XslkEconomic Development Institute sgo"N of The World Bank 9766 Public Disclosure Authorized Environment and Developme-nt Public Disclosure Authorized in Africa S( I .1cted Xa Studies Public Disclosure Authorized Jonathan M. Blackwell Roger N. Goodwillie Richard Webb Aft Public Disclosure Authorized EDI DEVELOPMENT POLICY CASE SERIES Analytical Case Studies * Number 6 :/ f X -Xd : EDI DEVELOPMENTPOLICY CASE SERIES ANALYTICALCASE STUDIES * No. 6 Environment and Development in Africa Selected Case Studies Jonathan M. Blackwell Roger N. Goodwilhie Richard Webb The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright i 1991 The International Bank forReconstruction and Development/ THE WORLDBANK 1818H Street, N.W. Washington,D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufacturedin the United States ofAmerica First printing June 1991 The EconomicDevelopment Institute (EDI) was establishedby the WorldBank in 1955to train officials concernedwith developmentplanning, policymaking,investment analysis, and project implementationin member developingcountries. At present the substance of the EDra work emphasizesmacroeconomic and sectoraleconomic policy analysis. Througha variety ofcourses, seminars, and workshops,most ofwhich are givenoverseas in cooperationwith localinstitutions, the EDI seeks to sharpen analyticalskills used in policy analysisand to broadenunderstanding of the experienceof individual countries with economicdevelopment. In addition to furthering the EDrs pedagogicalobjectives, Policy Seminars provideforums for policymakers, academics,and Bank staff to exchangeviews on current developmentissues, proposals, and practices. 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The backlist of publicationsby the WorldBank is shownin the annual Index of Publications,which is availablefromPublications SalesUnit,The WorldBank,1818 HStreet, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A., or from Publications,Banque mondiale,66, avenued'lena, 75116Paris, France. At the time ofwriting the authors were seniorresearch officersin the planning division,An ForasForbartha, the National Institute for PhysicalPlanning and ConstructionResearch, Dublin, Ireland. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blackwell,Jonathan, M. Environment and developmentin Africa: selectedcase studies / Jonathan M. Blackwell,Roger N. Goodwilie,Richard Webb. p. cm. - (EDI developmentpolicy ease studies. Analytical case studies ; no.6) ISBN 0-8213-1608-7 1. Africa-Economicpolicy-Case studies. 2. Economic development-Environmentalaspects-Africa-Case studies. I. Goodwillie,Roger N. II. Webb,Richard Charles, 1937- Im. International Bank for Reconstructionand Development. IV. Title. V. Series. HC800.854 1990 338.96--dc2O 90-39704 CIP EDI CatalogNo. 260/001 ISSN 1013-333X Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Dr. Elfatih Yousif M. Elamin, on the Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of Gezira, Sudan, and Mr. Veremund Mwingira, Director of Studies of the Institute for Rural Development Planning, Dodoma, Tanzania. Dr. Elfatih and Mr. Mwingira made an indispensable contribution by acting as counterpart researchers, having particular responsibility for the initial investigation and selection of projects as well as for data assembly in relation to the selected projects. We also wish to acknowledgethe valuable contributions of the followingpersons who, during the course of the field trip, were interviewed or cooperated in the research effort: Zambia Roy Benkhe Provincial Planning Unit, Kasama Karl Berriman Integrated Rural Development Project, Mpika Michael Bingham Lusaka Richard Bolt Adaptive Research and Planning Team, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Dermot Carty Irish Aid Program, Kasama Joe Connolly International Labour Organization, Feeder Roads Project, Kasama John Cullinane Irish Aid Program, Kasama Arne Dahle Village Agricultural Program, Kasama Richard Gillet European Development Fund Rice Project, Kasama Stein Holden Soil Productivity Research Program, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Carol Kirwan Adaptive