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NATIONAL ACADEMIES of SCIENCES and ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA UNITED STATES NATIONAL i NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED STATES NATIONAL COMMITTEE International Union of Radio Science National Radio Science Meeting 5 - 8 January 2005 Sponsored by USNC/URSI University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado USA United States National Committee International Union of Radio Science ABSTRACTS National Radio Science Meeting 5-8 January 2005 University of Colorado, Boulder Sponsored by USNC/URSI Table of Contents Session Page No. Session Page No. Membership Information ..... iii F/Jl .................... 207 Description of URSI ......... iv Gl ..................... 219 Plenary Session ............. G2 ..................... 229 Al ....................... 1 G3 ..................... 241 A2 ...................... 13 G4 ..................... 253 Bl ...................... 19 Hl ..................... 263 B2 ...................... 29 H2 ..................... 271 B3 ...................... 39 H3 ..................... 279 B4 ...................... 49 H4 ..................... 287 BS ...................... 57 HS ..................... 295 B6 ...................... 65 H/Gl ................... 305 B7 ...................... 73 H/G2 ................... 313 BS ...................... 83 H/G3 ........... : ....... 321 B9 ...................... 97 H/G4 ................... 333 B/Dl ................... 107 H/GS ................... 343 Cl ..................... 113 H/G6 ................... 349 Dl ..................... 119 H/G7 ................... 361 D2 ..................... 127 H/G8 ................... 371 El ..................... 135 H/G9 ................... 377 E2 ..................... 143 Jl ...................... 387 Fl. ..................... 151 ]2 ...................... 401 F2 ...................... 163 ]3 ...................... 415 F3 ...................... 171 J4 ...................... 429 F4 ...................... 179 ]5 ...................... 439 F5 ...................... 187 Kl ..................... 453 F6 ...................... 195 Index ................... 465 ii Membership United States National Committee INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RADIO SCIENCE Chair: Umran S. lnan* Secretary & Chair-Elect: Piergiorgio LE. Uslenghi* Immediate Past Chair: Gary S. Brown* Members Representing Societies, Groups, and Institutes: American Astronomical Society: Thomas G. Phillips American Geophysical Union: Donald T. Farley American Meteorological Society: Dusan S. Zrnic IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society: Linda P.B. Katehi IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Society: Roger Lang IEEE Microwave Theory and ,I Techniques Society: Arthur A. Oliner Members-at-Large Amalia Barrios J. Richard Fisher Anthony C. Frasier-Smith Melinda Picket-May Ronald Pogorzelski Michael S. Shur Yahya Rahmit-Samii Richard Ziolkowski Chairs of the USNC-URSI Commissions: Commission A William A. Davis Commission B Ronald Pogorzelski Commission C Jeffrey Kralik Commission D Samir M. El Ghazaly Commission E Ira Kohlberg Commission F Kenneth Anderson Commission G Anthea Coster Commission H Gurudas Ganguli Commission J John Carlstrom Commission K Om Gandhi Officers, Chairs and Vice Chairs of Commissions of URSI residing in the United States URSI Honorary President William E. Gordon Vice Chair, URSI Chalmers Butler Chair, Commission A Quirino Balzano Chair, Commission C A. F. Molisch Chair, Commission H Umran S. lnan *Member ofUSNC/URSI Executive Committee iii Description of the International Union of Radio Science The International Union of Radio Science is one of the world scientific unions organized under the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). It is commonly designated as URSI from its French name, Union Radio Scientifique Internationale. Its aims are (1) to promote the scientific study of radio communications, (2) to aid and organize radio research requiring cooperation on an international scale and to encourage the dis­ cussion and publication of the results, (3) to facilitate agreement upon com­ mon methods of measurement and the standardization of measuring instru­ ments, and ( 4) to stimulate and to coordinate studies of the scientific aspects of telecommunications using electromagnetic waves, guided and unguided. The International Union itself is an organizational framework to aid in promoting these objectives. The actual technical work is largely done by the National Committee in the various countries. The officers of the International Union are: President: Kristian Schlegel (Germany) Past President: Hiroshi Matsumoto (Japan) Vice Presidents: Chalmers M. Butler (USA) Frarn;:ois Lefeuvre (France) ("URSI Exposure" Officer) Andrzej W. Wernik (Poland) (Treasurer) Paul H. Wittke (Canada) Secretary-General: Paul Lagasse (Belgium) Assistant Secretary-General: Frank Olyslager (Belgium) Assistant Secretary General (Publications): W. Ross Stone (USA) Administrative Assistant: Inge Heleu (Belgium) The Secretary-General's office and the headquarters of the organization are located at Avenue Albert Lancaster, 32, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. The Union is supported by contributions (dues) from 38 member countries. Additional funds for symposia and other scientific activities of the Union are provided by ICSU from contributions received for this purpose from UNESCO. The International Union, as of the XXVlth General Assembly held in Maastricht, Netherlands, August 2002, has ten bodies called Commissions for centralizing studies in principal fields. Every three years the International Union holds a meeting called the General Assembly. The next is the XXVIlth, to be held in New Dehli, India, 23-29 October, 2005. The Secretariat prepares and distributes the Proceedings of the General Assemblies. The International Union arranges international symposia on specific subjects pertaining to the work of one or several Commissions and also cooperates with other Unions in internation­ al symposia on subjects of joint interest. iv Radio is unique among the fields of scientific work in having a specific adaptability to large-scale international research programs, since many of the phenomena that must be studied are worldwide in extent and yet are in a measure subject to control by experimenters. Exploration of space and the extension of scientific observations to the space environment are depend­ ent on radio for their research. One branch, radio astronomy, involves cos­ mic phenomena, URSI thus has a distinct field of usefulness in furnishing a meeting ground for the numerous workers in the manifold aspects of radio research; its meetings and committee activities furnish valuable means of promoting research through exchange of ideas. Steering Committee: P.L.E. Uslenghi, University of Illinois at Chicago K. Grosland, CU Conference Services, University of Colorado Julie Mckie, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Technical Program Committee: U. lnan, Chair P. Uslenghi, Secretary S. Reising, Student Paper Competition (A) W. Davis (F) K. Anderson (B) R. Pogorzelski (G) A. Coster (C) J. Kralik (H) G. Ganguli (D) S. Ghazaly (J) J. Carlstrom (E) I. Kohlberg (K) 0. Gandhi V Plenary Plenary Session, 9:00--Thurs. APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES IN MEDICINE M.A. Stuchly, N. Engheta vii Plenary Plenary-I APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES IN MEDICINE Stuchly, M.A. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Vic­ toria, BC, Canada Applications of radiofrequency and microwave fields in medicine are not new, but recent advances in computer modeling, component fabrication and decrease in cost have resulted in new and old ideas coming to fruition. The non-ionizing nature of this part of the electromagnetic spectrum makes it particularly attractive for diagnostic applications. On the other hand, heating, the well-known interaction with biological tissues, enables some therapeutic uses. Because of the heterogeneous electrical properties of the human body and irregular shapes, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) is extensively employed to model interactions of fields with tissues and to design effective devices. The finite element method (FEM) is also used, although less popular, as most human body models consist of cubic voxels, and are thus directly compatible with FDTD. One of the most promising diagnostic methods is the breast cancer detec­ tion. This application is based on differences in electrical properties between a healthy and diseased tissue. Two approaches have been explored, a classi­ cal tomography, and a wideband radar-based technique. Tomography provides complete maps of tissue properties and involves the solution of inverse scatter­ ing problems, which are not unique; furthermore, the wave penetration depth limits resolution. Despite these inherent difficulties, promising results have been reported and there is at least one system in clinical trials in the USA. The radar-based approach considers illumination of the breast with ultra­ wideband pulses, typically from 0.5 to 15 GHz, from several antenna locations and observation of the scattered returns by the same antenna. The critical issues involve processing of the return signals to ensure coherent addition of these returns from the same tissue location for different antenna positions. In practical implementations of this approach, the system operates in the fre­ quency domain with wide range of frequencies, and the data are converted into the time domain in post processing. Excellent results promising detection of sub-millimeter tumors have been reported by two research groups. Several highly successful
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