DOCSLIB.ORG

Anglo-Saxons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxon Britain was divided and ruled very differently to the way we know now. By 556, Britain was divided into 7 Kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex and East Anglia. Each was ruled by a different king. They fought to defend their kingdom or take control of other Anglo- kingdoms. Saxon By AD 878, there was just one kingdom left Britain (Wessex) as the others had been overrun by the Vikings. The death of Edward the Confessor, who had no heir, led to the Battle of Hastings and a new era in British history. Timeline of Anglo-Saxon Britain Anglo-Saxons raid English shores and are Chelmsford during the Anglo-Saxon era 350 beaten back by the Romans. The word Essex originates from Anglo- Romans leave England and English shores are 410 Saxon times, deriving from the Old unprotected. English name ‘Eastseaxe’ meaning East 449- Arrival of Jutes from Jutland, Angles from Saxons. 550 South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany. 556 Seven kingdoms are created across Britain. St Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from 597 Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. 793 Viking raid on Lindisfarne. Ecgberth became king of Wessex, which became 802 the most powerful of the Saxon kingdoms. In 2017, coins dating back to 620-640AD were discovered in a field in Chelmsford. The other 6 kings swore an allegiance to 827 Ecgberth and he became the first true king of a The coins are now worth approximately united England. £10,000. 860s & Viking invasions. All kingdoms except Wessex An Anglo-Saxon burial ground with over 870s taken over by Vikings. 250 graves was discovered in Springfield. England united under King Elred after the A range of jewellery and belt buckles were 954 defeat of Eric Bloodaxe, the Viking ruler of discovered in the graves as well as York by the Wessex army. weapons, pottery and buckets. It is Death of Edward the Confessor - end of the believed the cemetery dates back to 1066 Anglo-Saxon era. c. 450-700AD. Electricity Electrical energy is caused by electrons (the particles in atoms) moving about to make a current. Electricity can be created in a variety of ways: burning fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal); using wind power; using solar power from the Sun and using water power (sometimes called hydropower). Electricity is transported to our homes, schools and places of work through wires and cables. It can also be stored in batteries (sometimes called cells). Circuits need to be complete for them to work Components of a circuit and their properly. Circuits that are not complete will not symbols. These symbols can be used work because the electricity cannot travel around to create electrical circuit diagrams. them properly. You can change the way the components in a circuit Vocabulary work by increasing/reducing the voltage. You can circuit - a path that an electrical also increase /decrease the resistance by adding/ current can flow around removing components or changing from series to symbol - a visual picture that stands for parallel and vice versa. something else Circuits can be cell/battery - a device that stores made in series or energy as a chemical until it is needed. A parallel. cell is a single unit. A battery is a collection of cells. In a series circuit, the components are current - the flow of electrons, connected end-to- measured in amps. end, one after the amps - how electric current is measured. other. voltage - the force that makes the In a parallel circuit, electric current move through the wires. the components are The greater the voltage, the more connected side by current will flow. side and the current has a choice resistance - the difficulty that the of routes (paths). electric current has when flowing around a circuit. electrons - very small particles that travel around an electrical circuit. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wayneflete Tower, Esher, Surrey
    Wessex Archaeology Wayneflete Tower, Esher, Surrey. Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Ref: 59472.01 March 2006 Wayneflete Tower, Esher, Surrey Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Prepared on behalf of Videotext Communications Ltd 49 Goldhawk Road LONDON SW1 8QP By Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB Report reference: 59472.01 March 2006 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2006, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Contents Summary Acknowledgements 1 BACKGROUND..................................................................................................5 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................5 1.2 Description of the Site................................................................................5 1.3 Historical Background...............................................................................5 1.4 Previous Archaeological Work ...............................................................12 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES...............................................................................13 3 METHODS.........................................................................................................14 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................14 3.2 Dendrochronological Survey...................................................................14 3.3 Geophysical Survey..................