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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies College of Social Science Department of Social Anthropology ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY MA Thesis On The Socio-Cultural Aspects of Building Climate Resilience in the Face of Changing Environment among Agricultural Communities in the Blue Nile Basin By: Endeshaw Belay Submitted to: The School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Art in Social anthropology Advisor: Guday Emirie (PhD) Department of Social Anthropology Faculty of Social sciences Addis Ababa University June 2014 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY The Socio-Cultural Aspects of Building Climate Resilience in the Face of Changing Environment among Agricultural Communities in the Blue Nile Basin By: Endeshaw Belay APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS: ADVISOR:___________________SIGNATURE__________ EXAMINER:_________________SIGNATURE___________ EXAMINER:_________________SIGNATURE___________ Table of Contents Topic Page Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………………….I Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………………..........II Glossary of local terms………………………………………………………………………………III Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………IV Chapter One Introduction 1.1. Background of the Study………………………….……………………………….…….............1 1.2. Statement of the Problem……………………………..…………………………….…................3 1.3. Objectives of the Study …………..………………………………………..…………….….........7 1.3.1. General Objective……………………………………………………………..…….........7 1.3.2. Specific Objectives…………………………………………………………......……...…7 1.4. Research Methodology…………………………………………………...………….………....8 1.4.1. Research Approach………………………………………………..…………..……..8 1.4.2. Methods of Data Collection……………………………………………………….......9 1.4.2.1. Primary Data Collection Methods…………………………………….......................9 1.4.2.2. Secondary Data Sources …………………………………....……………………...12 1.4.3. Methods of Data Analysis……………………………..…………….…………...…....13 1.4.4 Fieldwork Personal Experiences………………………...…………………….……….13 1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………………………….……...15 1.5.1. Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………………....…....15 1.5.2. Limitation of the Study………………………………………………………………..15 1.6. Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………….…....……16 Chapter Two Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks 2.1. Conceptualization of Key Terms………………………………………………………………. 17 2.1.1 Environmental Change…………………………………………………….…………...17 2.1.2. Climate Change …………………………………………………………….…………17 2.1.3 Climate Change Vulnerability and Vulnerable Social Groups …………….………….18 2.1.4. Building Climate Change Resilience ………………………………………….……...19 2.1.5. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies ……………………………………….………20 2.1.6. Local Farmer’s Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change …………………….………..21 2.1.8. Climate Change Mitigation Strategies ………………………………………….…….22 2.2. Theoretical Frameworks………………………………………………………………………...22 2.2.1. Structural Arrangement Model………………………………………………………..22 2.2.2. David Ricardo’s Model ……………………………………………………….………23 2.2.3. Mental Models ………………………………………………………………………..23 2.2.4. Community Readiness Model ………………………………………………………...24 2.3. Document Review on Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia ……………………..24 2.4. Review of Related Empirical Studies …………………………………………………………..26 2.4.1. The Prevalence of Climate Change in the Highlands of Blue Nile Basin ……………26 2.4.2. Contributing Factors of Climate Change Vulnerabilities in the Highlands of Blue Nile Basin ………………………………………...27 2.4.3. Local Climate Change Adaptation Strategies …………………………….…………..28 Chapter Three Description of the Study Area and the People 3.1. Geographical Location, Climate, Population Size and Household Structure ………………..…29 3.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population ……………………………….….32 3.3. People and Economy………………………………………………………………………….…33 3.4. House Structure………………………………………………………………………….………34 3.5. Social Value ………………………………………………………………………………….…34 Chapter Four Local Socio-Cultural Norms and Practices Contributing to Vulnerabilities of Different Social Groups to Climate Change 4.1 Social Groups Vulnerable to Climate Change …………………………………………………..35 4.1.1 Women …………………………………………………………………...……………..35 4.1.2. The Poor ………………………………………………………………..……………....37 4.1.3. Elders ………………...…………………..…………………………………………..…38 4.1.4. Children …………………………………………………………………..……………39 4.2. Local Socio-Cultural Norms and Practices Contributing to Climate Change Vulnerability…....40 4.2.1. Local Belief Systems ……………………………………………………………….….40 4.2.1.1. Beliefs about sãmãntägnaw ãshï ……………………………………..……………..….…..40 4.2.1.2. Beliefs in Away-Qollé ……………………………………………………………...41 4.2.1.3. Beliefs in Däbtäras ……………………………………………………….....………42 4.2.1.4. Beliefs in Wuqabé/Zar ……………....