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CLEMENTS COMPANY WHY NOT THE BEST? The system through which our political leadership selects people to head 162

U.S. diplomatic missions around the world is one of the last relics of the archaic AMERICAN FOREIGN nineteenth-century spoils system. It is a system that all too often serves not the SERVICE ASSOCIATION country's need for effective representation abroad, but rather the politicians' need Governing Board President: F.A. (TEX) HARRIS to reward people for political loyalty or financial generosity, while passing over State Vice President: TODD STEWART professionals with enormous knowledge and unique experience. AID Vice President: JOHN A. PATTERSON USIA Vice President: RAZVIGOR BAZALA While AFSA's raison d'etre is to safeguard the integrity of the Foreign Retiree Vice President: DONALD R. NORLAND Service, we do not oppose all political appointees on principle. To do so would be Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON naive and self-defeating. In fact, our country and we ourselves benefit from some State Representatives: CHRISTINE FULENA infusion into American diplomacy of different talents and perspectives from the DENNIS KUX JOHN MARIZ worlds of business, academia, or politics. But the overriding principle guiding the SUE SAARNIO DAVID H. SHINN ambassadorial selection process must be: "Why not the best?" AID Representatives LEE ANN ROSS The 1980 Foreign Service Act has it right: an ambassador "should possess JAMES R. WASHINGTON USIA Representative: BRUCE W[ IARTON clearly demonstrated competence to perform the duties of a chief of mission, Retired Representatives KATHRYN CLARK-BOl RNE SAMUEL F. HART including . . . useful knowledge of the language . . . and understanding of the M. BRUCE HIRSHORN history, the culture, the economic and political institutions, and the interests of that EDWARD L. PECK FAS Representative: MAGGIE DOWLING country. . . Contributions to political campaigns should not be a factor." PCS Representative: BARRY FRIEDMAN

Nevertheless, we all know that too many people are nominated as Staff ambassadors only because they, their spouses, their children, and their friends have Executive Director: SUSAN REARDON Busi,ness Department made and/or raised lavish financial contributions to political campaigns. Controller. CATHY FREGELETTE The president is embarked on a major campaign to reinvent the federal Office Manager JUDY SHINN Executive Assistant MEIKE MEISSNER government. AFSA is acting as a full partner with the foreign-affairs agencies' USIA Office Manager. PETER GAASERl 'D leadership to streamline our operations, eliminate excessive bureaucracy, prioritize Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE Administrative Assistants: DIANNA DUN BRACK our programs, and do what counts better with less. But while the reinventing- MICHAEL DAILEY government agenda is being conscientiously addressed within the agencies, when Labor Management Genera! Counsel. SHARON PAPP it comes to selecting chiefs of mission abroad, it's business as usual. Director. JAMES YORKE At least three elements of contemporary diplomacy render the appointment Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON Representative: Jt LIE SMITHLINE of inexperienced and unqualified ambassadors harmful to our national interests: Lcuv Clerks: EDWIN GANT A Complexity The vast reach of our international concerns, amplified by instant MEGAN CHUNG Member Services communications, has made the job of an ambassador far more complex than ever. Acting Director: LORI DEC In virtually every country, we have significant interests and objectives, from trade Director: JANET HEDRICK Representative: NORAJANE MtiNTYRE promotion and military aid to labor and environment. That's a full plate for even Grievance Counselors: DEREK TERRELL the most seasoned professional; for an amateur it is well-nigh indigestible. JENNY NOYES Efficiency In times past, when our missions abroad were relatively few and Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON Retiree Liaison. WARD THOMPSON more generously staffed, the FS staff could afford to carry a neophyte envoy for Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS

a year or more while he or she learned the ropes. No more. In a two-year period Scholarship when we have opened nearly 20 new embassies abroad, the State Department's Coordinator and budget has been cut by 10 percent, with more cuts to come. No longer can our Systems Administrator THERESA AURRICHIO Speakers Bureau and embassies be like a palanquin, in which the ambassador is carried through his tour International Associates. GIL KULICK of duty by the country team. Today’s embassy must be an eight-oar shell, in which Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER the ambassador not only calls the stroke, but also pulls his or her weight. Tift* .American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924. is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official represen¬ Accountability For every Harriman or Bruce the spoils system has produced, tative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, and the United States Irtfonnation Agency and the Agency for International it has sent abroad many envoys who have truly been disasters: no-shows, drunks, Development under the tenns of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active (>r Retired membership ir. AFSA is open to all current < >r retired ernplt>yees playboys, drug abusers. Between these extremes are two large categories: those of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Asscxiate membership is open to persons liaving an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. who absorb the retraining adequately enough to do a creditable job after a while; Annual dues: Active Members—$85-188; Retired Memliers—$45-62; Associate Members—$50. .All AFSA members are memliers of the Foreign and those who effectively fail but "stay out of the way." There must be a system Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may lx* deductible as an ordinary and necessary business of performance accountability for both career and political appointees. We can't expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations ate deductible as charitable contributions. afford the marginal performers who are currently protected by the spoils system. AMFRXAN FORTH A Stuviu ASSOCIATION. 2101E Street NAY. Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, membership, professional issues, scholarship The core question of how we choose American leadership abroad must be programs, insurance programs. JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Gov¬ erning Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management high on the "reinventing government" agenda. Our leaders have to be able to say relations, memlier sen ices, grievances: (202) (>47-8160 • FAX: (202 )(w7- that they have changed the way they choose our ambassadors—and that they are 0265 • USIA Member Services (202 ) 401-6405 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730. choosing the best. —TEX HARRIS 2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 VOL. 70, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1993 JOURNAL

Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE KATHLEEN BRION JOHN ERIKSSON PHYLLIS DICHTF.R-FORBES SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH Changing China 24 Women’s Rights 31 HANS N. TUCH FEATURES “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” Speaking Out: Personnel Reform Revisited 13 Acting Editor BY LANNON WALKER NANCY A. JOHNSON Advertising Manager TINA M. DREYFUS History: A Grave Robber in Korea 23 Editorial Assistant LIZ ALLAN Design Changing China 24 MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS BY ANNE STEVENSON-YANG

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Focus: Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent HUMAN RIGHTS the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 31 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas The Feminization of Human Rights subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail BY ARV0NNE FRASER not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send The New Shape of the CSCE 35 address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E BY DAVID SH0RR Street, N.W., Washington. D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Balancing Act 38 does not imply the endorsement of the services or BY DAVID CALLAHAN goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. Books and the Arts 45 © American Foreign Service Association 1993 Printed in the U.S.A. Max Kraus on chamber music, Ward Thompson reviews a war memoir, and James Goodby writes on Finland.

Send address changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, DEPARTMENTS Washington, DC 20037-2990 President’s Views 2 In Memory 43 Letters 6 Real Estate 52 Despatch 11 Marketplace 55 The Cover: Clippings and Comment 18 Classifieds 56 Illustration by Becky Heavner AFSA News Pull-out section Postcard from Abroad 60

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Our Feet to the Fire mined that their views were not having Congratulations to President Tex Har¬ any impact—and that they could not investment ris for not allowing the Bosnia crisis to remain silent in good conscience—did be swept under the mg. In writing that they choose the hardest option. excellent editorial, (“Beyond Bosnia,” Not all members of the Service October Journal) he helps to fill a agree with their position on Bosnia With the leadership gap... (although I trust few would argue that Indeed the Bosnia situation is a spe¬ our policies since 1989 have been cial one. The truly monstrous atrocities either successful or wise), but I hope that the Serbs have inflicted on their all recognize that these four officers neighbors, especially the Bosnian Mus¬ deserve our recognition and (as Sec¬ lims, amount to crimes against human¬ retary Eagleburger said) our admira¬ professionals ity, comparable—in sheer evil, if not tion for taking a principled, coura¬ numbers—to the Holocaust. The fact geous stand and choosing what in our that the Croats and, to a much lesser tradition is the most honorable course. you trust. extent, the Muslims, have sometimes Eric S. Rubin retaliated in kind does not lessen the Bethesda, MD criminality of tire Serb leadership and of Rental and Management their followers... The Art of the Possible oj Tine Properties in The United States has had world It is not within AFSA’s charter—as leadership thrust upon it, whether we I view it—to question the propriety Northwest PX2, CheVy Chase, like it or not. By continuing our present nor the thrust of foreign policy deci¬ Pethesda and Potomac non-policy in Bosnia, we are abdicating sions, certainly not to impugn the that leadership either to no one at all or “political and moral leadership at the to CNN. Let our association of foreign highest level” (“Beyond Bosnia,” Oc¬ affairs professionals hold the admin¬ tober Journal). Moreover, the inter¬ istration’s (and the public’s) feet to the ference that our leadership is lacking fire. in “responsibility, integrity, vision and J. Edgar Williams self-confidence,” is an unfair indict¬ Carrboro, NC ment. “Vacillation” may at times be no more than the art of the possible. Foreign Service Professionals A commission as a Foreign Service As a former colleague of the four officer presupposes the agreement of Foreign Service officers who resigned the individual to subordinate his per¬ to protest U.S. policy toward the conflict sonal views to legitimate policy deci¬ in ex-Yugoslavia, I applaud the October sions. To spread the spirit, or rather Executive Housing “President's Views.” The four acted in the miasma of dissidence by featuring Consultants, Inc. the finest tradition of Foreign Service both the actual and putative dissi¬ 7315 Wisconsin Avenue professionalism. They did not engage in dents, is in itself of questionable loy¬ Suite 1020 East leaking or other forms of bureaucratic alty to both the institution and our top “guenilla warfare,” nor did they pub¬ national leaders... Bethesda, Maryland 20814 licly criticize U.S. policy before they A serious question arises if officers 301/951-4111 resigned. Rather, they did their best to thus transfixed and historically unin¬ carty out the policies of two administra¬ formed can carry out the demanding “We care for your home tions despite their own deep personal, task of the Foreign Service of our practical, and moral misgivings. They country. Are these, by any chance, the as if it Were our oWn. ” shared those misgivings with their col¬ select few who will provide the new leagues and superiors and tried to bring leadership for America’s foreign policy their concerns to the attention of the to replace the compass of contain¬ policymakers. Only when they deter¬ ment of half a century”? Our first line

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 of defense deserves only the very best! Charles Katsainos Washington, DC Locked-in Views ENJOY AN EXTENDED STAY AT It is never superfluous to reiterate THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES that in this country everybody is entitled to an opinion and the associated right to express it freely and publicly. It goes without saying that the same rules apply to the new AFSA president, Tex Harris. His most recent editorial “Beyond Bosnia,” however, is more than just an opinion. It is a blatant effort to sell AFSA’s membership an idea that is mischievous, if not more than that. A president of any organization is [in] a policy position. When a president speaks or writes, [the] words are taken to reflect the opinion of the organization’s membership. I am confident that a significant percentage of AFSA's mem¬ bership does not share Mr. Harris’s views... The Executive Club Suite is your With Convenient locations in the [The Yugoslav] tragedy is only now convenient home away from home heart of Rosslyn, Arlington and beginningto surface in all of its ugliness, without that familiar stuffy hotel feel¬ Alexandria, Virginia, we are witliin revealing the multitude of guilty parties ing. The Executive Club Suites pro¬ minutes of the most important gov¬ vide personalized service in spacious ernment and business centers in the not just one as they [die 4 dissenters] apartment style suites Washington metropoli¬ would have it in their simplistic view of with more amenities tan area. There is easy the world. than most hotels. Each access to Georgetown, So many people nowadays read only suite has a fully equip- Foggy Bottom, State what they want to read, preferably ped modern kitchen, Department, Capitol dining area, spacious Hill, National Airport, something that supports their locked-in living room and mas¬ the Pentagon, Crystal views. As they say, you can take the ter bedroom with a City, the Beltway and horse to water, but you can’t make it queen size bed. The all superhighways. drink. suites are 600-700 Whether you are Michael Mennard square feet of personal living space. an executive on short-term business, or a diplomat on temporary transfer, Reston, VA Other amenities include health- club, sauna, FREE parking and com¬ or finding a relocation headquarters, plimentary shuttle service to The Executive Club Suites provides First Diplomat N.F.A.T.C., the Pentagon and Metro. the very comforts of home. The October Journal refers to plans to move the statue of Benjamin Franklin THE EXECUTIVE CLUB SUITES from “its obscure perch” by the THE REAL SUITE HOTEL department’s diplomatic entrance to the LN ALEXANDRIA IN ROSSLYN IN ARLINGTON grounds of the new National Foreign 610 Bashford Lane 1730 Arlington Boulevard 108 South Courthouse Road (off George Washington Parkway) (Off Route 50) (Off Washington Boulevard) Affairs Training Center. It refers to Old Town Alexandria. Virginia 22204 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 Arlington,Virginia 22204 Franklin as “America’s first diplomat.” (703)739-2582 (703)525-2582 (703)522-2582 That Franklin was not. That title was RESERVATIONS: 800-535-2582 earned by Silas Deane, who was sent to FAX (703) 548-0266

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8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

as determined by FCS’s 1991 in-depth side, particularly those relating to INS No matter which assessment of its programs, is informa¬ requirements. tion. . .the kind of informed political and Peter F. Kranstover flag you’re under, economic analysis that Mr. Vasquez USAID/Costa Rica believes the Service should provide if it we’ll take care of the is to have a role in the diplomacy of the Lessons Learned roof over your head. future. After reading Alan W. Lukens’ ar¬ I suggest that the Foreign Service’s ticle, “The Death of Crisis Management close association with business will be Exercises” (September Journat), I be¬ of increasing value. Where [the author] lieve some clarification is in order. misses the boat is in his failure to First, the subhead, “Are American recognize that mutual interests of the Embassies now safe from terrorism? Service and U.S. corporations, when The State Department seems to think tapped, can shaipen the quality of the so” is misleading and inaccurate. Crisis finished product and forge a vital part¬ Management Exercises (CME) never nership as we strive to restore our had any direct relation to the level or economic power. effectiveness of security protection at Hal Lucius U.S. missions. They were simply a very Whether you are assigned Hatpursville, NY useful tool to focus the attention of post overseas or returning management on possible emergencies. home, Allied Realty Corp. A Delicate Business Discontinuing the program certainly can manage your property or find you a rental home. Reading the two fine articles on the does not leave embassies less pro¬ We're the Washington trials of overseas adoptions by offi¬ tected against terrorist attacks. area's largest, oldest and cers Young and Livingston (Septem¬ Second, the Bureau of Diplomatic most trusted property man¬ ber Journat) reminded me once again Security never considered CMEs a agers, with more than 50 of the labyrinthine procedures one “fringe activity.” On the contrary, the years of experience renting faces in foreign adoptions. Having program was amply supported, and by and managing a 500-prop¬ undertaken what, in retrospect, were the author’s own admission over 330 erty portfolio. Here's why: immensely complicated adoptions in exercises were held at our overseas • Highest rental value for the Sudan and Honduras (where regu¬ missions. The exercises are an out¬ your home lations changed from one year to the standing training vehicle but in an era • Large selection of rental next), I can only say that I am grateful for of fiscal restraint, we must find a less properties • Professionally trained a helpful consular staff at both posts. costly way to achieve the same objec¬ leasing staff Adoption by foreigners of a country’s tive. During the past ten years, many • 24-hour maintenance human patrimony is a delicate business “lessons learned” have been identified service at best, plagued by political consider¬ from which all posts can benefit and • Multi-lingual staff ations and fierce nationalistic pride, at examine/test their own preparedness; at worst. The great advantage we had was the same time they can involve all person¬ being assigned to the respective coun¬ nel, which was not the practice in the past. try, thereby putting us in a better posi¬ A CME “lessons learned” manual tion to follow the process with our local will be published next year, and we attorney and avoid the unscrupulous will use this same valuable information officials who exist everywhere and do, as the basis for developing a Washing¬ indeed, prey on the unsuspecting and ton-based CME program. SINCE 1940 Professional Property Managers often desperate foreigner. It is unfortu¬ In addition, Diplomatic Security sa¬ Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, nately these few [individuals] who give lutes the many dedicated officers who Senior Vice President the process a bad name and invariably developed, managed, and carried out (301) 656-7000 lead to the overblown type of investiga¬ the CME program over the years, and -Ov (301) 656-8600 _ tion, which puts a chill into the entire they can be confident that their efforts MM fax (301) 907-4766 03 process and embarrasses the host country. will serve as the basis for CME pro¬ Since this is probably an inevitable grams of the future. LOCAL cost of the overseas adoption process, Mark E. Mulvey let me add my voice in asking for a Director, Diplomatic Security Service PRESENCE review of the constraints on the U.S. Washington, DC

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VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDERS. COMPACT DISC PLAYERS. STEREO COMPONENT SYSTEMS. BLANK TAPE. HEADPHONES. SPEAKERS. CAMERAS. PENS PENCILS. COPIERS. FACSIMILE MACHINES. DESKS CHAIRS. STAPLERS. PAPER PUNCHES. DIAPERS DOG FOOD. CAT FOOD. CONSUMABLES. LIGHT BULBS. ELECTRICAL WIRE. TRANSFORMERS PLUMBING SUPPLIES. CONDUIT. HAND TOOLS POWER TOOLS. ROOFING MATERIALS AND MORE DESPMH BY ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Yours Truly Working as a magazine edi¬ often, though, I think our approach The message is this: the impor¬ tor can be anxiety-pro¬ has been successful. Over the last tance of the Foreign Service Journal, voking, because mistakes three years I hope we have prompted small and obscure though it may be, are so public; it’s like pre¬ readers to consider should not be un¬ senting a blueprint of your id to a more carefully the role derestimated. This team of surveyors for monthly inspec¬ of economic develop¬ magazine is a meet¬ tion. Did I write that headline because ment and trade in for¬ ing place in the mail¬ I secretly dislike the author? Did I eign policy, the inter¬ box for the people publish this unflattering photo be¬ connections between who are reshaping cause of some jealousy? Have I delib¬ diplomacy and the use America’s role in the erately sought authors who would of force, the role of world. All its readers promote my own cranky points of intelligence and who should consider view? Obviously the magazine is a should be charged themselves the mag¬ group endeavor—one that I could with gathering it for azine’s parole offic¬ never duplicate on my own—but on the political leader¬ ers: write when you some level, I feel responsible for the ship, the importance don’t like an article, whole thing. By the time you read of public opinion in contribute an article this, I will have taken up a new job in the shaping of inter¬ This magazine is a meeting of your own, pass Beijing, and this seems like a good national relations, and the magazine on to time to look at the magazine’s past many other issues place in the mailbox for the others who work in and confess my hopes for its future. critical to the slow people who are reshaping foreign affairs. Every editor and every editorial shaping of a new I’ve had to take board have a vision, a purpose that world order. America’s role in the world. up my new position they hope the publication will accomp¬ Beyond these po¬ rather abruptly, and lish. Having come to this job in late litical purposes, I All its readers should there are authors, il¬ 1990,1 had a fascinating vantage point hoped the magazine consider themselves the lustrators, designers, from which to view the beginning of could be a chatting printers, and other a transformation in U.S. foreign policy post for people in and magazine’s parole collaborators to whom and the institutions that carry it for¬ involved with the For¬ officers... I am deeply indebted ward. I saw the Cold War framework eign Service—sort of for their patience and that had guided our policies as some¬ like what the “senior superb work. I have thing of an ill-fitting suit that our lounge” was to my not had a chance to diplomatic establishment simply could class in high school when we finally say goodbye to everyone, but I hope not slip out of. I wanted the Foreign reached the lofty twelfth grade and this letter can stand in for a personal Service Journal to get in on the no- had a place all our own where we farewell. It’s been a privilege to work holds-barred discussion that would could sit and talk. The Journal should for you. follow the Cold War, to help come up provide a sense of community and with new ideas. historical continuity. I hope it is also Our wonderful editor, Anne Sometimes, despite the good fun to read. Magazines should have Stevenson-Yang, has left the Journal offices of the Editorial Board, my their own personalities, and I hope after more than three years of dedi¬ eagerness to press forward the agenda this magazine’s is one you enjoy spend¬ cated work. In the Foreign Service we has allowed parts of the magazine to ing an evening with. understand that people come and go, become shrill. Sometimes, too, the Now, the magazine will benefit and we applaud their progress. But it magazine has become wooden in the from the ideas of a different editor. I is still sadfor all of us on the Editorial effort to make readers think about the cannot resist the opportunity of my Board. We wish her the best, and hope issues we believe are important— parting, however, to leave a message we can recapture her from time to whether they like it or not. More behind. time in the Journal’s pages.

