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Home , Cambala, Glomerida, Spirostreptida, Thyropygus

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GUIDE TO 'M Y RIA POD A'

\ DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY fgL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE Wan

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries »*■" ' • .

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UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

PRESENTED BY

Dept. of Zoology

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE LIBRARY

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Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries No. 8.

Guide to the

( & Centipedes only)

in the collection of the

Department of Zoology

University of Singapore

by

Professor Yu-Hsi Moltze Wang

Nanyang University

1966

Circulated privately by

Department of Zoology

University of Singapore

Bukit Timah Road,

Singapore 10.

REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries -L* Glass Dlplopoda - Millipedes

Body slender, Cylindrical or at least not usually noticeably depressed or flattened. Legs always more numerous than the dorsal segments, most of the apparent somites bearing each two pairs of legs, but the first three or four and the last one or two with only a single pair. Some last segments may be apodous in immature form. Antennae short, usually seven jointed. Seventh legs of the male usually modified into copulatory feet. Somites often with paired repugnatorial glands, opening laterally from the fifth somite.

Key to orders, families, genera and species of Diplopoda:

la. Sternite divided into two pa""ts, male without modified legs on the seventh segment, but -,._th two pairs of modified capulatory feet at the posterior end of body. Body of twelve or thirteen somites, with 17 to 21 pairs of legs (not including two pairs of modified ones in the male); body capable of being rolled up into a ball as to hidden the head and legs: Order 2

lb. Sternites not divided; male with one or two pairs of modified legs (Copulatory feet or Gonopodes) on the seventh body segment 3

2a. 12 somites including head; seventeen pairs of legs not including the modified ones; Ocelli in single row or wanting Family (Genera and Apiomeris found in Malaya but not in this collection).

2b. 13 somites including head; 21 pairs of legs not including the Gonopodes; Ocelli numerous in several rows: Familiy Sphaerotheridae

(1) Body large, colour marbled: Sphaeropoes evansi Sinclair

(one specimen 40 mm in Length, d", with ^ one odes)

(2) Body small, colour uniform: (one specimen gonopodes destroyed) .■5ph.ae.yppp.es_ sp.

3a. First pair of legs of the seventh somite of the male modified into Gonopodes, often the second pair of this somite also and the adjacent pairs of the sixth and eight segments similarly modified; mouth parts with three pairs of palpal lobes: Subclass El^g"atha : 6

3b. First pair of legs of the seventh somite of the male normal, not modified to form Gonopodes, Mouth parts without palpal organs: Subclass .... Order Polyzonida ...... 4

4a. Sternites always and pleurites often free connected by mem¬ branes with the adjacent parts 5

4b. Tergites, pleurites and sternites completely coalsced; body cylindrical: Family Siphoiulidae, Siphoniulus found in Malaya but not in this collection.

5a. One or several ocelli at each side of the head, body not constricted on the base of each somite; repugnatorial pores opening on the lateral lobes of the tergites; tergites divided by a median suture; head completely concealed by the first tergites: Family Siphonocryptidae, Genus Siphonocryptus found in Malaya but not in this collection. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries .

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5b. Ocelli absent; body constricted at the base of each somite; repugnatorial pores opening on keels or tubercles: Family Siphonophoridae: Genera Siphonophora and Siphonorhinus found in Malaya but none in this collection.

6a. Nineteen to 22 body segments (usually 20) only the first pair of legs on the seventh somite of the male modified into ; body cylindrical or flattened with lateral expansions (Paranota). Order 14

6b. More than 40 body segments; both pairs of legs of seventh somite of the male modified into Gonopods; body cylindrical..7

7a. Promentum present or absent; Mentun, surrounded at the sides by the stipites which extend backwards and lie in contact with the prebasilare (Fig.l) : Order 8

7b. Promentum absent, mentum large, triangular extending between the prebasilare and stipites which it separates widely (Fig.2) last joint of legs of male generally padded but not the fourth or fifth joints: Order 12

8a. Mentum broadly triangular; its anterior angle lying far behind the front margin of the stipites: SuborderSpirostreptoidea.il

8b. Mentum elongate triangular, its anterior angle extending far forward, dividing the Gnathochi larium completely to its anterior margin; first pair of legs of male modified: suborder

Cambaloidea ...... j...... 9

9a. Promentum present, separated, separated from the Mentum.. 10

9b. Promentum not separated from the mentum; repugnatorial pores present on the fifth somite posterior portion of the tergites with stout longitudinal, carubae ir tubercles, behind gonopods present: Family Cambalopsidae (Trachyliulidae), Genera Cambalopsis, Cambalomornha and Trachyiulus found in Indomalay region but none in this collection.

10a. Promentum divided into two halves by a longitudinal suture; repugnatorial absent on the fifth somite, hind gonopods three jointed; front ones are jointed, without bristles: Family

Percambalidae , Genus Pericambala found in Indo Malay region but none in this collection.

10b. Promentum not divided by a iongitudinal suture: Family Genus : C. cava Pocock, found in Botanical Garden, Singapore 57 - 70 segments, but not in this collection.