Research and Planning Team, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Eamonn Lacey Irish Aid Program, Kasama Francis Lubingu Provincial Planning Unit, Kasama C. Mbewe Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Lusaka J. Munthlai Department of Lands and Natural Resources, Kasama a iv Acknowlegments Peter Reid Adaptive Research and Planning Team, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Arvid Rinkus Zamcan Wheat Project, Kasama Patrick Sikana Adaptive Research and Planning Team, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Baalram Singh Soil Productivity Research Program, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Heinrich Smitt Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development, Kasama Ole Smitt Provincial Planning Unit, Kasama Trevor Uprichard Adaptive Research and Planning Team, Msamfu Research Station, Kasama Michael Veitch Provincial Planning Unit, Kasama David Warwick Integrated Rural Development Project, Mpika Tanzania and Sudan M. Abbas Gematex, Gezira S. S. Chaula Viticultural Research and Training Center, Dodoma Faisal Osmen Mohamed Elmehaisi Blue Nile Health Project, Gezira Elsunni Hamid Ibrahim Gematex, Gezira E. Lema Dodoma Rural District Council M. Mashala Ministry of Health, Dodoma G. P. Mashulano Regional Natural Resources Officer, Dodoma S. Mehta Gezira Tannery K. C. H. Mndeme Hado District Officer, Dodoma R. M. Msenje Regional Water Engineer, Dodoma B. Pulinga District Water Officer, Dodoma N. K Rajabu Rift Valley Rice Project H. Z. Riva Regional Planning Officer, Dodoma 0. Tameen Blue Nile Health Project Contents Preface ix PART I. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT: THE ISSUES 1. The Relationship Between Development and Environment 3 Sustainable Development 5 Environmental Orientation 9 Measuring Environmental Impact 10 The Importance of Case Studies 12 PART II. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF ZAMBIA 2. Introduction to Agricultural Policy in the Northern Province of Zambia 15 The National Context 15 Agricultural Potential and Development 18 The Chitemene System 18 Consequencesof the Breakdown of the Chitemene System 20 Donor-Aided Projects 22 3. Environmental Impact of Agricultural Development in the Northern Province of Zambia 27 Two Agricultural Development Paths and Their Environmental Implications 27 Environmental Orientation of Current Aid Projects 30 Summary of Environmental Issues 37 Quantification of Environmental Impact 38 Lessons to be Learned 44 v vi Contents PART III. TEN CASE STUDIES FROMTANZANIA AND SUDAN 4. Sustainable Development 49 HADO Soil Conservation Project, Dodoma,Tanzania 50 Village Afforestation Prograim,Mpwapwa District, Tanzania 58 Makutopora Viticultural Research and Training Center, Dodoma, Tanzania 64 5. Appropriate Technology 69 Gezira-Managil Textile Company, Sudan 69 Gezira Tannery, Sudan 72 Footnote: The Zamcan Wheal; Project, Kasama, Zambia 74 6. Community Involvement' 77 Blue Nile Health Project, Sudan 77 Mto Wa Mbu Flood Control and Irrigation Project, Arusha, Tanzania 88 7. Monitoring 95 Cotton Pest Control Program iin the Gezira, Sudan 95 Bahi Rice Project, Dodoma, Tanzania 100 PART IV. LESSONS TO BE LEARNED 8. Learning from Experience 109 Sustainable Development 109 Appropriate Technology 111 Community Involvement 111 Monitoring 112 Other Issues 112 Measurement and Pricing of Environmental Impact 113 Conclusions: Why Success and Why Failure 114 Environmental Check List for Planners 115 Final Comments 116 Appendixes A. Donor-Funded Projects in the Northern Province of Zambia 119 B. Net Economic Value of a Bag of Maize in Zambia 125 Tables 3.1 Environmental Impact Matrix for Agricultural Projects and Development Components in Zambia's Northern Province 32 3.2 Socioenvironmental Aspects of Aid Programs in Zambia's Northern Province 36 Contents vii 3.3 Dynamic Maize Production and Land-Use Model for Zambia's Northern Province: Projected Output, Hectarage under Production, and Abandoned Land, 1980-89 42 3.4 Discounted Costs and Benefits of a Liming Program Using Output from the Dynamic Maize Production and Land-Use Model