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 Statement of Ownership, The Area's Largest Management, and Circulation (required by 39 U.S.C. 3685) 1A. Title of Diplomatic Dealer Publication: Foreign Service Journal IB. Publication no: 00157279. 2. Date of filing: FREE SERVICE September 15, 1993. 3. Frequency of issue: monthly 3A. No. of issues published LOANER annually: 12.3B. Annual subscription price: $40.00. 4. Complete mailing address of known office of publication: 2101 E St. NW, THE WASHINGTON AREA’S LARGEST BMW DEALER Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. 5. Complete Special Factory Leasing & 5.75 Financing Available mailing address of the headquarters of general business offices of the publisher: Contact: 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. 6. Jay Klein Richard Burton Full names and complete mailing address of Sales Director Sales and Leasing publisher, editor, and managing editor; Publisher: American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Editor: Anne Stevenson-Yang, 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. 7. Owner: American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders 325 is owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other Coupe securities: American Foreign Service Protective Association, 1716 N Street, N.W., PASSPORT BMW Washington, D.C. 20036; AFSA Scholarship Fund, 2101 E St. NW, 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland Washington, D.C. 20037. 9. For completion by non-profit organizations authorized to (301) 423-8400 mail at special rates; the purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization Call Today For A Home or Office Appointment and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes: (1) has not changed during preceding 12 months. 10. Extent and nature of circulation; average no. copies each issue during preceding 12 months: A. Total no. of We concentrate on copies: 12,000. B. Paid/and or requested only ONE thing ... circulation: (1) sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales: Managing your property. 20. (2) mail subscription: 11,270. C. Total paid and/or requested circulation: 11,290. D. Free distribution by mail, carrier or PROFESSIONAL other means; samples, complimentary, and PROPERTY other free copies: 500. E. Total distribution: 11,790. F. Copies not distributed: (1) office MANAGEMENT use, left, over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing: 200. (2) return from news agents: OF NORTHERN 10. G. Total: 12,000. Actual no. copies of VIRGINIA INC. single issue published nearest to filing date: A. Total no. copies: 12,084. B. Paid and/or Join our growing number of requested circulation: (1) sales through owners from Athens to Zaire dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales: 20. (2) 11,270. C. Total paid who trust the management of and/or requested circulation: 11,290. D. their properties to PPM. Pro¬ Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other fessional service with a per¬ means; samples, complimentary, and other sonal touch. free copies: 500. E. Total distribution: 11,790. F. Copies not distributed: (1) office Discounts on appliances use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after and more! Monthly comput¬ printing: 289. (2) return from news agents: 5. G. Total: 12,084. I certify that the erized statements. statements made by me above are correct and complete, (signed) Anne 5105K Backtick Rd. Stevenson-Yang, Editor. Annandale, VA 22003 703/642-3010 Fax: 703/642-3619 BY LANNON WALKER Down and Out: Personnel Reform Revisited

he end of the Cold War has approach is that those senior officers Limited Career Extensions (LCEs) T engendered calls for both new who have been promoted quickly are would be allied with very short TICs international policies and a new precisely the ones who run out of (three years for each senior rank), but model for managing foreign time-in-class at a relatively young age— management would not grant the LCEs affairs. Less obvious, but no less criti¬ just when these officers’ experience to those officers ranked at the bottom cal to our nation’s success overseas, is and talents are needed to address the of their class. the urgent need for a final reform of challenges of the post-Cold War If this reform is instituted, both our the Foreign Service personnel system. agenda and just as the Service’s heavy very best senior officers and all those Why another reform when the De¬ investment in its top officers should mid-ranked would either be promoted partment of State has struggled so be paying off. or kept on. This more competitive often to get its personnel approach, based on selec¬ system right? Very simply, tion board rankings, should past efforts have failed to result in less grievances. More correct the core problems The Foreign Service has always prided itself on its importantly, if we undertake of the Foreign Service, and merit-based structure, an up-or-out system based these reforms, not only will the cumulative effects of we keep our best senior of¬ these unresolved structural on tough competition. We should make that claim a ficers, but mid-career offic¬ and cultural defects over reality and see to it that the officers who leave the ers struggling to cross the many years have had sev¬ Service are those who are ranked at the bottom of senior threshold will have a eral results: more predictable path. • The premature retire¬ their class. ment of our best offi¬ Service needs first cers. The assignment process • A lack of discipline in a and the bidding system have Service that is supposed to be based The Foreign Service has always imploded. The Department of State on discipline and worldwide avail¬ prided itself on its merit-based struc¬ goes through contortions to fill its ability. ture, an up-or-out system based on urgent staffing requirements even • An officer corps still not reflective tough competition. We should make though the Foreign Service is based of our nation’s diversity. that claim a reality and see to it that the on worldwide availability and the • A persistent degradation in the very officers who leave the Service are discipline inherent in such mobility. skills that constitute the raison d’etre those who are ranked at the bottom of Recruitment has little focus and is not of the Foreign Service. their class. There should be no egress based on the needs of the Service. • An undermining of the career prin¬ mechanism other than low-ranking in Professional development is non-exis¬ ciple, especially in the senior as¬ terms of relative performance. tent if it requires stepping out of the signments process. The Foreign Service Act of 1980 mainstream. Several reforms are ur¬ requires the use of a personnel model gently required; all must be based on an Who should leave? to determine promotion rates. This, in assessment of tire needs of the Service. The main elements of the person¬ effect, involves a projection of the • Recruit for the functional and area nel system—recruitment, assignment, number of officers at each rank who skills needed in the department. training, and promotion—depend need to leave if a given “flow-through” Assign officers to the skills for upon the number of officers who is to be attained. If selection boards which they were recruited as soon leave the Service and on how their were required to rank the bottom of as possible. This will require a identity is determined. Currently, we the class as rigorously as they now do reversal of the decision to post¬ rely on time-in-class (TIC) as the pri¬ the top, then the director general pone junior officer coning. mary egress mechanism with age as would be able to identify those low- • Cease recruiting to staff visa lines. the fail-back. The net result of this ranked officers who should leave. Officers recruited for the consular

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *13 SPEAKING OUT

track should serve on the line as skills also lead into the Senior Foreign We need both experts and general¬ part of their training, but the visa Service, the department has danger¬ ists in the Foreign Service and each function should be staffed by prop¬ ously undermined our expert-skill should be the very best in their fields. erly trained non-FSOs. base. The multifunctional track ap¬ It is time to take the steps to make this • Publish job openings and solicit pears to be perceived as the preferred a reality. preferences but make assign¬ • Officers should choose ments on the basis of the whether they wish to com¬ needs of the Service—and There has been a long, important, and pete for promotion across the make the assignments stick. senior threshold as either We need open bidding, not unresolved debate over the respective experts or generalists—not open assignments. roles of “experts” and “generalists” in both. And they would com¬ the Foreign Service. In the meantime, pete on the basis of their Improve skills qualifications with their ex¬ There has been a long, im¬ we have let both expert skills—area, pert or generalist peers. portant, and unresolved debate language, and functional—and our • This system, which was ne¬ over the respective roles of “ex¬ generalist skills—multifunctional, gotiated with AFSA in 1985, perts” and “generalists” in the but later dropped before it Foreign Service. In the mean¬ interagency, policy formulation, and became effective, means that time, we have let both expert program direction—deteriorate. both expeit and generalist skills—area, language, and func¬ positions need to be identi¬ tional—and our generalist fied in the Senior Foreign skills — multifunctional, Service. interagency, policy formulation, and route into the senior ranks and at¬ • Each officer would choose a profes¬ program direction—deteriorate. By in¬ tracts a plethora of political officers, sional development program de¬ stituting the multifunctional track, who are already over-represented in signed either to deepen expertise or without making it clear that expert the senior ranks. to expand multifunctional credentials. Security you can count on for your financial well being. When you’re living abroad, State Department Federal Credit Union can help you and your family manage your finances. We offer a wide range of loans and credit plans with competitive rates and convenient repayment options. SDFCU offers low-rate personal and car loans, education and home equity loans, MasterCard, mortgages and more. Call our 24-hour rate line at 703-706-5000 or 800-296-8882 for more information. Contact us for a LOANLINER® application, free “Overseas Service Guide” or “Member Service Guide.” If you’re calling from overseas, please let our staff know and you’ll receive priority service. If you’re an embassy or consulate employee, cable the credit union, or see your SDFCU liaison. Our financial services can make a world of difference to you and your family.

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With such a system—recruiting and the involvement of our senior leaders much more responsibility for recruit¬ making assignments based on the as well as our recruitment system. ment efforts, assignments, and pro- needs of the Service and striking ; - fessional development. The cen¬ the right balance between experts tral system should concentrate on and generalists—we will be able The most effective way to have the setting standards and building to significantly upgrade and main¬ Foreign Service truly reflect our plural crosswalks among the bureaus for tain our standards as foreign af¬ multifunctional officers and for fairs professionals. society is through the recruitment promotions and egress. process. We need to recruit for both An assistant secretary should A representative Service skills and diversity. be responsible for seeing to it that The personnel system has failed the bureau is staffed to fulfill the to significantly alter the profile of needs of the organization. Bureau the Foreign Service so that it rep¬ personnel experts should provide resents our nation’s diversity. It is continuity, but assistant secretar¬ time to do so once and for all. Anything less will be ephemeral, as it ies must themselves direct the overall The most effective way to have the has been thus far. recruitment program. Those recruited Foreign Service truly reflect our plural would know that the bulk of their society is through the recruitment Who should be responsible for careers would be spent in the bureau process. We need to recruit for both reform? that recruited them. In this way deci¬ skills and diversity. If we decide we The personnel system has been sions on assignments and on profes¬ need more economists or more ex¬ responsible for recruitment, assign¬ sional development can be enforced perts on Asia, then we should set out ment, training, promotions, egress— and will make more sense to the to find them, and we should espe¬ everything—with varying degrees of individual officer. The important thing cially look for these skills among input from the bureaus. This should is that operational managers, the as¬ minority candidates. This will require be reversed and the bureaus given sistant secretaries, must be respon-

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16 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • DECEMBER 1995 sible for the full range of manage¬ that used for political appointees, rather viewed political and career candidates ment—including personnel. If we do than a merit-based system. for overseas missions. The common not decentralize responsibility, we will The time has come to establish a goal of the Senior Assignment Board continue to find that, in reality, no Senior Assignments Board, consisting and the White House review commis¬ one is in charge of our future. sion would be to emphasize compe¬ tence and qualifications among both career and non-career appointees. Integrity and Professionalism Most dangerous to the future of the Career Foreign Service officers serve all administrations with in¬ Service is the growing tendency of the A call for leadership tegrity and high standards of per¬ Foreign Service—through the work of The current leadership of the Department of State has considered formance. The corollary to this com¬ an old-boy network at the most senior mitment is that our political leaders each of these personnel issues—but view the Foreign Service as impor¬ levels—to put forward unqualified in most cases has failed to act or has tant to the national interest. Unfor¬ career candidates for ambassadorial taken the wrong path. For example, tunately, these principles are un¬ positions. by continuing to rely on time-in¬ der attack and in danger of losing class, it has chosen the worst and their relevance. most destructive option. It’s time Most dangerous to the future of that the Foreign Service itself looks into the Service is the growing tendency of its soul. If our senior career leadership the Foreign Service—through the work of distinguished active and retired offic¬ of an old-boy network at the most ers and outsiders who would recom¬ senior levels—to put forward unquali¬ mend career candidates to the secre¬ Lannon Walker has served as deputy fied career candidates for ambassado¬ tary. This reform should be allied with a assistant secretary of state for Afri¬ rial positions. Our selection process at return to the Askew Commission ap¬ can affairs and as ambassador to the ambassadorial level often resembles proach whereby the White House re¬ Senegal

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DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *17 USAID: Smaller but Smarter? The mission and poli¬ Kirschten points out that agency s presence over¬ cies of the Agency for In¬ Atwood hasn’t hesitated to seas and to centralize ternational Development step on toes, recently giv¬ management in Washing¬ continue to be dissected ing 50 career workers their ton. “The overseas mis¬ in the media. A feature ar¬ walking papers. Atwood sions should not be ticle in The National Jour¬ explained, “This is an old eroded in the reorganiza¬ nal (October 2) on Ad¬ agency,... younger people tion,” Atwood was inform¬ ministrator J. Brian have been blocked from ed in an AFSA statement Atwood, noted AFSA Rep¬ coming up” to positions that was circulated to all resentative Lee Ann Ross’s they deserve. Atwood re¬ posts. Since then, Atwood concern that attempts to marked, “People haven't has made numerous ad¬ centralize management begun to understand the justments in his reorgani¬ will detract from the full weight of what is go¬ zation plan. Ross charac¬ agency’s greatest ing to happen ... as we terized Atwood’s re¬ strength—its field capa¬ go through the down¬ sponses to the concerns bilities. “We’ve been do¬ sizing process.” as “reassuring.” ing more with less for so Kirschten gives AFSA The National Journal many years that it’s unten¬ credit for raising alarms article points out that able now to contemplate about both the pace and even a streamlined foreign further [overseas] reduc¬ direction of Atwood’s aid agency is in danger of tions,” Ross declared to plans, particularly his pro¬ losing influence if the bud¬ writer Dick Kirschten. posals to reduce the get squeeze continues,

Diplomatic Wife Lucille Bloch, the wife from the diplomatic Today, much of Mrs. of never-charged but world, she was tailed, Bloch’s time is spent lob¬ ousted FSO Felix Bloch, is many friends and col¬ bying the government to finally telling her side of leagues shunned her, her get her pension and the stoiy. In a Wall Street calls to the State Depart¬ health benefits restored Journal stoiy by Amanda ment have gone and trying to get her Bennett (October 20), she unanswered, name officially cleared. says the spy scandal is and she lost “How long does an inno¬ “about the downfall of a her job, ac¬ cent person have to be family.” After more than cording to harassed?" she asks. As four tiying and perplex¬ Bennett. Felix Bloch grows more ing years, the couple is As a Foreign reclusive—he now works now estranged, and Service wife, as a bus driver in Chapel two daughters struggle she did volun¬ Hill—Lucille Bloch grows to reconcile the prim teer work, more vocal and seeks to and proper father of served on com¬ make sense of her diplo¬ their childhood with mittees and en¬ matic years. the stranger they tertained visit¬ Was Felix Bloch a spy? read about in the ing Americans. I lis wife and daughters told newspaper. According to a Bennett they don’t know. The Bloch story survey done in Mrs. Bloch says, “If he did shows the fate that the late 1970s, commit treason, let him be can befall women the average charged.” She is angry that who find them¬ wife of a For¬ even though Bloch was not selves tarred and eign Service of¬ charged, the State Depart¬ cast off as a re¬ ficer spent be¬ ment has denied the couple sult of a tween 20 and pension and health ben¬ husband’s fall 60 hours a efits. She thinks that what¬ from grace. week on un¬ ever happens to Felix Mrs. Bloch was paid diplomatic Bloch’s pension, she is en¬ hastily removed activities. titled to her share. £<

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 ■iiin;%!i»"i'iii!ui.1.,:Miimmi nwiiiiiiMinmaMiuuHiiu mwim^uituuUUiM

FSI and Fish Forks Sarah Booth Conroy, She recounts how in Washington Post “Chroni¬ the 1950s diplomatic cler,” in an October 11 wives, “wide-eyed with column writes that the fear,” were told, “You new National Foreign Af¬ mustn’t worry about en¬ fairs Training Center tertaining even if you (NFATC) comes with a set don’t have fish forks.” of electronic-age facilities Conroy remarks that and attitudes that are now the world is more light-years away from the complicated in big matters time Conroy was a “junior and less complicated in wife.” small ones. NFATC re¬

Women in War From the Foreign Service Journal of December 1943. Women Foreign Sendee battlefield, they managed clerks (WFSC), “the forgot¬ to escape to Bucharest just The Fire Horse ten woman’s anny,” have before the Nazis entered He speaks his mind, tober 25). A senior State De¬ experienced devastating Warsaw. keeps several steps ahead partment official is quoted as bombardments, death, “Irja Linclgren was serv¬ of his superiors and violates saying,”If there had been no panic, revolution, earth¬ ing in the American lega¬ just about every other rule course correction, [focussing quakes, famine, pesti¬ tion at Oslo when the Na¬ of the road for diplomats in on a political solution] Bob lence, and floods, accord¬ zis invaded Norway. King the U.S. Foreign Service. would have gone out there ing to a Woman's Home Haakon and his govern¬ Yet, Time magazine (Octo¬ and accomplished nothing.” Companion article re¬ ment moved five times in ber 25) reports that within Newsweek says Oakley has printed in the Journal. the first week. Miss four days of his arrival in built a reputation for straight “There are only 800 Lindgren and the Ameri¬ Mogadishu, Robert Oakley talk to tyrants. Somali strong¬ clerks, yet more than half can minister, Mrs. Flo¬ had ananged for the re¬ man Siad Barre got so tired of of them have been sub¬ rence Harriman, moved lease of two hostages and Iris lectures that he ordered jected to the hazards of with them, traveling al¬ hammered out a tentative him out of tire country as am¬ war—bombings, shellings, most continuously over cease-fire. His style places bassador in 1984. and traveling through heavily bombed high¬ him in the ranks of trouble¬ Although officially retired mine-infested waters to ways. As soon as it be¬ shooters like Philip Habib from the State Department reach their posts. One in came evident that Norway and Richard Amiitage, whose in 1991, he has remained eight has suffered priva¬ was lost, the State Depart¬ authority derives not from ready to help anywhere his tion or terror as a captive ment made arrangements their titles but from their will¬ vast experience can be of our enemies. Eight to have the women led ingness to operate in the used. “Bob Oakley is a fire women clerks still are in across the border to neu¬ highly volatile world of eye- horse. When the bell rings, enemy hands and will re¬ tral Sweden. Because of ball-to-eyeball diplomacy. he’s there,” said former Am¬ main there for the dura¬ road blocks and intense Time says the fonnula is bassador [Richard] Murphy tion... bombing, the women simple: earn the trust of the in the Washington Times “The WFSC seems to were unable to reach an principals; talk straight and (October 15). The U.S. spe¬ endow its members with appointed meeting place. cut the best deal you can; cial envoy to Somalia is no charmed lives. In Warsaw They found their own way then tell the boss what you ordinary diplomat, says re¬ four WFSC survived the to Sweden. Later they have done. porter Andrew Borowiec. Nazi air and artillery bom¬ learned that the Nazis had “Oakley just bores in,” said All who know him or have bardment of 1939 in wiped out the village a Western diplomat in worked with him say he is an which thousands of Poles where their contact was Mogadishu. However, Oakley exceptional man, eminently died. After living for days waiting and he was is no miracle worker, accord¬ qualified to handle the most in the midst of this blazing killed.” ing to a Newsweek article (Oc¬ complicated situations.

