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Download (8Mb) A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/130963 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications 4 Joanna Kemp Led Across the Danube: Interactions between Rome and the Danubian-Pontic Peoples in the first two centuries AD Joanna Kemp A thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics and Ancient History University of Warwick, Department of Classics and Ancient History March 2019 5 Joanna Kemp Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 8 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 10 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 16 1.1: Historical Overview ......................................................................................................... 23 1.2: Ideas of ‘The Other’ ........................................................................................................ 33 1.3: Geographic Imperialism and Knowledge ........................................................................ 36 1.4: Roman Friendship, Social Constructivism and International Relations Theories ........... 42 1.5: Outline and Goals ............................................................................................................ 51 Chapter 2: Views of the world through different lenses: Geographic Literature .................. 56 2.1: Dionysius of Alexandria and Cultural Memory ............................................................... 60 2.2: Arrian of Nicomedia and the ‘Greekness’ of the Black Sea ............................................ 70 2.3: Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 3: View of the World Through Different Lenses: Monumentality, Allegories and Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 85 3.1: Allegories, Nationes and the Roman Emperor................................................................ 87 3.2: Ethnic Identifiers in Public Art ...................................................................................... 130 3.3: Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 4: Everyday Representations of Dacians in the Roman Army and Civilian Life ..... 153 4.1: Perpetually Conquered Dacians .................................................................................... 155 4.2: Differing Ideas of ‘Dacia’ ............................................................................................... 170 4.3: Dacians in a Civilian Context ......................................................................................... 189 4.4: Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 198 Chapter 5: Diplomatic Friendships in the Roman Principate ............................................... 200 5.1: Amicitia in the Late Republic ........................................................................................ 204 5.2: Diplomatic Amicitia at the End of the Republic ............................................................ 208 5.3: Personal Friendships Between Rulers ........................................................................... 215 5.4: Institutional Friendships Between Rulers and Peoples ................................................ 227 5.5: Masking Security Concerns? ......................................................................................... 236 5.6: Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 241 Chapter 6: Bosporan Reactions to Rome ............................................................................. 244 6.1: Relations with Rome in the Middle/Late Republic ....................................................... 247 6.2: Dynamis......................................................................................................................... 253 6 Joanna Kemp 6.3: Aspurgos and Tiberius ................................................................................................... 258 6.4: Mithridates III and Cotys ............................................................................................... 267 6.5: Rhescuporis I and Reactions to the Flavians ................................................................. 274 6.6: Sauromates ................................................................................................................... 276 6.7: Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 283 Chapter 7: Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 286 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 298 7 Joanna Kemp Declaration The thesis is the candidate’s own work except where it contains work based on collaborative research, in which case the nature and extent of the author’s individual contribution is indicated. This thesis has not been submitted for a degree at another university. Parts of it have been published as an article, ‘Movement, the Senses and Representations of the Roman World: Experiencing the Sebasteion in Aphrodisias’ in Exchanges: the Warwick Research Journal, 3.2, 2016, 157-184. 8 Joanna Kemp Acknowledgements Thanks go to Professor Alison Cooley for her guidance and patience over the years, and to the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. Special thanks go to Abigail Kemp, Dr Ghislaine van der Ploeg and Dr Rebecca Crites for their support in reading versions of my work. My friends and colleagues at Kenilworth Castle are thanked for ensuring that sanity was never an option. Lastly, thanks are given to my family for all their love. 9 Joanna Kemp Abstract This thesis explores perceptions of the Danubian-Pontic regions in the first two centuries AD and how Rome interacted with the communities of the regions. These areas cannot be assigned simply to an east versus west dicotomy. In Roman texts, the notions of kingship held by the different inhabitants in these regions are displayed differently, with varying degrees of centralised rule or tribes. Thus, the regions lend themselves to study comparisons between how the Roman State viewed and presented different communities, and how it interacted with them, from waging wars to friendly interactions depending on time and circumstance. Therefore, comparisons can also be made between how diplomacy and the military were used in dealing with these communities, and how this affected Rome’s presentation of them, and these people’s reactions to Rome. It investigates how different types of evidence could affect how the peoples of the region were presented. An examination of ‘geographical literature’ demonstrates how past ideas about peoples could remain, even as contact increased. However, this was often due to the agenda of individual authors and literary topoi. Consideration of how monumental artwork was experienced shows that the messages which the audiences took away about the world were not universal. Military interactions changed how the peoples on the edges of the world were presented. It will be examined how people from the Danubian-Pontic regions would interact with new surroundings to form new identities when removed from their homeland. Diplomatic contacts and how the Roman state would use the language and practices of amicitia when dealing with the peoples of this region will also be investigated. It will also ask how important Rome was to the communities of the Danubian-Pontic regions, how they reacted to the neighbouring empire, and how integrated these communities could become into the Roman world. Figure 1. Map of the Danubian-Pontic regions, including the Roman province of Dacia, the Bosporan Kingdom and the lands of the neighbouing communities. Image from Hammond (1981) map 21. 10 Joanna Kemp List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the Danubian-Pontic regions, including the Roman province of Dacia, the Bosporan Kingdom and the lands of the neighbouing communities. Image from Hammond (1981) map 21. ........................................................................................................................
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