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NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED STATES NATIONAL COMMITTEE International Union of Radio Science National Radio Science Meeting 5 - 8 January 2004 Sponsored by USNC/URSI University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Colorado USA I ( ·r____________ _ '--------------------------~ United States National Committee International Union of Radio Science ABSTRACTS National Radio Science Meeting 5-8 January 2004 University of Colorado at Boulder Sponsored by USNC/URSI Table of Contents Session Page No. Session Page No. Membership Information ...... iii Gl ...................... 185 Description of URSI ......... iv 02 ...................... 197 Plenary Session ............. vii 03 ...................... 207 Al ........................ 1 04 ...................... 219 A2 ........................ 7 GS ...................... 229 Bl ....................... 13 G/Hl .................... 237 B2 ....................... 25 G/H2 .................... 249 B3 ....................... 35 Hl ...................... 259 B4 ....................... 47 H2 ...................... 271 BS ....................... 53 H3 ...................... 279 B6 ....................... 61 H4 ...................... 293 Cl ....................... 73 HS ...................... 305 C2 ....................... 81 H6 ...................... 319 Dl ....................... 93 Jl ....................... 329 D2 ...................... 103 J2 ....................... 341 D/Bl .................... 109 J3 ....................... 351 El. ...................... 119 J4 ....................... 361 Fl ....................... 131 JS ....................... 373 F2 ....................... 139 J6 ....................... 381 F3 ....................... 147 B/Kl ..................... 393 F4 ....................... 155 Index .................... 405 FS ....................... 163 F6 ....................... 171 F7 ....................... 179 ii Membership United States National Committee INTERNATIONAL UNION OF RADIO SCIENCE Chair: Umran S. Inan* Secretary & Chair-Elect: Piergiorgio LE. Uslenghi* Immediate Past Chair: Gary S. Brown* Members Representing Societies, Groups, and Institutes: American Astronomical Society: Thomas G. Phillips American Geophysical Union: Donald T. Farley American Meteorological Society: Dusan S. Zmic IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society: Linda P.B. Katehi IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Society: Roger Lang IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society: Arthur A. Oliner Members-at-Large Amalia Barrios J. Richard Fisher Anthony C. Frasier-Smith Melinda Picket-May Ronald Pogorzelski Michael S. Shur Yahya Rahmit-Samii Richard Ziolkowski Chairs of the USNC-URSI Commissions: Commission A William A. Davis Commission B Ronald Pogorzelski Commission C Jeffrey Krolik Commission D Samir M. El Ghazaly Commission E Ira Kohlberg Commission F Kenneth Anderson Commission G Anthea Coster Commission H Gurudas Ganguli Commission J John Carlstrom Commission K Om Gandhi Officers, Chairs and Vice Chairs of Commissions of URSI residing in the United States URSI Honorary President William E. Gordon Vice Chair, URSI Chalmers Butler Chair, Commission A Quirino Balzano Chair, Commission C A. E Molisch Chair, Commission H Umran S. Inan *Member of USNC/URSI Executive Committee iii Description of the International Union of Radio Science The International Union of Radio Science is one of the world scientific unions organized under the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). It is commonly designated as URSI from its French name, Union Radio Scientifique Internationale. Its aims are (1) to promote the scientific study of radio communications, (2) to aid and organize radio research requiring cooperation on an international scale and to encourage the dis­ cussion and publication of the results, (3) to facilitate agreement upon com­ mon methods of measurement and the standardization of measuring instru­ ments, and ( 4) to stimulate and to coordinate studies of the scientific aspects of telecommunications using electromagnetic waves, guided and unguided. The International Union itself is an organizational framework to aid in promoting these objectives. The actual technical work is largely done by the National Committee in the various countries. The new officers of the International Union are: President: Kristian Schlegel (Germany) Past President: Hiroshi Matsumoto (Japan) Vice Presidents: Chalmers M. Butler (USA) Frarn,;ois Lefeuvre (France) ("URSI Exposure" Officer) Andrzej W. Wernik (Poland) (Treasurer) Paul H. Wittke (Canada) Secretary-General: Paul Lagasse (Belgium) Assistant Secretary-General: Frank Olyslager (Belgium) Assistant Secretary General (Publications): W. Ross Stone (USA) Administrative Assistant: Inge Heleu (Belgium) The