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 clippings and comment

fleets those changes with says the former ambassador a new 487,000-square- to Saudi Arabia was “a man The TV World foot, multi-media campus so cerebral that, exactly “Fleeting, disjointed, in Arlington. There are like T. E. Lawrence, the visual glimpses of real¬ 600 rooms—250 class¬ size of his head seems out ity, flickering on and off rooms for 550 permanent of proportion to the rest of the [TV] screen, here staff teaching about his body...It is as though today and gone tomor¬ 15,000 people in three- Horan is disembodied: a row, are not the ‘infor¬ day to 10-month courses. distilled brain in a jar.” mation’ on which The corner towers are de¬ Kaplan says there was sound judgments on com¬ signed to be “little groov¬ no one better qualified at plicated international problems are to be formed,” comments ing centers” where col¬ that moment (1987) to be George Kennan, in the New York Times (Letters, October 24). leagues will be able to ambassador in Riyadh, but Kennan is protesting a statement by Dan Rather that television meet. ^ after crossing King Fahd in coverage helped create initial support for American action in So¬ carrying out State Depart¬ malia. Kennan continues, “Television cannot consult the rich ment orders, Washington voice of prior experience, nor can it outline probable conse¬ Insider Out recalled Horan. “A feeling quences, or define alternatives, nor express the nuances of the Robert Kaplan’s new persisted within the Foreign arguments pro and con.” book, The Arabists, de¬ Service community”, re¬ scribes the failures of counts Kaplan, “that Horan “State Department insid¬ was done in not just by the That was Then... are allowed. In 1708, dur¬ ers.” A New York. Times Saudis . . . but also by se¬ Early 18th-century am¬ ing the Russian-Swedish book review (October 17) nior bureaucrats . . . for un¬ bassadors had a wider War, Tsar Peter’s ambassa¬ includes a vivid descrip¬ derstanding the Saudis bet¬ latitude in pursuing the dor to Constantinople, Pe¬ tion of former AFSA presi¬ ter than they wanted to be art of diplomacy than ter Tolstoy, was instructed dent Hume Horan. Kaplan understood.” present-day ambassadors “to do whatever was nec- § t Furnished Suites In Ijojeart of Georgetown | 5

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20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 essary to keep the Turks Diplomatically our vital national interests, this quiet during the Swedish administration is doing ex¬ invasion.” Robert K. Dapper tremely well. Our support for Massie in the book, Peter Both the Washing¬ Yeltsin; our involvement in the Great, writes, “Tolstoy ton Post and People the Middle East peace process; spread dismal information magazine have recently what we’ve done in nonpro¬ about the state of the commented on Secretary liferation with Russia, China, Swedish army... Gold— of State Warren North Korea; promoting glo¬ always a powerful influ¬ Christopher’s style—as bal economic growth; Presi¬ ence at the Ottoman in suits and ties. Wrote dent Clinton’s leadership court—was lavishly dis¬ the Post recently, he is doesn’t have to give any¬ tributed among Turkish “exceptionally well- thing away to President courtiers and statesmen. dressed for a man who Bush, and that’s putting it Tolstoy also dangled false lives in a town that mildly.” Christopher was rumors that [Tsar] Peter rarely gets racier than also asked if the crisis had and [King] Charles were a powder-blue shirt.” been particularly hard on on the verge of conclud¬ In a People magazine him, if in fact, he hadn’t £1993 INTERNATIONAL spread, the secretary COPYRIGHT BY CARTOONEWS slept for three days. He re¬ ing a peace... It would be INC, N.Y.C. USA announced, he declared, comments, “Trying to Clinton’s plied that “the atmosphere with the news that Peter’s be well-dressed is a mark in some parts of tire countiy sister was to marry of the respect you have Competence and on Capitol Hill has been Charles and become for others.” But, he adds, Secretary Warren Chris¬ near panic... but we need to Queen of Sweden. Tolstoy “this job is very hard on topher defended Clinton’s be steadier, and have a longer has few equals in devi¬ clothes. An 18- 20-hour foreign policy competence view of American interests. ousness, and his cam¬ day will do a lot to a in an October 18 Time maga¬ That more than anything has paign had its effect.” suit.” £< zine interview: “In protecting kept me awake.” §x

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Korea was the last of the major kingdoms of East Asia opened to contact cedure against him, as seen in the with the West. By the late 1860s. however, Western missionaries, mariners above-mentioned report of the Ga¬ in distress, and even occasional small military expeditions were disturbing zette, resulting in his acquittal. You will notice that the verdict is a the enforced isolation of the “Hermit Kingdom. "In what may have been the simple acquittal. This is equivalent, most remarkable intrusion into Korea du ring this period, a private expedi¬ under our rules, to the Scotch verdict, tion of adventurers—including an American—landed on the coast and "not proven.” For while the evidence attempted unsuccessfully to plunder the royal tombs. The American was would not at all justify a conviction, it later tried in the consular court in Shanghai, which had jurisdiction over left an unfavorable impression on my Americans accused of crimes in China. He was acquitted for lack of evi¬ mind, and with the associates. The dence. 'The case is described in this despatch from U.S. consul George presence of the accused with the Seward, who was later appointed as U.S. minister to China. expedition, his furnishing a large amount of money, although ostensi¬ bly this was a loan, and a large quan¬ tity of arms; his failure to indicate that he remonstrated when told of the real Shanghai, July 13,1868 purpose of the expedition, and his Sir: come. These were contained in a reliance on the weakness of the pros¬ I enclose the supreme court and stone or mason work sarcophagus, ecution rather than on the strength of consular Gazette's report of the trial in and having penetrated through the his own case, all conspired to prevent the consulate of F.H.B. Jenkins, for earth to it, they found themselves us from giving him verdict of honor¬ setting on foot an expedition to Corea, unable to do more, and returned to able acquittal. But it was completely having for its object to exhume the the large steamer, having met no evident that not he, but the French remains of a dead sovereign, or other opposition which they had not over¬ priest and the Hamburgher Oppert person or persons of that country, and come by the simple display of their were the persons most concerned. to hold the bones for profit. arms, or by firing them into the air... I presume that no future steps will This expedition left Shanghai in Before the departure of the expedi¬ be taken. The evidence given is not April last. There were apparently three tion, Mr. Jenkins had told me that he sufficient to enable the consul general leaders: a French priest named Farout, was about making a visit to Corea for Prussia to institute proceedings a citizen of Hamburg named Oppert, with a French priest and Mr. Oppert to against the master and crew of the and our countryman above named. open negotiations, which he said, steamer. The French priest has wisely A steamer under the North German were invited by the Corean govern¬ gone off from Shanghai. The Ham¬ flag, named the China, of 648 tons, ment, looking to the sending of an burg consul has not sufficient judicial was chartered for it. . . . About eight embassy to Europe and America... powers. So the persons who set on Europeans, 20 Manilas, and 100 Chi¬ After his return he told me of the real foot this disgraceful expedition will nese sailors, beyond the complement object of the expedition—to exhume all go clear, and an offense which of the ship, were engaged and em¬ the bones of a former king, and to must be ranked in the opinions of the barked. At Nagasaki, muskets enough hold them, to force a large payment of Chinese and of Coreans, who have, I were taken to arm all these.... on the money. He at the same time declared believe, common ideas of the sacred¬ coast of Corea, two small boats were that he was innocent of any knowl¬ ness of burial places, one which might seized, and within a few hours the edge of the purpose until after sailing have resulted in severe loss of life, tender towing them steamed up a from Nagasaki, when it was too late to and which cannot but grievously in¬ river about 40 miles. leave the vessel. terfere with the efforts to open rela¬ Here the crowd of armed men I was not at all satisfied with this tions with Corea, will remain landed and made their way across the statement, and set to work to sift it. unaddressed. country to a graveyard, where sur¬ The result of my inquiries was a I have the honor to be your obedi¬ rounding hills were covered with conviction that Mr. Jenkins ought to ent servant, Coreans; they went to work to ex¬ be put to trial. hume the bones for which they had I accordingly instituted legal pro¬ —George Seward

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 V he American view of China and the image Chinese people—at least in the capital—have of their nation seem to he developing in almost polar opposition. The United States sees China as a creaky, autocratic nation that is reluctant to play by the rules. China uses prison labor, puts journalists in jail, and ships dangerous weapons around the world. Many Americans fear that, after Deng dies, chaos will overwhelm the political system, and China could even see another era of warlordism and fierce regionalism. Many probably felt pleased that Beijing lost out on the Olympics.

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 n Beijing, though, many Chinese are happily shaking off their former, rueful sense that China didn’t count in international relations. They believe their children will have a chance to get rich and they will live to see their nation become a preeminent world power. People nurse anxi¬ eties about the growing economic pressure they must cope with, but they shrug off concerns about political stability, population growth, the lag between eco¬ nomic and political opening, and the possibility of a breakdown in central authority after Deng’s passing. People seem convinced that these problems will be minor irritations in the healthy progress of the body politic. Common sense indicates that the truth must lie in between the two views. A recent, month-long visit to registered cars. Now, entrepreneurs with money for cars Beijing, after five years away, left me discuss whether the Mazda 626 is as roomy as a Volvo. with an array of impressions that may Also new to Chinese—and familiar to us—is the pres¬ not come together into anything re¬ sure to compete. Unless someone is lucky enough to work sembling analysis but give a glimpse for a foreign company or a hotel, salaries are not sufficient of the tremendous difficulties involved to keep up with the cost of living. The inflation pushing in changing a nation’s political and up prices of goods is only half the story; more important economic systems. are fees added here and there and subsidies taken away, Superficially, much has changed as government-owned businesses come under pressure to since 1988. The wide roads around compete. At one government-owned company I visited, Beijing, which had been built, in the staff were very busy because of the departure of al¬ way of planned economies, before they were actually most anyone with marketable skills for better¬ needed and had been used largely for mule carts and a few paying em- yffic-.fr ployment; those left were staying official cars, now see traffic jams every day mostly because only for ,-JHH the benefits associated with a gov¬ of the overnight explosion of minibus taxis. Highrises ern- ment “work unit”—housing, social have been thrown up throughout the city, and blocks and security, blocks of old courtyard-style houses—picturesque, but health— miserable to live in—-have been razed. Foreign-invested department stores sell furs, makeup, and Armani suits and employ salespeople who greet customers politely at the door—a far cry from my previous three years residency there, when the salesperson was king and goods were available so sporadically that I grew accustomed to having to buy necessary items such as a mop from a sidewalk stand on my way to the opera because I knew that if I passed up the opportunity, I would not be able to find one again. Formerly, the silky pockets of Beijing—the big hotels and the few nightclubs—were exclusively for foreigners. Chinese normally were not even permitted to pass through the gates. If you saw a Chinese at an expensive restaurant, he or she was certain to be the guest of a foreigner. Now, expensive restaurants are filled with Chinese hosting other Chinese—all on the company tab, to be sure, but nonetheless a big psychological as well as economic change. Many Chinese have money, when five years ago almost no one did. Now, stores that sell $100 suits (about three times the monthly salary of a PHOTO 8Y WOLCOTT B. ENTIENNE junior government official) are filled with customers, and many streets have “redecorating” shops that will redo the miserably bare apartments Beijingers live in for fees up to $15,000. In 1988 Beijing had only a few hundred privately

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 MARTENS VOLVO Dedicated to Diplomacy Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats and Members of International Organizations while making their money elsewhere. At another government organization, employees barely have time for their jobs because of all the moonlighting. One person makes about 50 times his government salary at a travel agency, and another does freelance work on a computer she brings to the office. There is little choice: her child’s gov¬ ernment-operated day care center now charges a fee equivalent to her monthly salary. Companies, like individuals, must find ways to earn spare cash. One organization I visited has sold the Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director dormitories and dining hall it formerly maintained for staff to an investor 202-537-3000 Lvo CARSMARTENS OF WASHINGTON. INC. Fax 202-537-1826 who will open a restaurant and pay a 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH.. DC 20016 yearly fee for the land use. A govern¬ U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer ment-published magazine manufac¬ tures plaster figurines for the tourist trade.

INTO THE OCEAN For individuals, Chinese life seems to resemble American life a little more. Most Chinese live better than they If you need to did, in better housing, with a richer and more varied diet. Many are able to own televisions and VCRs and travel this winter, karaoke machines, and are even able to take short trips once in a while, but they are worried about keeping up stay at home with us! with inflation, making ends meet in “ ... One of the most charming hotels retirement, and paying for their child's in one of the best locations in the city.” Washington Post education. A former local Party offi¬ cial who has lost his position now $86 per room night including continental breakfast for two. spends his days twisting pieces of Rate available through March 31, 1994. wire into gerbil cages to sell at a free Long term rates available. market (thus making many times his • Only 5 blocks from State Department • Overlooking historic Pennsylvania Ave. former income). Taking a lot of • Close to White House, Georgetown, monuments, “miandf cabs (private “bread-loaf museums and shops. cabs,” so named for their shape), I • Charming European-style hotel rooms and surveyed the drivers, asking them suites, most with fully equipped kitchens what they paid in fees for the car, • Special short and long term stay amenities what they earned, what they had • Cafe Lombardy, serving Italian specialties Hotel Lombardy 2019 I Street, NW done before becoming a driver, and FOR RESERVATIONS: 800/424-5486 or 202/828-2600 Washington, DC so on. Most had been drivers or me¬ FAX 202/872-0503 20006 chanics before, in the army or govern¬ ment factories. All earned more as cab drivers, but most said they regretted having “jumped into the ocean”—the

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 current Beijing slang for taking the leap into the capitalist economy. Competition is so strong that they must work 12 hours a day, seven days a week, and the anxiety of having thrown away the “iron rice bowl” never goes away. Popular wisdom has it that Chinese do not care about politics. Even Wang Dan, hero of the Tiananmen movement, has said he’s no longer interested in politics. There seems to be a widespread feeling that NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR UNITED STATES CHINA TRADE development will take care of the political problems, and periences have disappeared and been still thriving) firecrackers. (In the pre- there is some truth to that. Consumer replaced with kung fu novels and thinly Deng era, a wedding celebration con¬ demand, not government dictates, for disguised soft pom. Chinese television sisted of readings from Chairman Mao the most part drives the supply of shows MTV, because, even though the and the gift of a Mao button.) products to the market, whether the government frowns upon such corrupt¬ Geomancers and fortune-tellers have products are material or cultural. ing foreign cultural influences, the same set up shop again. It has even become Beijing now has a sex store, admit¬ government has a financial interest in fashionable to use the old, compli¬ tedly more restrained than those one the satellite that beams the programs cated Chinese characters still in use in sees in Washington at Dupont Circle, into people’s homes. Hong Kong and Taiwan rather than In some ar¬ the simplified characters instituted eas, liberaliza¬ during the Maoist era. tion has permit¬ for. individuals,; Chinese life seems to resemble ted the return of THE ROLE OF THE STATE customs upon This social change implies dissen¬ American life a little more. Most Chinese live better which the Com¬ sion, and it seems to me that many than they did, in better housing, with a richer and munist govern¬ Chinese appreciate too little the grav¬ ment frowned. ity of the conflicts that a government more varied diet. Many are able to own televisions Once again, must mediate and thus the impor¬ and VCRs and karaoke machines, and are even able wealthy men tance of having a government that are reportedly does more than stay out of people’s to take short trips once in a while, but they are taking second way. The inefficient, state-run worried about keeping up with inflation, making and third wives. economy, for example, cannot be Funerals have abolished (and the one-child policy ends meet in retirement, and paying for their become elabo¬ cannot be fully enforced) until China child’s education. rate affairs with has a social-security system in place floral wreaths so that the government will provide and proces¬ pensions and health insurance to those sions, and who have not worked in its system. but specializing in aphrodisiacs of brides are again sent to their hus¬ But who will pay? I quizzed dozens of every sort. At sidewalk bookstalls, bands’ homes in convoys of expen¬ relatively well-to-do Chinese on the biographies of leaders and books about sive automobiles, heralded by deaf¬ income tax, and not one paid a cent. people’s bitter Cultural Revolution ex¬ ening strings of (recently banned but Civic responsibility is a concept that

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 GENERAL ELECTRONICS would puzzle many ing to help them Chinese; in build¬ accept the greater INC. ing after building, good of submitting for example, fami¬ to the family’s au¬ □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS lies spend a minor thority. Individual □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS fortune remodeling sacrifice for a □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS their own apart¬ greater social good □ WASHERSO SMALL APPLIANCES □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT DTELEVISION ments but will not does not elicit tears, □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM pay ten cents to re¬ and thus the West¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG place a light bulb or ern concept of hu¬ (Please check box) a pane of glass in man rights, which Available for All Electric the building’s pub¬ is really individual Currents/Cycles lic area—who rights, does not al¬ would be foolish ways translate into Immediate Shipping/Mailing enough to give a Chinese context. From our Local Warehouse away money? The Nevertheless, same people who will turn over 80 people by nature prefer to be as We Can Also Furnish percent of their salaries to their aged unfettered as they can be, and Chi¬ Replacement Parts for parents would be outraged at the idea nese are gaining more autonomy to Most Manufactures that they might have to pay so that move about, change jobs, get an edu¬ jobless people can have unemploy¬ cation. and make choices that will SHOWROOM ment benefits. better their children’s chances of a General Electronics, Inc. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N W Already China has seen public dem¬ bright future. When that autonomy Washington, D C 20016 onstrations over corruption and un¬ clashes with other social values, will Tel. (202) 362 8300 fair financial practices. What will hap¬ Chinese refrain from clamoring for FAX (202) 363-6538 pen when the Chinese begin to see change? If the government needs to TWX 710-822-9450 the health effects of the terrible pollu¬ reduce migration to the cities, further GENELECINC WSH tion eating up the air and water in the curb the frightening population cities? What about when crime be¬ growth, tax the working population comes intolerable? (Already, the “float¬ to provide for the growing numbers ing” population of unregistered resi¬ of elderly, cut imports, permit mas¬ dents in Beijing has formed civil- sive layoffs and bankruptcies, or any defense leagues to take care of their number of other measures, will Chi¬ own police work.) Transience, since nese demand more rights? it takes people away from the fami¬ Growth can be intoxicating, and lies, schools, offices, and neighbor¬ China is in the midst of a Gilded Age, hoods to which they are normally generating its own J.P. Morgans and responsible, tends to create deep so¬ Vanderbilts (as well as its Boss cial problems. What will happen as Tweeds). Chinese themselves do not China begins to see young people know how the political system will alienated from traditional cultural val¬ adapt to new challenges; there is no ues—more beggars, more crime, more reason Americans should be better drugs, more miseries? able to predict. What is certain is that I can sympathize to some extent China is becoming more enmeshed in with Chinese puzzlement over the the international economy and politi¬ American insistence on human rights; cal system and requires a more com¬ theirs is a culture, after all, in which plex and nuanced set of responses deeply ingrained mores need not be from the outside world. codified to dictate standards of be¬ havior. In the United States, young people seek psychological counsel¬ Anne Stevenson-Yang is the former ing to achieve a fuller break from their editor of the Journal She and her L J families; in China, they seek counsel¬ family moved to Beijing in November.

