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A Multidimensional Characterization of MUIR Backscatter Spectra Resulting from Ionospheric Heating Experiments Performed at HAARP Naseem Rayyan

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A Multidimensional Characterization of MUIR Backscatter Spectra Resulting from Ionospheric Heating Experiments Performed at HAARP Naseem Rayyan Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 3-14-2015 A Multidimensional Characterization of MUIR Backscatter Spectra Resulting from Ionospheric Heating Experiments Performed at HAARP Naseem Rayyan Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Rayyan, Naseem, "A Multidimensional Characterization of MUIR Backscatter Spectra Resulting from Ionospheric Heating Experiments Performed at HAARP" (2015). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 711. http://commons.emich.edu/theses/711 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Multidimensional Characterization of MUIR Backscatter Spectra Resulting from Ionospheric Heating Experiments Performed at HAARP by Naseem Rayyan Thesis Submitted to the Department of Physics and Astronomy Eastern Michigan University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Physics Thesis Committee: Dr. J. P. Sheerin, Ph.D., Advisor Dr. M. Thomsen, Ph.D. Dr. P. Koehn, Ph.D. March 14, 2015 Ypsilanti, Michigan Acknowledgements Thanks to everyone who helped directly or indirectly; no thanks to those who didn’t. i Abstract The results of several atmospheric heating experiments, which we performed at the HAARP facility, are presented. We sought to provide a multidimensional characterization of the various artificial ionospheric heating features by varying HF aspect angle, HF pump frequency, UHF pointing angle, and heating pulse time. Through the use of the HAARP HF array and the MUIR UHF radar, we observed cascade (LDI), collapse (cavitons), parametric decay lines (PDI), outshifted plasma lines (OPL), overshoot, and artificial field aligned irregularities (AFAI), as well as some features that have not been previously studied, for instance, the “bursty” plasma lines. Through a collaborative effort with the University of Michigan’s RAX-2 satellite, we saw that the small cubesats may be able to detect artificially produced ionospheric irregularities such as AFAI during continuous heating experiments. ii Table of Contents Section Page Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Tables list iv Figures list v 1. Introduction 1 2. Background 2.1 The Ionosphere 3 2.2 Instabilities 6 2.3 Equipment/Methodology 19 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 August 5, 2012 27 3.2 August 6, 2012 41 3.3 August 9, 2012 56 3.4 August 9, 2012b 70 3.5 August 9, 2012 RAX 81 4. Conclusion 85 5. Works Cited 88 iii List of Tables Table Page 1 Experimental parameters for Aug. 5, 2012 run for Figure 14 through Figure 24 40 2 Experimental parameters on Aug. 6, 2012 for Figure 29 through Figure 39 55 3 Experimental parameters on Aug. 9, 2012 for Figure 43 through Figure 51 69 4 Experimental parameters on Aug. 9, 2012 for Figure 54 through Figure 60 79 5 HAARP heating start/end, beam frequency, beam type and angle 81 iv List of Figures Figure Page 1 Layers of Ionosphere and their electron density 3 2 Ion concentrations in atmosphere 5 3 Three wave interaction where the original EM wave decays into an ion acoustic wave and a Langmuir wave 6 4 An electromagnetic wave decaying into an ion acoustic wave and its corresponding Langmuir wave 8 5 Langmuir decay cascade graphical construction for frequencies and wave numbers 8 6 Up and Down shifted cascades from the original ion line as a function of height 9 7 Coex spectrum showing both outshifted plasma line, cascade feature, and faint collapse feature. Pulse of HF pump frequency of 4.04MHz 11 8 Intensity vs. frequency plot of the cascade, collapse, coex, and OPL features 12 9 Regions for observation of collapse, coex, and cascade spectra 12 10 Ray tracing diagram of HF waves of varying incidence angles into horizontally uniform ionosphere 16 11 Calculated value of the mismatch parameter, Ω, at the turning point as a function of the angle between the vertical and the line of sight 17 12 Radio wave reflection based on frequency 21 13 Sample Ionogram from HAARP's Digisonde 22 14 Setup of HAARP MUIR system heating and measuring ionosphere 24 v Figure Page 15 Diagram of HAARP-RAX collaboration experiment 26 16 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 7°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 27 17 Digisonde Ionogram from Aug. 5, 2012 at 23:35:00 28 18 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 7°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 29 19 Select pulse from Figure 16- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 7°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 30 20 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 31 21 Select pulse from Figure 18- MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 32 22 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 33 23 Select pulse from Figure 20- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 12° 34 24 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 15° 35 25 Select pulse from Figure 22- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 15° 36 26 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 15°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 15° 37 27 Select pulse from Figure 24- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 15°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 15° 38 28 Select pulse from Figure 24- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 15°, 5.6 MHz, UHF 15° illustrating cascade feature. 39 29 Comparison of select pulses from Figure 14 through Figure 24 41 30 Digisonde ionogram from Aug. 6, 2012 at 00:10:00 42 vi Figure Page 31 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 7°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 43 32 Select pulse from Figure 29- MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 7°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 44 33 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 7°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 45 34 Select pulse from Figure 31- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 7°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 46 35 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 47 36 Select pulse from Figure 33- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 12° 48 37 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 15° 49 38 Select pulse from Figure 35- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 15° 50 39 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 15° 51 40 Select pulse from Figure 37- MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 6.4 MHz, UHF 15° 52 41 MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 53 42 Select pulse from Figure 39- MUIR scatter return 100 ms ON/11.900 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 54 43 Comparison of select pulses from Figure 29 through Figure 39 55 44 Digisonde Ionogram from Aug. 9, 2012 at 00:00:00 56 45 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 57 vii Figure Page 46 Select pulse from Figure 43- MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 58 47 MUIR scatter return 120 ms ON/11.880 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 59 48 Select pulse from Figure 45- MUIR scatter return 120 ms ON/11.880 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 60 49 MUIR scatter return 250 ms ON/11.750 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 61 50 Select pulse from Figure 47- MUIR scatter return 250 ms ON/11.750 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 62 51 MUIR scatter return 500 ms ON/11.500 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 63 52 Digisonde Ionogram from Aug. 9, 2012 at 00:30:24 64 53 Digisonde Ionogram from Aug. 9, 2012 at 00:30:36 65 54 Select pulse from Figure 49- MUIR scatter return 500 ms ON/11.500 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 66 55 MUIR scatter return 1000 ms ON/10.000 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 67 56 Select pulse from Figure 51- MUIR scatter return 1000 ms ON/10.000 s OFF, HF 12°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 68 57 Comparison of select pulses from Figure 43 through Figure 51 69 58 MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 71 59 Select pulse from Figure 54- MUIR scatter return 60 ms ON/11.940 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 72 60 MUIR scatter return 120 ms ON/11.880 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 73 viii Figure Page 61 Select pulse from Figure 56- MUIR scatter return 120 ms ON/11.880 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 74 62 MUIR scatter return 250 ms ON/11.750 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 75 63 Select pulse from Figure 58- MUIR scatter return 250 ms ON/11.750 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 76 64 MUIR scatter return 500 ms ON/11.500 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 77 65 Select pulse from Figure 60- MUIR scatter return 500 ms ON/11.500 s OFF, HF 15°, 4.8 MHz, UHF 15° 78 66 Comparison of select pulses from Figure 54 through Figure 60 79 67 Comparison of select pulses from 12° (top) and 15° (bottom) HF angles.
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