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A Case Study of Polyandry Marriage System Among the Gurung

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A Case Study of Polyandry Marriage System Among the Gurung Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 | 75 76 | Juddha Bahadur Gurung 1. Introduction Polyandry culture was practiced among the Gurung ethnic people of Upper Mustang. In polyandry a woman marries simultaneously more than one legal husband in her life or more than one men share Rapid Cultural Change: a woman as wife. This is one of the marriage system adopted in the A Case Study of Polyandry Marriage System Nepalese society mostly in Himalayan region. The marriage among the Gurung Community from Upper system is not practiced by many communities in the world and not practiced in many other communities of Nepal. It is contrasting Mustang, Nepal practice to monogamy societies, unique and unusual for many people of the modern society. The history of polyandry system is still unknown but according to religious literature in ancient time Pandav had adapted Draupati as common wife in Mahabharat Juddha Bahadur Gurung period. In this paper I have explored current status of existing polyandry in Upper Mustang. Literally, a single woman sharing multiple men as husbands at a Abstract time is known as polyandry. Polyandry is two types that are fraternal and non fraternal. In fraternal polyandry, all the brothers Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. In in one generation share woman as a wife. In non-fraternal Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. polyandry, a group of like-minded men from different households However, the condition of polyandry is dying out at present. The get married with a single woman. In Nepalese context fraternal young are not in favor of this system. Socio-economic, political, polyandry marriage system is still found in Himalayan region of seasonal migration, tourism and developmental factors have played Nepal. Today, it is verge of extinct culture because it is persist as a crucial role in this regards. From conservation perspective very delicate and fragile cultural form in Himalayan regions of polyandry played crucial role to manage local resources and in Nepal especially in Humla, Dolpa, Mustang, Gorkha, Dhading, population dynamics in the past. This paper is based on field Okhaldunga, Samkhuwashava, Taplejung and other mountain survey carried out in two different time periods (1998 and 2008) in districts or close to Tibetan border of Nepal (THT, 2008, Sharma,. order to compare or understand changing pattern of polyandry. In 2007, TKP, 2005). It is contrasting cultural practice to monogamy last couple of years, polyandry system has changed very rapidly in societies, unique and unusual for many people of the modern Loba communities of Upper Mustang. Rising community society. It is rare cultural practices and assumes a specific awareness, multiple economic opportunities, improve concentration in the Himalayan areas of South Asia also found in communication, foreign employment, modern education, open Africa, Oceania and Native America too (Schwimmer, 2003). tourism, road access and other visual and in visual forces has lead society from close to open and more wider side or increase the horizon of young generation. Polyandry system is directly affected. Many people believed that the polyandry culture diffused from Tibet in Upper Mustang since the ancient time. It is one of the best Keywords: Polyandry, Natural Resources management, Upper ways to maintain limited parental properties right within the same Mustang, Loba, ACAP clan, maintain population with the region. Indirectly it has great contribution on conservation of scare natural resources of the Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 | 77 78 | Juddha Bahadur Gurung region. In this regard there is no proper documentation of Figure 1: Map of Upper Mustang procedure, changes in last decade or current status and trend, major threats, sexual conflicts among the polyandrous, its impact to society or perception of society and outsiders, and role of women in household as well as sexual management., This paper tries to document the traditional procedure, and social approval of polyandry system,. Similarly to demonstrate and highlights the current status and social perception about polyandry system, trace out driving forces of adaptation of polyandry system, assessing women's right on children and properties and to explore any root cause of conflict among the stakeholders. 2. Methods and materials I have used both on primary and secondary data. Collection of primary data on cultural practices, cultural resources as well as environmental through field survey and interviews with structured questionnaires and checklists was done. Accidental sampling was applied for interviews and other related researches. The major sources of secondary was from district office, ministries, donor agencies NGO (I)s publications and other electronic sources. 