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Viking Wirral … and the Battle of Brunanburh Professor Steve Harding
    Viking Wirral … and the Battle of Brunanburh Professor Steve Harding Neil Oliver, “History of Scotland” BBC2, 2009 “ The many armies, tens of thousands of warriors clashed at the site known as Brunanburh where the Mersey Estuary enters the sea . For decades afterwards it was simply known called the Great Battle. This was the mother of all dark-age bloodbaths and would define the shape of Britain into the modern era. Althouggg,h Athelstan emerged victorious, the resistance of the northern alliance had put an end to his dream of conquering the whole of Britain. This had been a battle for Britain, one of the most important battles in British historyyy and yet today ypp few people have even heard of it. 937 doesn’t quite have the ring of 1066 and yet Brunanburh was about much more than blood and conquest. This was a showdown between two very different ethnic identities – a Norse-Celtic alliance versus Anglo-Saxon. It aimed to settle once and for all whether Britain would be controlled by a single Imperial power or remain several separate kingdoms. A split in perceptions which, like it or not, is still with us today”. Some of the people who’ve been trying to sort it out Nic k Hig ham Pau l Cav ill Mic hae l Woo d John McNeal Dodgson 1928-1990 Plan •Background of Brunanburh • Evidence for Wirral location for the battle • If it did happen in Wirra l, w here is a like ly site for the battle • Consequences of the Battle for Wirral – and Britain Background of Brunanburh “Cherchez la Femme!” Ann Anderson (1964) The Story of Bromborough •TheThe Viking
    [Show full text]
  • Wessex and the Reign of Edmund Ii Ironside
    Chapter 16 Wessex and the Reign of Edmund ii Ironside David McDermott Edmund Ironside, the eldest surviving son of Æthelred ii (‘the Unready’), is an often overlooked political figure. This results primarily from the brevity of his reign, which lasted approximately seven months, from 23 April to 30 November 1016. It could also be said that Edmund’s legacy compares unfavourably with those of his forebears. Unlike other Anglo-Saxon Kings of England whose lon- ger reigns and periods of uninterrupted peace gave them opportunities to leg- islate, renovate the currency or reform the Church, Edmund’s brief rule was dominated by the need to quell initial domestic opposition to his rule, and prevent a determined foreign adversary seizing the throne. Edmund conduct- ed his kingship under demanding circumstances and for his resolute, indefati- gable and mostly successful resistance to Cnut, his career deserves to be dis- cussed and his successes acknowledged. Before discussing the importance of Wessex for Edmund Ironside, it is con- structive, at this stage, to clarify what is meant by ‘Wessex’. It is also fitting to use the definition of the region provided by Barbara Yorke. The core shires of Wessex may be reliably regarded as Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire, Berk- shire and Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight).1 Following the victory of the West Saxon King Ecgbert at the battle of Ellendun (Wroughton, Wilts.) in 835, the borders of Wessex expanded, with the counties of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Essex passing from Mercian to West Saxon control.2 Wessex was not the only region with which Edmund was associated, and nor was he the only king from the royal House of Wessex with connections to other regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Demo Version