Secretary-General's office and the headquarters of the organization are located at Avenue Albert Lancaster, 32, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. The Union is supported by contributions (dues) from 38 member countries. Additional funds for symposia and other scientific activities of the Union are provided by ICSU from contributions received for this purpose from UNESCO. The International Union, as of the XXVlth General Assembly held in Maastricht, Netherlands, August 2002, has ten bodies called Commissions for centralizing studies in principal fields. Every three years the International Union holds a meeting called the General Assembly. The next is the XXVIlth, to be held in New Dehli, India, 23-29 October, 2005. The Secretariat prepares and distributes the Proceedings of the General Assemblies. The International Union arranges international symposia on specific subjects pertaining to the work of one or several Commissions and also cooperates with other Unions in internation­ al symposia on subjects of joint interest. iv Radio is unique among the fields of scientific work in having a specific adaptability to large-scale international research programs, since many of the phenomena that must be studied are worldwide in extent and yet are in a measure subject to control by experimenters. Exploration of space and the extension of scientific observations to the space environment are depend­ ent on radio for their research. One branch, radio astronomy, involves cos­ mic phenomena, URSI thus has a distinct field of usefulness in furnishing a meeting ground for the numerous workers in the manifold aspects of radio research; its meetings and committee activities furnish valuable means of promoting research through exchange of ideas. Steering Committee: P.L.E. Uslenghi, University of Illinois at Chicago K. Grosland, Office of Conference Services, University of Colorado K. Zellers, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Technical Program Committee: U. lnan, Chair P. Uslenghi, Secretary S. Reising, Student Paper Competition (A) W. Davis (F) K. Anderson (B) R. Pogorzelski (G) A. Coster (C) J. Krolik (H) G. Ganguli (D) S. Ghazaly (J) J. Carlstrom (E) I. Kohlberg (K) 0. Gandhi V Plenary Session, 9:00--Tues. I : PLENARY ' I Chairpersons: U. lnan and S. Reising ! ' vii Plenary Plenary-I NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONICS R. J. Trew ECE Department North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695 The world is experiencing rapid advancement and progress in the ability to design and fabricate mechanical and electronic structures and devices with nanoscale dimensions. This ability stems from parallel advances in materials growth technology, patterning techniques, imaging and manipulation capability, and advances in characterization and testing. When taken together, these techniques form the basis for designing and fabri­ cating electronic devices and structures with atomic level control. Nanotechnology permits the realization of new devices and structures with performance potentially far exceeding that available from current systems and will keep electronic device per­ formance on Moore's Law. Materials research on the nano-scale offers the potential to produce materials that do not exist in nature, and with idealized and optimum proper­ ties, while parallel effort in nano-electronics presents the opportunity to fabricate devices and circuits with orders of magnitude increase in performance compared to present devices. Recent breakthroughs provide evidence of potential success. This effort is expected to provide the basis for the next worldwide economic boom, and these advances will affect a wide variety of applications, including wireless technolo­ gies for both commercial and military systems. Current trends in nanoelectronics are discussed, attractive approaches identified, and recent advances presented. ix Plenary-2 FUTURE DETECTOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR RADIO ASTRONOMY Jonas Zmuidzinas Professor of Physics G. W. Downs Laboratory Caltech, 320-47 Pasadena CA 91125 Superconducting detectors are poised to play a key role in millimeter and submillime­ ter astrophysics. Superconducting devices have been used in radio astronomy for over two decades now in heterodyne receivers using SIS mixers. Such mixers offer unsur­ passed sensitivity in the 100-1200 GHz frequency range, and are a key technology for the ALMA interferometer now being built in Chile as well as the HIFI instrument for the Herschel Space Observatory, to be launched in 2007. In the future, a variety of new superconducting detector technologies will be brought forward, especially for direct detection, such as Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers, SQUID multiplexers, and kinetic inductance detectors. These
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