FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA El 320 Public Disclosure Authorized

ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC AND POWER CORPORATION (EEPCO)

UNIVERSAL ELECTRIFICATION ACCESS PROGRAM

Public Disclosure Authorized (UEAP)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized

February 2006

Beza Consulting Engineers, PLC BCEn 1 I b@2 xYgi m/NA!iC 'Ayt'AyGY4ThbR Public Disclosure Authorized BCE' ~ dll Consultant in Road, Building, Water & Energy Sectors Tel. 6 632861 /6 632862 Fax: 6 627809 P. O. Box: 41292 E-mail: [email protected] Addis Ababa, Ethiopia EEPCO - Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Table of Contents

List of Acronyms ...... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6 1. Introduction ...... 10 1.] Background and General...... 10 1.2 Objective of the ESMF...... 11 1.3 Scope of Programand the Assessment ...... 12 1. 4 Environmental and Social Planning...... 12 1.5 Study Methodology ...... 14 2. Legislative and Regulatory Framework ...... 15 2. Legislative and Regulatory Framework ...... 15 2.1 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia...... 15 2.1.1 Legal Framework ...... 15 2.1.2 Institutional Framework ...... 20 2.2 The World Bank Requirements ...... 22 2.2.1 Screening Criteria ...... 22 2.2.2 The Bank's Safeguard Policies ...... 23 2.2.3 The Bank's Policy on Disclosure ...... 24 3. Description of the Proposed Program and Site Visit ...... 25 3.1 Description of the ProposedIntervention ...... 25 3.2 Site Visit ...... 26 4. Description of Baseline Environmental Conditions ...... 28 4.1 The Afar Regional State ...... 28 4.1.1 Bio-physical Environment ...... 28 4.1.2 Population, Religion and Ethnic Group ...... 32 4.1.3 Social Services and Infrastructure ...... 32 1.1.5 Cultural Heritages and Tourism ...... 33 4.2 Tigray Regional State ...... 34 4.2.1 Bio-physical Environment ...... 34 4.2.2 Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups ...... 36 4.2.3 Cultural and Historical Heritages ...... 36 4.3 Amhara Regional State ...... 36 4.3.1 Bio-physical Environment ...... 36 4.3.2 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group ...... 38 4.3.3 Socio-cultural and Historical Heritages ...... 39 4.3.4 Social Service and Infrastructure ...... 39 4.4 The Oromia Regional State ...... 40

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7. Environmental Management Plan for UEAP Implementation ...... 68 7.1 General...... 68 7.2 Recruitment of Personnel...... 68 8. General Mitigation Issues and EEPCo Commitments ...... 72 (Re-emphasized) ...... 72 9. Environmental Monitoring and Management ...... 74 9.1 Roles & Responsibilitiesof Major Actors ...... 74 9.2 Implementation of Compensation...... 76 9.3 Environmental Monitoring...... 76 9.4 Reporting Procedure ...... 76 9.5 Estimated Environmental Mitigation Costs...... 77 10. Capacity Building ...... 78 Annex I ...... 82 Environmental and Social Clauses (UEAP) ...... 83 Annex II ...... 94 Environmental and Social Clauses (Urban Distribution) ...... 95

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List of Acronyms

% percent BP Bank Policy BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development BG Benishangul-Gumuz CFL Compact Florescent Lamp CSA Central Statistical Authority dB decibel EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority EMP Environmental Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EMU Environmental Monitoring Unit EA Environmental Assessment E.C. Ethiopian Calendar EWNHS. Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization EHS-MP Environmental Health and Safety Management Plan EHS Environmental Health and Safety FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GM General Manager GO Government Organization HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-defficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Defficiency Syndrome ha Hectare ICS Inter-connected System IPDP Indigenous Peoples Development Plan IBCR Institute for Biodiversity Conservation Research km2 Square kilometers km Kilometer MNREP Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection m Meter mts Meters masl Meters above sea level mbls Meters below sea level mm Millimeter

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MW Megawatt No. Number NGOs Non-governmental Organization OP Operational Policy OD Operational Directive °C Degrees Celsius Proc Proclamation PAPs Project Affected Peoples PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants RAP Resettlement Action Plan RR Rural Road SCS Self-contained Systems SNRS Somali Nations Regional State STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases SE Supervising Engineer T.B. Tuberculosis UEAP Universal Electrification Access Program USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency vol. Volume WB World Bank

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Ethiopian situation reveals that currently only 15 % of the population has access to electricity and the present patterns of power supply that exist are the Inter-connected System (ICS) and theSelf-Contained Systems (SCS). The ICS mainly covers the central and northern highlands and the rest of the country is poorly served by a number of local and isolated SCS. The supply of electric power is essentially confined to the main urban areas of the country.

The population's limited access to electricity constitutes a major barrier to economic development and to the provision of social services in rural areas. To overcome this situation, the government of Ethiopia is contemplating sector reform to supply power to rural towns.

In light of this, the Government of Ethiopia has launched the Universal Electricity Access Program (UEAP) that aims at electrifying some 200 towns for this Program (of the totally proposed 7,542 towns) in different parts of the country

Legal and Institutional Framework

There is sufficient legal and administrative ground considered, in this Framework document, for environmental and social management in the process of implementation of development efforts.

The Framework considers both the Ethiopian and the World Bank (WB) legal documents and guidelines. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has adequate provisions on environmental and compensation aspects. Based on the Constitution, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Proclamations on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Pollution, Land Expropriation and Compensation and others, have been issued to strengthen the sporadic efforts of environmental protection in a coordinated and standardized manner. In addition, production of Sectoral Environmental Guidelines and Manuals has started in different sectors and the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) is part of this endeavour.

The WB's Policies, specifically the Safeguard Policies, have been used for the preparation of this Framework document. The Policies include those on EIA, Forestry, Involuntary Resettlement, and Cultural Heritages.

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Concerning the institutional arrangements, the Government of the FDRE has established the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) along with Regional Environmental Bureaus. Currently under process is the establishment of Environmental Units within sectoral Ministries and Organizations. However, the EEPCo is one of the vanguard organizations to establish an internal Environmental Unit.

Project Description

The Universal Electrification Access Program (UEAP) under consideration mainly involves construction of 33 kV lines and low voltage lines to provide power to rural towns, villages, social service provision centers and irrigation facilities.

The main structural intervention is the erection of the line extension. However, the flexibility in the positioning of distribution poles and the relatively low costs of changing line direction mean that the alignment can be modified to avoid displacing any households, hence avoiding any land acquisition or resettlement of households. However, crop damage may occur during construction and a compensation plan will be prepared.

Baseline Environment

Ethiopia is sub-divided into nine Regional Administrations and two Metropolitan City Administrations under the Federal Government.

However, the Regions do not have the same environment. The country has topographic and altitudinal diversity, and variations in climate, vegetation, wildlife, geology, human settlement and occupation in different parts.

Impact of the Program on the Environment

The Program is formulated to provide the communities of 200 towns in the country with electric supply at low cost. However, the locations of these towns are not known at this stage; thus the predicted impacts are more of a generic and sectoral type.

Positive Impacts

The UEAP is a development project Program designed for the benefit of the population in the project area, and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts:

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* Relieve pressure on biomass resources of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing alternative source of energy; * Improve access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc.); * Stimulate economic development; and * Provide job opportunities thereby creating a means of income generation for the respective communities in the project areas.

Negative Impacts

As a result of the planned construction activities, potential negative environmental impacts are likely to occur and the impacts may include initiation and aggravation of soil erosion, loss of vegetation, air, water and soil pollution.

During the construction works, dust emission may be produced. Similarly, noise pollution arising from construction works may disturb the neighboring communities and local fauna temporarily.

The major negative impacts anticipated in this regard include expropriation of land along the transmission routes and the area for the new substations to be constructed, if there would be any. That is, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses, and other properties forever.

Although it is proposed that they would follow, as much as possible, the existing road network, the transmission lines may traverse, in some cases looking for shorter distances, culturally sensitive sites like grave yards, archaeological sites, etc.

The other major environmental problem anticipated from the implementation of the Program is the environmental impact resulting from the disposal of fluorescent lamps after their useful life; because it is known that there is mercury contained in the lamps which is a hazardous substance if directly released to the environment.

As a result of the existence of PCB chemicals in transformers and capacitors, an environmental impact of these chemicals is also anticipated during the project life.

Proposed Mitigation Measures

To mitigate any potential negative environmental impacts, EEPCo should:

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* influence the adaptation of a route with minimum effect on the bio-physical as well as the socio-economic and cultural environment; * ensure the safe disposal of creosote-treated poles at its storage facilities; * employ and deploy manual labor to maintain access roads and right-of-ways, as appropriate; * regularly monitor the operations at the new substations to avoid any oil or waste water leakages; and * include Environmental Clauses for Contractors (Annex 1) in the contract documents and monitor their implementation.

In addition:

* The compensation for land and properties should be implemented as per Proc. 455/2005 and the provisions in the RPF; * The disposal of lamps after their useful life should be as friendly as possible to the environment;i.e., they should be recycled if possible, or disposed of in the form of engineering landfill; * Project Affected People should be consulted and be involved in decision-making at different stages of the Program; and * PCB-free transformers and capacitors should be ordered and the import process be followed strictly prior to project implementation.

Environmental Cost Estimate

The cost estimate for the UEAP is based on the cost estimate (of about birr 6,800,000) made for Rural Electrification of 167 towns in 2001. Therefore, updating that cost with an inflation rate of 8% and proportioning for 200 towns (as well as about 200 surrounding villages), the total estimated cost for meeting the estimated compensation and for management of environmental activities is about birr 11,310,000 million.

On the other hand, the estimated cost for environmental monitoring, escalating and thus updating from the 2001 cost, is about birr 100,000 and this is assumed to enable the EMU to conduct periodic monitoring works on project sites.

In addition, according to the UEAP requirements, the total manpower training costs required to provide training at EEPCo premises (training institute and district offices) is about Birr 5.71 Million.

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background and General

The Program under the Universal Electrification Access Program (UEAP) is designed to support the efforts of the Government of Ethiopia to enable communities in some 200 towns (and about 200 surrounding villages) to have access to electric supply through low cost operation.

The project will include construction of 33 kV overhead line extensions from existing substations and construction of new substations thus involving environmental assessment, land acquisition, involuntary resettlement, impacts to cultural properties, etc. Therefore, in order to deal with the adverse impacts, the preparation of environmental and social management framework has been undertaken as part of this document. This framework document describes the principles, objectives and approach to be followed in minimizing and mitigating the adverse environmental and social impacts caused as a result of the implementation of the UEAP.

The UEAP is a component of the five-year (2005-2010) Power Sector Development program. The power distribution/electrification program is aiming to electrify 7,542 towns and villages in different parts of the country and about 200 towns and 200 villages are being proposed for this Program.

The Ethiopian situation reveals that currently only 15% of the population has access to electricity and the present patterns of power supply that exist are the Inter-connected System (ICS) and Self-Contained Systems (SCS). The ICS mainly covers the central and northern highlands and the rest of the country is poorly served by a number of local and isolated SCS. The supply of electric power is essentially confined to the main urban areas of the country.

The population's limited access to electricity constitutes a major barrier to economic development and to the provision of social services in rural areas. To overcome this situation, the government of Ethiopia is contemplating sector reform to supply power to rural towns.

In light of this, the Government of Ethiopia has launched the Universal Electricity Access Program (UEAP).

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EEPCo has prepared proposals for a number of line extensions, generally dealing with a set of Woreda that can be fed from a particular tapping substation. The Woreda were identified with local government and prioritized on the basis of population, social and economic activities, infrastructure and distance from the ICS.

The line route follows existing road networks, with the poles typically erected some 15 meters off the road to avoid unstable soils and allow for future road improvement and maintenance. The routing can be easily adjusted to avoid problem areas.

The EEPCo line crews are based in the local towns and casual labor is recruited from the Woreda following discussions with local communities. Therefore, no construction camps or other temporary facilities are required.

This Study is conducted for the intended Program; thus it is more of a Strategic Environmental Assessment type and hence very specific issues attached to individual undertakings (project level environmental assessment) may not be shown explicitly. The Study provides a framework of environmental and social considerations while implementing the intended Program.

1.2 Objective of the ESMF

The overall objective of producing the ESMF is to depict the general procedures and methodologies as a framework for the environmental and social impact considerations and management of the Program to be financed under the UEAP. The document does not attempt to address impacts related to individual undertakings (in specific form) as the location of each subproject is not known at this stage.

The operational objective of the framework is to provide guidelines to stakeholders participating in the ESIA studies.

