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Socio-Economic Profile of Abbay-Blue Nile, Baro- Akobo-Sobat-White Nile, Tekeze-Setit-Atbara and Main Nile Basins

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Socio-Economic Profile of Abbay-Blue Nile, Baro- Akobo-Sobat-White Nile, Tekeze-Setit-Atbara and Main Nile Basins Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) A Synthesis Report on Socio-Economic Profile of Abbay-Blue Nile, Baro- Akobo-Sobat-White Nile, Tekeze-Setit-Atbara and Main Nile Basins Draft Addis Ababa April 2007 Disclaimer This Consultants report does not necessarily represent the views and opinions of Easter Nile technical Regional Office (ENTRO) or any institution of the Eastern Nile Countries. The designation employed in the maps and the presentation of the material in this document does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Eastern Nile Technical Office concerning the legal or constitutional status of any administrative region, state or Governorate ,country, or concerning the delimitation of any frontier. Draft Executive Summary...................................................................................... 3 Background..................................................................................................................... 3 Comparative assessment of the four sub basins.............................................................. 4 Environment and Hydrology of the basins ................................................................. 4 Regulatory regimes/institutions .................................................................................. 6 Basic Demographic Profile......................................................................................... 8 Livelihood Systems and Employment Characteristics ............................................. 10 Level of access to infrastructure ............................................................................... 12 Development Projects in the Sub-Basins.................................................................. 15 Implications for JMP Project Intervention................................................................ 19 Chapter 1: Socio-Economic Features of the Abbay-Blue Nile Sub-Basin .................................................................................................. 22 1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Socio-Economic Regulatory Institutional Setting ............................................ 24 1.1.1 Customary and Statutory Laws................................................................. 24 1.1.2 Institutions and Organizations.................................................................. 25 1.2 Socio-Economic Profile.................................................................................... 27 1.2.1 Population Characteristics....................................................................... 27 1.2.2 Livelihood Profile and Employment Characteristics................................ 34 1.2.3 Social and Physical Infrastructure ............................................................ 39 1.2.4 Vulnerability Indicators............................................................................ 45 1.2.5 Social Organization................................................................................... 48 1.2.6 Conflict and Conflict Management........................................................... 49 1.2.7 Development Projects............................................................................... 51 1.3 The Status of the Available Socio-Economic and Demographic Information in the Abbay-Blue Nile Basin ............................................................................... 54 Annotated Bibliography Abbay-Blue Nile Basin.....................................58 Chapter 2: Socio-economic features of the Baro-Akobo-White Nile Basin................................................................................................. 106 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 106 2.2 Socio-Economic Regulatory and Institutional Settings .................................. 108 2.2.1 National WaterDraft Policy............................................................................. 108 2.2.2 Fishery Development and Utilization Proclamation............................... 109 2.2.3 Institutions for management of water resources ..................................... 109 2.2.4 Customary practices governing water resources..................................... 111 2.3 Socio-Economic Profile of Baro-Akobo-White Nile Sub Basin .................... 112 2.3.1 Data sources............................................................................................ 112 2.3.2 Demography profile of the population.................................................... 112 2.3.3 Livelihood/employment profile of the basin population ........................ 114 2.3.4 Access to basic infrastructure ................................................................. 115 2.3.5 Welfare and poverty situation of the basin population ........................... 117 2.3.6 Social organization of the basin population............................................ 117 2.3.7 Conflict and conflict management in the Baro-Akobo basin.................. 118 2.3.8 Development projects............................................................................. 119 1 2.3.9 Critical data gaps to consider for the Baro-Akobo-Sobat Basin............. 120 Annotated Bibliography of the Baro-Akobo-Sobat-White Nile Sub-Basin123 Chapter 3: Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Tekeze- Atbara Sub Basin.................................................................................. 132 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 132 3.2 Hydrology and environment ........................................................................... 132 3.3 Policy/legislative frameworks governing water resources in the Tekeze-Atbara sub basin.......................................................................................................... 134 3.4 Basic Demographic Profile............................................................................. 134 3.5 Livelihood and employment characteristics ................................................... 136 3.6 Level of access to social and physical infrastructure...................................... 139 3.6.1 Education services.................................................................................. 140 3.6.2 Health Services....................................................................................... 141 3.6.3 Drinking Water Supply Service.............................................................. 143 3.6.4 Access to roads ....................................................................................... 144 3.7 Welfare and poverty situation of the basin population ................................... 145 3.7.1 Vulnerability indicators.......................................................................... 145 3.7.2 Food aid as a proxy indicator of poverty ................................................ 145 3.7.3 Nutritional Status of the basin population .............................................. 146 3.8 Conflict and Conflict Management in Tekeze River Basin............................ 147 3.9 Development Projects..................................................................................... 148 3.9.1 Lessons drawn from the Development Scheme...................................... 150 Annotated Bibliography of the Tekeze-Atbara Sub-Basin .........................152 Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Features of the Main Nile Basin 162 4. Introduction..................................................................................................... 162 4.1 Socio-Economic Regulatory Institutional Setting .......................................... 162 4.1.1 Customary and Statutory Laws............................................................... 162 4.1.2 Institutions andDraft Organizations................................................................ 164 4.2 Socio-Economic Profile.................................................................................. 165 4.2.1 Population Characteristics..................................................................... 165 4.2.2 Livelihood Profile and Employment Characteristics.............................. 168 4.2.3 Social and Physical Infrastructure .......................................................... 171 4.2.4 Vulnerability Indicators.......................................................................... 178 4.2.5 Social Organization................................................................................. 179 4.2.6 Conflict and Conflict Management......................................................... 180 4.2.7 Development Projects............................................................................. 180 4.3 The Status of Socio-Economic Knowledge Base in the Main Nile Basin...... 182 2 Executive Summary Background The Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO), established to help the sub-region countries of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt improve their capabilities to develop and use their shared waters along the Eastern Nile (EN), has commissioned three country-level studies for Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt. For each country, three themes were identified and covered: water resources, environment and socio-economic. Each theme was handled by a national consultant of the respective countries who was hired to compile relevant thematic information that influence or are influenced by the three sub basins of the Eastern
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