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AFSPA, 1716 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036-2907 (202) 833-4910 (202) 833-4918 (FAX) AFSA testifies against ambassadorial spoils system Adopting a new, more aggressive perience in international affairs, diplomatic amateurs for a year or policy critical of the awarding of am¬ AFSA contends. Harris focussed on more while they learn the ropes, Har¬ bassadorships to wealthy but un¬ the ongoing practice of rewarding ris contended. "Today’s embassy can qualified political contributors, AFSA large political contributors and no longer be like a palanquin, in President Tex Harris testified before fundraisers with prestigious ambas¬ which an amateur ambassador is car¬ the Senate Foreign Relations Com¬ sadorships, which he called "one of ried through his duties by a loyal staff, mittee on November 10. the last relics of the 19th-century but must resemble an eight-oar shell, Together with Dennis Kux, chair¬ spoils system." While the federal in which everyone pulls his or her man of the Senior Foreign Service government is being reinvented in vir¬ weight." Association, Harris opposed the tually all its aspects, Harris observed, Harris called for reform of ambas¬ nomination of M. Larry Lawrence to "when it comes to selecting ambas¬ sadorial appointments to be placed be ambassador to Switzerland. sadors it’s business as usual." high on the "Reinventing Govern¬ Lawrence, a San Diego hotel owner In an era of growing demands and ment” agenda. and major contributor to the leaner, more economical operations, Democratic Party and its candidates’ American embassies can no longer campaigns, has little relevant ex- afford the luxury of carrying State curtails Med Program AFSA files grievance revised draft that omitted the offen¬ conduct in this matter to be out¬ AFSA and State are clashing over sive passage but substituted lan¬ rageous, displaying an incredible ar¬ MED’s effort to curtail substantially guage that implied what the earlier rogance vis-a-vis employees. Far the hospitalization and related medi¬ draft had explicitly stated. AFSA from reflecting existing policy, the cal benefits granted abroad to U.S. asked for its deletion as well. The department’s position is a bald-faced government employees and their department refused, transmitted the family members. All employees cable, and formally advised AFSA: Index Page covered by the department’s medical "We cannot agree to delete that lan¬ program should be aware of this dis¬ guage as it correctly notifies employees • Opposing spoils system 1 that the department does not assume the pute when considering their options cost of medical claims of the uninsured • MED news 1 in the current open season under the and that uninsured employees will be • FAS representative’s report 2 Federal Employees Health Benefits responsible for those costs." • FCS representative’s report 2 Program. This state of affairs is described as • State vice president’s update 3 "existing policy.” In mid-October AFSA reviewed a • Poll highlights correction 3 Moreover, a MED representative draft cable from MED that said in part: • USAID vice president’s update 4 "If an employee has no personal advised AFSA that the department’s • USIA vice president’s update 5 responsibility to an employee health insurance, the department’s medi¬ • Tandem couples 5 cal program will not make any payment covered by personal health insurance for medical claims." • Gender discrimination 6 AFSA objected to this section as is limited to reimbursement of the co¬ • News Briefs 6 payments required by the employee’s no justification could be found in 3 • Retiree VP column 7 FAM 680. The response noted: policy. Other payments (e.g., expen¬ • Health care reform 7 ses above the policy limits) are not "AFSA is not prepared to concur in a • Awards information 7 reimbursed, according to the MED cable which does not accord with ex¬ • Congressional update 8 representative. isting regulations." • Privatization Conference 8 AFSA considers the department’s The department responded with a

DECEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 1 attempt to deal with its budgetary personal insurance policies. These problems by amending the conditions examples of current practice are ur¬ News from FAS of employment of Foreign Service gently needed to support our by Maggie Dowling members without negotiating with grievance. Nearly half of FAS Foreign Service AFSA as required by the Foreign Ser¬ AFSA continues to urge that all employees have expressed interest vice Act and the State-AFSA collec¬ members of the Foreign Service pur¬ in supporting an election for a union tive bargaining agreement. AFSA chase appropriate personal health in¬ representative. Signatures of support filed a grievance November 5 to surance for themselves and their are still coming in. On November 4 reverse the department’s position, families. Existing department policy AFSA filed a petition with the Federal but employees should be aware that does indeed exclude payment for Labor Relations Authority for cer¬ the grievance process will last hospitalization and related treatment tification as the exclusive repre¬ several months. In the meantime, the in the United States (except for con¬ sentative for FAS Foreign Service department may indeed attempt to ditions incurred abroad), not to men¬ employees. enforce its interpretation of existing tion medical treatment abroad To help to win the vote for AFSA policy. Post reps are requested to unrelated to hospitalization. No one bargaining representation, AFSA will notify AFSA of all such attempts. can exclude the possibility of a medi¬ be running an information campaign To demonstrate that the cal emergency erupting during a U.S. in the coming weeks. department’s new prescription is not vacation or TDY or of an expensive In response to President Clinton’s "existing policy," AFSA would ap¬ outpatient regimen abroad. executive order encouraging labor- preciate hearing by cable or FAX Finally, AFSA fears that this management partnership councils, from uninsured Foreign Service episode foreshadows additional at¬ FAS employees met to discuss the employees whose hospitalization tempts by the department to deal with feasibility of a council at FAS. AFSA and related medical expenses have its budgetary problems by cutting USIA Vice President Razvigor been paid by the department during back employee benefits. Post repre¬ Bazala was present to discuss similar the past five years and from insured sentatives are asked to bring such at¬ councils in other agencies. employees whose expenses have tempts to AFSA’s immediate The executive order has created been paid beyond the limits of their attention. real expectations of progress and participatory substantive change. FAS employees are unlikely to let that opportunity pass.

FCS news by Barry Friedman I was elected to the AFSA Board on October 27 and look forward to representing FCS on the AFSA board. Although AFSA is the exclusive bargaining agent for Foreign Service employees at State, USAID and USIA, this is not yet the case at FCS. ♦ Coeducational, boarding, grades 9 -12, PC 13th grade Once 30 percent of FCS employees ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced indicate their interest in having AFSA Placement, and US High School Diploma become our union, an election will be ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement held. Similar efforts are under way for ♦ Full US and European Accreditation the Foreign Agricultural Service. ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions The president’s October 1 execu¬ ♦ Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the LAS Doorsteps!" tive order directs federal agencies to ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, establish "partnership councils” of close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montrei managers and employee repre¬ sentatives to reinvent each agency. It Leysin American School in Switzerland is imperative that FCS employees Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions have a collective voice to shape any PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 Tel: 603.431.7654 such restructuring. I urge you to in¬ Fax: 603.431.1280 vestigate what AFSA has to offer. For more information, please call me at (202)482-2902.

2 • APSA NEWS* DECEMBER 1993 from the State vice president

Time for New Thinking oblivious to this requirement and the expressing belief that the existing by Todd Stewart president’s call for labor-manage¬ State-AFSA relationship "already AFSA’s grievance to reverse the ment partnership, the department epitomizes the productive and effec¬ restrictions on medical benefits offers unilaterally released a cable (State tive bilateral relationship envisioned grounds for rumination on the themes 297969) which restricted post in the Executive Order," and inviting of partnership and budget cutting. authority to approve hospitalizations AFSA to exchange ideas on how both First, however, some background. at government expense to "dire sides see the partnership working. I Since 1988, when the department and/or life-threatening situations." have no reason to doubt the sincerity terminated its special relationship AFSA objected promptly and of the under secretary’s letter, but I with the American Foreign Service vigorously, and the offending lan¬ have difficulty reconciling its sub¬ Protective Association, employees guage was modified. AFSA was in¬ stance and tone with the abroad have been required to file for deed consulted on State 330581, department’s actions regarding the and pay to the department whatever which is described in the article on medical program. Unfortunately, in¬ benefits their health insurance page 1; but our objections were simp¬ timations of similar inconsistencies provides for hospitalization and re¬ ly overridden. The result is the have appeared in other recent ad¬ lated out-patient treatment covered November 5 institutional grievance. ministrative actions by State, which by State’s medical program. Responsibility for this sorry situa¬ AFSA is currently investigating. This arrangement has had its tion lies with State. At our initiative, The problem, I fear, is the inability problems. The department did not representatives of the new AFSA of some administrators to reconcile develop procedures to guarantee that Governing Board met with the leader¬ the president’s call for partnership employees hospitalized at govern¬ ship of Medical Services in early Sep¬ with OMB’s call for budget cutting. ment expense filed for their health in¬ tember to explain the association’s "Old thinking" would certainly allow surance benefits and paid those strong interest in quality medical care an agency to treat its employees as benefits to the department. In addi¬ and to propose the establishment of objects in a cost-cutting exercise, tion, employees without personal a consultative mechanism to develop rather than as co-participants in rein¬ health insurance (or with low- solutions to the very real problems venting the agency. I suspect that coverage policies) were seen as "free MED faces. This offer went un¬ such "old thinking" was indeed riders" in the system. Reportedly answered, as did a written offer to responsible for the impasse we have stung by OIG criticisms of the discuss the proposed medical pro¬ reached concerning the medical pro¬ program’s administration, the depart¬ gram revisions and the means to gram. Rather than dwell on the past, ment determined to introduce achieve them. Instead, the depart¬ however, I suggest that senior reforms. ment sent out State 330581 over managers insure that such "old think¬ Flowever, the department’s medi¬ AFSA’s objections. ing" is expunged from the counsils of cal program is enshrined in regulation In the midst of this affair AFSA State. As confirmed "new thinkers," and past practice, both of which es¬ President Tex Harris received a letter we in AFSA are more than ready to tablish "conditions of employment," from Under Secretary Dick Moose approach both old, and new, which cannot be changed without noting the president’s executive order problems in that spirit. negotiation with AFSA. Seemingly on labor-management partnerships,

POLL HIGHLIGHTS Is your career preference to: Would your decision to retire voluntarily be influenced by: Develop a second career ASAP 121 $25,000 bonus for voluntary retirement 115 90 28 Re-evaluate after next assignment 192 176 44 33 Your assignment prospects Remain in FS until age 65 79 Outside employment prospects 184 92 39 86 92 39 Availability of meaningful TDYs With ceilings on the # of Sr. officers, what do you favor to correct the imbalance? Do you agree with the increased use of Section 813 Shortened TICs 94 141 requiring retirement for ambassadors unassigned 237 67 after 90 days? 260 147 Broader use of Section 813 Cutting back on promotions 189 101 How do you view your present job in relation Sweetened retirement incentives 329 22 to your abilities and grade? A stretch * Are you now or have you been 325 A good match 2°2 an ambassador? 99 Well below 7® Should single ambassadorship 17 296 Make work be the rule? 115 Unemployed 1 291 85 from the USAID vice president

What Can Be Done? that there are too many "barnacles” not addressed, this problem will un¬ by Pat Patterson and too much compartmentalization. dercut the president’s initiative, the Whether talking with new political There is room for more teamwork, National Performance Review, which appointees or respected career cooperation, efficiency, interdepen¬ calls for a partnership between employees, we hear the same mes¬ dence, and diversity of the workforce management and employee repre¬ sage: USAID must change! in carrying out our mission. sentatives such as AFSA. It’s ironic that USAID overseas is Times are tough but this does not In the long run, close collaboration viewed as the world’s most effective among the administration, donor agency. We are a leader and . . by making the Agency’s employees, and their representative, an innovator when it comes to processes more participative AFSA, will facilitate reorganization, development. In stark contrast, in the and more transparent, I believe which will make the task of negotiat¬ U.S., the agency is viewed by some A.I.D. can gain the confidence of ing implementation proposals much as "troubled," "under siege," even a the Congress that it is making easier. "disaster." As a result, Congress and progress and that the Ad¬ What can be done? others want not just change, but ministrator will, in fact, produce • Create a labor-management dramatic change, for what is per¬ a better A.I.D... I have had an op¬ partnership council in accord with ceived as a broken agency, and they portunity to meet and discuss the president’s executive order. want it now! A.I.D. with hundreds of career The order sets out the framework There is an imperative felt by the employees. I have been im¬ for a relationship that is built on administration to do something all will pressed with their capabilities, cooperation and collaboration, not notice. This comes at the worst pos¬ their dedication and their willing¬ one that is adversarial-something sible time of declining funding levels, ness to change. I am convinced AFSA has long advocated on the plummeting OE budgets, personnel that no group is more deter¬ basis that all parties have a range ceilings, and the like. To survive over mined that A.I.D. can be better, of shared interests. the short term, management has should be better and will be bet¬ • Appoint AFSA and AFGE to the started to institute cuts in such areas ter than the career employees of agency’s Quality Council. This will as long-term training, the granting of A.I.D.” facilitate the review of the newly LCE’s, and bonuses. These and From the statement of Larry E. proposed agency strategies, the Byrne, assistant administrator-desig¬ other anticipated cuts clearly have rewrite of the Foreign Assistance nate before the Senate Committee on over-the-horizon implications. Foreign Relations, October 20 Act and preparations for testimony Nevertheless, despite the doom before Congress, implementation mean the administration can ignore and gloom in Washington, USAID of the reorganization plan, and its staff. AFSA is seeing an increase has a vital role to play throughout the other matters of importance to the in grievances from Foreign Service world. Fortunately, this fact is not in Foreign Service. employees, and some recent question within the administration • Discuss and develop ways in management actions have been the and in certain key circles on the Hill. which AFSA and the administra¬ subject of legal action taken by In this post-Cold War period, there tion can approach Congress, the AFSA. Most of these could have been are opportunities for USAID to in¬ media, and the American public to avoided with better communication. If crease its effectiveness. Most agree foster shared goals and objec¬ tives, while enhancing the role of the Foreign Service. The ★American ★Foreign ★Service ★Club • Immediately appoint a Foreign Service officer to head HRDM and Dedicated to serving the Foreign Service for over two decades, The American to head the Staffing and Career Foreign Service Club welcomes all AFSA members to eat in the newly remodeled restaurant. Development Division of HRDM. The continuing delay sends a negative signal to all employees. AFSA needs to know your con¬ cerns both overseas and in

THE * AMERICAN * FOREIGN * SERVICE * CLUB Washington with respect to the reor¬ Serving America's Diplomatic Community ganization. Give us your ideas regarding what additional activities we might undertake or propose. 2101 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 944-5500 Con¬ (Looted below the AFSA headquarter; and across the street from the State Department) tact Pat Patterson, Lee Ann Floss, or Jim Washington via Email or through AFSA’s FAX (202) 647-0265.

4 • AFSA NEWS- DECEMBER 1993 front the USIA vice president

Just Do It vice president. On the other hand, USIA manage¬ by Raz Bazala I and 400 other mid-level and ment has already learned that stalling • "Abolish USG’s IG function and senior government officials found until OPM and OMB issue guidelines save taxpayers $4.4 billion a year. ourselves at the cutting edge of is futile. There are no rules for rein¬ IGs demand compliance with useless "Creating a Government that Works vention. "Just do it” is all we are going regulations. Either they contribute to Better and Costs Less” because the to get. That gives AFSA a historic op¬ problem-solving and accommodate GSA event was combined with a Na¬ portunity. We and other government- risk-takers or out they go!" tional Performance Review (NPR) employee unions can propel • "Abolish the SF-171. Replace it conference, "Reinventing for reinvention initiatives and change the with applicant resumes supple¬ Results." very culture of the U.S. government. mented by documentation your agen¬ "Reinventing of government" has The executive order mandating cy thinks is useful. The role of OPM been launched on a trajectory that partnership councils between will be limited to monitoring a has already taken it far beyond ZBB, agencies’ management and decentralized hiring process." PPBS, the Grace Commission, or employee unions could enable AFSA Whoa, Nelly! This is Hunt Valley, any other previous effort to change to prevent attempts by reluctant Maryland, October 1993. But is this the way Uncle Sam works. But how management to jettison reinvention the GSA annual regional offices much farther before it comes crash¬ principles. Under true partnership, meeting? There haven’t been this ing back to earth? AFSA will work well with manage¬ many revolutionaries in one room USIA’s leadership, like most ment on a consensus basis to identify since 1776! federal agencies, has yet to absorb or problems in the workplace, craft solu¬ Both of the above statements were internalize the dozen-plus executive tions, and implement decisions to at¬ uttered by senior administration offi¬ orders and presidential directives is¬ tain the objective of excellence in cials from the NPR staff, OMB, OPM sued on reinvention since the Sep¬ agency performance. I welcome the and GSA and not overaged hippie tember 7 release of the NPR Report. input of all AFSA members to ad¬ refugees from the 1960s. They echo And who doubts that most mid¬ vance in the process. ideas adapted from the management level managers are just waiting for gurus blessed by the president and the reinvention issue to disappear?

regulations do require, however, the tor in assignments and training must Tandem blues agencies, to a greater or lesser de¬ apprise their Career Counselors before each assignment process begins. They Employees are increasingly com¬ gree, to make some effort to facilitate should also indicate the status, location plaining to AFSA that State, USAID tandem assignments. and transfer eligibility of tandem spouses and USIA are failing to arrange or 3 FAM 142.6-1, which covers who are employed by other foreign affairs agencies; whether leave without, pay will facilitate tandem assignments. In State Department employees, states: be sought by one of the spouses; and/or some cases positions may be avail¬ "The Department makes every which spouse’s assignment should be able for each member of a tandem reasonable effort tc assign both mem¬ given priority." couple yet, due to a particular bers of a working couple to the same post An employee may not grieve an in positions appropriate to their class assignment unless he or she can es¬ agency’s inability or unwillingness to levels and qualifications. If such assign¬ coordinate the assignments (both ments are not feasible, the two members tablish a violation of law or regulation. within the agency and with the other of a working couple may be assigned Given the permissive language of the positions at different posts, or one or the regulations ("may" assign rather than foreign affairs agencies), tandems other is granted leave without pay for the are assigned to different posts or one duration of one full tour of duty. The "must” assign), a breach in the member is required to take leave couple is consulted on the alternatives." regulations related to tandem assign¬ AID Handbook 25, Chapter 36-3, without pay. ments will be difficult to establish. on the other hand, states: While the benefits to the agencies AFSA, however, may be able to "The Agency may assign, when assist employees who believe their and employees of tandem assign¬ practical, both members of an AID tan¬ ments are many-savings in housing, dem FS couple to the same overseas agency is not making good-faith ef¬ education, other allowances and in¬ mission in positions appropriate to each forts to facilitate tandem assignment employee’s class level and qualifications. by contacting agency management. creased employee morale-under If this is not feasible, the two employees current regulations, tandem assign¬ will be assigned to different posts, or one We encourage employees who ments are not mandatory. The employee will be granted leave without believe the agency has not made pay (LWOP) for one tour." reasonable efforts to make tandem regulations recognize that, due to USIA’s Manual of Operations & assignments to contact AFSA’s myriad factors that must be con¬ Administration, Part V-B, Section Labor-Management Department at sidered in the assignment process, it 412.3 states: (202) 647-8160 or via fax (202) 647- is not always possible to employ both "Married couples who wish to have spouses of a tandem couple. The their tandem status considered as a fac- 0265.

DECEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 5 Gender discrimination remedies by Sharon Papp department and the plaintiffs agreed achievements, evaluations for female AFSA General Counsel were harmed by discrimination. Al¬ FSO’s often describe personality The Secretary’s Open Forum and though Secretary Christopher seems traits. Cassel discussed possible AFSA presented a joint session on to be dedicated to ending discrimina¬ solutions to this problem, including "Gender Discrimination in the tion at the department, Wagner noted removal of all references to gender in Foreign Service" on October 21 to a that a number of procedural and at- evaluations, training of rating and standing-room-only audience. titudinal hurdles must be overcome reviewing officers, revision of the Monica Wagner, the plaintiffs’ attor¬ before gender discrimination is promotion process, and inclusion of ney in the 17-year-old women’s eliminated. female members on all promotion class-action law suit, detailed the This program also featured panels. court’s findings of discrimination in: presentations by Lynn Cassel of the During the question-and-answer entry into the Foreign Service, initial USIA Women’s Action Organization period, many people in the audience cone assignments and job assign¬ (WAO), and Tex Harris, president of stated that individuals who dis¬ ments, evaluations, and promotions AFSA. Cassel reported that WAO criminate against others should be from FS 03 to 02. She went on to dis¬ has been meeting with USIA held accountable for their actions. cuss the remedies to this discrimina¬ management to discuss issues af¬ Tex Harris reported that among tion. fecting female FSO’s, including the top priorities of the new AFSA Wagner explained that the ap¬ promotions. She noted that women Governing Board is the promotion of parent animosity within the Foreign are underrepresented in the Senior diversity within the Foreign Service. Service community to this lawsuit is Foreign Service at USIA and at¬ Harris asked for and received a num¬ the result of a false perception that tributed this to gender discrimination ber of volunteers to participate in the suit resulted in favoritism towards in the evaluation process. She AFSA’s diversity committee, chaired women, rather than equality. She pointed out that stereotypical lan¬ by AFSA USAID Representative Jim pointed out that the remedies for dis¬ guage has been found in the evalua¬ Washington. Harris invited all inter¬ crimination were narrowly tailored to tions of female FSO’s and that, while ested persons to contact AFSA to join apply only to those women who the evaluations for male FSO’s focus on in this effort.

Retirement Age Revision tinue to work on this important "rein¬ Opposed venting" initiative. An effort to raise the federal retire¬ News Briefs Secretarial Matters ment age has been launched by Con¬ The Secretarial Committee has gressman Christopher Shays (R-CT). touch with their administrative offices. asked AFSA to request renegotiation The proposal seeks to raise the FS Reserve Corps Supported of the State secretarial career pack¬ retirement age of civil service AFSA is advocating the vigorous age when the window for renegotia¬ employees from 55 to 65 over a 20- implementation of the Foreign Ser¬ tion opens in June 1994. To this end, year period and to eliminate the spe¬ vice Reserve Corps at State and in we are looking for inputs from all cial treatment for members of the other foreign affairs agencies. State Department secretarial Congress, who now can "retire" at Having an active and responsive specialists on items that need to be age 55. AFSA opposes this proposal, Reserve Corps would financially as¬ taken up in a renegotiation. which poses a threat to the Foreign sist retirees, a number of whom are Secretaries at Amman and Bonn Service’s retirement regimen and will in their late forties and fifties, and have already identified the following target it in our Congressional Action might induce senior officers to retire points which should be raised: Program. early, thus facilitating the free flow of • paid travel to training sites; $25,000 Retirement Incentive personnel through the rank-in-person • regional training; Pending legislation would offer up personnel system. It would also aid • course timing (promotion criteria); to $25,000 to encourage surplus the foreign affairs agencies to meet • administrative promotions/upward employees to retire or resign. State emergencies, fill gaps, and respond mobility; has moved quickly to implement this to surge demands with experienced • communicator pay & overtime prospective program, and the other career employees. However, there regulations; foreign affairs agencies are not far has been widespread opposition to • promotion board debriefings to behind. AFSA is encouraged by utilizing the Reserve Corps by many AFSA and the Secretarial Commit¬ Under Secretary Dick Moose’s of the regional bureaus, who prefer to tee. decision to offer this incentive to al¬ fill needs from their own WAE lists. Contact AFSA Labor-Manage¬ most all State Foreign Service AFSA and the director general have ment Department on (202)647-8160, employees eligible for retirement. In¬ urged greater utilization of the or by FAX (202)647-0265. terested employees should stay in Reserve Corps, and AFSA will con¬

6 • AFSA NEWS* DECEMBER 1993 from the retiree vice president by Don Norland To explore these new oppor¬ American interests and values over¬ At AFSA we see an accelerating tunities, President Tex Harris or¬ seas. pace of activities to carry out the ganized a meeting with OMB officials Needless to say, it is important to recently elected Governing Board’s in charge of the international affairs us at AFSA headquarters to know the mandate to enhance the role and (150) account. One key impression reactions you encounter and, espe¬ responsibilities of the Foreign Ser¬ emerged: the elimination of the bar¬ cially, any recommendations on how vice. The words of this mandate are riers that formerly separated the to approach members of Congress. familiar. Too often they haven’t been major budget accounts, e.g. defense, Incidentally, the Department of followed up by concrete plans to domestic, international, etc. inevitab¬ State’s reputation for responding translate these words into action. ly means a more open and intense promptly to congressional inquiries But changes in the world and at competition for the declining resource lags behind almost every other major home have opened new and more pie. At the same time, it is most en¬ department. How to remedy that is promising perspectives for progress couraging to learn that Secretary one of our top preoccupations. in achieving those aims. The end of Christopher has decided that the ur¬ In summary, retirees are in a the Cold War and its budget-busting gency of the new diplomatic agenda, favorable position to play a key role arms race, for example, have led to along with the basic staffing and sup¬ in enhancing the image of the Foreign a new awareness of the importance port for our missions abroad, requires Service with members of Congress. of diplomacy in promoting America’s added resources-and that he intends We hope as many of you as possible interests and values. to press for them. will accept this challenge to provide The State Department (including With the administration in agree¬ a personal dimension to the Foreign the Foreign Service) now has a real ment, the key remaining obstacle to Service and its contribution to resolv¬ opportunity to improve its position. As budget allocations appropriately ing key issues. every veteran bureaucrat knows, the aligned to post-Cold War realities is budget is the key measure of status. the Congress where we suffer the ef¬ Health care reform The administration’s priorities on the fects of years of neglect and indif¬ update new foreign affairs agenda and the ference. In most cases, it’s not that As anticipated, projections for bureaucratic institutions for im¬ the Foreign Service has a bad image health-care reform continue to plementing them are reflected in this with members of Congress; very evolve, making the details of an even¬ budget-the Clinton administration’s often it’s that we’re simply not known tual plan impossible to predict. Presi¬ first. at all. dent Clinton’s proposed bill sent to To reach out to key members of Congress October 28 would end the Congress is thus central to our Federal Employees Health Benefits AFSA Awards: Recognize strategy of strengthening the Foreign Program (FEHBP) in one move by Outstanding Achievement! Service and promoting the new December 31, 1997, when a new Has one of your colleagues chal¬ foreign affairs agenda. And it’s some¬ "universal coverage" is in place, in¬ lenged conventional wisdom, or thing retirees are uniquely placed to stead of the gradual phase-in initially demonstrated extraordinary ac¬ help carry out, especially those living suggested. Federal employees who complishment? Nominate him or outside the beltway. are retired by then would be offered her for one of the prestigious AFSA Our request to each of you is very supplemental plans designed to awards. Prizes are conferred on a simple: Please consider contacting preserve FEHBP benefits. Foreign Service senior officer, a the district office of your repre¬ OPM Director King told Congress mid-level officer, a junior officer, sentative to Congress and the state in November that transfer of the nine and a Foreign Service secretary or office of one or both of your senators, million federal employees, depend¬ group of secretaries. Also, a by phone, letter or in person, and ask ents and retirees into the new plan Foreign Service family member is to meet personally with a staff person would be smooth and that govern¬ honored for volunteer service, and in that office. We confidently predict ment contributions toward their a number of awards are given for that, for many, this will be their first premiums under the new plan would achievement in the study of hard meeting with a Foreign Service of¬ be 80 percent, instead of the 72 per¬ languages. ficer. We would be surprised if the cent under FEHBP. However, there The deadline for nominations is staff person concerned does not are at least five other health-care bills January 31, 1994. Further details show interest in hearing that a before Congress, which may take a are in the November Journal or may Foreign Service retiree lives in the year or more to decide on a final ver¬ be obtained from AFSA, Richard congressperson’s district, in hearing sion of health-care reform. Separate Thompson, 2101 E Street NW, DC about what Foreign Service is, and in hearings will be held on the federal 20037, tel: 202-338-4045, FAX: learning about the instruments of program; AFSA is following these 202-338-6820. diplomacy as a means of advancing closely.

DECEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 7 Congressional perspective by Rick Weiss propriation freeze for FY94; the pos¬ retirement age to 65, phased in over As the legislative branch prepares sibility of a balanced-budget constitu¬ 20 years. to "call it quits" for 1993, Congress is tional amendment; and a redrafting of •caps senior service leave accrual focusing on crime bills, health-care the Foreign Assistance Acts. at 30 days. reform, NAFTA, the November elec¬ As of mid-November, the 1994- •restricts matching contribution in tion results, and the upcoming 1994 1995 authorization bill is awaiting thrift savings plan. primaries and general election. Senate floor action and further House As the administration prepares its For the Foreign Sen/ice, the first deficit-reduction proposals are await¬ draft budget for FY95, the present year of the Clinton administration on ing House action. In the Penny- FY94 budget for international affairs the hill was a "mixed bag"! Family Kasich proposals to reduce the may be the ceiling, although the Leave and Medical Act of 1993; con¬ budget deficit, there are recommen¬ Secretary of State is seeking addi¬ gressional implementation of a dations to reduce federal spending by tions. For the Foreign Service, if locality-pay increase; presidential over $100 billion over the next five FY94 was bleak, FY95, an election rejection of a COLA increase; "rein¬ years. Of this amount, the plan saves year, may be worse. venting government’s" reduction in $34 billion through government per¬ The AFSA challenge is to ensure federal personnel and resources; a sonnel reductions and management that FY95 cuts are made on the basis $25,000 buyout proposal; Hatch Act reform, and reduces foreign aid by of review of the priority missions of amendments; a presidential health¬ over $5 billion. The plan: the foreign affairs agencies and not care reform that will terminate the •cuts the federal workforce by borne inequitably by its employees. Federal Employee Health Benefit 252,000. Program in 1997; a congressional ap¬ •raises the federal civil sen/ice Privatization conference features Atwood & Summers "Privatization speaks volumes has been encouraged, not only by the J. Brian Atwood, USAID ad¬ about the very nature of the political unsatisfactory performance of state- ministrator, was the conference system, its notion of stability, and its view of the future." owned enterprises in virtually all keynoter and Lawrence H. Summers, -J. Brian Atwood countries, but also by striking succes¬ under secretary of the Treasury for in¬ by John J. Harter ses achieved by countries that have ternational affairs, was the featured AFSA Conference Affairs Officer long pursued market-oriented, luncheon speaker. A number of Worldwide, privatization is raising private enterprise approaches, such prominent representatives of busi¬ hopes for improved economic ef¬ as Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and ness and government also ad¬ ficiency, more foreign trade and in¬ Singapore. dressed the conference. vestment, and greater prosperity, USAID, the World Bank’s Interna¬ A Highlights Report on the according to several speakers at the tional Finance Corporation, and other privatization conference will be avail¬ 17th AFSA Conference, "Privatiza¬ able at AFSA in January. Write or bilateral and multilateral donors have telephone Mr. Harter at AFSA if you tion in the 1990s," which took place recently raised the priority of financial wish a copy. at the Department of State on Oc¬ and technical assistance aimed at The next AFSA conference-on tober 7. The conference was cospon¬ " Economic Sanctions and Export Con- facilitating privatization in developing trols"-will take place at the Depart¬ sored by USAID. countries and formerly communist ment of State on March 31,1994. Several conference panelists said countries. the global trend toward privatization Financial Aid, FYt by Theresa Auriccbio, Scholarships Administrator Prepare for the financial aid jungle. Questions answered about Pell Grants, Federal Education Loans, campus-based aid, etc. Find out what you need to know about federal Title IV student finan¬ cial aid. The Department of Educa¬ tion publishes The Student Guide, and it’s free! To order in the U.S., call 1 -800-433-3243. If calling from A panel on "privatization and infrastructure" considered special problems posed overseas, dial 011-301-722-9200 in the privatization of transportation, telecommunications, energy, and other "natural monopolies." The panelists were (left to right): Everett J. Santos, Interna¬ and ask to speak with a technical tional Finance Corporation; James Waddell, Price Waterhouse; Mark Dunkerley, operator. British Airways; Gary D. Krach, GTE; and John Sachs, Latham & Watkins.

8 • AFSA NEWS* DECEMBER 1993 emuuzatum

HUMAN RIGHTS

Ironically, horrible events, once publicized, can spur action that otherwise might take years. Rape in wartime and domestic abuse are as old as mankind, but international publicity about the widespread rapes in the former Yugoslavia put the issue of violence against women high on the agenda of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights. Meeting in Vienna just a few hundred miles from the violence Nepal in Bosnia, the conference officially sanctioned women’s rights as human rights and drew attention to the connection between discrimination and violence. It also highlighted the importance non-governmental organizations play in shaping policies. An acknowledgment that women, too, have human rights has been long in coming. Although the UN Charter affirmed fundamental human rights and the equal rights of men and women, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights contained an implied contradiction. Implicit OW THE WORLD CONFERENCE in its articles was the idea that women belong to the private sphere, men the public. The private sphere—the family— was ON HUMAN RIGHTS BROUGHT declared to be “the natural and fundamental group unit of society ... entitled to protection by society and the State.” WOMEN ONTO THE AGENDA Individuals have rights, but family members are under the jurisdiction of a male head. The establishment of separate UN commissions on human rights and on the status of women confirmed the distinction between human rights and the equal rights of women. Until recently, neither the Human Rights Commission nor the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) dealt directly with this dilemma. The Human Rights Commission concentrated on civil and political rights, while most non-govern¬ mental human rights organizations emphasized governments’ abuse of the human

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 Mauritania

during the UN Decade for Women and tregan to speak out, the problem was rarely discussed; then, research, publica¬ tions, conferences, publicity, and local meetings on the violence issue abounded. Ultimately, governments and the UN re¬ sponded with a Declaration on Violence against Women, which calls for punishing tlie perpetrators and establishing educa¬ tional, research, and legal programs to change customs and traditions that might sanction or ignore violence. At press time, the UN General Assembly was expected to adopt the declaration. By 1992 tire international women’s movement had learned that in organizing there can lie strength and that the state can lie a friend as well as an enemy. The idea that men and women can lie partners if the theory and practice of human rights is AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT extended to all began to be accepted by all rights of political—mostly male—op¬ cation, health, employment, marriage members of the movement. ponents. The CSW also concentrated and family law, using temporary special This concept of partnership was first on women’s political rights—the measures (affirmative action), if neces¬ embodied in the Women's Convention. right to vote and hold office—but moved sary. It also assured women the right to Building on the Universal Declaration, on to education and employment and participate in political and public life the convention was both a framework the controversial topic of equal rights in and be equal before the law. Violence for women’s participation in the devel¬ marriage and family relations. CSW as¬ against women was not mentioned, but opment process as well as a statement serted women’s right to freely choose a Article 6 stated that governments should of women’s rights. A concise policy spouse, condemning the common prac¬ take measures “to suppress all fonns of outline for governments, obligating them tice in many countries of selling or traffic in women and exploitation of to take legislative and other measures to bartering girls or women into marriage. prostitution,” and another provision al¬ eliminate discrimination and ensure It argued for minimum age and registra¬ luded to the unequal treatment in penal women’s “full development and ad¬ tion of marriage laws, as well as for the codes dealing with adultery and prosti¬ vancement," its preamble made clear right of women to retain and pass on tution and the so-called crimes of honor, that the successful development of na¬ their own nationality to their children. which allowed men who had killed or tions required the full and equal partici¬ In so doing, CSW directly confronted abused adulterous women to go un¬ pation of men and women. Explicitly the implied contradiction in the Univer¬ punished. acknowledging women’s contributions sal Declaration by asserting that mar¬ Numerous governments signed this to family welfare, it nevertheless calls riage should be construed as a partner¬ 1980 convention, and it was ratified for the repeal of patriarchal inheritance ship among equals, with men and within a year as an international treaty. and divorce laws and places legal pro¬ women having equal parental, nation¬ The convention received very little at¬ hibitions on betrothal and marriage of ality, and property rights. tention, however, until after the 1985 children. By 1979—the midpoint of the “UN world conference when violence against By 1993, more than 120 nations had Decade for Women,” the CSW had women began to surface as a major ratified the convention, now a treaty. drafted a treaty on women’s human issue of the international women’s move¬ Under its administrative articles, a 23- rights and development, called the Con¬ ment. member expert body reviews country vention on the Elimination of All Forms All women face the fear of violence reports for progress in implementing of Discrimination Against Women, which resulting from their secondary status. the treaty’s provisions and may make was modified and adopted by the Gen¬ Families in every country of the world recommendations and comments to the eral Assembly. Presented at the second teach girls to be careful. Women fear UN General Assembly. At its 1992 meet¬ world women’s conference in 1980, the rape and endure domestic and some¬ ing the expert committee issued exten¬ convention called for guaranteeing times workplace abuse in order to keep sive comments and general recommen¬ women basic human rights by ending food on the table for themselves and dations detailing how gender-based vio¬ discrimination against women in edu- their families. Until women mobilized lence is an abrogation of women’s human

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 rights and how governments should nal, which featured victims of violence strengthening human rights mechanisms, treat the issue in their reports. from all over the world who had promoting human rights education and sought recourse. Telling their moving respect for diversity as well as a section A HEARING FOR WOMEN stories to a packed room and played on the rights of women and children. The demand to consider women’s on TV monitors throughout the mas¬ U.S. Counselor Tim Wirth pointed out rights as human rights had become a sive Austria Centre, they could not be that the Clinton administration was com¬ slogan women’s groups used in prepar¬ ignored. mitted to reinvigorating and promoting ing for the 1993 human rights confer¬ The U.S. delegation went into the democracy and human rights at home ence in Vienna. Women’s non-go vem- conference concerned that the univer¬ and abroad. Secretary Christopher mental organi¬ sality of human rights would spelled out these ideas and was inter¬ zations (NGO) be challenged by authori¬ rupted with applause from the galleries turned out in tarian governments who when he stated: “Violence and discrimi¬ force for the would argue the relativity nation against women don’t just victim¬ conference, of cultural values. The del¬ ize individuals; they hold back whole armed with egation was prepared, how¬ societies by confining the human po¬ posters and ever, with a new U.S. action tential of half of die population.” What pamphlets, plan integrating human was also gready appreciated was his ready with a rights into “all UN peace¬ integrating women’s concerns through¬ whole panoply keeping, humanitarian, out the speech, not simply devoting one of workshops conflict resolution, elections section to it. and seminars, monitoring, development including a programs, and other activi¬ UNIVERSAL RIGHT two-day Wo¬ ties.” The plan included The linkage between violence and men’s Tribu- selection of a high commis¬ discrimination and the integration of sioner for human rights, women’s concerns in the whole field of Peru AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GRASS-ROOTS HEROES AND HEROINES

irtually every recent UN world confer¬ parts of that movement—women's liberation, the meetings, this was not always true Y/ence, whether on environment, population, women’s rights, and women-in-development— downstairs in the NGO meetings. The booing V hurhuman rights, or women includes a parallel came together around the violence issue. of President Carter was a clear abrogation of non-governmental (NGO) forum. Organized The growth, power, and significance of freedom of speech. Opposition to his by members of the Conference of Non- NGOs were amply demonstrated at the speaking was orchestrated by a few to Governmental Organizations with UN human rights conference in Vienna. demonstrate their animosity toward the consultative status, these NGO fora attract Organizers of the NGO parallel activities at United States, but they were joined by others attention because they are colorful, informal, the conference report that over 1,500 who were frustrated by the organization and

and openly argumentative—a combination organizations and 2,700 individuals operation of the NGO meeting. As the of country fair, debate society, and university registered with them. Only 22 percent came statistics above imply, the majority of NGOs symposium. New ideas are floated, from North America and Europe and half the present were new to the UN system, many

experiences are exchanged, and new registrants were female. The same report attending only to promote their particular

networks are created. In the case of women, indicates that 3,691 NGO representatives cause. The idea of mass participation and

the three world conferences held between registered with the UN, of which only 1,573 consensus is always subject to domination