The specific objectives of this framework are to:

1. Identify generic potentially adverse environmental and social impacts and risks that may be encountered in the Program intervention zones (all impacts in the document are not applicable to each subproject as they are not in the same or similar environment); 2. Indicate the possible measures to avoid or minimize the predicted adverse impacts in the project areas (measures proposed are not applicable to all subprojects as the latter are found in different environments).

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3. Show the Client the types of interventions required (in general) so that the Client can work towards capacity building to absorb with the upcoming work load 4. Develop an environmental monitoring plan under the project to ensure the proposed environmental and social issues will be managed effectively.

1.3 Scope of Program and the Assessment

To increase access to electricity of the Ethiopian population, the project involves extension of the national grid through various means of expansion and installation of alternative supplies depending on the least cost option.

The grid extension option will involve construction of substations and distribution lines having capacity of 33 KV or lower and street light installation.

Installation of other supply alternatives will depend on the least cost option and real site conditions. Supply of Compact Florescent Lamps (CFL) to over 150,000 customers is anticipated to encourage customers to use a lower consumption of energy.

About 200 towns (and about 200 surrounding villages) are to be electrified by the project in different regions of Ethiopia. The environmental and social assessment will take into account all project intervention zones pertaining to different project sites. The consideration of the assessment would be based on a sampling in relation to the geographical location and agro-climatic zone of the individual undertakings and substations.

1.4 Environmental and Social Planning

Environmental and social planning is the process of identifying and considering environmental factors that impact on, or are impacted by, the planned activities - in this case, the Program proposed to provide energy supply to the some 200 towns above.

A comprehensive and an overall environmental and social planning may generally follow the procedure given as Figure 1.1.

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Establishing a planning team

Developing an environmental vision for the future

Defining the environmental need of the community to be served

Identifying feasible solutions (for the expected environmental problems)

Setting priorities for action (with schedule)

Implementation of the plan

Fig. 1.1 A Comprehensive Environmental and Social Planning

The EEPCo EMU, in collaboration with the UEAP, may establish a team responsible to formulate an environmental vision for the areas to be served by the proposed Program.

The environmental vision, in general, is to implement the Program in each of the selected areas without causing a significant detrimental impact to the existing environment. That is, the Program should not be implemented at the expense of the environment of the areas. Generally, the concern of sustainable development and poverty reduction in the areas should be at the center of the vision.

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The environmental and social need of the community to benefit from the Program should also be considered. In other words, the environment from which the communities derive their means of livelihood should not be destroyed or damaged as a result of implementing the Program. Areas of social end economic interest of the community should also be protected. Therefore, to achieve the needs of the community, the EEPCo, the Designers and Contractors should closely work with the community in the form of public participation at different stages of the Program.

The team should look for means or solutions to minimize the effects of environmental impacts resulting from the Program,. The solutions or mitigation measures may vary from simple to complex interventions depending on the problems that may arise duririg implementation and operation phases.

After identifying the possible solutions to the environmental and social problems, the next step may be to prioritize these solutions on the basis of activity breakdown and time (in the form of a schedule).

The final step is to undertake the proposed and prioritized activities.

At all stages, the planning made by the team should be reviewed by UEAP and the EMU before proceeding to the next stage. Then, the UEAP submits the finalized version of the planning of the Program to the General Manager of the EEPCo and the Program would be implemented after approval by the General Manager.

In general, the entire planning process, as much as possible and relevant, should be based on public consultation and participation for the sustainability of the Program.

1.5 Study Metlhodology

It is evident that the proposed intervention is a Program to electrify numerous towns in the country. To this effect, it was found mandatory to establish a concrete methodology to be followed while undertaking the study.

However, there is no methodology established for a Strategic Environmental Assessment by the EPA and thus, the methodological approach for EIA has been adapted while considering generic and macro-environmental issues in relation to the Program under consideration.

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2.0 Legislative and Regulatory Framework

It has become a customary practice that the effects of development efforts on the environment should be assessed in order to ensure that development undertakings, as much as possible, be friendly to the environment. This initiative in turn will contribute to sustainable development in general and poverty reduction in particular.

To this effect, therefore, governments, donor agencies and other non-government entities have developed laws, policies, regulations and guidelines to enable proponents, competent agencies and other stakeholders to play their parts successfully.

The following sections present the existing legal and institutional framework from the perspectives of the Ethiopian government and the World Bank.

2.1 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

2.1.1 Legal Framework

Although there were sporadic efforts towards environmental protection (the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (MNREP) can testify to the fact) a legal foundation has begun to be laid especially since 1995.

The Constitution

The current Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was issued in 1995 through a proclamation No. 1/1995. The Constitution has an exclusive article on the environment and therefore states in its Article 44 Sub Article 1 that:

"All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. "

Furthermore, concerning compensation to project affected people (PAPs), Sub Article 2 provides that:

"A,ll persons who have been adversely affected or whose rights have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.

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On the other hand, regarding public consultation and participation, in Article 92 Sub Article 3, it is stated that:

"People have the right to fidl consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmentalpolicies or projects that affect them directly."

In general, the Constitution is the primary regulation on which the other proclamations and regulations have been based.

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The policy was issued (through the approval by the Council of Ministers) in 1997 mainly based on the environmental concerns stipulated in the Constitution. The Policy has based itself on several guiding principles in order to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the subsequent policies and strategies for the formulation and implementation of programs.

The key guiding principles of the policy are:

a) Every person has the right to live in a healthy environment, b) Sustainable environmental conditions and economic production systems are impossible in the absence of peace and personal security. This shall be assured through the acquisition of power by communities to make their own decisions on matters that affect their life and environment; c) The development, use and management of renewable resources shall be based on sustainability, d) The use of non-renewable resources shall be minimized and where possible their availability extended (e.g. through recycling); e) Appropriate and affordable technologies which use renewable and non-renewable resources efficiently shall be adopted, adapted, developed and disseminated; j) When a compromise between short-term economic growth and long-term environmental, protection is necessary, then development activities shall minimize degrading and polluting impacts on ecological and life support systems. When working out a compromise, it is better to err on the side of caution to the extent possible as rehabilitatinga degraded environment is very expensive and bringing back a species that has gone extinct is impossible; g) Full environmental and social costs (or benefits foregone or lost) that may result through damage to resources or the environment as a result of degradation or

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pollution shall be incorporated into public and private sector, planning and accounting, and decisions shall be based on minimizing and covering these costs, h) Market failures with regard to the pricing of natural human-made and cultural resources, and failures in regulatory measures shall be corrected through the assessment and establishment of userfees, taxes, tax reductions or incentives, i) Conditions shall be created that will support community and individual resource users to sustainably manage their own environment and resources;.* j) As key actors in natural resource use and management, women shall be treated equally with men and empowered to be totally involved in policy, programme and project design, decision making and implementation; k) The existence of a system which ensures uninterrupted continuing access to the same piece(s) of land and resources creates conducive conditionsfor sustainable natural resource management; 1) Social equity shall be assuredparticularly in resource use, m) Regular and accurate assessment and monitoring of environmental conditions shall be undertaken and the information widely disseminated within the population, n) Increased awareness and understanding of environmental and resource issues shall be promoted by policy makers, by government officials and by the population, and the adoption of a "conservation culture " in environmental matters among all levels of society shall be encouraged; o) Local, regional and international environmental interdependence shall be recognized; p) Natural resource and environmental management activities shall be integrated laterally across al sectors and vertically among all levels of organization; q) Species and their variants have the right to continue existing, and are, or may be, useful now and/orfor generations to come; r) The wealth of crop and domestic animal as well as micro-organism and wild plant and animal germplasm is an invaluable and inalienable asset that shall be caredfor;, and s) The integrated implementation of cross-sectoral and sectoral federal, regional and local policies and strategies shall be seen as a prerequisite to achieving the objectives of this policy on NaturalResources and the Environment.

Specifically, regarding the energy sector of the country, the Document stipulated the following policies.

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a. To adopt an inter-sectoralprocess of planning and development which integrates energy development with energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable utilization of renewable resources; b. To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy resources both for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well asfor their continuation into the future, c. To make institutions and industries which consume large amounts of wood fuel establish their own plantations or make contractual arrangements with plantations to meet their wood requirements; d. To encourage government leasesfor private entrepreneurs to plant fuel woodlots in peri-urban areas, e. To ensure that feasibility studies for hydroelectricity facilities and other significant generating facilities include rigorous environmental impact assessment to allow informed decision-making that maximizes benefits to the community and to the country at large and eliminates or at least minimizes damage to the natural resources base and/or to environmental well-being; f To review current institutional, pricing and regulatory arrangements in the energy sector to suggest reforms that will better meet community energy needs and maximize the opportunities for private commercial and community sector initiatives to develop and market environmentally sound energy sources, g. To recognize that water resources play an important role to meet Ethiopia's energy demand and that, by generating power, cause no pollution on the environment; h. To focus extension programs on farm and homestead tree planting to ensure that each homestead grows enough trees to satisfy its wood requirements; and i. To locate, develop, adopt or adapt energy sources and technologies to replace biomassfuels.

Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment

The primary objective of Proclamation No. 299/2002 is to make EIA a mandatory undertaking for specified categories of activities to be carried out by the public or private sector and to define the extension of EIA to policies, plans and programs level, in addition to individual undertakings.

Legislation on Expropriation of Land and Compensation

The Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No 455/2005) was issued in accordance with Article 55 (1)

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The EPA EIA ProceduralGuidelines

The EPA, 2003, EIA Guidelines are based on the Constitution, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE), the Proclamations on EIA, Pollution Control and Establishment of EPA and other Environmental Organs in the country.

The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA in the country and the requirements for environmental management.

The EPA EA Procedural Guideline mainly aims particularly at:

* ensuring the implementation of the EPE and compliance of EA-related legal and technical requirements, * providing a consistent and good practice approach to EA administration in Ethiopia, * assisting proponents and consultants in carrying out their environmental assessment related tasks, * assisting Interested and Affected Parties, especially communities, in realizing their environmental rights and roles, * assisting Environmental Protection Organs, Competent and Licensing Agencies in discharging their roles and responsibilities, and * establishing partnership and networking among and between key stakeholders in EA administration.

The EPA has so far produced some 10 sectoral technical guidelines, but produced no technical guidelines for the construction of transmission lines.

The EEPCo Environmental Guidelinesfor the Power Sector

On the basis of the Constitution as well as the Environmental Policy, and based on the peculiar functional and operational characteristics of the EEPCo, the EMU produced an Environmental Guideline that is currently serving the Unit for its day-to-day environmental activities.

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2.1.2 Institutional Framework

Federal and Regional Environmental Organs

In order to implement the legal requirements at different levels in the hierarchy, it was found mandatory that institutional arrangements should be made.

To this effect, the establishment of the Environmentally Protection Authority (EPA) was realized with Proclamation No. 9/1995. Later, the re-establishment of the Federal EPA, along with the Regional Bureaus, was made through Proclamation No. 295 / 2002 to "... ensure that all matters pertaining to the country's social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they depend for survival ".

The EPA and the Regional environmental organs, inter alia, have the following major duties and responsibilities. a) To prepare environmental protection policy and laws; and, upon approval, follow up their implementation. b) To prepare directives and systems necessary for evaluating the impact of social and economic development undertakings on the environment; monitor and supervise their implementation; and c) to prepare standards that help in the protection of soil, water and air as well as the biological systems they support, and follow up their implementation.

Sectoral Environmental Organs

Following the establishment of the Federal EPA and the Regional Environmental Protection Bureaus, establishment of environmental units within Sectoral Ministries was proposed as a positive and proactive measure to consider environmental protection while appraising and implementing development undertakings. That is, mainstreaming environmental protection through undertaking the corresponding environmental management activities at different stages of the project cycle. The sectoral environmental monitoring units have a direct functional relationship with the EPA.

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The EEPCo Environmental Monitoring Unit

As part of the establishment of environmental units within sectoral ministries, the Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) was established in the EEPCo, staffed with an environmentalist, a sociologists and a forester.

The following are the major duties and responsibilities of the Unit within the functional or operational framework of the EEPCo.