    Æbucurnig Dynbær Edinburgh Coldingham c. 638 to Northumbria 8. England and Wales GODODDIN HOLY ISLAND Lindisfarne Tuidi Bebbanburg about 600 Old Melrose Ad Gefring Anglo-Saxon Kingdom NORTH CHANNEL of Northumbria BERNICIA STRATHCLYDE 633 under overlordship Buthcæster Corebricg Gyruum * of Northumbria æt Rægeheafde Mote of Mark Tyne Anglo-Saxon Kingdom Caerluel of Mercia Wear Luce Solway Firth Bay NORTHHYMBRA RICE Other Anglo-Saxon united about 604 Kingdoms Streonæshalch RHEGED Tese Cetreht British kingdoms MANAW Hefresham c 624–33 to Northumbria Rye MYRCNA Tribes DEIRA Ilecliue Eoforwic NORTH IRISH Aire Rippel ELMET Ouse SEA SEA 627 to Northumbria æt Bearwe Humbre c 627 to Northumbria Trent Ouestræfeld LINDESEGE c 624–33 to Northumbria TEGEINGL Gæignesburh Rhuddlan Mærse PEC- c 600 Dublin MÔN HOLY ISLAND Llanfaes Deganwy c 627 to Northumbria SÆTE to Mercia Lindcylene RHOS Saint Legaceaster Bangor Asaph Cair Segeint to Badecarnwiellon GWYNEDD WREOCAN- IRELAND Caernarvon SÆTE Bay DUNODING MIERCNA RICE Rapendun The Wash c 700 to Mercia * Usa NORTHFOLC Byrtun Elmham MEIRIONNYDD MYRCNA Northwic Cardigan Rochecestre Liccidfeld Stanford Walle TOMSÆTE MIDDIL Bay POWYS Medeshamstede Tamoworthig Ligoraceaster EAST ENGLA RICE Sæfern PENCERSÆTE WATLING STREET ENGLA * WALES MAGON- Theodford Llanbadarn Fawr GWERTH-MAELIENYDD Dommoceaster (?) RYNION RICE SÆTE Huntandun SUTHFOLC Hamtun c 656 to Mercia Beodericsworth CEREDIGION Weogornaceaster Bedanford Grantanbrycg BUELLT ELFAEL HECANAS Persore Tovecestre Headleage Rendlæsham Eofeshamm + Hereford c 600 GipeswicSutton Hoo EUIAS Wincelcumb to Mercia EAST PEBIDIOG ERGING Buccingahamm Sture mutha Saint Davids BRYCHEINIOG Gleawanceaster HWICCE Heorotford SEAXNA SAINT GEORGE’SSaint CHANNEL DYFED 577 to Wessex Ægelesburg * Brides GWENT 628 to Mercia Wæclingaceaster Hetfelle RICE Ythancæstir Llanddowror Waltham Bay Cirenceaster Dorchecestre GLYWYSING Caerwent Wealingaford WÆCLINGAS c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Physical Evolution of the North Avon Levels a Review and Summary of the Archaeological Implications
    The Physical Evolution of the North Avon Levels a Review and Summary of the Archaeological Implications By Michael J. Allen and Robert G. Scaife The Physical Evolution of the North Avon Levels: a Review and Summary of the Archaeological Implications by Michael J. Allen and Robert G. Scaife with contributions from J.R.L. Allen, Nigel G. Cameron, Alan J. Clapham, Rowena Gale, and Mark Robinson with an introduction by Julie Gardiner Wessex Archaeology Internet Reports Published 2010 by Wessex Archaeology Ltd Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, SP4 6EB http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/ Copyright © Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2010 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Contents List of Figures List of Plates List of Tables Editor’s Introduction, by Julie Gardiner .......................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION The Severn Levels ............................................................................................................................ 5 The Wentlooge Formation ............................................................................................................... 5 The Avon Levels .............................................................................................................................. 6 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 7 THE INVESTIGATIONS The research/fieldwork: methods of investigation ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Northumbria University Northumbria University CASE STUDY
    Northumbria University STUDY CASE Northumbria University has two a million visitors each year and large city-based campuses in renowned for its buzzing nightlife. Newcastle and uses SafeZone Given the university’s city-centre locations, alerts are typically from as part of its integrated users worried about suspicious approach to help promote people or feeling threatened. and assure student and staff SafeZone enables the Northumbria safety within this busy urban security team to intervene more SafeZoneApp.com environment. quickly, to offer support, and to prevent incidents from escalating. “SafeZone allows us to SafeZone has also helped save lives Northumbria University is home to respond more quickly and by accelerating first-aid support to almost 32,000 students and staff and victims suffering from cardiac arrest, in many cases to prevent was the first university in Europe to stroke, severe choking or an extreme incidents from escalating. adopt SafeZone®. The service is now allergic reaction. used across all its Newcastle facilities, Northumbria’s commitment central London campus and a new to safety and security is recently announced Amsterdam site. also helping us to recruit SafeZone is an essential element in more overseas students Northumbria’s integrated approach to security that includes the university who are increasingly having its own dedicated crime being drawn towards prevention team and full-time Newcastle and our city- police officer. based campuses,” Newcastle is one of the UK’s liveliest JOHN ANDERSON cities, attracting over a quarter of Head of Security at Northumbria University, Newcastle SafeZone solution Benefits and outcomes Northumbria University has an active in their profile.