1974 and 1985 were powerful mobilizing had UN consultative status. by a minority unless the majority can enforce

events. They helped create and solidify a Participation by NGOs at the conference its will through appeal to established rules,

new international women’s movement whose bespoke a sad irony, however. While which are non-existent in many of these new

weight and power were felt at the 1993 upstairs in the government conference, ad-hoc organizations.

human rights conference, because the three human rights principles were practiced in — Arvonne Fraser

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 human rights was what united the representation when mass par¬ various elements of the women’s ticipation is inappropriate. The movement. This was reflected in world conference on human the conference document, the rights proved to many non-gov¬ Vienna Declaration and Pro¬ ernmental organizations that citi¬ gramme of Action, adopted on zens can infl tience governments. June 25, the final day of the confer¬ When a critical mass of citizens ence. After reaffirming commit¬ understand and appreciate the ments to the Universal Declaration art of governing themselves and and the Charter and noting the practice human rights principles “major changes taking place on in doing so, democracy will be the internatic >nal scene,” the Vienna sustainable. Declaration expresses concern The worldwide proliferation about the “various forms of dis¬ of non-governmental organiza¬ crimination and violence, to which tions, an expression of the free¬ women continue to be exposed all dom of association, is a favorable over the world.” The document development, but this movement overturned the cultural relativism needs nurturing. Leadership and argument by noting that human the organizational and citizen¬ rights “are universal, indivisible, ship skills that democratic gover¬ interdependent and inter-related.” nance require can be gained While national and regional differ¬ through experience in such or¬ ences and cultural and religious ganizations. Women’s groups that Timbuktu AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT backgrounds should be “borne in had previously perceived the state mind, it is the duty of states ... to ment of a special rapporteur on vio¬ as unfriendly gradually realized that the promote and protect all human rights lence against women. state and intergovernmental bodies were and fundamental freedoms.” The Vienna document also recog¬ a necessary part of the solution to their Two separate sections of the docu¬ nized the importance of NGOs in pro¬ problem. ment are devoted to women. One states moting and protecting human rights. By 1992, violence against women that “Gender-based violence and all Their growth, power, and significance had become an integral part of the forms of sexual harassment and exploi¬ was amply demonstrated at the confer¬ reporting in the State Department coun¬ tation, including those resulting from ence, where 3,691 NGO representa¬ try reports on human rights practices. cultural prejudice and international traf¬ tives registered with the UN. Perhaps it is time now to add a section ficking are incompatible with the dig¬ on NGO activities as well. The intelli¬ nity and worth of the human person, PRINCIPLES AND REALITY gence gained through this endeavor and must be eliminated.” This can be How are human rights principles would be invaluable. achieved by legal measures and through enforced, implemented, and encour¬ In 1995 three more world confer¬ national action and international coop¬ aged? In a world where many are ences will be held: the fourth world eration in such fields as economic and conditioned to accept authoritarian rule, women’s conference in Beijing; a world social development, education, safe instilling human rights values will take summit on social development in maternity and health care, and social time. It will require modifying not only Copenhagan and a world conference support. laws and behavior, but beliefs, and on population and development in Cairo. In another, the importance of teaching a new set of three R’s: rights, As with the preparation for the 1993 women's full integration and participa¬ responsibility, and respect and, per¬ human rights conference, non-govern¬ tion as both agents and beneficiaries of haps a fourth, the rule of law. These mental organizations can play a critical development is noted, as is the impor¬ legal projects mounted in many devel¬ role in the shaping of the agendas and tance of mainstreaming women’s con¬ oping countries by NGOs teach people policies. World events will affect all cerns into UN human rights activities. their rights and provide legal services. these conferences, or course, but there The General Assembly was urged to In-depth studies of the linkages be¬ is a momentum to the NGO movement adopt the draft Declaration on Violence tween democracy, development, and that must not be ignored. against Women and to deal with viola¬ human rights may also be needed. tions of women’s human rights in situ¬ Women’s and human rights groups Director of International Women's ations of anned conflict. Murder, sys¬ have made the connection between Rights Action Watch in Minneapolis, tematic rape, sexual slavery, and forced advocacy and holding governments Arvonne S. Fraser headed the U.S. pregnancy require an effective response, accountable, but empowennent im¬ delegation to the 1993 Commission on the document stated. Women’s groups plies responsibility, developing clearly the Status of Women. Previously, she welcomed the decision of the Human defined, democratic rules of proce¬ was a director of the Women in Devel¬ Rights Commission to consider appoint¬ dure, including equitable systems of opment office at USAID.

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 BY DAVID SHORR

For more than three years, the inter¬ tical governments, however, rejected national bodies that deal with Euro¬ those proposals that would strengthen pean security have been struggling to the group. figure out their missions in the post-Cold War world. SPUR TO ACTION FOR Now that local ethnic rival¬ The international community’s failed ries present the most formi- response to the Yugoslav crisis revealed PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY dable threat to peace and a niche for CSCE. That tragedy con¬ stability, the Conference on vinced decisionmakers of the impor¬ Security and Cooperation in tance of taking preventive action and Europe (CSCE)—with its special com¬ defusing conflicts before they escalate petence in the links between human to the horrific scale of the wars in Bosnia rights and security—is assuming greater and Croatia. Such activities—often re¬ political responsibility. ferred to as “preventive diplomacy”— To take on this role, the CSCE has have become the bailiwick of the “new” had to undergo a significant transfonna- CSCE. Among the mechanisms devel¬ tion; for nearly two decades it had been oped in the CSCE for this mission are a conference of human rights and amis conflict-prevention missions in ethnic control technicians, but in the last two trouble spots, a peace conference for years it also became the sponsor of the Armenia-Azerbaijan war, and a high diplomatic efforts to heal strife-torn na¬ commissioner on national minorities. scent states. For all its reforms, the CSCE has no During 1990 and 1991, it was unclear major success stories to its credit. It whether CSCE would be entrusted with hasn’t ended any wars or stabilized any the flexibility and authority such a mis¬ countries. In part, this is due to the sion requires. The forum was shunted stubborn nature of the problem. But it is aside, as champions of the European also fair to ask whether the scale of the Community or NATO (including the new CSCE apparatus represents an ut¬ United States) sought a primary role for most effort to tackle the thorny issues of their favorite institution. The CSCE was ethnic violence and civil strife. portrayed in many Western capitals as Some CSCE diplomats feel the fonim crippled by its consensus decision mak¬ hasn’t gone far enough in refashioning ing process and large membership; skep¬ itself. Istvan Gyannati, the senior Hun-

DECEMBER1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 garian foreign ministry official tion ready to go,” he said late last m HE MISSION’S DUTIES INCLUDE responsible for security policy, summer. Maresca draws a com¬ said the CSCE has been MONITORING SERBIAN BORDER parison to the Middle East peace underutilized because “there process, which took decades to wasn’t interest on the part of INCURSIONS, TRACKING DEVELOPMENTS achieve results and points out major players to engage them¬ that outsider involvement in the IN NEIGHBORING KOSOVO, selves in the real conflicts.” Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is Gyarmati—who has found his COORDINATING SANCTIONS-POLICING relatively recent. own role frustrating as CSCE em¬ issary for the conflicts in Geor¬ EFFORTS, AND TAKING PART IN PEACEKEEPING gia—says governments have The monitoring operation to NEGOTIATIONS WITH ETHNIC failed to exert real political will which Maresca refers is a peace¬ through the new mechanisms. MINORITIES. keeping force the CSCE has pre¬ pared in the event of a ceasefire. MISSIONS TO HOTSPOTS Governments have made com¬ Since September 1992, the mitments of troops and equip¬ CSCE has stationed small international mission last summer. By the time the ment for a force of 300, and many of the teams in the former Yugoslav and Soviet operation closed down in early August, details for their deployment have been republics of Macedonia, Serbia/ it had a staff of 20, but this was only half worked out—although it is unclear Montenegro, Moldova, Estonia, and the size that had been mandated nine whether U.S. troops have been offered. Georgia. The United States strongly months earlier. CSCE had a difficult time Guided by chain-of-command rules supported setting up these missions and finding staff for the mission; the same worked out during an organizational has contributed personnel to each of governments that had enthusiastically meeting in Helsinki, CSCE has selected them, 24 staff in all. All but three of the supported strong staffing for CSCE failed two Swedish generals to lead the opera¬ U.S. participants have been active-duty to follow through with concrete mea¬ tion on the ground. or retired Foreign Service officers. The sures that would make personnel avail¬ Despite this work, the Russian repre¬ Macedonia mission, aimed at prevent¬ able. Recently, however, the State De¬ sentative to the peace process in late ing expansion of the Yugoslav war, has partment office that recruits staff for the August gave the Turkish media a skep¬ been led by an American ever since it CSCE missions adopted a program that tical reading of CSCE’s ability to deploy opened in fall 1992. lengthens the period for which person¬ peacekeepers. Maresca responded in Norman Anderson, who took over nel are assigned to missions. Until this an interview that such a stance was last March as the third head of the fall, most U.S. participants were pulled typical of Russia’s lukewarm attitude Macedonia mission, says the mission’s from their regular jobs to serve two- or toward outside intervention in the fonner duties include monitoring Serbian bor¬ three-month temporary duty. Last spring, Soviet republics. “Their ideal situation der incursions, tracking developments State created four one-year positions, would be to solve the problem them¬ in neighboring Kosovo, coordinating which are being used to rotate diplo¬ selves without any involvement from sanctions-policing efforts, and taking mats through the CSCE missions. the international community ... But to part in negotiations with ethnic minori¬ Perhaps the most ambitious project have a stable ceasefire, you have to ties. Because there are few foreign in the CSCE is its effort to help end the have credible monitors, and the only embassies in the republic, the CSCE five-year war over the Nagorno- way to do that is under an international mission serves as the international Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. In March umbrella.” community’s key outpost in Skopje. 1992, CSCE foreign ministers asked a Maresca says the CSCE effort en¬ Like his counterparts in the other group of nine countries to work with joys strong backing from the UN, missions, Anderson has played media¬ Armenian and Azeri leaders to find a which has passed Security Council tor to reduce tensions between ethnic settlement. Over the following 18 resolutions endorsing the negotiations communities. His mission has pressed months, the peace conference more and prospective peacekeeping op¬ “the government to take more ethnic than once seemed on the verge of eration. In contrast, the two organiza¬ Albanians into the police and civil ser¬ establishing a ceasefire, only to be un¬ tions jostled over another former So¬ vice. And, at the same time, we advise dercut by a new military offensive. viet hot spot, Georgia, where they the Albanians to stay within the bounds John Maresca, the U.S. representa¬ were unable to agree on a division of of peaceful democratic processes,” tive to the talks, says that, despite the responsibilities. Anderson said. lack of a settlement, the time has been CSCE’s largest mission to date, in the well spent. “We haven’t solved the ANTICIPATING TROUBLE aimp Yugoslav federation of Serbia and problem, it’s true, but we have accom¬ To focus attention on ethnic rival¬ Montenegro, placed teams of monitors plished some significant things. We ries that haven’t yet empted into armed in the ethnic enclaves of Kosovo, have established an ongoing negotiat¬ conflict, the CSCE in December 1992 Sandjak, and Vojvodina for 11 months, ing forum. We’ve brought everybody to created the Office of High Commis¬ until Yugoslav authorities expelled the the table. We have a monitoring opera¬ sioner on National Minorities. The

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 high commissioner’s moral authority ficers, “humanitarian issues would have the impression that another gov¬ as an arbiter is based on his indepen¬ prevail." Among the disappointments ernment is looking over their shoul¬ dence and his ability to represent 53 is that, while resident aliens will be der.” He said he is giving the process governments. The office’s first occu¬ allowed to vote in local elections, two years because Slovakia’s institu¬ pant is former Dutch Foreign Minister they will not be able to stand for tions are unformed. Max van der Stoel who works with a office. After spending 40 years focused on staff of five in the Hague. Van der Stoel also helped defuse a averting another European war, the In his recent discussions with the confrontation with the majority Rus¬ United States and its European allies Estonian government, which were in¬ sian population border city of Narva. must now turn their attention to issues vited by Tallinn, van der Stoel was He convinced local leaders to accept to which they are unaccustomed: lo¬ armed with a clear mandate from the the ruling of the Estonian constitu¬ cal referenda on secession, the ability Committee of Senior Officials (CSO), tional court that a referendum on of Russian officers to settle in Estonia, the CSCE’s chief policymaking body. secession had no legal standing. The the proportion of Albanians in the Along with the Council of Europe, the plebiscite was canceled after it was Macedonian civil service. Yet the peace high commissioner sought modifica¬ declared illegal by the court. and stability of entire countries hinge tions in Estonia’s draft law on aliens The high commissioner is stressing on just such matters. The former East (read, ethnic Russians). the other aspect of his office—his Bloc’s multi-ethnic states will be able Van der Stoel said the results were independence—as he looks into the to attain co-existence and democracy mixed. One success was a broaden¬ status of minorities in Slovakia and only if these problems can be re¬ ing of the right of appeal for those Hungary. He has assembled a panel solved. initially denied resident status. Out¬ of scholars to conduct a two-year

side the framework of the law itself, study of the situation. Van der Stoel David Short■ lives in Cambridge, the Estonian prime minister also prom¬ said he chose to work with academics Massachusetts and writes about the ised that, when considering the cases in this instance because, “it is better post-Cold War international secu¬ of Russian former Soviet military of¬ that the governments concerned don’t rity agenda.

DECISIONMAKING IN CSCE

hrough most of its 18-year history, CSCE’s permanent offices. The offices, however—a consultative forum was needed to handle the

two chief functions were to codify a canon Secretariat in Prague, Conflict Prevention volume of work; the so-called Vienna Group. ' of human-rights principles and sponsor Center in Vienna, and Office of Democratic CSCE-watchers have expressed concern

conventional arms control talks. In recent Institutions and Human Rights in Warsaw— that these new meetings will undermine the

years, the now 53-country CSCE has serve largely administrative functions, transparency of the process. Unlike the

acquired a set of mechanisms that enable it providing organizational support for decisions of the CSO, those of the Vienna to intercede in crises and potential crises meetings, negotiations, and missions. In the Group are not published, but, a U.S. with greater alacrity. As John Kornblum, words of John Kornblum, head of the U.S. diplomat pointed out, nor are they secret. head of the U.S. CSCE delegation in Vienna, CSCE delegation in Vienna, this initial Another locus of leadership that emerged puts it, “The CSCE, of all the [security] reorganization left CSCE with “no real was the rotating position of chairman in office

institutions, has probably changed more than structure for operation. It was more think- held by the government hosting the annual any other.” tank-like than operational.” ministerial. The foreign ministry that holds the The innovations of the last three years Many of the operational mechanisms chair—along with its predecessor and include frequent meetings of senior were conceived in mid-1992, but they were successor, who comprise a “troika”—proposes

diplomats, a CSCE-sponsored peace given form and substance in CSCE’s newly and carries out many of the most vigorous negotiation, conflict-prevention missions in regularized consultations. Over time, these projects. The chair passed from Sweden to Italy

ethnic trouble spots, and a high commis¬ meetings have grown more frequent. After it at the Rome ministerial in November. sioner on national minorities. was created at the Paris Summit, the Last summer German Ambassador Wilheim

The reform of the CSCE was initiated at a ambassador-level Committee of Senior Hoynck filled a new position of secretary

November 1990 summit in Paris, which gave Officials (CSO) in 1991 went from quarterly general. One of his first tasks is to study how

the CSCE two things it had never had: a to monthly meetings in Prague. CSCE’s organization can be rationalized.

regular schedule of meetings and three By the beginning of 1993, a weekly — David Shorr

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 Under Secretary Lynn Davis juggles conflicting goals

For an administration that has made bringing more women into government ast fall, when Bill Clinton was a top priority, Davis stands as a prized L leading in the polls and many asset. “When the Clinton team began became drawn to the world of policy long-exiled Democrats were ma¬ examining qualified professionals who through a Council on Foreign Relations neuvering for jobs in his admin¬ would meet the requirement for diver¬ fellowship that placed her at the Na¬ istration, Lynn Davis had no thoughts of sity ... there were practically no people tional Security Council for a brief period re-entering government. Davis, who who could match her credentials and in the mid-1970s. At the Pentagon, Davis had served as deputy assistant secretary background and quality,” says Alton dealt with a wide range of international of defense in the Carter administration, Frye, vice president of the Council on security issues. During the 1980s, she was working as a vice president at the Foreign Relations. “She spent time at the Interna¬ RAND Corporation, and her agenda at really is an outstanding tional Institute of Strate¬ the think tank would take years to experienced profes¬ gic Studies in London complete. She was not involved in the sional.” and the Foreign Policy campaign or the transition that fol¬ Davis may have been Institute at Johns Hopkins lowed. “I told people that I wasn't going wooed with particular University. At RAND, to be even tempted back,” Davis recalls. vigor because she is a Davis has distinguished "I said to myself that I wasn’t going to women, but few question herself as an accom¬ leave RAND because I hadn’t accom¬ her qualifications. She has plished manager. plished all the things I wanted to ac¬ spent her entire career in But while Davis complish.” the field of amis control clearly brings impeccable But when Warren Christopher be¬ and security affairs. Dur¬ professional credentials gan assembling his team, Davis felt she ing the early 1970s, as a to her job at the State couldn’t refuse an offer to serve as Ph.D. candidate in politi¬ Under Secretary Lynn Davis Department and wins the under secretary of state for International cal science at Columbia admiration of many for Security Affairs. “This is perhaps the University and then as a young assistant her keen analytical abilities, some ex¬ only position that I could have been professor at Barnard College, Davis made perts outside of government have been tempted back to take,” says Davis. “It an early mark in the arms control field troubled by her appointment. In the bridged together a lot of the back¬ through her work on strategic nuclear arms control community, Davis is re¬ ground of writing and research that I’ve issues, particularly on the instability garded as a centrist, and many have done on international security and arms caused by ballistic missiles that carried been disappointed by the positions she control issues. It seemed like the right multiple warheads. Initially, Davis imag¬ has taken in interagency debates. Davis’s place at the right time.” ined a career as an academic, but she dispassionate manner and a record of