* Responsible to carry out Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Screening in the preliminary design phase. EMU is not expected to conduct a full EIA study, because the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) demands EIA studies to be performed by an independent consultant. The World Bank loan regulation also demands that it is the borrowers' task to obtain a consultancy firm through international bidding. * Prepares TOR to conduct a full EIA study. EMU is taking full responsibilities to short list Environmental Consultants, prepare RFP or tender documents and evaluate the technical and financial proposals of the short-listed firms * EMU is responsible to monitor the environmental and socio-economic activities in different power project areas, to make sure that contractors are complying according to the technical specification stated in the contract agreement. * EMU may also conduct the monitoring of resettlement activities either independently or in company with the government and non-government stakeholders on a regular basis. * Monitoring of forest clearing operations is preferably to be conducted jointly with the government stakeholders * Review of documents related to environmental and social management undertakings by consultants * EMU represents EEPCO in all the matters that are related to the Environmental study of a project.

The functional locations of the UEAP and the EMU are shown in figure2. 1

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EEPCo GM

LUEA P Corporate Planning

Prc gra __ _ pla iiii Marketin lndependPoe power Power plannin

Fig. 2.1 Location of the UEAP and the EEPCo EMU

2.2 The World Bank Requirements

2.2.1 Screening Criteria

According to the World Bank project screening criteria, the sub-projects under the UEAP are categorized as "Category B" projects. That is, an Initial Environmental Examination (Assessment) is sufficient with a scope corresponding to the limited expected environmental impacts of the project.

The World Bank provides guidance on requirements in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, which includes the most recent versions of the World Bank Operational Policies as well as the updates. The World Bank has ten "Safeguard Policies" whose primary objective is to ensure that Bank operations do not cause adverse impacts and that they "do no harm". The ten safeguard policies are grouped into Environment, Rural Development, Social Development and International Law.

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Of these ten safeguard policies, three are not applicable as they relate to international law on waters and disputed areas, and the safety of dams. The following safeguard policies have been considered in this study.

2.2.2 The Bank's Safeguard Policies

The following are the World Bank Safeguard Policies that are pertinent to the Program under consideration.

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The core requirement of this Policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and selection of an appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts.

Environmental Assessment (EA) ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process, and ensures that the views of PAPs and local NGOs are incorporated as early as possible for Category A and B projects.

It is worth noting that OP 4.01 applies to all components of a project with financing from the World Bank, including co-financed components by the Borrower or by other funding agencies.

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

This Policy is based on assisting the displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their standards of living.

The impetus of this Policy is that development undertakings should not cause the impoverishment of the people who are within the area of influence of the undertakings. In cases where resettlement of people is inevitable, or in cases where loss of assets and impacts on the livelihood of the PAPs is experienced, a proper action plan should be undertaken to at least restore, as stated above, their standard of life prior to the undertakings.

Concerning public consultation, resettlers as well as the host communities should be consulted for the successful implementation of the resettlement process. The views of the consulted resettlers and the host communities should be incorporated into the resettlement action plan (RAP) including the list of their choices.

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OP/BP 4.36 Forestry

The Policy envisages the protection of forests through consideration of forest-related impact of all investment operations, ensuring restrictions for operations affecting critical forest conservation areas, and improving commercial forest practice through the use of modem certification systems.

In the process of forest conservation interventions, especially the local people, the private sector and other pertinent stakeholders should be consulted.

In general, the Policy aims at reducing deforestation and enhancing the environmental and social contribution of forested areas. Experience with the Bank reveals that the Bank does not support commercial logging in primary tropical moist forest.

OPN 11.03 Management of Cultural Property

The Policy bases itself on investigating and inventorying cultural resources potentially affected. It includes mitigation measures when there are adverse impacts on physical cultural resources.

The management of cultural property should be undertaken in conjunction with consulting the appropriate agencies including NGOs and academic institutions.

The Bank avoids undertakings that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those undertakings that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.

2.2.3 The Bank's Policy on Disclosure

It is the belief of the Bank that the peoples residing in the project areas have the right to be informed of the proposed development project(s) in their respective areas. Therefore, prior to project appraisal, the summary of the study of undertakings along with other relevant information should be disclosed at the Bank's as well as the project area's (local) level.

The World Bank policy on disclosure is currently under review, but the present proposals state that Category B Environmental Assessment reports should be self-standing documents, and thus disclosure is a pre-requisite for appraisal of the project.

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3.0 Description of the Proposed Program and Site Visit

3.1 Description of the ProposedIntervention

The project mainly involves construction of 33 kV lines and low voltage lines to provide power to rural towns, villages, social service giving centers and irrigation facilities.

The poles to be used are normally about 7-10 mts high. This type of transmission normally follows the road network except for bends and a curve where it is more economical to make a shortcut if that is technically feasible.

The project site needs to be identified at the design stage.The project site map prepared using various sources of data that is used to locate all towns and villages throughout the country and the map also helps to illustrate the general setting of the project related development sites as well as surrounding areas.

The key components of rural electrification include the following:

* Erection of concrete/steel/PFRC poles; * Stringing of overhead 33 kV and lines; * Installation of pole mounted distribution transformers at the towns/villages/load centers; and * Installation of distribution system and street lighting.

The construction team shall be organized by the young contractors (TVET graduates) based in the regions. Casual labor will be recruited from the construction area thus providing employment opportunity to the local communities. No camp or other temporary facilities are required.

The main structural intervention is the erection of the line extension. However, the flexibility in the positioning of distribution poles and the relatively low costs of changing line direction mean that the alignment can be modified to avoid displacing any households, hence avoiding any land acquisition or resettlement of households. However, crop damage may occur during construction and a compensation plan will be prepared.

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3.2 Site Visit

In order to appreciate the proposed Program and understand the extent of importance of providing the rural community with a low cost energy supply, a field reconnaissance visit was made to representative sites.

The Program involves making use of the existing substations as a source of the proposed electric supply and no major construction works of new substations are anticipated. That is, the construction of transmission lines would be the main component of the Program in relation to environmental considerations.

The following site photos depict some of the eligible areas/villages and substations for the proposed Program. The sites are from the Sendafa and Gefersa routes.

J~~~~~~ w

Plate 1. Senkole village (Sendafa Route)

Plate 2. Neighborhood of Sendafa Town

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_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

Plate 3. Neighborhood of Menagesha town (Gefersa Route)

Plate 4 Gefersa Sub Station Gefersa Kella

Plate 5 Beke town (Sendafa Route)

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4.0 Description of Baseline Environmental Conditions

The baseline environmental condition is described hereunder on the basis of the fact that the locations of each of the subprojects of the Program are unknown and yet to be identified. Therefore, the approach followed in this case is that, since these locations could be anywhere, it is better to describe the environmental situations of the Regions that totally form the bulk of the country. That is, the environmental descriptions do not refer to specific project sites.

The UEAP is essentially the electrification of some 200 towns found in different regional states of the FDRE. The country is composed of nine regional states and two Metropolitan City Administrations under the Federal Administration.

The following description of the environmental baseline situation deals with that of these Regional Administrations. However, the descriptions are generic in nature and thus are not directly linked to specific interventions or subprojects to be carried out later. Rather, they are intended to serve as a base or springboard for future detailed undertakings.

4.1 The Afar Regional State

Afar region lies in the arid and semi-arid climatic zone within the Great Rift Valley of East Africa. It lies in the geographic location between 8°49' and 14030' N latitude and 39°34' to 42°28' east longitude. The land area of Afar Region is about 94,817 km2, and is divided into five Zones with 28 district administrative structures.

4.1.1 Bio-physical Environment

Topography

The topography of the Afar region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an altitude of 1000 - 1500 masl to lowland plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the lowlands falls on average between 0 - 1000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. Over 95% of the Afar Region lies in the altitude range below 1000 masl. About 8% of the total land area lies below sea level. This region is also known for having the lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 116 meters below sea level (mbls) in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region.

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Climate

The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall. Temperature in the region ranges from a mean maximum temperature of 42.5°C in the area of Dubti Woreda and mean minimum temperature of 17.8°C in the high altitude zone at Gewane. The area has moisture index of less than 0.25 and receives mean annual rainfall of 200 mm.

A severe dry season occurs in May and June at the regional level. This season has the hottest temperature. The main rainy season occurs between July and September, while short rain stays between March and April. Rainfall ranges from 500mm on the western edges of the regional state to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part of the region.

Geology and Soils

According to the geological map of Ethiopia (1996), the geological formation of the area includes:

* Affar series; mildly alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and pre-alkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome and flows and ignibrites) * Basalt flows, spatter cones and hyaloclastites, ( a)Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic. b) alkaline olivine basalt * Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments * Alkali granite and syenite * Rhyohitic Volcanic centers, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignibrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows (alkaline and peralkaline composition) * Alluvial and lacustrine deposites: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand

The region is divided into three geomorphologic units. These are the escarpment areas, the escarpment foot area and the plain areas. The main geologic unit of the Afar region includes volcanic rocks of the Afar Group and sedimentary of the quaternary age. Outcrops of the Afar group which are dominantly basaltic, are found exposed in many areas of the region. Sand, silt, clay and reef limestone of Holocene age cover lager part of the region.

The major soils of the region in general include:

* Fluvisols, which are fertile and easy to work with (this soil type is found along the river courses)

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* Leptosols (found along plateau margins and steeper slops) that have rocky characteristics * Eutric Regosols (found on gentle/undulating/rolling , moderate to high relief hills) * Eutric Cambisols and Vertic Cambisols * Solonchaks which are typical soils that develop in arid climatic conditions and most plants can not grow on them

The soils of the region have limited fertility value. The fertile soils of the region include fluvisols found adjacent to major stream courses.

Vegetation Cover and Wildlife

The vegetation cover of Afar in general is sparse and the area is prone to desertification. Over 70% of the land area in Afar region is bare land. The main vegetation types in the region include:

* Juniperous olea forest rising to less than 7m in height * Riparian Woodlands/forest, species constituting varieties of acacia trees * Shrub land; predominantly acacia species * Bushland; the dominant species include Accacia and Balanites species

Wildlife resource of the region is rich. Wildlife of the area are those that are most adaptive creatures to the and and semi-arid lands of the region.

The region has two national parks; the Yangudi Rassa National Parks covering about 4731km2 and the Awash National Park in part (756km2 ). In addition, Wast Shewa, Gewane and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves, and the Afdem-Gewane Controlled Hunting areas are found in the Region.

There are a number of wildlife species in these parks including lion, and Swain's Hartebeest. The most endangered mammals in the area are Beira Antelope, Dorcas Gazelle and Speck's Gazelle.

There are two major bird sanctuaries in the region; namely, Abe Lake and Aliyu Amba- Dulecha Sanctuaries.

Land Use/Land Cover

The major portion of the land in the region is bare land followed by shrubland. The regional land use and land cover is described in table 4. 1.

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Table 4.1: Land Use/Land Cover of Afar Region (1998/1999)

No Description Land Area % of Total (Hectare) Area 1 Cultivated 205,520 2.23 land 2 Riparian 145,000 1.58 woodland 3 Bush land 124,367 1.35 4 Shrub land 1,257,603 13.68 5 Grassland 725,062 7.88 6 Wetland /seasonal 232,889 2.54 swamp or marsh 7 Bare land 6,444, 559 70.09 8 Water body 61,000 0.66 Total 9,196, 000 100

Source: Afar regional state, Regional Conservation Strategy, Regional BOFED, Ayssaita, November 1999.

Water Resources

There are a number of rivers in the region including; Awash, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie, Burkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams.

The other major water source of the region is lake water. There are twelve relatively large lakes and five ponds in the region. Two of the largest lakes, Afdera Lake and Abe Lake, are found in zone 1 and 2 of the Region.

Groundwater is also a major source for potable water supply in the region.

Energy Resources

The energy consumption of the regional population is dominated by fuel wood. However, the Region has high energy resource potential, including geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower energy, wind energy and agricultural residues and dung.

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4.1.2 Population, Religion and Ethnic Group

The population of Afar region was estimated at 1,329,000 in year 2004, with 57% male and 43% female. The majority of the population (92%) is rural inhabitant, and the remaining 8% is urban. The regional population growth rate is estimated at 4.11% in the urban areas, and 2.23% in the rural.

The age distribution of the population of the Region is:

* 46.1% is between 0 - 15years of age * 52.1% is between 15 to 64 yeas of age, * while population above age of 64 yeas is only 1.8%.

The dominant ethnic groups of the regional state include Afar, Assayita, Amahara, Tigre and others.

The major religious group in the area is Islam, while traditional beliefs, Christianity and others are also found in the Region.

The dominant occupation in the Region is pastoralism. Over 90% of the population is pastoralist community. Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in Ethiopia, where extensive herding is practiced.

4.1.3 Social Services and Infrastructure

The level of social service facilities and infrastructure in the area is very low.

Electric Power

Electric power service is available in the 17 towns of the region. Five of the towns get their electric power from hydro power, while the remaining 12 towns rely on diesel generators.