……………………………………...44 4.2.2. Feasts ……………………………………………………………………….…………45 4.2.3. Work Habits …………………………………………………………………..………47 4.2.4. Blood Feuds …………………………………………………………………………..47 4.2. 5. Gender Norms ………………………………………………………………………...50 4.2.6. Population Growth …………………………………………………………………….51 4.2.7. Dependence on Rain-Fed Agriculture ………………………………………….……...53 4.2.8. Eucalyptus Tree …………………………………………………………….………….53 Chapter Five Local Socio-Cultural Values and Institutions Used as Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change 5.1. Socio-Cultural Values and Indigenous Knowledge System as Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change ……………………………………………………………….55 5.1.1. The Culture of Sharing Experiences and Resources ……………………….……………55 5.1.1.1. The Culture of Sharing Experiences ………………………………….…….55 5.1.1.2 The Culture of Sharing Resources …………………………………………..55 5.1.2. Indigenous Knowledge System ………………………………..……………….……..57 5.1.2.1 Indigenous Farming System ………………………………………………...57 5.1.2.2. Diversification of Crops and Animals ………………….…………………..57 5.1.2.3 Indigenous Weather Forecasting ………………………………………….…59 5.2. Socio-Cultural Institutions as Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change………….60 5.2.1. Marriage Institution …………………………………………………………………..60 5.2.2. Consanguinal Kinship ……………………………………………………….………..61 5.2.3. Fictive Kinships ………………………………………………………………………62 5.2.3.1. Abä Lãj ………………………………………………………………...……62 5.2.3.2. Tût Mätbät ………………………………………………………….……….63 5.2.4. Local Community Based Organizations as Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change ……………………………………………………………….…..64 5.2.4.1. Mahãbärs…………………………………………………….……... 64 5.2.4.2. Iddïr ………………………………………………………….……...65 5.2.4.3. Eqqub………………………………………………………………. 67 5.2.4.4. Känja.………………………………………………………….…….67 5.2.4.5. Wonfäl………………………………………………………….……68 5.2.5. Craftwork……………………………………………………………………………………...68 5.2.6. Off-Farm Activities as Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change………………………….…...69 5.2.6.1 Trade and Daily Labor………………………………………………………….……69 5.2.6.2. Local Migration and Remittance……………………………………………………70 5.2.7. Eucalyptus Tree…………………………………………………………………………….....71 Chapter Six Climate Change Mitigation Strategies and their Effectiveness in Addressing the Needs and Interests of Different Social Groups 6.1. Restrictions on the Utilization of Open Access Lands and Farmers’ Complain………………..73 6.2. Local People’s Attitude towards the Construction of Trenches on Farmlands…………………75 6.3. Land Registration and Certification………………………………………………………….….76 6.4. Maintaining of Spring Waters……………………………………………………………….…..77 6.5. Ground Water Harvesting and Utilization………………………………………………………78 6.6. Planting Indigenous Trees……………………………………………………………….………78 6.7. Adoption of Improved Animal Breeds………………………………………………………….79 6.8. Adopting Improved Crop Species and Chemical Fertilizer……………………………….…….80 6.9. Crop Mixing……………………………………………………………………………….…….81 6.10. Production of Organic Fertilizer……………………………………………………………….82 6.11. Local Institutions Working on Climate Change Mitigation……………………………….......83 6.11.1. One-to-Five Arrangements…………………………………………………………..83 6.11.2. Women and Youth Association……………………………………………………...83 6.11.3. Local Ethiopian Orthodox Church…………………………………………….……..84 Chapter Seven Summary and Conclusion 7.1. Summary of Major Findings ……………………………………………………………………86 7.2. Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………….………87 References……………………………………………………………………………………………89 Appendixes Appendix I: List of Plates........................................................................................................96 Appendix II: Fieldwork Guiding Questions..........................................................................109 Appendix III: Profiles of Research Participants…………………………………………....116 List of Tables Table 1: Number of Kebelés, Population Size, and Number of Households of Senan Woreda ….…30 Table 2: Area Coverage Description of all Kebelés in Senan Woreda………………………….…..31 Table 3: Religious Background, Economic Activity Status, Education, and Description of Housing Units by Construction Materials of Senan Woreda …………...33 List of Figures Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area……………………………………………..……32 Acknowledgements This work is a synergistic outcome of my advisor, Dr. Guday Emirie. I am forever grateful to her immense help for the finality of this thesis. Your commitments of following the progress of this study helped me to make use of my possible as much as I can. My deepest gratitude and appreciation goes to Addis Ababa University Thematic Project on “Building Climate Resilience in the Blue Nile Basin” and Dr. Belay Simane, coordinator of the project, for covering some of the fieldwork expenses. I also thank all the brothers of St. John, and members of the school of life for their encouragements
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