3. Study area This study was conducted in Mustang, one of the most remote scarce rainfall and low temperature is main characteristic of the districts of Nepal. It is situated north of the Mt. Annapurna, Central district. Himalayan, which is the world famous trekking route in Nepal. Geographically, Mustang is situated 2000 m to 8,167m elevations Maximum temperature is recorded 260 C in summer and minimum above the sea level. A study shows that almost 84% of the area is is -90 C in winter (DMH/NG, 2006). Alpine and tundra type of more than 300 slopes and very less area is plain along the bank of climate reflects the respective vegetation types. Good pastureland Kali Gandaki River. There are more than 20 minor rivers and has provided opportunity for livestock herding. Pines species is the rivulets are recorded within the entire Mustang. These rivers are dominant tree species and Caragana sp. is dominant ground deeply flowing and joint with major river Kaligandaki. Beside species (Blamont, 1996). rivers popular ritual sites such as Damodar Kunda, Muktinath spring, Dhomba, Sekong, Titi lakes are found as major wetlands of Nepal is land of natural and cultural diversity. It is also land of the district (DDC, Mustang, 2002). multilingual, multi nationalities and multi ethnic country. In Mustang, 14,981 (Male 6,801 and Female 8,180) people inhabit Entire Mustang is rain shadow district because it is located in inner along the banks of the river Kali Gandaki and male female ratio is Himalayan region of the country. Climate of the entire district is 120.28. This is the highest male female ration of the country. The cold temperate, alpine and tundra types. This is cold desert because average family size is 4.62 and population growth rate is very slow Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 | 79 80 | Juddha Bahadur Gurung that is recorded 0.47% per annum (CBS, 2058). The ethnic 4. Economy composition is diverse. Gurung and Thakali are the main ethnic inhabitants. Gurung constitute 59%, Thakali 25%, Dalits castes Naturally economy is depended on natural resources. Rangeland, such as Kami/Damai 8%, Magar 3%, Bista 3% and other 2% of forest, agriculture lands, water, fragile agriculture lands are total ethnic groups inhabit in Mustang. Mustang is having 3.9/Sq. determining the economy of the settlements. Depending on the Km population density which is one of lowest in Nepal. Population natural resources Upper Mustang economy is based on traditional density is. Buddhism is major religion (90%) of the district where practices for examples livestock, subsistence agriculture, winter Hindu is in second position (9%) and the rest are Muslim, Christian migration for trade and tourism as well as foreign employment. (DDC, Mustang, 2002). Newly emerging tourism business and foreign employment also has contributed in local economy. In agriculture buckwheat, barley, Mustang covers 3,573 Sq. km. (2.42 %) of total area of the rye, wheat, potatoes, peas and mustard are the main crops country. The entire district has been politically divided into 16 produced. Similarly cow, goat, sheep, yak, Jhokpa, horse, mule and Village Development Committees (VDCs) for carrying out donkey are the major livestock species which support their administrative and development activities. An average literacy rate economy in some extent. After introduction of tourism in Upper of the region is 53.74 % where male is 67.3% and female is Mustang in 1992 AD tourism is flourishing in the region. Tourism 55.47% (CBS 2001). Traditionally entire district is divided into opens the opportunities to operate teashops, lodges, hotels, three regions lower Mustang or Thak Sat Say or Thak Khola groceries, camping grounds, horses and mule services for tourist. (Thakali is dominant ethnic group), middle part is known as In addition, handicrafts production also support for their economy. Baragaon and Upper Mustang or Lo Chho Din or Loba Kingdom Tourism has contributes on their local economy (Sapkota, 2007). where Gurung is dominant ethnic group (DDC Mustang, 2002). Foreign employment also attractive alternative income also sources for young generation of Upper Mustang. Korea, Japan, U.S.A, Upper Mustang covers 2,563 sq. km which is further divided into German, UK and other European countries are major destinations barren land (1,435.13 sq. km.), (1,066.27 sq. km.) grazing land, for foreign employment (Personal communication with Gyanendra shrub land (15 sq. km.) and water bodies (12.78 sq. km). And, Bista in May, 2008). agriculture land has only 32.74 sq. km. (ACAP, 1998). The entire Upper Mustang found small to bigger sizes 28 scattered Winter migration is increasing annually. During the winter, all ages settlements along the banks of the Kali Gandaki River. Within the of people mostly young people from Upper Mustang migrate to the Upper Mustang region approx. 6,119 people are living into 1,065 Indian cities such as Gurkhapur, Lucknow, New Delhi, Calcutta, households. Average family size is 5.7 (DDC Mustang, 2002). Madras, Gohati, and Ludhiana and other places for sweater trade. Upper Mustang lies within the trans-Himalayan region of the On average, two-third of total population of Upper Mustang country.
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