    [Show full text]
  • Counting Sleep? Critical Reflections on a UK National Sleep Strategy
    Northumbria Research Link Citation: Meadows, Robert, Nettleton, Sarah, Hine, Christine and Ellis, Jason (2021) Counting sleep? Critical reflections on a UK national sleep strategy. Critical Public Health, 31 (4). pp. 494-499. ISSN 0958-1596 Published by: Taylor & Francis URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1744525 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1744525> This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/46010/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher’s website (a subscription may be required.) Counting Sleep? Critical reflections on a UK national sleep strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Aethelflaed: History and Legend
    Quidditas Volume 34 Article 2 2013 Aethelflaed: History and Legend Kim Klimek Metropolitan State University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Klimek, Kim (2013) "Aethelflaed: History and Legend," Quidditas: Vol. 34 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol34/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Quidditas 34 (2013) 11 Aethelflaed: History and Legend Kim Klimek Metropolitan State University of Denver This paper examines the place of Aethelflaed, Queen of the Mercians, in the written historical record. Looking at works like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish Annals, we find a woman whose rule acted as both a complement to and a corruption against the consolidations of Alfred the Great and Edward’s rule in Anglo-Saxon England. The alternative histories written by the Mercians and the Celtic areas of Ireland and Wales show us an alternative view to the colonization and solidification of West-Saxon rule. Introduction Aethelflaed, Queen and Lady of the Mercians, ruled the Anglo-Sax- on kingdom of Mercia from 911–918. Despite the deaths of both her husband and father and increasing Danish invasions into Anglo- Saxon territory, Aethelflaed not only held her territory but expanded it. She was a warrior queen whose Mercian army followed her west to fight the Welsh and north to attack the Danes.
    [Show full text]
  • English Legal History Mon., 13 Sep
    Outline--English Legal History Mon., 13 Sep. Page 1 ANGLO-SAXON CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY IN BRIEF SOURCES 1. Narrative history: Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede died 735); the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle (late 9th to mid-12th centuries); Gildas, On the Downfall and Conquest of Britain (1st half of 6th century). 2. The so-called “law codes,” beginning with Æthelberht (c. 600) and going right up through Cnut (d. 1035). 3. Language and literature: Beowulf, lyric poetry, translations of pieces of the Bible, sermons, saints’ lives, medical treatises, riddles, prayers 4. Place-names; geographical features 5. Coins 6. Art and archaeology 7. Charters BASIC CHRONOLOGY 1. The main chronological periods (Mats. p. II–1): ?450–600 — The invasions to Æthelberht of Kent Outline--English Legal History Mon., 13 Sep. Page 2 600–835 — (A healthy chunk of time here; the same amount of time that the United States has been in existence.) The period of the Heptarchy—overlordships moving from Northumbria to Mercia to Wessex. 835–924 — The Danish Invasions. 924–1066 — The kingdom of England ending with the Norman Conquest. 2. The period of the invasions (Bede on the origins of the English settlers) (Mats. p. II–1), 450–600 They came from three very powerful nations of the Germans, namely the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes. From the stock of the Jutes are the people of Kent and the people of Wight, that is, the race which holds the Isle of Wight, and that which in the province of the West Saxons is to this day called the nation of the Jutes, situated opposite that same Isle of Wight.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Fish Weirs on the Mid-Tidal Reaches of the Severn River (Ashleworth-Arlingham)
    GLEVENSIS 42 2009 MEDIEVAL FISH WEIRS ON THE MID-TIDAL REACHES OF THE SEVERN RIVER (ASHLEWORTH-ARLINGHAM) Terry Moore-Scott INTRODUCTION in and around Gloucester, together with the archaeological evidence that has started to become It is not always appreciated how important a food- available (albeit not from this particular area), has not source fish was in medieval times.This was especially been addressed under one cover. This article is so because the church forbade the eating of meat therefore an attempt to draw together available during the 6 weeks of Lent and on all Fridays, as well information on the subject into a single overview. It as on other important festivals during the church year. looks at terminology encountered in the record, weir In coastal areas sea fish were caught and fishing was construction and regulation over the centuries and at a major activity near large rivers, pools and lakes. the archaeological evidence and ends with a summary Fishponds were created for breeding or as stock of weir-related information for each river-side parish ponds holding fish until they were needed. The studied. Severn in particular was a rich source of fish, notably salmon, lamprey, lampern, eels and shad (a kind of RELEVANT TERMINOLOGY herring). Various methods were employed for catching fish including basket traps, nets and Weir: From O.E. wera, in this context meaning a spearing. But on the river, no less important was the fixed structure of timber stakes and wattle hedging use made of constructed fish weirs (or "fixed engines" projecting out into or across a river to catch fish.