11a. End of the flattened; (Fig.3) last somite without any spinose projection: Family , Genus tSnake Millipedes) 24a lib. End of the Gonopod pointed (Fig.4), Anal segment almost with tail-like projection: Family , Genus (Snake Millipedes) .24b Genus Rhynchoproctus (Snake Millipedes) not found in this collection.

12a. Hind gonopods connected to each other at base by the sternite and membranes. Pores of repugnatorial glands usually opening on the anterior portion (prozonites) of the tergites: Super family Trigoniulidue 13 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries ~3. -

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12b. Hind gonopods not united at base, sternite completely absent; pores of repugnatorial glands almost always opening on Metazonites (posterior portion of the tergites) Super family Spirobolidae ...... 1^-

13a. Coxae of hind gonopods completely chitinized, front gonopods short and broad: Family Pachybolidae, Genera Trachelomegalus and Eucentrobolus found in Malaya but none in this collection.

13b. Coxae of hind gonopods consist of two rod-shaped thickenings meeting at a right angle with a membranous portion between them: Family Trigoniulidae Genus Trigoniulus. Trigoniulus takakunwai Verhoeff found in this collection, word-, brick red in colouration, 50 or more somites. Genus Mystalides found in Malaya but not in this collection. ika. Coxae of the gonopods rather widely separated but connected by broad, Medially coalsced process; the median part raised and keel-shaped: Suborder Polydesmoidea ...... 15 l^t-b. Coxae of the gonopods close together, free or more or less connected but not by broad medially keel-like raised process: Suborder strongylosomatidea, Family strongylosomatidae...... 19

15a. Second tergites enlarged, posterior portion (metagonites) of tergites smooth or granulate often densely clothed with setae: Family Oniscodesmidae, Genus Doratodesmus found in Malaya but not in this collection.

15b. Second tergites not enlarged. .16 l6a. Head not or incompletely covered by the 1st tergite, which is generally small not lengthened or enlarged ...... 17 lob. Head completely or almost completely hidden by the first tergite, when seen from above this tergite enlarge..... 18

17a. Gonopod with a brush of hairs inwardly near the tip and a seminal pouch which opens at the base of this brush: Family Polydesmidae, Genera Opithotrentus and Opisthoporodesmus found in Malaya but not in this collection.

17b. Gonopod simple, tibia and tarsus usually separated by a distinct constriction, usually giant flat-backs: Family Platyrhachiae, Genus Platvrhacus:...... 21 Genus Polylepis not found in this collection. l8a. Openings of the repugnatorial glands located on small separate transparent projections from side of some of the abdominal tergites. Family Stylodesmidae, Genus Myxodesmis found in Malaya but not in this collection. l8b. Openings of the repugnatorial glands very minute or not visible: Family Cryptodesmidae Genus Phenacoporous found in the Collection of the National Museum of Singapore. One specimen found in this collection, being the allotype 9 to the one at the National Museum. Genus Cryptocorypha found in Malaya but not in this collection.

19a. Femur of the gonopods without lateral branch at the end:

Genus Orthomorpha ...... 20

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19b. Femur of the gonopods with 1 or 2 lateral branch at the end. Genus Sundanina (none in this collection but at the National Museum of Singapore).

20a. Sternum 5th of the male without process 5 the keels of the paranota 'with tooth-like posterior angles: Orthomorpha hydrobiologica. Atterns (2 cf 32 mm in length)

20b. Sternum 5th of the male with 1 or 2 process, the keels not very well developed and somewhat rounded: Orthomorpha borneona Attems (l cf 20 mm in length)

21a. Notum with a light longitudinal band:...... 22

21b. Notum without a light longitudinal band:...... ,.. 23

22a. Colour black, the edges of keels very narrowly bordered with pale yellow, and a narrow (l mm wide) longitudinal yellow dorsal band: Platyrhacus lineatus Pocock (1 cf 70 mm in length)

22b. Uniform black brown, with a longitudinal white dorsal band (2 - 2.5 mm 'wide) dorsum tuberculated. Platyhacus ridleyi (Pocock) (l 9 90 mm in length)

23a. Posterior border of keels at least on the posterior segments curved inward: Platyrhacus andersoni (Pocock) (l $ 73 mm in length)

23b. Posterior border of keels not so, sometimes spine-like pointed but straightened: (l) Anterior segments neck-like narrowed— Platyrhacus malaccanus Peters (l 9 59 mm in length). (2)Anterior segments not so: Platyrhacus xanthopus Pocock (2 cf 19 8,2-8.5 inches in length)

29a. Ventral grooves short, shorter than the length of two joints of the adjacent leg; distance between the eyes short, about equal to half the long diameter of an eye; without a long tail 25

29b. Ventral grooves long and deep, longer or equal to the length of two joints of the adjacent leg; distance between the eyes long, about equal to or greater than the long diameter of an eye 26

25a. Usually with 71 ~ 89 somites, colour dark: Spirostreptus vittatus Pocock (2 cf 39 200 - 290 mm in length)

25b. Usually with less than 60 somites, colour also dark: Spirostreptus corsolineatus Sinclair (2 cf 160 mm in length, 1 9 212 mm in length)