Transport Facility

The major transportation for the rural community is using pack animal. The road infrastructure is limited in its coverage. There are 605 km asphalt road including the Addis Ababa - Djibouty high way, 592km RR50 standard all weather road and 793km RR30 roads in the region.

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Education

The level of education in the region is very poor. According to the 1994 Census data, 93% of the population was illiterate. The majority of the literates are urban population(54%) and the rural were only 3%. In 2003 the primary and secondary school enrollment rate was 14.08%, and 2.7% respectively.

Health and Situation

Communicable diseases and malnutrition are major heath problems in the region. The climate and the topography of the area creates favorable situations for the growth of disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies and snails.

Malaria, tuberculosis, pneumonia, upper respiratory diseases, diarrhea and giardiasis are among the most prevalent diseases in the region. Malnutrition is also significant.

Health service coverage in 2003 was 36%. In addition to facilities for the public health, there are also 16 veterinary clinics in the region. The animal health care coverage in the region was 10% in the year 2004.

WaterSsupply

The need for potable water supply in such arid climates like Afar region is very high and this is not overemphasized. Though Afar is endowed with water resource potential, the water supply coverage is low. The potable water supply coverage in 2004 was 17% for the Region.

Groundwater is the major water supply source in the Region. The available water supply from deep wells and boreholes is limited both in coverage and capacity. Over 50% of the available facilities were out of service in the year 2004.

1.1.5 Cultural Heritages and Tourism

Afar region is rich in cultural assets. The archeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, "Lucy", was found in the Hadar area of the Region. This site is considered as an attraction area for scientific research to decipher or figure out man's origin. The research sites such as Hadar and the middle Awash, that consist of fossil and handicraft remains of human ancestors, are attractive destinations for tourists all over the world.

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There is potential for tourist attraction in the area, including paleo-anthropologic and wildlife resources as well as the Afar traditional way of life. Ertele and the Afar depression are sites of scientific research both of natural science as well as human civilization.

The Yangudirasa National Park, and the Awash National Park host number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation.

The economic benefits from such tourism, also termed as "paleotourism", has not yet developed. But it could be known that eleven new sites have been identified to be considered for research and eventually for "paleotourism' .

There is a tradition of a well-organized social control system in the Afar community. These include the 'Afar-Mada' (traditional authority vested upon the elders and customary law) and the 'finaa' (institution serving as a sanction-executing unit) and other fossils and live traditional practices constitute the cultural heritage of the Afar people.

4.2 Tigray Regional State

4.2.1 Bio-physical Environment

Topographly

Topography of the Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands, and is divided into two major blocks; the eastern block is comprised of highlands while the western block is predominantly lowland.

Altitudes range from 500 meters up to 3,900 meters above sea level. It is situated between 12015 'N and 14057'N latitude and between 36059'E and 40°E longitude with an estimated area of 53,638 km2. The Regional Administration is divided into four zones.

Climate

Tigray Region falls within 6-ecological zones (desert, kola, woina dega, dega and wurch) Part of the Tigray regional state, i.e. the eastern and southern zones, where mekele is situated, receive peak rain in April and August, whereas the western and central part receive single maximum rainfall between June/July to August/September and for the northwestern part, the wet period runs from April/ May to October/November. The mean

BEZA Consulting Engineers 34 EEPCO - Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600mm in the northeastern part to 1600mm in the western part of Welkait Woreda.

Temperature ranges between 16°C - 20°C in the highland eastern and central part, while it is 380C to 40°C in the lowlands of the western zones.

Geology and Soil Type

The Geology of Tigray comprises low-grade Metamorphic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Tertiary volcanic, quaternary deposit and acidic to basic/ultra basic intrusions.

Major soil types of the region identified in a study conducted in 1976 is quoted by the Bureau of Planning and Economic Development (Report of 1998) as: orthic Acrisels, chromic and Eutric cambisols, Humic cambisols, Vertic cambisols and Vertic luvisols, Eurthic fluvisols, dystric nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Euric rogosols, Haplic Xerosols, Cambic Arenosols, and chromic Andisols.

Water Resources

There are three major river basins in the Tigray Region; Tekeze Basin, Mereb Basin, Afar Basin and Angereb Valley. The current Program may fall mainly in the Tekeze Basin and partly in Mereb Basin. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River and Mai Hitsatsa River. Groundwater source is abundant and is the major water supply source in the area.

Vegetation and Wildlife

Due to human interference and early settlements in this part of the country, the major vegetation has been destroyed. Currently the dominant ones are woodland and savannah, junipers woodlands, acacia woodland and savanna. Accordingly, the vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savanna and grassland regions.

The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savanna, juniperus trees mixed with savanna, and mixed deciduous woodland.

The vegetation cover of the north-western zone of the region comprises of grazing grass land, scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. There are protected forest areas in the Tahitay Adiabo and Atsgede Tsimbela woredas of western zone. This

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4.2.2 Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups

According to the 1994 census data, the population of Tigray Administrative Region was 3,136,267 with an annual growth rate of 3% in urban areas. The projected population for the year 2005 is 3,443,000.

Out of the total population of the region, 84.6% live in the rural area while only the remaining 15.4% live in the urban dwellings. Mekele is among the 7 towns with a detailed master plan out of the 38 towns in the Region.

There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigre is the major ethnic group, but there are also Kunama , Saho, Agew, Argoba and others in smaller proportions.

The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity and Islam.

4.2.3 Cultural and Historical Heritages

Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Tigray Region, we find the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values. The Axum Obelisks, and the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region.

4.3 Amhara Regional State

4.3.1 Bio-physical Environment

Topography and Climate

The Amhara Regional Administration has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The elevation varies from 600 masl at Metema up to 4620 masl at Ras Dashen.

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The Amhara Regional State is located between 90 N and 130 45' North latitude and 360 to 40030' East longitude. It is bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar region in the east. The Regional State is divided into ten zonal administrations and has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia).

Climate

The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dege) and arid (Kolla) agro-climatic zones. Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700mm to over 2000mm in the Region and the temperature range is between 10 °C and 26 °C. There are two rainy seasons, while short rain occurs during March, May, and April; heavy rain is during June, July and August.

Geology and Soils

The Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic rocks cover most part of the Amahara Region.

The soil of the region include Arthic Acrisds, cambisols, Rendizinas, phaeozems, Lithisols, Aluvisds, & vertislols.

Soil erosion is the major environmental degradation problem in the Region due to lack of vegetation cover and rugged topography. Soil in the Region has high erodibility compared to other parts of the country. According to a study conducted in 1984 E.C, the quantity of soil loss in Amhara Region was estimated at 1.1 billion tonnes per year. This accounts for 58% of the total annual soil loss of the country in general.

Water Resources

There is an abundant water resource in the region. The major water resource bases being the Abay River Basin, Tekeze River Basin and Awash River Basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake Zengena and Haik. Ground water resource is abundant and it is the major water supply source in the region.

Vegetation & Wildlife

The natural forest in the region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by individual farmers on

BEZA Consulting Engineers 37 EEPCO - Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different purposes).

Indigenous tree/shrub in the area include olea, africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia species, Hygenia abyssinica, ximenia american and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species diminishing in the area due to human activities.

Wildlife availability depends on the extent of vegetation cover in an area. Parks of the Simen Mountains are preserved for the most endangered species, such as Walia Ibex, Simen Fox, Gelada Baboons and different species of birds, most of which are endemic to Ethiopia. Endangered bird species in the region include Harwood, Francdin and ostrich.

The Siemen Mountain National Park, and protected areas of Main Bird Sanctuaries like, Lake Tana, Ankober-Debresina mountain, Awi Zone, Choka Mountain, Fogera, Guasa/ in Menze/Jama and Jara Valley, Middle Abay Valley, and Gofa Forest are found in the region.

Land Use/Land Cover

The land use/land cover composition of the Region is depicted in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover of the Amhara Region /2002

Land Use Type Area %age of Total Area 1. Cultivable land 4,815,206 28.2 2. Grazing land 5,122,560 30 3. Forest & bush land 2,510,054 14.7 4. Water bodies 648,858 3.8 5. Settlement area 904,986 5.3 6. Wasteland 307,354 18

Source; Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistical Data, Jan, 2003.

4.3.2 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group

The population of the Amhara Region was estimated at 17,740,521 in year 2004 and accounted for 17.3% of the country's total population. Out of this only, 10.98% was urban while the remaining was rural population.

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The Amhara Region is inhabited by a number of ethnic groups, the major ones being Amhara, Awi, Oromo, Kimant, Argoba, Falasha (Ethiopian Jew), Tigre, Gurage and others. The religious group include Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Muslim, Protestants, Catholic Christian.

4.3.3 Socio-Cultural and Historical Heritages

The Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old monasteries, rock-hewn churches, palaces and castles are found in the region. The Lalibella Rock- hewn Churches, and the Gondar Castle that are registered as International Cultural Heritage sites, are found in this Region. There are several monasteries in the Lake Tana Islands, which is also the origin of the Blue Nile (Abay) River.

The Blue Nile Falls are found just a few kilometers downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, is also a tourist attraction site.

4.3.4 Social Service and Infrastructure

Education

The success for economic development depends mainly on the level of educated population that a country has. Education contributes and enhances individual productivity and earning. Over 66% of the population was illiterate according to a survey made in year 2003, on 50-woredas of the region. The female illiteracy was about 76% of the total population. Among the literate, about 43.9% have attended the first cycle of primary education and 27.2% were able to read and write. The gross enrollment rate of primary education was 70.7%.

According to the data of the Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), in 2004, there were 223 kindergarten, 3,793 primary schools (1-8), 99 first cycle secondary schools, 24-second cycle secondary schools and 17 technical and vocational schools in the Region.

Public Health

The most prevalent diseases of the region include malaria and upper respiratory tract diseases. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Amhara Region in 2004 were 15 hospitals, 78 health centers, 517 clinics, and 385 health posts. Health facility to population ratio is below the national average.

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The survey made in 2003 revealed that awareness of households interviewed about HIV/AIDS among the study population was found to be high. However, the report of the findings also emphasizes that the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the region is critical. The pandemic is affecting the most productive labor force and is increasing the number of orphans. HIV/AIDS prevalence rate among blood donors in year 2001/2002 was reported to be 8.1 % for the Region.

Transport Infrastructure

Road, air and marine transport systems are available in the Region. Road transport is the most used system. Report of the year 2004 indicates that there were 606-km asphalt roads, 2384 km all weather, and 2808 km dry weather roads in the region.

Wilter Supply & Sanitation

The rural population mainly uses water from unprotected sources; rivers, springs, ponds and wells. Survey made in 2003 reveals that about 71% of the rural population use water from unprotected sources.

Regarding sanitation the case is even worse. In year 2003, 95% of the rural population used open defecation.

4.4 The Oromia Regional State

4.4.1 Bio-physical Environment

Topography and Land Area

The Regional State is located in the central part of the country and extends from south- east, bordering with Kenya in the south part and up to the Sudan border in the western part. It has an area of 353,690 km2 and is divided in to 12 zonal administration.

Oromia Regional State lies between 30 40'N and 10°35'N latitude and 34°050E - 431 1'E longitude.

The Regional State has topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the northwestern and northeastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and southeastern part.

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Altitude in the Region varies from 500 masl in the south eastern part to 3300 masl in the central and northwestern parts.

Climate

The climatic condition varies from southeast lowland to central and northwestern highland part of the regional state. The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and northwestern parts are more of temperate climate. The lowlands (500 - 1500masl) experience mean annual temperature of 20° - 25°C , areas of altitude 1500 - 2300 masl have mean annual temperature of 15°C - 20 0C, while the highland areas(2300 - 3300masl) have mean annual temperature range of 10°C - !5°C.

Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200mm in the south east to 2000mm in the northwestern part of the Regional State.

Geology, PlhysiographicDivisions and Seismicity

The major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa, and is tectonically unstable. It appears to be zone of volcanic and seismic activities.

There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromia; the Rift lakes plain, the transitional scrap slops, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava highlands and massifs, and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks.

The geology of the region consists of rocks of the Precambrian era, rocks of the Paleozoic era, rocks of the Mesozoic era, and rocks of the Cenozoic era.

Soil and Soil Fertility

The major soil types of the area constitute Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols, Fluvisols are commonly found in the plain lands of rivers and lake shores. This soil type has good agricultural use. Andosols are formed from volcanic ash parent material. They are light, loose, porous, have high drain ability capacity and are easily eroded by rain or wind action. Andosols have limited agricultural value. Luvisols on the other hand are good for agriculture.