    [Show full text]
  • The Romans and York
    FACTSHEET 20 THE ROMANS AND YORK The Foundation of York Much of southern and eastern Britain had been The Romans are generally thought to have conquered by this time but Eboracum was to be founded the city of York, but it is possible that the main headquarters for the troops who were there was a native Celtic settlement here before trying to conquer the rest. It was defended by they arrived. The name that the Romans gave the two rivers and could be supplied by sea because site was Eboracum, which, to them, meant “Place it was possible to bring large vessels up the Ouse. of the wild boar”, but this is possibly a Later, the defences were strengthened by misunderstanding of an original Celtic name Govenor Agricola, but it was not until early in the meaning “Eburo’s place.” What is certain is that second century that the timber palisade was re‐ in AD 71 the Emperor Vespasian sent a new built in stone by the Sixth Legion. (Precisely what military governor to Britain, Petillius Cerialis, with happened to the Ninth has always been some‐ instructions to subdue the Brigantines, a thing of a mystery). These defences were again powerful tribe occupying much of what is now reconstructed in about AD 200. The final northern England. The Queen of the Brigantines, developments occurred about a century later Cartimundia, was facing rebellion led by her when most of the defences were remodelled. husband Venutius. The Romans took advantage This was when the great multiangular corner of the situation by intervening in order to tower, still visible in the Museum Gardens, was gain overall control.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglo-Saxons
    The Anglo-Saxons “In the case of the king, the resources and tools with which to rule are that he have his land fully manned: he must have praying men, fighting men and working men. You know also that without these tools no king may make his ability known.” King Alfred’s digressions in his translation of Boethius’s “Consolation of Philosophy” This module includes the following topics: ❖ Anglo-Saxon Timeline ❖ The Anglo-Saxons ❖ Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms ❖ Society and Structure ❖ Anglo-Saxon Kings End of Anglo-Saxon ❖ Depiction of an Anglo- Kingdom Saxon King with nobles LEARNING OBJECTIVES KEY WORDS At the end of the module, Anglo- Tithing you should be able to: Hundreds Trace the beginning and Saxon ❖ Normans end of the Anglo-Saxon Jutes Burghs period of England Saxons ❖ Map the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Angles ❖ Be familiar with the rule Kingdoms and succession of Paganism Anglo-Saxon kings Christianity ❖ Analyse the life and society of the Anglo- Saxons ANGLO-SAXON TIMELINE In 410, after the By 793, Danish By 597, St. Augustine, an sacking of Rome by Viking raiders Italian monk, arrived in Alaric, King of the began attacking Kent and founded a Goths, Roman Lindisfarne, Jarrow, Benedictine monastery at legions departed and Iona. Canterbury and converted from Britannia. the King of Kent to Alfred the Great By 449, three Christianity. defeated the Danes shiploads of at Edington in 878. Saxon warriors In 635, Aidan founded a led by Hengist monastery in and Horsa arrived Lindisfarne, followed by in Kent. the Synod of Whitby in 664. According to legends, King Arthur defeated the Saxons at Mount Badon in 518.
    [Show full text]