26a. Colour dark, legs and antennae lighter, with 69 & 70 segments: Thyropygus javanicus Brandt (l cf 290 mm in length) (l cf 11 inches in length)

26b. Colour lighter 27

27a. Size large, 260 - 300 mm in length with 66 - 70 segments, Metazonites black, prozonite greyish white: Thyropygus harrisoni Wang 1965 (9 9) (IcT in National Museum)

27b. Size moderate, about 190 mm in length 71 - 90 segments, Colour uniformly brown. Thyrophygus c.f. siberutensis Wang 1965 (3 cf 2 9 immature)

27c. Size small, about 100 - 150 mm in length, with 57 - 69 segments, Colour uniformly brown, the borders darker: Thyropygus alfredi Wang (l cf 150 mm in length). (cf 19 in the National Museum). Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries - ■

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Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries - 8 -

2» Class Chilopoda - Centipedes

Body slender and dorsoventrally depressed; nineteen or more sometimes many more body segments (one with 193 segments found in Philippine Islands). Fifteen or more pairs of legs but never more than a single pair to any body segments. Antennae many jointed, Ik joints or more than hundreds (in order Scutigerida). Appendages of first body segment greatly enlarged, forming a pair of large six-jointed poison fangs or toxico-gnaths. Last two pairs of legs often greatly modified and directed backwards. (Uropoda). Genital ducts usually opening on the penultimate body segments.

Key to subclasses, orders, families and genera of the Centipedes. la. Spiracles unpaired, seven in number placed on the middle dorsal line near the posterior border of the tergites; eyes compound with faceted surface; tracheae not branched. Eight tergites with fifteen pairs of legs. Subclass Notostomatica, Order Scutigerida, Family Scutigeridae, Genus Thereuopoda (5 speci¬ mens found in this collection).

2a. Spiracles paired, placed on the pleurae between the tergites, tracheae branched; nineteen or more body segments, with 15s 2 (or more pairs of legs, sometimes many more; seven, nine or more pairs of spiracles: Subclass Pleurostomatica 3

3a. 19 body segments with fifteen pairs of legs; 7 hairs of spiracles; single ocelli or groups of ocelli or eyes absent, newly hatched with seven pairs of legs: Superorder Anamorpha, Order Lithobida, found in Malaya but none in this collection.

3b. 25 or more segments with 21 or more pairs of legs (many more sometimes); 9 or more pairs of spiracles, eyes not compound, ocelli or eyes absent. Newly hatched animals with the full number of legs present in the adult. Super order Epimorpha ^

^fa. Antennae 14 jointed; ocelli absent; 31-193 leg bearing segments; all leg-bearing segments except the first and last with a pair of spiracles: Order Geophilida (not found in this collection)

^-b. Antennae 17, 20 or more segments, ocelli on each side, or more or absent; 21-23 bearing segments; 9, 101 H or 19 pairs of spiracles: Order Scolopendrida: ...... 5

5a. Eyes present, each composed of a group of k ocelli, tarsi two-jointed . .6

5b. Eyes absent, tarsi of 1-19 segments almost always one-jointed. Family Cryptopidae (none found in this collection).

6a. Spiracular cavity divided; triangular in shape: Family Scolopendridae Genus Scolopendra found in this collection, numerous. Genus Campy1os11gmus found in Malaya but not ih this collection.

6b. Spiracular cavity simple round in shape: Fam Otostigfiiatidae Genus Otostigmus with 10 pairs of spiracles (found in this collection). Genus Rhysida with 9 pairs of spiracles (found in this collection). Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries This is one of a series of guides to the fauna of the Malaysian region which are being collected and circulated by the Zoology Department, University of Singapore. The object is to provide interim accounts of those groups which are sufficiently well known. The guides, which are not necessarily original, are for use and criticism, and should not be regarded as published in final form.

Corrections, suggested modifications, and additional guides, are solicited, and should be addressed to:

Professor of Zoology, University of Singapore, Singapore 10.

The following guides have been issued.

1. Guide to families of Malaysian Fishes by C.C. Lindsey.

2. Recommended Vernacular Names for Malaysian Mammals by J.L. Harrison and S.K. Auah.

3. Guide to Malayan Water Bugs (Hemiptera- Heteroptera) with keys to the genera by C.H. Fernando and L. Cheng.

k. Guide to Families of Malaysian Marine Bivalves by C.F. Lim.

5. Guide to Families of Malayan Aquatic Coleoptera (With keys to the genera of Dytiscidae and Gyrinidae and a list of species) by C.H. Fernando and S. Gatha.

6. Keys to Monkey malaria parasites: Water-fleas (Cladocera), and freshwater crabs (Potamonidae) of Malaya by the late D.E. Eyles; D.S. Johnson; and C.H. Fernando & A.W. Lim.

7. Guide to Mammals of the Malay Peninsula....,by J.L. Harrison.

8. Guide to Myriapoda (Millipedes 8c Centipedes only) in the collection of the Department of Zoology by Yu-Hsi Moltze Wang.

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 413389 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries CENTRAL

UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE LIBRARY

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries "*■ •'"•.*

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