Water Resource of the Region

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There is an abundant water resource including surface and ground sources. Major rivers in the country like the Blue Nile, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dabuss, and Didessa traverse the Oromia regional state. Most of the Rift Valley lakes in Ethiopia and those in the Awash River Basin, like Lake Langano, Zeway, Abiyata are found in Oromia. Ziway Zone of the regional state, has the highest number of lakes in Ethiopia. There are about 20 lakes covering 8% of the zonal land area.

The wetland ecosystem of these water bodies has significant environmental and socio- economic values.

Vegetation Cover and Wildlife

Oromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species.

The region has dense forest cover in the central, southwestern and western areas, while the southern and southeastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savanna, grassland, reverine forests and wetland vegetation.

There are a number of parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta-Shala National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife reserves (sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo, game reserves of Arsi, Bale and Borena; over 20 main bird sanctuaries. Those parks and protected areas host a variety of wildlife and important bird species.

Wide varieties of wild animals exist in the region. The wildlife resources of the region include warthog, hammadrayas, baboon, gelada baboon, civet, mountain reed back, striped hyena, giant forest hog etc. Important bird species include; Rappel's, chat, spor- breasted plover, Abyssinian long claw, etc.

4.4.2 Archaeological and Cultural Heritages

The Sof Oumar Cave, the Aba Jiffar Palace, etc., are found in the Oromia Regional State as sites of cultural heritage.

4.4.3 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group

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Oromia stands first in terms of population density in the country. Ethnic group residing in the region are also varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups.

4.5 Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State

4.5.1 Bio-physical Environmental Conditions

Topographiy

Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 masl up to 2731 masl. The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range, Bedessa & Kushaya Mountains. The road route traverses flat terrain from the Guba side while the segment from the Wonbera side has rolling terrain & hilly topographic character.

Climate

The climatic condition of the area is varied like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of 85% Kola (Hot climate), 10% Woina Dega (Semi-Temperate) & 8% has Dega (Temprate) climatic conditions. The annual rainfall in the Metekel zone ranges from 600mm to 1450mm. The rainy season stays from April/May up to October/November. The dry period is between February and April. Annual temperature of Metekel zone ranges between 1 80c and 400c.

Geology and Soils

The Geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglumerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold is also available in the area.

The regional soil if fertile and has high agricultural potential with favorable agro-climatic conditions. It is estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only 233,200 ha could be cultivated.

Water Resources

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The regional state has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial Rivers in the Metekel Zone most of which have potential to irrigate agricultural land.

Vegetation and Wildlife

Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State is endowed with natural resources. Over 50% of the land is covered with natural forest, which also has commercial value. Wild animal including elephant, lion and tiger are found in the region.

Benishangul-Gumuz region lies in the Abay and Baro drainage basin and is one of the few areas that still have a significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. It is estimated that 55% of the land is covered by bamboo, broad-leaved deciduous woodlands, acacia and cacao woodlands. Riverine forests are predominantly found along the river courses. Some of the tree species found in the area are endemic ones for Ethiopia.

The Region has varied wild life species. Estimates indicate about 40 species of larger mammals, while the bird species are estimated to be 500-550.

The game reserve and main bird sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region.

Land Use/Land Cover of the Region

Table 4.3 shows the distribution of land use and land cover of the Region.

Table 4.3 Regional Land Use/Land Cover

No. USE TYPE COVERAGE No. USE TYPE COVERAGE (%) (%)

1 Wood land 49 6 Grass land 3 2 Scrub land 28 7 Cultivated land 5 3 Open bamboo 4 8 Rock outcrops 2 4 Dense bamboo 5 9 Wetland/Water body 2 5 Forest land 2 Total 100

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Source: BG Road Sector Strategic Plan, December 2002

4.5.2 Population, Ethnic and Religious Group

The population of Benishangul Gumuz is estimated at 571,763 in year 2002. The annual population growth is about 3.1%. The urban population is only 8.5% while the remaining is rural.

There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Benishangul Gumuz Region. The major ethnic groups are Berta (26.7%), Gumuz (23.4%), Shinasha (6.9%), Amhara (22.2%), Mao (0.8%) and Oromo (12.8%). The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity (34.8%), Traditional Religion (13.1%), Protestants (5.9%) and Islam (44%).

4.5.3 Social Infrastructure

Benishangul-Gumuz Region is one of the most remote and under-developed regions in the country. Infrastructure is at a very low level in general. Availability of adequate infrastructure is the key factor for the economic development and improved living standard of a society.

Education

Educational facilities in the region are inadequate as compared to the population size and the land area. Besides this fact, the enrollment ratio both at primary level and secondary level education is very low.

The 1994 census data (CSA) estimates that 82.1% of the population was illiterate. On the other hand, data on the primary school enrollment in 2003 indicates 7441 student for Assossa Zone, 2,529 for Kamashi Zone and 3857 students for Metekel Zone.

According to data from the Metekel Zone, there are about 70 primary schools, 15 junior secondary school and 6 secondary level schools in the region.

Public Healthi

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The major health related problems are due to malaria, tuberculosis, water-borne diseases and HIV/AIDS. Health services and facilities are inadequate both in quality and coverage.

Road Transport

Transport facility is at a very low level due to lack of all weather roads connecting most of the Woredas. According to data documented in 1992 (E.C.), there are 564 kms RR-50, 30 km RR-30 and 123kms RR-10 standard roads in the Region. There are two airports, one at Assossa and the other at Pawe. However, several road projects are underway since then, included are Chagni-Wonbera, Guba-Wonbera, etc.

Water Supply and Sanitation

There is an abundant water resource, both surface and sub-surface, in the Region. Abay (Blue Nile), Dabus, Dinder, and Gilgel Beles are some. However, potable water supply coverage is low. The major water supply sources in the Region are hand-dug wells, deep wells, and protected spring. The rest of the population use water from rivers and unprotected springs.

4.6 Gambela Regional State

The administrative structure of the Regional State comprises of two zones and nine Woredas.

4.6.1 Bio-physical Environment

Topography

The Gambela Administrative Region is situated in the southwestern part of Ethiopia at 7o N - 8 o 17' North latitude and 33 o E - 32 o 2' East longitudes. The altitude of Gambela lies between 300 and 2500 masl.

Climate

Gambela is subdivided into three agro-ecological zones; Woina Dega, Kolla and desert agro-ecological Zone.

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In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 27oC to 33oC. However, temperature as high as 45oC in March and as low as 1OoC in January have been recorded.

The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 - 500 masl of the western part receive 900mm - 1500 mm, while areas over 2000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from 1900 to 2100 mm.

Geology and Soils

The Gambela region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaterinary sediments in the lowlands to the west.

Mineral resources of the area include gold, tungsten, granite, crude oil and construction material.The area is dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposits: silt, sand, clay, diatomite, lime stone, Entich sand stone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones.

The soils of the region are divided into two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river course). The soil fertility is very high and has not been exploited much.

Vegetation and Wildlife

Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savanna, tropical forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with natural high forest. Woodlands, bushlands and Savanna woodlands inhabit the central plain lands of the region with altitudes below 600 masl.

The dominant tree species include; Acacia, Cambretum species, Terminalia coxifera, Sonogisus reiccarpa, Kegelio africanas, Albizia cordiaria. From grass species; Beckeropsis uniseta and Hyparrhenia rufa are some to mention.

Abobo-Gog natural forest is one of the 58 most important natural forests classified as National Forest Priority areas, by the Ethiopian Forestry Action Plan (as reported in the Baro-Akobo Master Plan Study ). There are also four other sites in the region that are identified as natural forest areas.

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Wetlands and Water Resources

Gambela region is the wettest and best-watered area in the country. There are four major rivers, Baro, Akobo, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also transboundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in the Region.

These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro-Akobo River Basin. Both migratory and residential birds inhabit the wetland and is one of the tourist attraction sites in the area. There are several planned dam projects for irrigation and hydropower generation, which would also serve for fishery development. Implementation of the Program can have significant impacts on the economy of the region.

The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo, form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a wide rinse of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the provision of valuable goods and services.

Population and Ethnic Group

The population of the Region is estimated at 220,000 in the year 2000. Of the total population, 17% live in urban areas while the remaining 83% are a rural residents.

Linguistically the population comprises mainly of Omotic, Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan, although minority group of Semetic origin also exists. The major ethnic groups are Agnuaq, Nuere, Megengir, Coma and Omo. The population density of the region is about 6.3 per square kilometer.

4.6.2 Social Services

Educational Facilities

Education coverage is low in the region. There were 119 elementary schools, 6- secondary schools and one-college level educational institutions in year 2003.

Healtlh Facilities

Due to the hot climate and abundant flood plain and wetland ecosystems, coupled with inadequate sanitation facilities, communicable diseases are the most threatening health risks in the region. Malaria and respiratory disease are among the major prevalent

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diseases. The health institutions in the region include; two hospitals, 5 health centers and 46 health posts. However, even the existing health institutions are not fully equipped.

TransportFacilities

Transport facilities are also inadequate. Land, air and water transport are available in the different parts of the region, based on the accessibility situation of the areas. There were about 358 kilometers all-weather road, and 18 kms of dry weather road in 2003. However, due to lack of routine maintenance, the major part of the road lengths have deteriorated.

In general, development constraints in the region is attributed to the inadequate infrastructure like roads, water supply and electricity. Electricity is limited only to major urban centers like Gambela town. The majority of the population, both urban and rural area residents are without electricity and use other energy sources, mainly fire wood.

Dispersed settlement mainly following the riverbanks, is practiced in the region and this further exacerbates the problem of provision of social services to the community, especially during rainy season and during flood calamities. The floodplains and wetland cover quite an appereciable area for most of the seasons in a year.

The agricultural bureau complains about difficulties encountered in providing agricultural extension programs to the inaccessible areas. This problem is equally shared by the regional Disaster Prevention and Preparedness (DPPC) office who could not extend its assistance during flood calamities to areas like Akobo, Jor and Tor, all falling in floodplains of major rivers of the area and inaccessible during rainy season.

Access to market places is also limited, due to lack of road transport connecting to urban centers. The farmers do not get fair prices for their products and also are not able to buy commodities that they need since they do not have alternative accesses to better market places.

Based on the above premises, the regional council has adopted a five-year development plan that gives special attention to the rural road development undertakings.

Small-scale Industries

Industrial development in the region is in its infant stage. There are about 71 cottage industries. Most of these industries are service rendering like flour mill & bakeries.

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Environmental and Relative Socil CmpoentWill the Social Component Subproject: ValuesVaus Yes No 3. Impact on Social * Result in significant land take? 3 and Economic Environment * Cause relocation or resettlement 5 of more than 200 people?' * Cause loss of assets or have an g L impact on the livelihood of the 4 PAPs? * Result in health problems as a LI result of pollution of different 3 causes? * Aggravate the spread of O D HIV/AIDS in the respective 4 areas? * Traverse cultural heritage sites C (worship, cemeteries, 5 archaeological and other sacred sites)? 4. General(Positive * Contribute to reduction of C E Impacts) pressure on natural resources as a source of energy? a Create job opportunities to (support the enhancement of life O g standard of) the local people? * Contribute to sustainable development?

* Contribute to poverty reduction O L in the respective areas?

As shown in the checklist above, relative weights are provided corresponding to the major possible environmentally sensitive sites to be affected by the Program. In each case, if the question is answered as 'yes', the assigned values will be given and if answered as 'no', no value will be given. With this exercise, if the sum of values is found to be 5 or more, a complete environmental and social impact assessment for the subproject under consideration would be conducted and the proposed mitigation measure may include changing the proposed alignment.

' The number of people to be affected being more than 200 is required for the preparation of a detailed RAP. Even though the number of PAPs is less than 200, a rehabilitation program (an abbreviated RAP) should be undertaken to resettle and (at least) restore the livelihood of the PAPs prior to the Program.

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On the other hand if the sum of values would be less than 5, an initial environmental and social examination would be sufficient prior to the implementation of the subproject under consideration.

5.2 General Positive Impacts

The UEAP is a development project program designed for benefit of the population in the project area, and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts:

* Relieve pressure on biomass resource of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing an alternative source of energy * Improve access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc.) * Stimulate economic development * Provide job opportunities thereby creating a means of income generation for the respective communities in the project areas

One of the direct impacts of the project will be to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through replacing some of the local biomass energy use with electricity generated primarily through hydropower.

5.3 Negative Impacts

5.3.1 Bio-physical

Short-term, Construction Phase

It is stated that the final alignment would follow a route that takes account of local conditions including avoiding forested routes and avoiding wetlands or other "sensitive areas". However, there may exist some cornerstone species (important in maintaining the healthy functioning of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems) close to the roads whichc may be affected by the power lines.

