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Echocardiographic Findings in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot

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Echocardiographic Findings in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot Original Article Echocardiographic findings in children with Tetralogy of Fallot Urmila Shakya, Poonam Sharma, Manish Shrestha Department of Pediadtric Cardiology, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Bansbari Kathmandu, Nepal Correspoding Author: Poonam Sharma, Department of Pediadtric Cardiology, Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre Bansbari Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: [email protected] Abstract Background and Aims: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in children. The aim of this study was to identify various cardiac defects associated with TOF by transthoracic echocardiography. Methods: All children presenting to Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, with the diagnosis of TOF from 2014 to 2015 were included in the study. Echocardiograpic reports of all eighty eight children were reviewed. Results: The mean age of presentation was 3.5 ± 3.9 years. Fifty six (64%) children were male and thirty two (36%) were female. Pulmonary artery anomaly was found in nine (10.2%) children which included hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, absent left pulmonary artery, post stenotic and aneurysmal dilatation of pulmonary artery. Pulmonary valve anomalies were seen in 13(14.8%) children which include pulmonary atresia, pin-hole opening of valve and bicuspid and absent pulmonary valve. Double outlet right ventricle, patent ductus arteriosus/major aortico-pulmonary collaterals, atrial septal defect and persistent left superior venacava were present in 12 (13.6%), 21 (23.9%), 22 (22.7%) and nine (10.2%) respectively. Right sided aortic arch was seen in 20 (22.7%). Conclusion: TOF is associated with various anatomical variations which need to be identified to avoid surgical complications. These can be diagnosed by echocardiography which has greatly reduced the need for invasive cardiac catheterization for these patients. Key words: children, echocardiography, Tetralogy of Fallot Introduction: Centre for one year from 14th April 2014 to 13th April Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic 2015. The echocardiographic findings of all children congenital heart disease in infants and children accounting with the diagnosis of TOF or TOF physiology were 1 for 3.5% of all congenital heart disease. The clinical reviewed. The study was approved by the ethical features of TOF depend on the severity of right ventricular committee of Instituitional Review Board of National outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction. Some children with Heart Centre. Informed consent was taken from the minimal RVOT obstruction have history similar to parents/guardians. ventricular septal defect (VSD) without cyanosis whereas The data was evaluated by SPSS Statistics 20. those with pulmonary atresia have marked cyanosis with Variables such as age and gender were presented as simple greatly reduced pulmonary blood flow which may be descriptive statistics. Mean and standard deviation of entirely dependent on patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). numeric data and frequency/percentage of qualitative data The symptom of TOF is also dependent on the site of was calculated. Outcome variables such as associated lesion obstruction of RVOT. Children with infundibular stenosis and anatomic variations were calculated in percentage. have a more dramatic dynamic spasm presenting as classic hypercyanotic spell.2 Many associations were described with this Results: common cyanotic heart disease in the literature. However till date no study has been conducted in such children A total of 88 patients were diagnosed with TOF within in Nepal. Hence this study has been conducted to note the study period of one year. Children from birth till 15 the common features and association among Nepalese years were evaluated.Among the study population, 56 children suffering from TOF. (63.6%) children were male and 32 (36.4%) were female. The mean age of presentation was 3.5± 3.9 years. Majority of children were less than one year of age including 39 Methods: (44.4%) children followed by age between 1 to 5 year It was a single centre retrospective observational of age which were 29 (32.3%) children. Only 9 (9.4%) study conducted in Shahid Gangalal National Heart children were older than 10 years. @Nepalese Heart Journal. All right reserved. Nepalese Heart Journal 2015; 12(2): 65-68 66 Urmila Shakya, Poonam Sharma, Manish Shrestha. Echocardiographic findings in children with Tetralogy of Fallot Table 1: Age distribution Table 3: Abnormalities of Pulmonary valve and Pulmonary artery Frequency Number of children Percentage Pulmonary Artery Anomaly Pulmonary Valve Anomaly < 1 month 7 8.0 No Pulmonary No Abnormality (Percent) Atresia (Percent) < 1 year 32 36.4 Hypoplastic 1-5 years 29 33.0 Pulmonary 4 (4.5%) Pulmonary Atresia 8 (9%) Artery 5-10 years 11 12.5 Absence of Pin hole opening 1 (1.1%) 4 (4.5%) >10 years 9 10.2 LPA of PA Post stenotic Bicuspid dilatation of 3 (3.4%) 1 (1.1%) pulmonary valve PA All the children had levocardia except for two cases, one Aneurysmal with situs inversus with dextrocardia and the other with Absent pulmonary dilatation of 1 (1.1%) 1 (1.1%) mesocardia. Pulmonary artery anomaly was present in valve RPA and LPA nine (10.2%) children. Hypoplastic and small pulmonary arteries was seen in four patients and one child had absence of left pulmonary artery. Post stenotic dilatation The frequency of the site of pulmonary stenosis is shown was seen in three children and another child with stenotic in Table 4. The most common type of pulmonary stenosis pulmonary valve had aneurysmal dilatation of right and was combination of infundibular and valvular stenosis left pulmonary artery. occuring in 57 (64.8%) of children with isolated valvular Abnormalities of pulmonary valve were seen and combination of supravalvular and valvular stenosis in 13 (14.8%) children. Among them pulmonary atresia being the least common. was present in eight (9.1%) and small pinhole opening of pulmonary valve was present in four (4.5%) children. Pulmonary valve was bicuspid in one and absent in another Table 4: Site of Obstruction in Right Ventricular Outflow Tract child. Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) defined by Site of obstruction Number of children Percentage absence of mitral aortic fibrous continuity or overriding of aorta > 50%, was present in 12 (13.6%) children. PDA or Infundibular 5 5.7 MAPCAs were present in 21 (23.9%), ASD in 20 (22.7%) Valvular 1 1.1 and persistence of left superior venacava was present in 9 Infundibular and (10.2%) children. Similarly right sided aortic arch (RAA) 57 64.8 Valvular was seen in 20 (22.7%) children. Supravalvular and 1 1.1 Valvular Table 2: Associated Abnormalities in TOF patients Infundibular, Valvular and 24 27.3 Number of Percentage Abnormality Supravalvular children of children Pulmonary artery anomalies 9 10.2% Discussion: Pulmonary valve a bnormalities 13 14.8% TOF is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in children beyond the neonatal period seen PDA/MAPCAs 21 23.9% in 3.5% of all infants with congenital heart disease with an incidence of 0.28/1000 live births.3 Although ASD 20 22.7% first identified by Niels Stenson in 1671, the precise anatomical description was given by William Hunter PLSVC 9 10.2% in 1784 as a communication between two ventricles with obstruction to the pulmonary artery flow.4 The DORV 12 13.6% anatomical defect, its pathological features and the clinical implications were later described by Louis Arthur 5 Right sided aortic arch 20 22.7% Fallot in 1888 as ‘cyanose cardiaque’ (cardiac cyanosis). It was however a Canadian Pediatric Cardiologist Maude @Nepalese Heart Journal. All right reserved. Nepalese Heart Journal 2015; 12(2): 65-68 Nepalese Heart Journal, Vol 12, No. 2, 2015 67 Abbott in 1924 who coined the term Tetralogy of Fallot child with situs inversus. (tetrad of VSD, right ventricular outflow obstruction, The most common site of obstruction in over riding of aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy).2 our study was a combination of infundibular and Nowadays we consider TOF to be a family of diseases valvular stenosis which was present in 65% of children. with similar intra cardiac anatomy but with variability of Infundibular stenosis was present in 97.8%, valvular in pulmonary artery anatomy, other associated anomalies 94.3% and supravalvular in 28.8% of children. Agrawal et and outcomes. al in India have noted subvalvular stenosis to be present in Although TOF is said to have an equal gender 96.1%, valvular in 83.9% and supravalvular in 33.3% of prevalence,2,6 our study revealed it to be more common in children.13 males (65:35). Similar finding was noted by studies done in Despite all these associated abnormalities, Iran and Pakistan. , The mean age of children in our study our study lacked to show coronary artery abnormalities group was 3.5 ± 3.9 years with most cases (44%) being less found not infrequently in patient with TOF. Some of the than one year of age. This is comparable to a study done coronary information may be crucial for the definitive in Turkey where children presented at an age of 3.9 ± 2.9 repair. Certainly this is one of the limitations of our study. years. However studies in Pakistan have reported delayed Further, the study has limitations of being single centre presentation.8 and retrospective design. Various authors have mentioned about different anomalies associated with TOF. Most of these associations have been identified by cardiac catheterization. We have Conclusion: however studied the association identified by transthoracic TOF is the most common cyanotic
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