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 received lukewarm reviews in regard to other arms control issues such as the restraint of conventional arms and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, her with policymakers gauging U.S. interests in performance in this area has been gen¬ detenuining how to treat a given state erally praised. Leonard Spector, who engaging in weapons proliferation. heads the Carnegie Endowment’s pro¬ gram on non-proliferation, credits Davis CARROTS AND STICKS and other officials with moving quickly Davis sees value in this kind of and effectively, building on a good nuanced approach, as do other officials policy base from the Bush years. in the executive branch. But as interna¬ Davis’s office has been involved in tional non-proliferation regimes become both bureaucratic and diplomatic initia¬ more advanced, and Congress does tives on the non-proliferation front. In a more legislating to insure that the U.S. change from the Bush administration, penalizes violators, executive branch responsibility for these issues has been flexibility in dealing with such states is now centralized in the Political-Military likely to decline—a development that Affairs Bureau, which reports to Davis. many arms control experts believe is a In addition, the FY1994 budget request good thing. The uneasy partnership contains $50 million for a new Non¬ between Congress and the executive mixed success in the bureaucratic wars proliferation and Disarmament Fund, branch on proliferation issues was re¬ during the Carter years raise the ques¬ which Davis has been lobbying for on cently illustrated by the imposition of tion of whether she has the crusading Capitol Hill. The fund will support the sanctions against China and Pakistan. zeal or political savvy needed to keep education and training of foreign offi¬ On August 25, the Clinton adminis¬ arms control and non-proliferation is¬ cials in areas that support non-prolifera¬ tration barred the export of certain high- sues on the front burner of the Clinton tion; enforcement and interdiction pro¬ technology products to China and Paki¬ administration’s policy agenda. grams carrying out the destruction of stan as punishment for China’s sale to In her position as under secretary, weapons stipulated by treaties such as Pakistan of advanced missile equip¬ Davis’s portfolio extends beyond arms the Chemical Weapons Convention and ment. The sale violated the Missile Tech¬ control to other international security START; and programs to assist in the nology Control Regime (MTCR), an issues, particularly military relations with verification of international non-prolif¬ agreement among 23 industrial coun¬ foreign countries and security assis¬ eration regulations. tries to reduce the spread of missile tance, areas now in a state of great flux. On the diplomatic front, Davis sees technology to Third World countries. In One of Davis’s main tasks is to see that the non-proliferation challenge as quite a trip to Beijing earlier in the summer, efforts at change in this arena do not get different from the bilateral superpower Davis found that the Chinese refused to bogged down and that they are guided negotiations that were long the center- discuss their missile transfers in any by an overarching vision rather than by piece of the arms control effort. In detail, and she was unable to obtain more transitory concerns. Yet it remains contrast to formal bargaining between Beijing’s cooperation in finding out more to be seen whether Davis, who has not two parties over specific data, the non¬ infonnation about the sale to Pakistan. been an intellectual leader in outlining proliferation effort, says Davis, revolves It was Davis’s office that then made the innovative policies for the post-Cold around “international regimes that we decision that China and Pakistan were War era, will master this broad architect¬ seek to build as foundations, and then in violation of the MTCR. But the sanc¬ ural component of her job. a lot of day-to-day bilateral and multilat¬ tions that were imposed on the two eral diplomacy... to achieve these goals countries—negligible in the case of Paki¬ THE NON-PROLIFERATION of non-proliferation.” Davis sees this stan but involving some 7 percent of U.S. IMPERATIVE process as more subtle and on-going exports to China—had been predeter¬ At the top of Davis’s agenda is re¬ than the old arms control negotiations mined by 1991 congressional legislation. straining the proliferation of unconven¬ because of the variety of players in¬ This fall, the Clinton administration tional weapons, which includes chemi¬ volved and the conflicting interests at policies on non-proliferation were for¬ cal, biological, and nuclear arms, as well stake. “One has to think of non-prolif¬ malized with the completion of a Presi¬ as ballistic missiles. In a talk to State eration in terms of security and insecu¬ dential Review Directive. The new policy, Department employees in June, Davis rities in various parts of the world,” she which Clinton announced in his Sep¬ said that such proliferation is “now our says. Today the ways of approaching tember 27 speech to the UN, is not a greatest security challenge.” In appoint¬ non-proliferation issues are “not as of¬ dramatic overhaul of Bush’s policy, but ing Davis to her post, Secretary Christo¬ ten the tools of negotiations in the instead builds on that policy and pro¬ pher directed her to focus most of her classic sense.” Instead, there is a greater poses several new initiatives. Perhaps attention on this issue. Davis took the reliance on persuasion and coercion the most significant of these is a call for suggestion to heart, and while she has employing a variety of carrots and sticks, a negotiated worldwide ban on the

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 production of fissionable materials for ARMS FOR THE WORLD? expert on the conventional arms trade weapons purposes. This idea has long Following the Gulf war, there were with the World Policy Institute, worries been embraced by arms control experts widespread calls for restraining the glo¬ as well that Davis’s case-by-case ap¬ but was vigorously opposed by both the bal trade in conventional weapons. The proach “is tantamount to saying we're Reagan and Bush administrations. The Bush administration resisted any seri¬ not going to have an aims transfer directive also reportedly proposes a ous efforts toward this end. but on the policy. The ad hoc policy is really a new effort to make available U.S. space campaign trail Bill Clinton pledged to policy of no controls. Because there’s launching capabilities to Third World more forcefully work with other sup¬ always a reason that a particular ally will countries in exchange for their coopera¬ plier nations in negotiating restraints. want a particular system.” tion in controlling the spread of ballistic Lynn Davis is not new to the contro¬ In addressing the issue of conven¬ missile technology. versy over conventional arms sales. tional arms sales, Davis shows consider¬ During the Carter years she played a able sensitivity to the economic stakes PROLIFERATION POLICEMAN major role in drafting Presidential Direc¬ involved. She believes that domestic One issue that remains unaddressed tive 13, which provided die framework for economic factors must be considered in by Davis or others at State is how anti¬ that administration’s histctrie effort to rein in shaping arms-sales policies. “If you proliferation efforts should drive U.S. the arms trade. But in her new position, broaden your definition of national secu¬ interventionary policy. Since Desert Davis appears to be opposed to initiat¬ rity to include economic prosperity for Storm, the Pentagon has moved adroitly ing new and comprehensive policies Americans and more generally for the to justify many of its programs by citing that relate to conventional arms sales. world, then these kind of additional inter¬ the threats posed by states with the During the Carter years, says Davis, ests come into play,” Davis says. And she potential for arms buildups. ‘ The poli¬ “we discovered that overall guidelines is hardly alone in this view. Since taking tics of proliferation and non-prolifera¬ don’t work and that these issues had to office President Clinton has repeatedly tion are the most volatile political sub¬ be approached regionally." What hap¬ stressed that a cornerstone of his foreign jects in U.S. foreign relations,” says pened is that “we often made policy by policy agenda is the revitalization of the Michael Klare, director of the Five College exception to the general guidelines.” American economy. With this in mind. Program in Peace and World Security Davis thinks that “we should look at Davis sees her task as “balancing the Studies in Amherst. Massachusetts. “The regional insecurities and U.S. interests promotion of trade with the clear need United States is brushing up against coun¬ in friends and allies in the region and to control dangerous arms.” tries on the proliferation issue in ways that define arms sales policies consistent have the potential to cause a war.” How¬ with those. . . . Sales for defensive MULTILATERAL RESTRAINT ever, Davis has been virtually silent, at purposes or to keep a balance of power But Alton Frye thinks the LJnited least in public, on the key issue of when can make a good deal of sense from an States has been “striking the wrong and where the United States should be American point of view.” In her public balance in facilitating or encouraging prepared to use force to stop the prolif¬ statements, Davis has never stressed the substantial sales of advanced conven¬ eration of weapons. goal of reducing the overall size and tional weaponry.” Frye argues that be¬ Klare credits Davis and the State scope of the world arms trade. cause of a desire to help an ailing Department with pursuing a good Many analysts disagree with both defense industry, the United States is non-proliferation policy on a day-to- Davis’s interpretation of the Carter ex¬ “having difficulty following . . . our day basis, but complains that the De¬ perience and her favored approach for security interests in slowing the spread partment of Defense has been allowed the 1990s. “Lynn Davis, who had a of modern weaponry.” He points out to dominate the broader debate about major hand in devising the Carter policy, that the United States is now far and what level of threat to U.S. national was right the first time,” says one arms away the world’s largest arms supplier. security is posed by proliferation. The control expert. The Carter admin¬ “We are not going to get the Russians Pentagon, says Klare, has a virtual free¬ istration's policy had problems, he says, and others to exercise restraint as long hand in shaping a policy outlook that but it also had “many innovations” and as we are so dominant in the market, may lead to new interventions. “What it would be wrong to draw the lesson [but] if we use our leverage correctly, are the implications of being a prolif¬ from that experience that general guide¬ we can energize a multilateral restraint eration policeman of the world? They lines don’t work. Many of the Carter regime.” Fiye has pushed fora multilat¬ are vast and they haven’t been de¬ guidelines were “both modest and real¬ eral regulatory plan that would make bated.” istic,” he argues. These included the ban restraining arms sales in the interests of With responsibilities for both arms on introducing new arms technologies both recipients and suppliers. control and broader policy planning to a region for the first time, an insis¬ Hartung contends that the economic on security issues, Davis is the logical tence that the United States have a veto gains of arms sales are illusory, in any candidate at State to work at integrat¬ over any reexporting of U.S.-made arms, case. “Arms exports are a dead end ing the proliferation challenge into and the tying of arms sales to human economically. Promoting arms exports overall U.S. national security policy rights performance. Without new gen¬ is going to end up costing the United and to offer a counter of the Pentagon eral guidelines “what we have is little States more than it benefits to the extent view, which must be seen as partly more than a policy of goodwill," says that it stimulates arms races in the driven by budgetary imperatives. another analyst. William Hartung, an Middle East and Asia. The expenditures

40 • FORKIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 for our own forces because of higher Arms Control and Disannament Agency eration that die United States supports.” levels of arms in those regions is going (ACDA), a proposal that many amis Ironically, given her role in tiying to to cancel out any kind of short-term control lobbyists found anathema. kill ACDA, the survival of the agency benefit that comes from keeping some But in fairness, Davis occupies a actually makes Davis’s job easier. A production line running. You need a position with built-in conflicts. On the crusader for arms control probably is broader long-term lens.” one hand, her office is charged with required in the current policy environ¬ The administration has yet to estab¬ coordinating non-proliferation and arms ment, and Davis, the quintessential ana¬ lish a policy on conventional anus. control policy. On the other, it manages lyst, will never be such a crusader. Initial talk of a dual-track policy of defense relations with foreign coun¬ ACDA’s survival will relieve die pres¬ working simultaneously to stem the tries, seeking to maintain U.S. influence sures on her to play this role. proliferation of both conventional weap¬ with governments whose arms-acquisi- Like many Clinton appointees, Davis ons and weapons of mass destruction tions goals are sometimes out of sync sees herself as just getting started in her has been abandoned. “That’s going to with U.S. policy. Because of this dual new job. Her long-term goals include be dealt with separately,” says Davis. portfolio, Davis does not see her role as insuring the success of the intemadonal The administration’s delay on this front that of an institutional advocate for arms conference in 1995 to review the Non- has some observers complaining about control. Instead, she sees her job as Proliferation Treaty and negotiating a a missed opportunity. The on-going harnessing the often conflicting goals in worldwide ban on nuclear explosions. efforts by the five permanent members U.S. foreign policy to creative ends. Her message to the critics who have of the UN Security Council to limit the Essentially, Davis is in search of win- hastened to question her performance arms trade through the so-called P-5 win situations, particularly in the sensi¬ is to be patient: “The test will be a year talks have been totally inadequate, many tive area of balancing non-proliferation or so from now as to what we’ve say, and will remain so unless the concerns against the desire to maintain accomplished.” United States assumes a major leader¬ key friendships abroad. “What we try to ship role on the issue. do is find the areas where these two are not necessarily in conflict, where states David Callahan, a Princeton, N.J. AN UNEASY BALANCE accept that to be a partner they have to based writer on current affairs, is a Davis’s position on conventional arms support the same goals for non-prolif¬ frequent contributor to the Journal sales underscores the concern that some have about her willingness to be an energetic advocate for arms control. Because of die prominence of domestic issues in the Clinton administration’s SMITH BARNEYSHEARSON political outlook, says Michael Krepon A I’KIMERICA Company of the Stimson Center, “there’s not We make money the old-fashioned way. We earn it.s" enough pressure from the top to push the arms control and die non-prolifera- don agenda.” Overseas crises like the war in the former Yugoslavia also have Professional Investment Services the effect of pushing arms control issues to the back burner. For these reasons, it is particularly important that there be officials lower down in the chain of command who work zealously to push Christina Parra an arms control agenda. But as things Financial Consultant, President’s Council now stand, commented one outside Christina is a Financial Consultant with 10 years experience at Smith Barney analyst, “there’s no great champion of Shearson in Washington D.C. anns control in this administration.” Christina focuses on providing individuals in the U.S. and abroad with com¬ Davis, he charges, “is not coming from prehensive investment, retirement and educational planning using: a very pro-arms control perspective. • Stocks & Bonds • Government securities Indeed, many of her positions seem to • Mutual Funds • Municipal Bonds be to die right of the Bush administ¬ • Professional portfolio • Annuities ration’s views.” management • Asset Allocation Beyond her failure to push for con¬ To discuss your investment needs call: ventional arms restraints, Davis report¬ 202-861-5080 or 1-800-522-3546 edly opposed the extension of the Christina D. Parra, Financial Consultant nuclear test ban moratorium that Clinton 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.—Suite 225 agreed to this summer. And, upon arriv¬ Washington, D.C. 20036 ing at the State Department, she joined ' 1993 Smith Barney Shearson Inc. Member SI PC those advocating the abolition of the

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For Information/Reservations. Call 202-466-7367 or 1-800-933-8367 Fax 202-659-8520 Charles Dodson Barrett m, 37, step¬ Survivors include his wife of 41 years, setts; and two grandsons. son of retired USIA Foreign Service officer Margaret Glassford Beam of Washington, Keith E. Adamson and son of Robin A. D.C.; a son, Jacob Alexander Beam of Sheelah M. Langan, a retired Foreign Adamson, died August 4, in Illinois. Newton, Massachusetts; and three grand¬ Service secretary, died in Middlebury, He attended schools in Laos and Thai¬ children. Vermont, on July 6. land during family tours of duty there. In She joined the Foreign Service during Hawaii, he graduated from Kalani High John Richard Burke, 68, a fonner World War II. Her first assignment was to School. He was an assistant engineer with U.S. ambassador to Guyana, died of a Rome. Subsequent postings took her to Commonwealth Edison in Illinois. heart attack August 8 at his home in Bangkok, Tripoli, Rabat, Athens, London, Survivors include his wife, Donna Bard Arlington, Virginia. Bogota, and Mexico City. In both Colom¬ Barrett, and daughter, Jamie Leigh; par¬ Mr. Burke served in the Foreign Ser¬ bia and Mexico she served as the ents, Robin and Keith Adamson of Hono¬ vice from 1956 until retirement in 1989. ambassador’s secretary. She retired to lulu; his sisters, Kathy Barrett of Denver, His early service included posts in Vennont in 1970. Mercer Duffy of Andover, Massachusetts, Bangkok, Paris, Washington, and Saigon. Jeanne Barefield of Norfolk, Virginia, and From 1967-1969, he was director of the Charles W. Redick. 51, died of pros¬ numerous nieces and nephews. office of Vietnam Affairs, then attended tate cancer July 24 at his home in Bethesda. the National War College. Later he was Joining the Foreign Service in 1969, he Jacob D. Beam, 85, who served as DCM in Port-au-Prince, and Bangkok, served as a political officer in posts that ambassador to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and director of the Office of Caribbean included Taiwan, Cambodia, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union during a diplomatic Affairs. France, Tunisia, Zaire, and New York. career of more than four decades, died of From 1977-1979, during the time of Recently he had been studying Japanese at a stroke August 16 in Rockville. the mass suicide of Jim Jones’ followers, FSI in preparation for a post in Japan. In Moscow, Beam served as charge he was ambassador to Guyana. Burke Redick was bom in Boulder, Colorado after Ambassador George Kennan was returned to Washington and served as and raised in Silver Spring, Saigon, and expelled by the Soviet government. A few deputy assistant secretary of state for Tokyo. His father was in the Foreign months later, he was President Administration. He received the State Service. He was a graduate of Oberlin Eisenhower’s special representative at the Department’s Superior Honor Award. College and received his master’s degree funeral of Joseph Stalin. Bom in Madison, Wisconsin, he served in Chinese Studies from Yale University. From 1959-1961 he was ambassador in in the Navy in the Pacific during World He was an Air Force veteran. Warsaw. While in Poland, he conducted War II, and he was recalled to duty during Survivors include his wife, Cynthia talks with the Chinese Communists be¬ the Korean War. He graduated from the Timbrook Redick, and a daughter Alison fore they established formal diplomatic University of Wisconsin. Redick, both of Bethesda; his parents, relations with Washington. Survivors include his wife, Amelie Margaret and Joseph Redick of Staunton, In 1966, after four years as assistant Maltha Cecillon Burke of Arlington, Vir¬ Virginia; and a sister, Nancy Redick Powell director of the Ar ms Control and Disarma¬ ginia. of Arlington, Virginia. ment Agency, Beam was posted to Prague. He was there during the “Prague Spring Carl John Grip, 65, died August 5 in John H. Southerland, 75, died Sep¬ Rebellion” of 1968. In 1969 he was named Burlingame, California. tember 5 in Fairfax, Virginia. He had ambassador to the Soviet Union. He re¬ He began his Foreign Service career in Parkinson’s disease. tired in 1972 to Washington D.C. 1956 and served in Lebanon, Syria, Nor¬ Southerland joined the Foreign Service Beam joined the Foreign Service in way, and at the U.S. mission to NATO in in 1941. Early posts included Ethiopia, 1931- In the late 1940s, he was chief of Paris and Brussels. He also served in Italy, Spain, and Costa Rica. From 1956- State’s Central European Affairs Division. Geneva as counselor for International 1960 he served in State’s international In 1949 he served in Indonesia and then Organization Affairs. As an FSO, he at¬ conferences office. Overseas assignments went to Yugoslavia. He remained there tended the University of California at Los then included administrative posts in Cam¬ until his first assignment to Moscow. He Angeles and the National War College. bodia, Portugal, and Turkey. He returned was deputy assistant secretary of state for He retired in 1983. to Washington in 1976 and retired in 1979. European Affairs before being named Survivors include his wife, Helen He received a Commendable Service ambassador to Poland. His honors in¬ Jean Grip of Bethesda; two daughters, Award. clude the Distinguished Honor Award Linda Goldstein of Chevy Chase, and Survivors include his wife of 44 years, and the Foreign Service Cup. Karen Cox of Gloucester, Massachu¬ Barbara Southerland, and a daughter,