With the above understanding, therefore, potential negative environmental impacts are likely to occur and the impacts may include the following:

* initiation and aggravation of soil erosion as a result of removal of soil mass and leaving slopes unprotected * loss of vegetation through clearance for right-of-way and space for the newly to be constructed substations, if there would be any

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* air pollution that may result from dust production and exhausts from construction machinery * water pollution from spill of hazardous substances especially during construction works * soil pollution and contamination resulting from hazardous substances especially during construction * noise resulting mainly from construction machinery

Long-term, Operation Pltase

During the operation phase of the Program, the following impacts may be anticipated:

* interference of the transmission line with the bird life as there are a lot of bird sanctuaries and bird species in the country; * erosion of soil may persist if no protection measures are implemented; and

5.3.2 Impacts of Fluorescent Lamps

The fluorescent lamps are composed of solid as well as hazardous substances. That is, the metal and the glass parts form solid (municipal) waste whereas the mercury in the lamp is categorized as hazardous (substance) waste.

Mercury is toxic to aquatic biota as well as humans. In humans, it binds sulfur groups in recycling amino acids and enzymes, rendering them inactive showing that it is dangerous for human health. Bio-concentration in fish and humans is a major health problem resulting from mercury intake.

In addition to the release of mercury from materials like the proposed fluorescent lamps, it is also released into air by out-gassing of soil, by transpiration and decay of vegetation, and by anthropogenic emissions from coal combustion and the like.

It is apparent that most mercury compounds released into the environment can be directly or indirectly transformed into monomethylmercury or dimethylmercury via bacterial methylation.

In general, as the proposed fluorescent lamps contain mercury, the substance would adversely affect (toxic to) the environment in general and to humans, animals and plants in particular if not disposed properly after the useful life of the lamps.

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5.3.3 Impacts of PCB Chemicals

The problem of PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) chemical is significant. It poses major and increasing threats to human health and the environment. In the Stockholm Convention of 2001 (to which Ethiopia is a signatory), PCB is one of the twelve Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to be eliminated from products like transformers and capacitors.

5.3.4 Socio-economic and Cultural

Land Expropriation - Short Term

The principal impact during the implementation of the Program is the taking of land temporarily for stores and equipment yards and experience shows that when project delays occur, project proponents sometimes do not compensate for the additional time (of delay).

Land Expropriation - Long Term

The planned routing of distribution lines follows the rural road systems. The poles are erected near the edge of the road and would be sited, as far as possible, to avoid any needs for resettlement, acquisition of assets, or impacts on livelihood. However, much of the land along the line alignment is farmland and during construction there will inevitably be some crop damage.

Beside and beyond crop damage, the major negative impact anticipated in this regard is expropriation of land along the transmission routes, access roads and the area for the new substations to be constructed, if there would be any. That is, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses, and other properties forever.

When expropriation of land and properties is done, the rate of compensation sometimes is not adequate to restore, if not better, the life of the PAPs prior to the implementation of the Program.

Cultural Heritage Sites

Although it is proposed that they would follow as much as possible, the existing road network, the transmission lines may traverse, in some cases looking for shorter distances, culturally sensitive sites like grave yards, archaeological sites, etc.

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Healtlt and Safety

The major impact on health and occupational safety is related to the work force engaged in construction and operation of distribution lines.

Such a program involves mobilization of the labor force. Although the UEAP is designed to use the local labor force, the risk of transmission of communicable diseases like STDS and HIV/AIDS in the project areas is expected (may be minimum).

During the operation phase of the project, impacts are mainly related to electrocution (electric shock).

5.3.5 Bird and Power Line Interactions

Ethiopia is recognized as one of Africa's bird hotspots with over 850 species recorded, of which around 30 species are endemic. There are 17 species endemic to Ethiopia and a further 13 species restricted to the geographical region of the Ethiopian Highlands, which includes parts of Eritrea. It is also worth noting that there are over 200 paleartic migrants and many of them have breeding populations in Ethiopia. Key areas include the wetlands and the rift valley migratory routes. The main source of information on bird populations is the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) who have been identifying "Endemic Bird Areas" and "Important Bird Areas".

In some parts of the world, bird collisions with power lines have become a significant issue, both to environmentalists concerned with threats to rare and endangered species, and to the power companies as these encounters with power lines can cause power outages.

While there is as yet no experience of bird deaths being a significant problem in Ethiopia, it is a potential localized problem that may occur with an expansion of the distribution lines.

There are two main causes, large low flying birds physically flying into power lines and raptors and other large birds perching on distribution lines and touching across un- insulated conductors. In the majority of cases, the problem is relatively localized, where a distribution line crosses a specific bird flight path, such as a valley between a wetland area and a roosting or feeding area.

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6.0 Mitigation Measures

6.1 Bio-physical Environment

The main mitigation measure is built into route alignment. This shall be taken care of at the design stage to avoid the need for any land acquisition, resettlement, or any interference with cultural heritage or natural habitats. Therefore, any sensitive areas shall be avoided by re-routing the lines. That is, the distribution lines can also be routed to avoid any direct or visual impact on cultural heritage sites, such as churches, mosques, archaeological and historical sites and away from any viewpoints or other sites of outstanding natural beauty. The project should be aware of any such sites along planned routes.

Before starting detailed line survey, EEPCO will consult the key stakeholders to be aware of any potentially sensitive habitats or protected areas that may be affected by the route. These include: the state authorities, EPA, Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources Department, Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research and the Ethiopian Agricultural Research (forestry), Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization (protected areas) and the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (birds and sensitive habitats.

6.2 Socioeconomic and Cultural

6.2.1 Compensation for Crop Damage during Construction

Compensation procedures for damage of properties, or impact on livelihood, should be prepared and clarified by preparing a RAP, based on guidance and standards of the RPF, at the early stage of the project. That is, compensation for crop damage during construction should be paid, at replacement value, in cash before construction starts.

In order to compensate and valuate property lost to the project, a committee should be formed that will handle the appropriation of land and compensation issue according to Proclamation No. 455/2005. Detail procedure on compensation is presented in the RPF.

Land temporarily expropriated should be returned to the owners immediately. If there would be project delay and the land return schedule would be delayed accordingly, compensation should be effected for the prolonged time.

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6.2.2 Compensation for Loss of Crop-Long Term

The project proponent should ensure that appropriate measures are taken to ensure that affected persons are compensated in accordance with the principles and procedures outlined in the RPF and the national proclamation on compensation and land appropriation (Proc no. 455/2005). Any permanent loss of land, houses and other immovable assets such as perennial crops due to the construction of substations need to be identified and project affected persons (PAPs) compensated prior to commencement of construction activities on the basis of Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF).

Depending on the availability of land, permanently cultivated land lost to the Project will be compensated on a land-for-land basis.

Permanent loss of perennial plantations will be compensated with sufficient cash to the project affected person.

Residential land, houses, buildings and other fixture losses will be directly and fully compensated at replacement cost.

Detail procedure on compensation is presented in the RPF.

6.2.3 Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety standards and guidelines for the project should be prepared at the early stage of the project. These standards and guidelines shall be made part of contract documents to be signed with any contractor.

To minimize incidence of STDs, especially HIV/AIDS, a health education program shall be provided with the involvement of health care institutions (both GOs/NGOs) around the project sites.

In general, all work operations should be considered in a systematic manner to reduce the short term and long term risks to health (disease, injury and death) of the work force.

6.3 Concrete Distribution Poles

The present proposal is to use concrete poles, rather than timber ones, avoiding adding to the pressure on the scarce wood resources. In addition the designs specify special

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foundations in areas with unstable soils, to prevent movement of the poles, minimizing the risk of poles falling over and presenting a hazard to humans and livestock, as well as limiting power outages, and maintenance or repair costs to EEPCO.

6.4 Protection from Bird Collision and Electrocution

There are two main approaches to dealing with the issue; that is, design and insulation of distribution poles and attaching "flappers" to the lines so that they can be more easily seen and avoided in flight.

Research carried out on different pole configurations has shown that the armless compact construction design is regarded as being the safest.

However, even with the armless compact design, raptors flying into land on one of the short support brackets can contact both of the lower phase conductors at the same time. Mitigation methods used include increasing the distance between phase conductors and installing moulded plastic insulation on conductors.

Increasing the visibility of the line can reduce the second problem of bird flight collisions.

If there are any concerns about possible bird/power line interactions in a particular area, EEPCO will inform local communities to report power line bird deaths if they occur.

6.5 Disposal of Fluorescent Lamps

6.5.1 Awareness Creation

As the disposal of fluorescent lamps is not environmentally friendly unless handled well, the effect of disposing of the lamps without proper care to the environment should be disclosed to all stakeholders as much as possible. In other words, the stakeholders should be enlightened on the necessity of environmental protection in general, and the environmental damage as a result of disposing of the fluorescent lamps in particular. The stakeholders may include:

* EEPCo's field personnel, mainly distribution linemen, * municipalities, * town administrations, and * direct project beneficiaries (local communities)

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Generally, the awareness should mainly focus on the way to handle and dispose of fluorescent lamps after their useful lives are over.

6.5.2 Engineering Landfill

In order to safely dispose of the fluorescent lamps after their useful life, engineering landfill is proposed as a means of disposal. However, engineering landfill should be undertaken with due care not to eventually contaminate the soil and water bodies (surface as well as groundwater resources) close to the sites. This may depend on the nature of the soil strata, permeability, usage of impermeable layer, groundwater level, proximity to surface water bodies, the topography (slope), and settlement pattern, etc., of the area under consideration.

6.6 Avoidance of PCB Chemicals

It is evident that the existing imported transformers and capacitors (especially those imported before 1989) are suspected of containing PCB chemicals. Therefore, the newly to be imported transformers and capacitors should first be certified as PCB-free and be given much care during the procurement and the importation process.

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7.0 Environmental Management Plan for UEAP Implementation

7.1 General

The environmental management plan presented in this section is only generic and contains general and macro issues to be considered at program level. However, as deemed necessary, the environmental consideration of the individual subprojects in the future may entail a more detailed environmental management plan.

7.2 Recruitment of Personnel

In order to successfully implement the environmental management plan and as part of capacity building and technical assistance to implement the Program, the UEAP may recruit about 4 to 6 relevant professionals on a contractual basis for the project duration. The professionals would conduct a close follow-up of the Program on the behalf of the UEAP. They would also provide technical assistance to the EEPCo in general and the UEAP in particular.

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Institutional Potential Responsibilities Project Environmental and Social Proposed Mmitigation Mmeasure(s) (Incl. Eenforcement Cost Phase Impacts (Including.legislation ®ulations) & Estimates Coordination)

Pre-construction * Traversing * Route and site selection to be made in EEPCo/Designer Phase (planning, environmentally sensitive order to minimize the adverse effects feasibility, design, sites during route and site on the environment (biophysical and tendering, and selection human/social) procurement of * Most civil work * include the environmental, social, goods and undertakings lack detail health and safety clauses into the services stages) considerations to contract document implement the proposed * Transformers and capacitors should environmental, social, be checked for PCB-free during health and safety procurement and prior to importation. mitigation measures * loss of land, assets and changes in * Transformers and livelihood should be compensated as capacitors are suspected per the guidance of the RPF. of containing PCB chemicals * Land acquisition * Loss of assets * Impact on livelihood Construction * removal of vegetation * clearance of vegetation should be * Contractor for Mitigation Phase * soil erosion initiated minimized to the extent possible . If it implementation measures to

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Institutional Potential Responsibilities Project Environmental and Social Proposed Mmitigation Mmeasure(s) (Incl. Eenforcement Cost Phase Impacts (Including.legislation ®ulations) & Estimates Coordination) or aggravated. is removed, it should be replanted. * EMU of EEPCo be included * Soil pollution or . Use ofing proper erosion control (for monitoring) as bill item contamination due to methods including biological and in the used oil and hazardous physical means .(energy dissipaters, contract waste spillage grassing of slopes, etc) * Solid waste . protect the crops from being damaged (dismantled ground by equipment or machinery and any wires, etc.) damage should be repaired or . Dust emission compensated . Noise from . recovery, re-use and recycling of construction solid and hazardous waste should be machinery encouraged on the construiction sites . etc . limit the traffic to the only authorized access road * take precautions required to avoid the fall of fragmented or rubbishes materials on the soil and water. . All the dismantled metals and, cable must be collected and transported away from the site . used oil and hydraulic fluids must be collected in a closed container and stored temporarily in a safe place and sent to an authorized recycling depot . apply dust abatement measures

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Institutional Potential Responsibilities Project Environmental and Social Proposed Mmitigation Mmeasure(s) (Incl. Eenforcement Cost Phase Impacts (Including .legislation ®ulations) & Estimates Coordination).

limit time of construction to reduce or minimize the adverse effect of noise (from religious sites, schools, health centers, etc.). Operation and . risk of electrocution . awareness creation among local . EEPCo Maintenance . interaction between communities . Other agencies that Phase bird life and . posting warning signs may help for the transmission lines . making poles and lines visible to landfill (EPA, etc.) * mercury in lamps is birds (coloring posts, etc.) hazardous during . lamps after use should be recycled or disposal disposed in the form of engineering * poles may collapse landfill. due to several reasons * inspect poles regularly

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8.0 General Mitigation Issues and EEPCo Commitments (Re-emphasized)

The key mitigation factor for minimizing (and, if possible, avoiding) detrimental environmental impacts as a result of the Program is line alignment. Prior to starting construction, EEPCo carries out a line survey and prepares a map showing the routing and estimating quantities so that a contract can be drawn up. The line survey also records any areas that may be adversely affected by the Program. The detail of (sensitive areas) checklist to be considered for site selection is presented in section 6.1.

