness of the problem of light pollution, and with that an increasing need to be able to measure the levels and distribution of light. This paper shows how such measurements may be made with a digital camera. Light measurements are generally of two types: illuminance and lumi- nance. Illuminance is a measure of the light falling on a surface, measured in lux. Illuminanceis widely used by lighting designers to specify light levels. In the assessment of light pollution, horizontal and vertical measurements of illuminance are used to assess light trespass and over lighting. Luminance is the measure of light radiating from a source, measured in candela per square meter. Luminance is perceived by the human viewer as the brightness of a light source. In the assessment of light pollution, (a) Lux meter luminance can be used to assess glare, up-light and spill-light1.
  • Radiometry and Photometry

    Radiometry and Photometry

    Radiometry and Photometry Wei-Chih Wang Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National TsingHua University W. Wang Materials Covered • Radiometry - Radiant Flux - Radiant Intensity - Irradiance - Radiance • Photometry - luminous Flux - luminous Intensity - Illuminance - luminance Conversion from radiometric and photometric W. Wang Radiometry Radiometry is the detection and measurement of light waves in the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which is further divided into ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. Example of a typical radiometer 3 W. Wang Photometry All light measurement is considered radiometry with photometry being a special subset of radiometry weighted for a typical human eye response. Example of a typical photometer 4 W. Wang Human Eyes Figure shows a schematic illustration of the human eye (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1994). The inside of the eyeball is clad by the retina, which is the light-sensitive part of the eye. The illustration also shows the fovea, a cone-rich central region of the retina which affords the high acuteness of central vision. Figure also shows the cell structure of the retina including the light-sensitive rod cells and cone cells. Also shown are the ganglion cells and nerve fibers that transmit the visual information to the brain. Rod cells are more abundant and more light sensitive than cone cells. Rods are 5 sensitive over the entire visible spectrum. W. Wang There are three types of cone cells, namely cone cells sensitive in the red, green, and blue spectral range. The approximate spectral sensitivity functions of the rods and three types or cones are shown in the figure above 6 W. Wang Eye sensitivity function The conversion between radiometric and photometric units is provided by the luminous efficiency function or eye sensitivity function, V(λ).
  • The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For

    The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors For

    NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use Kenneth Butcher Linda Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Technology Services NIST Special Publication 1038 The International System of Units (SI) - Conversion Factors for General Use Editors: Kenneth S. Butcher Linda D. Crown Elizabeth J. Gentry Weights and Measures Division Carol Hockert, Chief Weights and Measures Division Technology Services National Institute of Standards and Technology May 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlo M. Gutierrez, Secretary Technology Administration Robert Cresanti, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publications 1038 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Pub. 1038, 24 pages (May 2006) Available through NIST Weights and Measures Division STOP 2600 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2600 Phone: (301) 975-4004 — Fax: (301) 926-0647 Internet: www.nist.gov/owm or www.nist.gov/metric TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................v
  • Lens Tutorial Is from C

    Lens Tutorial Is from C

    �is version of David Jacobson’s classic lens tutorial is from c. 1998. I’ve typeset the math and fixed a few spelling and grammatical errors; otherwise, it’s as it was in 1997. — Jeff Conrad 17 June 2017 Lens Tutorial by David Jacobson for photo.net. �is note gives a tutorial on lenses and gives some common lens formulas. I attempted to make it between an FAQ (just simple facts) and a textbook. I generally give the starting point of an idea, and then skip to the results, leaving out all the algebra. If any part of it is too detailed, just skip ahead to the result and go on. It is in 6 parts. �e first gives formulas relating object (subject) and image distances and magnification, the second discusses f-stops, the third discusses depth of field, the fourth part discusses diffraction, the fifth part discusses the Modulation Transfer Function, and the sixth illumination. �e sixth part is authored by John Bercovitz. Sometime in the future I will edit it to have all parts use consistent notation and format. �e theory is simplified to that for lenses with the same medium (e.g., air) front and rear: the theory for underwater or oil immersion lenses is a bit more complicated. Object distance, image distance, and magnification �roughout this article we use the word object to mean the thing of which an image is being made. It is loosely equivalent to the word “subject” as used by photographers. In lens formulas it is convenient to measure distances from a set of points called principal points.
  • How to Measure and Characterize LED Lighting Fixtures

    How to Measure and Characterize LED Lighting Fixtures

    How to Measure and Characterize LED Lighting Fixtures. Explanation of Photometric Quantities and Measurement Instruments Requirements According to CIE Standards and Other International Norms by Mikolaj Przybyla, Brand Director About GL Optic : GL Optic is the brand name of JUST Normlicht GmbH Germany the world's leading supplier of the standardized light solutions for printing and graphic arts industries. For more than 30 years Just has been developing the innovative solutions which are of the highest quality in standard-light viewing conditions. About GL Optic : The spectral light measurement project was created at the end of 2009 by Michael Gall the owner and CEO of Just Normlicht in cooperation with Jan Lalek, a Polish physicist who had been involved in the creation of the innovative LED tunable standard lighting systems. They also developed together the light quality assurance instruments installed at Just spectral measurements laboratory. How to measure LEDs When designing an LED lighting fixtures, we instantly had to deal with parameters and issues such as Flux and Colour shift with temperature and current, accurate current control and heat management are just a few of them. Therefore the accurate light measurement system is crucial for the development of these LED products. This presentation will cover basic information on light measurement procedures, international standards as well as the presentation of available instrumentation for very different measurement tasks from luminous flux measurement with integrating spheres to luminance
  • EL Light Output Definition.Pdf

    EL Light Output Definition.Pdf

    GWENT GROUP ADVANCED MATERIAL SYSTEMS Luminance The candela per square metre (cd/m²) is the SI unit of luminance; nit is a non-SI name also used for this unit. It is often used to quote the brightness of computer displays, which typically have luminance’s of 50 to 300 nits (the sRGB spec for monitor’s targets 80 nits). Modern flat-panel (LCD and plasma) displays often exceed 300 cd/m² or 300 nits. The term is believed to come from the Latin "nitere" = to shine. Candela per square metre 1 Kilocandela per square metre 10-3 Candela per square centimetre 10-4 Candela per square foot 0,09 Foot-lambert 0,29 Lambert 3,14×10-4 Nit 1 Stilb 10-4 Luminance is a photometric measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2 Illuminance The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity of light, with wavelengths weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. Microlux 1000000 Millilux 1000 Lux 1 Kilolux 10-3 Lumen per square metre 1 Lumen per square centimetre 10-4 Foot-candle 0,09 Phot 10-4 Nox 1000 In photometry, illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.