EEPCo will specifically record where the line crosses any protected areas. The contract also specifies the type of distribution poles to be used and the configuration of the arm and insulators. The poles should be concrete, and a compact armless configuration. The contact will also specify the conductor.

For a proper decision-making, prior to undertaking the detailed line survey, EEPCo will consult the various stakeholders including the EPA, EWNHS, IBCR, EARO, etc. to consider if there are any "Environmentally Sensitive Areas" recognized by these organizations ( that is, listed in their schedule as areas which harbor protected, threatened or endangered species, areas of particular historic or archaeological interest, primary forests, wetland of national or international importance, national parks and protected areas) and may be affected by the Program. If there are sensitive areas identified, then the relevant organization can arrange for a site visit and advise EEPCO on possible problem areas and the potential for alternative alignments. In general, decisions are made by EEPCo after consulting the pertinent organization depending on the type of sensitive area(s) identified.

As an additional requirement EEPCo will record any areas where there is a potential for the alignment to affect the visual amenity of a cultural heritage site. EEPCO will also, at the time of the survey, record the need for any unforeseen land acquisition. Following this consultation process, this information along with the map of the selected routing will be passed to EPA for their review and comments.

EEPCo will report on any recorded bird deaths and indicate on a map where these have occurred. Should any hotspots be identified, and then EEPCo will report these to the EPA for the input of the latter (to enable the former to decide) and propose appropriate interventions, which may include the localized installation of bird flappers or arm/line insulation.

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On the other hand, in order to minimize the adverse environmental effects resulting from the implementation of the Program, especially during surveying works, the environmentalists should work in conjunction with the surveyors so that environmental consideration would be made at an early stage of the Program.

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9.0 Environmental Monitoring and Management

The process of environmental monitoring and management involves several activities with the corresponding responsible actors and stakeholders. The following sections, therefore, present the roles and responsibilities of the actors, the monitoring intervention, and the mitigation cost estimate.

9.1 Roles & Responsibilities of MajorActors

The principal actors involved in the management and monitoring of environment and social concerns related to the implementation of the Program are the following: * the UEAP, * the EMU, * the Contractor, and * the Supervision Engineer (SE)

However, it is recognized and obvious that: * the Community, * the EPA, and * local NGOs (as required) are also components of other stakeholders who may play an affirmative role in the process of the Program implementation

The major roles and responsibilities of each of the actors are presented in the following sections.

The UEAP

The UEAP is the owner of the Program that undertakes the overall contractual follow-up to ensure the successful implementation of the Program.

The core responsibility of the UEAP is that it makes sure that compensations are effected as stipulated in the RPF; that is, compensations are made at replacement costs and as per the provision in Proclamation No. 455/2005. The UEAP establishes an exclusive team to implement compensation.

Thle EMU

The role and responsibility of the EMU mainly focuses on regular monitoring of the Program; that is, to ensure that proposed mitigation measures have been implemented.

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The Contractors

The Contractors of the Program are responsible to undertake the construction works as per the design and the EMP (abide by contract documents).

The Contractors, like the civil work plans, should prepare and submit their environmental protection plan (EPP) after approval by the respective SEx.

The Supervision Engineer

The SE is responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of the Program implementation. They are essentially the proxies of the EMU at each subproject.

The SE approves or rejects, as the case may be, the proposals and undertakings of the contractor in relation to the requirements of the contract documents.

The Community

The Community hasve the right to be consulted by the other stakeholders to ensure the overall project acceptability without which the Program would not be sustainable.

In general, the community should be involved at different stages of the Program implementation up to the decision-making level.

The EPA

As the EPA is the Federal Competent Agency (CA), it is mainly involveds in the form of providing technical assistance, documents review/approval, and site visits to those sites (ift the situation calls for a visit) that require the attention of the EPA.

Local NGOs

In project areas where there exists NGOs involved in energy-related interventions, the EEPCo may approach the NGOs for their possible contributions especially for the sustainability of the Program. NGOs are important specifically during the operational phase of the Program.

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9.2 Implementation of Compensation

As stipulated in the Ethiopian legal framework and the WB Safeguard Policies, development undertakings should not impoverish the people within the project areas. Rather, the PAPs should gain from the undertakings and one aspect of their achievement is that adequate compensation should be effected prior to project implementation.

On this basis, therefore, the UEAP should assign a team, for the Program life, responsible for the effective and efficient implementation of the compensation estimated as per the valuation methods/techniques conveyed in the RPF.

The composition of the compensation team should also be as suggested in the RPF.

9.3 Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is an essential component of project implementation. It helps to ensure that the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, and helps to anticipate possible environmental hazards and/ or detect unpredicted impacts over time. Construction contracts will include environmental monitoring and management procedures and plans and this must be prior to the commencement of any construction activities.

The EMU should perform environmental and social monitoring during all stages of the project, especially during the construction stage of the Program, mainly focusing on the following issues to be monitored: * removal of vegetation, * noise levels, * soil erosion, * water quality, * accidents/health, * rehabilitation of work site, and * effective implementation of compensation.

9.4 Reporting Procedure

During the implementation of the Program, reports mainly originate from the SEs who are after the day-to-day progress of the works.

The SEs submit the reports to the UEAP and the EMU for their follow-up and review and comment on the reports.

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The EEPCo submit copies of reports to the EPA (critical reports of critical sites calling for the attention of the EPA) for the prompt action of the latter.

The EEPCo also submit copies of reports to the donor-WB.

The feedback of reports from all through the UEAP should be provided to the SEs within the time stipulated in the contract documents.

Figure 9.1 summarizes the reporting procedure/flow within EEPCo as well as between EEPCo and other pertinent stakeholders.

feedback -Report > EPA EEPCo GM WB ...... ------...... - - - - report feedback

Report Feedback

| UEAP EMU

-y.\e~~port/ Report Feedback SE

Contractor

Figure 9.1 Reporting Procedure

9.5 Estimated Environmental Mitigation Costs

The cost estimate for the UEAP is based on the cost estimate (of about birr 6,800,000) made for Rural Electrification of 167 towns in 2001. Therefore, updating that cost with an inflation rate of 8% and proportioning for 200 towns (and about 200 surrounding villages), the total estimated cost for meeting the estimated compensation and for management of environmental activities is about birr 11,310,000 million.

On the other hand, the estimated cost for environmental monitoring, escalating and thus updating from 2001 cost, is about birr 100,000 and this is assumed to enable the EMU conduct periodic monitoring works on project sites.

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10.0 Capacity Building

The implementation of the Program should contribute to the enhancement of capacity of the country in general and the project comproponent in particular. On the other hand, the realization of such an intensive program requires wellall rounded capacity building of the nation and the particular interest of the capacity building proposed is for personnel of different calibre who would contribute to the sustainability of the Program. Therefore, the training may range from environmental considerations to making the system and the infrastructure sustainable for a long time to come.

Therefore, areas that require immediate attention are: human resource capacity building including training on environmental consideration (impact assessment) and technical skill upgrading; institutional aspect of UEAP; and capacity building of local manufacturers and contracting

The human resource capacity building, mainly focusing on training of personnel, has the following components:

* Training of power distribution technicians; * Training of Trainers (TOT) for EEPCO district supervisors; * Training of Trainers (TOT) for TVET school teachers; * On-the-job/hands-on training for distribution line men at EEPCO districts; * Training of surveyors; and * Training of environmental personnel.

The training could be of either of a pedagogical or technical type depending on the personnel involved.

According to the UEAP requirements, the total training costs required to provide training at EEPCo premises (training institute and district offices) is about Birr 5.71 Million (obtained from UEAP -_ Volume 2 with the additional of training for surveyors and environmentalists) . Disaggregated estimated costs associated with manpower training program, for the period covering 2004/05-2008/09, are presented in Table 10.1.

Therefore, the ESMF implementation endeavor can make use of the already designed training program already designed by the UEAP.

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Table 10.1 Training Cost Summary

No. of Trainees Total Training Cost Duration Cost/Ttrainee No. Description (Month) 2004/ 2005/ 2006/ 2007/08 2008/09 / Ccourse 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 05 06 07 Dduration (ETB)

I Power Ddistribution Technician 4 120 120 4,000.00 480,000 480,000 2 TOT for TVET Teachers 2 60 60 2,000.00 120,000 120,000 Training of Trainers 3 (EEPCo Ssuper 10 days 50 50 2,000.00 100,000 100,000 visors)

4 Distribution Lline 2 1200 1200 828 624 408 1,000.00 1,200,0 1,200,000 828,000 624,000 408,000 Mman Training 00

(OJT) ______5 Surveyors 2 10 10 1,500.00 15,000 15,000 6 Environmentalists 2 6 6 1,500.00 9,000 _ 9.000

Total 1,900,0 1,924,000 828,000 648,000 408,000

Source: UEAP -- Volume 2 (but training of surveyors and environmentalists added)

Note: Exchange rate for the Ethiopian birr for January 26, 2006 is 1 USD= 8.6829 ETB

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Bibliography and References

Afar National Regional State, BOFED, Regional Conservation Strategy, Volume-I, Ayssaita, November, 1 999.

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Gguidelines (Draft), Nov.2003, Bahir Dar.

Amhara National Regional State Rural Land Use and Management Policy & Proclamation, July, 2000.

Amhara National Regional State, Regional Conservation Strategy July 1999, Bahir Dar.

Atlas of Oromia Regional State, Office of Pplanning and Economic Development of Oromia Region, 1999, Addis Ababa.

Atlas of Tigray Regional State.

Bureau of Ffinance & Eeconomic Ddevelopment, Somali Regional Conservation Strategy Rreport, October 1999.

Cconservation Sstrategy of Gambela, Vol-1, July 2000.

ERM. (1998). Environmental Impact Aassessment of Azito-Abobo Transmission Line and Substation. Addendum to the EIA of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant Project. Abidjan. C6te d'Ivoire.

EEPCo. (no date) BPR (Business Process Re-engineering) for EMU. Addis Ababa.

EEPCo. (2005). Environmental and Social Management Framework. Addis Ababa.

EEPCo. (no date). Universal Electrification Access Program.

EPA. (1992) Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia.

EPA. (2003). Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines. Addis Ababa.

EPA. (2003). State of The Environment Report for Ethiopia, Environmental Pprotection Authority, August 2003, Addis Ababa.

BEZA Consulting Engineers 80 EEPCO - Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

FDRE. (1995). The Constitution. Proclamation No. 1/1995. Addis Ababa.

FDRE. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Proc. No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.

FDRE. (1997). Environmental Policy. EPA/MEDAaC. Addis Ababa.

FDRE. (2002). Establishment of Environmental Organs. Proc. No. 295/2002. Addis Ababa.

FDRE. (2005). Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation. Proc. No. 455/2005. Addis Ababa.

Masters, G.M. (2003). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice- Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi.

Schnoor, J. L. (1996). Environmental Modeling: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air and Soil. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

Socio -economic Profile of the Afar Regional State (Volume I), unpublished document obtained from regional BOFED, Semera, 2005.

ibid, Volume-II

WB. OP/BP 4.01. Environmental Assessment

WB. OP/BP 4.12. Involuntary Resettlement

WB. OP/BP 4.36. Forests

WB. OPN 11.03. Cultural Property

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ANNEX I

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Environmental and Social Clauses (UEAP)

1.0 General

a) The Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP.

b) The Contractor shall prepare method statements indicating the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed.

c) The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan/strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. d) Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer (SE) for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. Environmental protection authorities (EPA), regional environmental authorities or other relevant stake holders may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy of rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of all works.

e) The Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP.

f) If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

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g) The Contractor will contact the proper agency for preparation of RAP, based on the RPF, where land is acquired, assets lost, or impact on livelihood occur. 2.0 Dust Abatement

a) The contractor shall minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities.

b) During the performance of the work and any operations appurtenant thereto, the contractor shall carry out proper and efficient measures, such as sprinkling with water or other means, whenever necessary to reduce the dust nuisance, and to prevent dust which has originated from his operations from damaging crops, cultivated fields, and dwellings or causing a nuisance to persons. The contractor will be held liable for any damage resulting form dust originating from his operations.

3.0 Noise Due to ConstructionActivities

The contractor shall ensure the noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.

The national noise limit standard for the residential area in day time is 55 dB while at night is 45dB.

4.0 River, Stream and Creek obstruction

a) The contractor shall ensure the existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. b) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers and other natural water bodies/reservoirs. c) Bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works will not be released directly into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs without prior treatment and also ensure that stagnant

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water in uncovered burrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

5.0 Quarrying, Earth Burrowing, etc.

a) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth burrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the bio physical environment, including protected areas and arable lands, local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

b) At the end of the construction phase, all construction sites shall be landscaped and rehabilitated to acceptable standards. The stated areas shall be first landscaped, dressed with topsoil and covered with tree planting, field sods or grass seeding.

6.0 Protection ofArchaeological and HistoricalSites

a) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might be or is believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately suspend activity and report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

b) The contractors shall take the necessary measures to prevent any person or equipment that may damage the article or things and shall provide barricades, fences, and signals and, if necessary, protect against atmospheric agents, as directed by the engineer, also guard service may be required by the engineer.

c) The supervising engineer shall take the following measures:

* Notify the relevant department of antiquities; * Request that a representative make a site inspection; * Cessation of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of the representative; and * Decision by the department of antiquities on possible salvage or excavation within 48-72-hours of notification.

7.0 Vegetation and Wildlife

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a) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. b) The contractor shall care, in planning, constructing, maintaining and operating temporary works such as camps, roads, spoil, stockpile and construction facilities areas, to avoid unnecessary damage to areas of particular environmental interest, such as patches of remaining forest, valuable trees and erosion sensitive areas, as well as areas in which the presence of wildlife has been noted. c) In case some part of a forest or single trees have to be removed, or where erosion problems that may affect some portion of the permanent or temporary works are expected, and in any case where in the engineer's opinion it is beneficial for land conservation, the contractor may be required to carry out landscaping, seeding and planting of trees, as well as executing drainages and water control works according to the prescriptions contained in the pertinent sections of these specifications. d) No valuable trees or crops shall be damaged or removed by the contractor during the execution of the works without the prior consent of the engineer. e) Hunting in the proximity of camps and facilities and in general in the project area is strictly prohibited, even if allowed by local rules or regulation in force in Ethiopia and/or in the project region.

8.0 Use of Materials

The contractor, in as much as possible, shall use local materials to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

9.0 Worksite/Camp Site Waste Management

a) All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be banded in order to contain spillage. Used oil and hydraulic fluid generated on the construction sites must be collected in a closed container and stored temporarily in a safe place and sent to an authorized recycling depot. b) All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

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c) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers, and other water supplies, at or in the vicinity of the site and shall comply with applicable laws, orders and regulations in force in the country of the works concerning the control and abatement of water pollution. d) Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. e) Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. f) If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, for landfill and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low- lying areas and should be compacted and dressed with top soil and then planted with species indigenous to the locality. g) The contractor shall provide all sanitary facilities (e.g. garbage collection and disposal, drinking water facilities, etc.) in construction workers' camps.

10.0 MaterialExcavation and Deposit

a) The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or burrow areas. b) The location of quarries and burrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. c) New extraction sites:

* Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural and historical sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value. * Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. * Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.

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* Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. * Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing and to avoid any unnecessary damage on other resources.

d) Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. e) Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits. f) The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. g) Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

11.0 Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention

a) To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. b) Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. c) Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. d) Revegetate the stockpiles with recommended grass species to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. e) Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. f) The contractor shall reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. g) The contractor shall collect toxic materials from construction areas and keep protected in designated sites until proper disposal. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.

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h) Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. i) Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. j) Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. k) Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 1) Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. m) Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

12.0 Water Resources Management

a) The Contractor shall, at all costs, avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. b) Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. c) Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, permission has to be obtained from relevant authorities. d) No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. e) Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses without pre treatment. f) Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface runoff shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

13. 0 Traffic Management

a) Location of access roads shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

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b) Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. c) Access roads shall be watered regularly to suppress dust emission 14.0 Disposal of Unusable Elements

a) Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client's premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. b) Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

15.0 Repair of Private Property

a) Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner's satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. b) In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.

16.0 Contractor'sEnvironment, Healthi and Safety ManagementPlan (EHS-MP)

Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works.

The Contractor's EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

a) For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.

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b) For the Client, supported where necessary by SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor's EHS performance.

The Contractor's EHS-MP shall provide at least:

* a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; * a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; * a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and * The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

The Contractor's EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor's EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

16.1. Health and Safety

a) In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. b) Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. c) Construction vehicles shall not exceed a maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

16.2. Traffic Safety

a) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

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b) The contractor shall be responsible for the safety along the roads related to the site, and he shall take all necessary precautions for the protection of the work and the safety of the public on the roads affected by his activities. c) Roads subject to interference by the work shall be kept open or suitable detours shall be provided and maintained by the contractor, who shall provide, erect, and maintain all necessary barricades, suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs. d) The contractor shall submit his weekly activities schedule and the locations of his work along the existing public roads to the authorities concerned, and obtain all necessary approvals prior to commencement of the respective work. e) At the road crossings or in heavy traffic locations, the contractor shall carry out the work within the working hours as directed by the engineer, and after the completion of the work he shall immediately make the necessary backfill and pavement at the crossings. f) The contractor shall provide temporary passes and bridges to give an access to the existing villages, houses, etc., to the satisfaction of the engineer and the authorities concerned whenever he disturbs such existing way during the execution of the works.

17.0 Reporting

The Contractor shall prepare monthly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. It is expected that the Contractor's reports will include information on:

* EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; * Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); * Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; * Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and * Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done "as soon as practicable". Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is

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advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example fornats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE's reports to the Client.

18.0 Training of Contractor'sPersonnel

The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:

* EHS in general (working procedures); * emergency procedures; and * social and cultural aspects (awareness creation).

19.0 Cost of Compliance

It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state-of-the-art as generally required under this Contract. The item "Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions" in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

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ANNEX II

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Environmental and Social Clauses (Urban Distribution)

1.0 General

a) The Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. b) The Contractor shall prepare method statements indicating the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed c) The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan/strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. d) Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer (SE) for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. Environmental protection authorities (EPA), regional environmental authorities or other relevant stakeholders may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy of rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of all works. e) The Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. f) If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. g) The Contractor will contact the proper agency for preparation of RAP, based on the RPF, where land is acquired, assets lost, or impact on livelihood occur.

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2.0 Dust Abatement

a) The contractor shall minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) During the performance of the work and any operations appurtenants thereto, the contractor shall carry out proper and efficient measures, such as sprinkling with water or other means, whenever necessary to reduce the dust nuisance, and to prevent dust which has originated from his operations from damaging crops, cultivated fields, and dwellings or causing a nuisance to persons. The contractor will be held liable for any damage resulting form dust originating from his operations.

3.0 Noise Due to ConstructionActivities

The contractor shall ensure the noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.

The national noise limit standard for the residential area in day time is 55 dB while at night is 45dB.

4.0 River, Stream and Creek Obstruction

a) The contractor shall ensure the existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels are maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. b) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers and other natural water bodies/reservoirs. c) Bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works will not be released directly into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs without prior treatment and also ensure that stagnant

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water in uncovered burrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

5.0 Protection of Archeological and HistoricalSites

a) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might be or is believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately suspend and report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. b) The contractors shall take the necessary measures for preventing that any person or equipment may damage the article or things and shall provide barricades, fences, and signals and, if necessary, protect against atmospheric agents, as directed by the engineer. Also guard service may be required by the engineer. c) The supervising engineer shall take the following measures:

* Notify the relevant department of antiquities; * Request for a representative to make a site inspection; * Cessation of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of the representative; and * Decision by the department of antiquities on possible salvage or excavation within 48-72 hours of notification.

6.0 Vegetation and Wildlife

a) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. b) The contractor shall take care, in planning, constructing, maintaining and operating temporary works such as camps, roads, spoil, stockpile and construction facilities areas, to avoid unnecessary damage to areas of particular environmental interest, such as patches of remaining forest, valuable trees and erosion sensitive areas, as well as areas in which the presence of wildlife has been noted.

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c) In case some part of a forest or single trees have to be removed, or where erosion problems that may affect some portion of the permanent or temporary works are expected, and in any case where in the engineer's opinion it is beneficial for land conservation, the contractor may be required to carry out landscaping, seeding and planting of trees, as well as executing drainages and water control works according to the prescriptions contained in the pertinent sections of these specifications. d) No valuable trees or crops shall be damaged or removed by the contractor during the execution of works without the prior consent of the engineer. e) The contractor shall avoid forest reserves as much as possible. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) The line route shall be clearly demarcated to minimize vegetation clearing and to avoid any unnecessary damage on other resources. h) Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work.

i) Hunting in the proximity of camps and facilities and in general in the project area is strictly prohibited, even if allowed by local rules or regulation in force in Ethiopia and or in the project region.

7.0 Use of Material

The contractor, in as much as possible, shall use local materials to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

8.0 Work Site/Campsite Waste Management

a. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be banded in order to contain spillage. Used oil and hydraulic fluid generated on the construction sites must be collected in a closed container and stored temporarily in a safe place and sent to an authorized recycling depot. b. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

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c. The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams, rivers, and other water supplies, at or in the vicinity of the site and shall comply with applicable laws, orders and regulations in force in the country of the works concerning the control and abatement of water pollution. d. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. e. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. f. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, for landfill and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low- lying areas and should be compacted and dressed with top soil and then planted with species indigenous to the locality. g. The contractor shall provide all sanitary facilities (e.g. garbage collection and disposal, drinking water facilities, etc.) are provided in construction workers camps

9.0 Rehabilitationand Soil Erosion Prevention

a) To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. b) The contractor shall reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. c) Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

10.0 Water Resources Management

a) No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. b) Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface runoff shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

11.0 Traffic Management

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a) Location of access roads shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environment. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. b) Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

12.0 Disposalof Unusable Elements

a) Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client's premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. b) Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

13.0 Repair of Private Property

a) Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner's satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. b) In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.

14.0 Contractor'sEnvironment, Health and Safety ManagementPlan (EHS-MP)

Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works.

The Contractor's EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

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a) For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff. b) For the Client, supported where necessary by SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor's EHS performance.

The Contractor's EHS-MP shall provide at least:

* a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; * a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; * a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from burrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and * the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

The Contractor's EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor's EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

14.1. Health and Safety

a) In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of HIV/AIDS. b) Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. c) Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

14.2. Traffic Safety

a) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

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b) The contractor shall be responsible for the safety along the roads related to the site, and shall take all necessary precautions for the protection of the work and the safety of the public on the roads affected by his activities. c) Roads subject to interference by the work shall be kept open or suitable detours shall be provided and maintained by the contractor, who shall provide, erect, and maintain all necessary barricades, suitable and sufficient flashlights, flagmen, danger signals, and signs. d) The contractor shall submit his weekly activities schedule and the locations of his work along the existing public roads to the authorities concerned, and obtain all necessary approvals prior to commencement of the respective work. e) At the road crossings or in heavy traffic locations, the contractor shall carry out the work within the working hours as directed by the engineer, and after the completion of the work he shall immediately make the necessary backfill and pavement at the crossings. f) The contractor shall provide temporary passes and bridges to give an access to the existing villages, houses, etc., to the satisfaction of the engineer and the authorities concerned whenever he disturbs such existing way during the execution of the works.

15.0 Reporting

The Contractor shall prepare monthly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. It is expected that the Contractor's reports will include information on:

* EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; * Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); * Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; * Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and * Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings.

It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done "as soon as practicable". Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is

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advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE's reports to the Client.

16.0 Training of Contractor's Personnel

The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:

* EHS in general (working procedures); * emergency procedures; and * social and cultural aspects (awareness creation on social issues).

17.0 Cost of Compliance

It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state-of-the-art as generally required under this Contract. The item "Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions" in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

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