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 IN MEMORY

Nancy Southerland, both of Arlington; his officer, died August 23, in a Lynchburg, Laukhuff of Richmond, Virginia. son, Charles, of Centreville; and his twin Virginia hospital. brother, Paul, of Topeka, Kansas. Laukhuff taught government at Sweet Michele Maule Matlock. 34, daugh¬ Briar College from 1930-36. He then en¬ ter of retired Foreign Service officer Rob¬ Frances McLean Williams 77, widow tered the U.S. Foreign Service. He served ert Maule and Sue M. Maule, died August of former Foreign Service officer Elwood twice in Berlin and was interned with the 8, at home in Chugiak, Alaska, after a five- Williams III, died of a heart attack July 27 U.S. Embassy staff there in 1941-42. As year battle with adrenal-cortical carci¬ in Bar Harbor, Maine, while on vacation. director of the Office of German Political noma. Her parent’s contend that this rare A former resident of Arlington, Virginia Affairs, he accompanied Secretary of State cancer was induced by Michele’s early and Washington, D.C., she had lived in Acheson to many international confer¬ excessive exposure to DDT. (January 1989 Goodwin House West in Falls Church ences and was a principal drafter of most Journal, Speaking Out) since 1988. She was a volunteer for the diplomatic notes exchanged with the So¬ Matlock was bom in Bmssels, Bel¬ Multiple Sclerosis Society, the United Giv¬ viet Union dealing with Germany from gium, then accompanied her parents on ers Fund, St. Agnes School and the John 1949-1952. He was later named counselor assignments to Baghdad, Port-au-Prince, F. Kennedy Center, and received a presi¬ and deputy' chief of mission to Saigon. Vienna, Beirut and Montreal. She attended dential letter of commendation for her Laukhuff was bom in Dayton, Ohio, Union School in 1 laid, the American Inter¬ work with the National Park system. son of Frank Edward and Laura Perry national School in Vienna and the Ameri¬ Survivors include three children, Anne Laukhuff. A graduate of Otterbein College can Community School in Beirut. She Williams of Lewiston, Maine, James M. in Westerville, Ohio, he received a master’s graduated from Seattle Pacific University Williams of Princeton, New Jersey, and degree at Harvard and did further post¬ and worked as a special education teacher Libby Barton of Washington, D.C.; a graduate study at Harvard, Ohio State Uni¬ in Washington and Alaska. brother, Herbert McLean of Montreal; and versity, the University of Michigan, and the Michele is survived by her parents; her a sister, Helen Kennedy of Prince Edward Academy of International Law at The Hague. husband Kevin; children Brandon, Peter Island, Canada. He is survived by his wife, Jessie and Fiona; and by her brother, Brian and Perry Laukhuff, 87, Foreign Service Lousie and daughter, Louise Argyle sister, Alison. Our Suites Feel Like Home,

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44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 artists such as the Tokyo Quartet. recitals in the university’s Tawes Recital A Chamber Injuly 1993, Washington became the Hall. The programs included Beethoven’s world cello capital when the University five cello sonatas perfonned by Gary Music Capital of Maryland hosted an international Hoffman and pianist Menachem Pressler; By Max Kraus competition dedicated to the memory a recital by jury president Bernard Green¬ The Washington area has many halls of the late American virtuoso and teacher house; and another one by the trio of suitable for chamber music and good Leonard Rose. More than 100 cellists pianist Joseph Kalichstein, violinistjaime musicians to perfonn in them. This from 34 countries sent applications. The Laredo, and cellist Sharon Robinson. A combination has placed Washington in competition culminated with a concert final recital by Lynn Harrell, accompa¬ the front ranks of chamber music offer¬ in the Kennedy Center’s Concert Hall, nied by Taiwanese pianist Wu Han ings, with a variety and quality of pre¬ where the three finalists, two from Ger¬ offered listeners the chance to hear a sentations that even New York has a many and one from Finland, performed reading of Beethoven’s Sonata op.69 hard time matching. cello concertos by Shostakovich, that was quite different from the one by This review of Washington chamber Prokofiev, and Dvorak, with the Na¬ Hoffman and Pressler earlier in the music performances is by no means tional Symphony Orchestra guest-con¬ week. complete; included are only the conceit ducted by Yves Pascal Tortelier, the son Perhaps I had not realized what fine series for which I have received season of French cello virtuoso Paul Tortelier. chamber music is offered at the Univer¬ announcements, and I keep hearing of In addition, during the week preced¬ sity of Maryland until I moved into that new ones, such as a series at the Na¬ ing the final, many leading cellists, some state last year, but during the coming tional Institutes of Health, including members of the international jury, gave season I plan to brave the Beltway often

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DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 BOOKS AND THE AETS on my way to College Park. For one they become household words, I rec¬ The Terrace Theater is Stephen thing, the superb Chamber Music Soci¬ ommend the Young Artists Series in the Simon’s home base. In addition to the ety of Lincoln Center will play all but Tenace Theater. chamber concerts, he also conducts one of their traditional three Washing¬ The same auditorium also is the four concerts there for young people 6 ton area concerts in Tawes Recital Hall, home base of the Washington Chamber to 12 years old. Again, these concerts and there are other treats in the offing Symphony, formerly the Handel Festi¬ have proven so popular that they are there, such as the Belgian Kuijken Trio val Orchestra. Its music director, Stephen given twice each, on Saturday and Sun¬ playing baroque music on period in¬ Simon, (a nephew of former Ambassa¬ day afternoons. Simon involves the stalments. Their program includes mu¬ dor Walter Annenberg) is an interna¬ youngsters as he teaches them the rudi¬ sic by Jean Marais, the viola da gamba tionally recognized Handel scholar, but ments of music; even inviting them master featured in the film “Tous les he wanted to expand his repertoire and backstage to learn more about musical Matins du Monde.” changed the orchestra’s name to reflect instruments. this. Once a year, as the holiday season Concerts at the Kenedy Center The five scheduled chamber music approaches, the reinforced Washington The Kennedy Center’s Terrace The¬ concerts, which are so popular that they Chamber Symphony, various choral ater, a bicentennial gift of Japan, is my are given twice, on Friday and Saturday groups, bell ringers, and sundry other favorite chamber music auditorium in evenings, include a piano concerto by perfonners draw a capacity crowd of the Washington area, acoustically su¬ the American composer Dominick festively dressed children and adults to perb, with perfect sight lines and, with Argento. His opera, The Dream of the Kennedy Center’s Concert Hall for its 500 seats, ideal size. During the 1993- Valentino, will be given its world pre¬ the annual “Holiday Spectacular Sing- 94 season it will offer an embarrassment miere by the Washington Opera during Along,” which includes a visit from of musical riches starting, as is now the coining season. Simon also has an Santa Claus. It is the most joyful concert traditional, with a concert by the Guameri American premiere on one program, a of the year in the usually staid audito¬ quartet, this year joined by the rising concerto for harpsichord and strings by rium. To complete their season, Simon’s young Orian Quartet. For those who the Czech composer Viktor Kalabis, busy musicians give four yearly recitals like to discover tomonow’s stars before with the composer’s wife as soloist. in the Corcoran Gallery’s auditorium.

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46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 uTv^ i T r X > • "X *Xj+; *' ? W f A A *£?* v'-rf. ;N> :%* w . ' ♦ • i»'■ V v* M , ^f4t.yTS■ • INKHARTOUM >. «* • f*'4 The gripping account of the 1973 murder of two American •>* # - diplomats by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September in Khartoum—and how the U.S. government failed to bring the «W- assassins to justice. Reads like a |7- C? %%%<*» oneoffhemost/wej/ng, l and Ztty+VcS ' exhilarating books I have read ir terpiece.” 4 ** Jr

\<\!> * L -li the skill and pacing . of the best von Jim Hoagland «■ WM Published in associate the Institute for the Study < town University

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INDIA BANGLADESH Facing the Re flections on Twenty-First the Water Century James J. Novak BANGLA¬ ITT Dl1 A Foreword by DESH nW"*® Barbara Crossette David I. Steinberg Foreword by J A positive and hopeful David I. Steinberg presentation of Bangladesh by a writer who Torn by racial violence, impoverished, ancient, loves the country while recognizing its many faults. mystical, exciting, and dangerous—India It is both a scholar's and an insider's view of is all of these things and more. A senior New York Bangladesh, its history, geography, politics, Times editor and award-winning journalist inci¬ sively describes and analyzes the world's largest Jd ^ulture'. At bookstores or from and most fractious democracy. The first book Asia Series INDIANA for a first-time visitor to India. cloth $24.95 The Essential Asia Series UNIVERSITY cloth $22.95 Bloomington, IN 47404 PRESS Orders: 1-800-842-6796 SHORT-TERM BOOKS AND THE ARTS RENTALS 30 days — 6 months Sometimes these programs offer sur¬ brary of Congress concerts have found prises, such as an arrangement of a home while the Coolidge Audito¬ Vivaldi’s The Seasons for five concert rium is being rehabilitated, and where APARTMENTS marimbas performed by the WCS's tym¬ tlie free “Arts in the Academy” con¬ ^ A TOWN HOMES panist Nora Davenport and four of her certs are performed. Foreign Service Institute, teen-age pupils. Many embassies in Washington also Foggy Bottom and present chamber music concerts, ei¬ government offices a short Smithsonian Concerts ther by hosting groups such as the METRORAIL ride away The announcement of the Washington Music Ensemble, the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society’s Beethoven Society, or by arranging FREE SHUTTLE 1993-94 season in the resident associate their own concert series as part of to nearby magazine is guaranteed to set any cham¬ their cultural presentations programs. Huntington MetroRail ber music afficionado’s heart palpitat¬ At most embassies post-concert re¬ Station ing. It offers music ranging from Bach ceptions give guests the opportunity and Telemann through the classic and of meeting the artists. romantic schools to Richard Strauss, A word of warning: there are so HUNTINGTON performed by the Smithsonian’s resi¬ many chamber music ensembles ac¬ dent ensembles and international guest tive here, with names so similar, that GATEWAY artists. it is difficult to tell them apart. The Most of the music is played on Washington Chamber Symphony, Alexandria s newest and period instruments from the mentioned above, is not to be con¬ most desirable location Smithsonian’s collection either in the fused with the excellent National Museum of American History’s Hall of Chamber Orchestra which performs NO BETTER PLACE Musical Instruments or in tire Grand both in Washington, D.C. and in NO BETTER PRICE Salon of the Renwick Gallery. In the Rockville, Maryland; this season it latter auditorium the Smithsonian Quar¬ even has a composer in residence. tet will continue its performance of the Then there are the Chamber Artists of complete string quartets by Franz Josef Washington who perform at the French Featuring ... Haydn. A much less familiar name also embassy and, not surprisingly, fea¬ • Rates well below per diem appears on the Smithsonian’s season ture French composers. In addition to • Flexible leasing program, that of George Onslow, who the Monday Musicales, which were • Elegantly furnished lived and composed in Paris between started by Polish-born pianist Felicia • Fully equipped kitchen; linens; TV 1784 and 1853- Borisov, there are also the Friday e Washer/dryer, dishwasher, microwave, Some Smithsonian concerts are pre¬ Morning Musicales. The Virginia in each unit ceded by lectures—many people might Chamber Symphony has acquired a a Cable TV & local phone service included want to find out more about George new music director, Cal Stewart Kellog, e Indoor/outdoor pool Onslow before hearing his string quin¬ a mainstay on the podium of the e Tennis courts tets performed. Lectures also precede Washington Opera, and its new sea¬ e Indoor racquetball and basketball courts another highly successful series of son has a distinctly operatic accent. e Fitness center Smithsonian concerts by the 20th Cen¬ Chamber music-loving FSOs should e Sauna, steam rooms, whirlpool tury Consort, a group composed mainly take heart from this report: During e Garage parking of first-desk players of the National your Washington tour, you can wal¬ • On-site retail stores Symphony Orchestra. Their concerts low in great music! e Major credit cards accepted are given in the auditorium of the Hirshhom Museum, and listeners can Max Kraus is a retired Foreign Service meet the musicians and sometimes the Officer. (703) 960-5401 composers at post-concert receptions. Fax (703) 960-1374 Many chamber music treats are Letters Home: A War 5982 Richmond Highway offered free of charge, including the Library of Congress series and the Memoir, Europe 1944-45 Alexandria, VA 22303 Sunday concerts in the National Gal¬ by John C Ausland, 1993 softcover, Land lery of Art and in the Phillips Collec¬ Productions, Osloic, Norway 164 pages. CAPITAL tion. Across the street from the diplo¬ matic entrance of the State Depart¬ Reviewed by Ward Thompson Properties ment is the auditorium of the National In this era of Iraq and Bosnia, some Academy of Sciences, where the Li¬ might recall witli nostalgia the heyday

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • DECEMBER 1993 of U.S. military policy in the brief wars: the American public’s lack of year from D-Day to V-E Day. John interest in the front, the bias of jour¬ Ausland was with an Army artillery nalists (Ausland crossed paths with unit as it landed on Utah Beach and both Hemingway and Ernie Pyle), fought its way to the Rhine. His dual the Army’s clumsy management of perspective-—in his letters as a young relations with Germany’s civil popu¬ officer and his commentary on them lace, even the brutal treatment of nearly 50 years later—gives us a civilians by U.S. soldiers. timeless and dispassionate personal These flaws are minor in the World view of a not-so-lovely war. War II scheme of things, and it is Ausland’s letters convey the fla¬ never Ausland’s intention to argue vor of life in a unit close to the front, with success. Five decades have not through serious anecdotes on inter¬ shaken Ausland’s faith in the letters’ personal relations and battle logis¬ implicit conclusion that military tics and lighter accounts of leaves means, for all their ugliness and spent in Paris and Luxembourg. They inefficiency, may sometimes be the show the evolution of the callow viable option. American in uniform—from naive Come to American bravado, to confusion, to frank re¬ Ward Thompson was a young military Service Center for diplomatic flection—as the writer prepares in officer in Vietnam. immunity from high prices. If England for D-Day, experiences the landing, witnesses American mili¬ you are on an overseas tary blunders, and encounters liber¬ A Finnish Saga assignment, and cany a ated French and defeated Germans. diplomatic or official passport, FINLAND AND THE UNITED STATES: Although they give us occasional you can save on the purchase glimpses of the war as we know it DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS THROUGH of a new Mercedez-Benz with from history books, the letters focus SEVENTY YEARS U.S. equipment, shipped all too rarely on either the big picture Edited by Robert Rinehart, Institute directly to the United States or or the intimacy of battle. They relate for the Study of Diplomacy, for pick up in Stuttgart*. the typical view of a soldier; though Georgetown University, 1993, $12.00, Contact Erik Granholm, the observations he sent home were paperback, 141 pages. our Diplomatic and Tourist increasingly perceptive, Ausland was Sales Manager. naturally no more able than other Reviewed by James E. Goodby soldiers to influence events, remain¬ Finland could not have saved her ing but an unusually erudite cog in free institutions just by resting on the the machine. laurels won in the Winter War. Di¬ Ausland as editor, while sticking plomacy was truly Finland’s first line to the script, adds just enough con¬ of defense as she worked to become text to the letters to make clear that one of the most successful democra¬ the American war machine, although cies of the Western World. We are magnificent, was less than well-oiled. too close to the recent end of the He describes misguided tactics, need¬ Cold War to render final judgement less loss of life on some occasions, on the incidents and policies of that erican undue caution to avoid casualties on era, but no amount of revisionism is others, exaggerated award citations, likely to change the basic outlines of Service and flawed teamwork. Commenting Finland’s saga. Centei 585 North Glebe Road on a letter about a meeting with Robert Rinehart, of the Foreign Arlington, Virginia 22203 Omar Bradley, for example, Ausland Service Institute, has skillfully edited 703/525-2100 recalls the young, non-career offi¬ the papers and discussions of a con¬ FAX: 703/525-1430 ference on Finnish-American diplo¬ ‘Car must be imported into U.S. within cers laughing at the general’s de¬ 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. scription of the upcoming landing as matic relations held in 1989; the historic, noting Bradley’s be¬ result is a fine short history covering A Meivedes-Itenz-Registeid Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, musement that they did not share the the 70 years beginning in 1919. The Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany professional soldier’s enthusiasm for papers draw on newly declassified war. material and, equally importantly, There are other parallels to later on the insights of a group of very

DECEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 BOOKS AND THE ARTS distinguished Finnish and American reparations to the Soviet Union. In an¬ derscores the remarkable success of specialists. It may be a little deflating for other essay, R. Michael Berry makes the educational exchanges in strengthen¬ Americans to consider that, as one point that “Finland recognized the need ing U.S.-Finnish relations throughout author puts it, “the United States played to work within the limits of Soviet the Cold War. a minor role during the periods when security interests in order to maximize The 1989 conference that gener¬ Finland faced its greatest dangers,” but its options to remain on the periphery ated this book was sponsored jointly there are lessons in this, as well. In a of—but within—the Western commu¬ by the Embassy of Finland and the period of resource limitations and pre¬ nity for shared economic and cultural Foreign Service Institute. This his¬ occupations with internal affairs, great values.” tory is based on a perspective rooted demands are placed on statecraft. This At the time these papers were being in Cold War conditions. Nonethe¬ requires not only a recognition of the written the end of the Cold War had not less, the book has the merit of prompt¬ limits of American power but also a yet come. Today, more emphasis would ing the reader to ponder on what, if sensitive and accurate reading of what be given to how Finnish Cold War anything, the Finnish experience may the United States realistically can do to policies positioned the nation to join mean for those states that have only advance its vision of a democratic soci¬ Western institutions in the post-Cold recently followed Finland’s example ety of nations. War period. Unlike any other nation on in leaving the empire once run from This story of Finnish-American dip¬ Russian’s western border, except NATO Moscow. Russia is very different from lomatic relations shows both nations in member Norway, Finland can expect the Soviet Union, but she expects a veiy good light in their mutual recog¬ accession to the European Community her interests in the “near abroad” to nition of their limits and their possibili¬ in the relatively near future. cariy some weight. The newly inde¬ ties. One illustration of this is Jukka Providing additional depth to this pendent states on Russia’s periphery Nevakivi’s account of U.S.-Finnish eco¬ account of Finnish-U.S. diplomatic re¬ are very different from Finland, but nomic relations in the post-World War lations, the State Department’s histo¬ they face some of the same problems II years. Modest U.S. aid made a great rian, William Slany, has contributed an Finland faced in the period covered difference to a Finnish government stmg- excellent chapter on the beginnings of by this book. gling to meet its obligation to pay these relations. William Copeland un¬ Khrushchev’s reminiscences in¬ cluded a reference to the resentment that ordinary Finns felt about a So¬ viet military base near Helsinki. He Brown's then hinted at the kind of relation¬ ship he hoped Moscow might enjoy with its Western neighbors if military VOLVO repression were removed. Finnish policies encouraged that kind of thinking and those types of policies, of backed by the sacrifices of the Win¬ ter War and the cohesion of the Alexandria society following Finland’s defeat in World War II, spared the country the fate of every other European nation on the Soviet Union’s western fron¬ Are you familiar with tier. Does the Finnish experience show Volvo's Diplomatic Program? how a self-reliant neighbor of the new Russia should behave? Each Purchase directly from the factory newly independent nation will de¬ $AVE THOUSANDS cide that without tutelage from any¬ More affordable than you ever believed one else, of course, but the story of Finnish statecraft should make inter¬ esting reading for thoughtful diplo¬ Mr. Joseph Reeves "The Easy Way To Purchase" mats from the “near abroad”. Diplomat—T ourist—Military 7416 Richmond Hwy Sales Specialist Alexandria, VA (703) 768-5800 VOLVO James E. Goodby, the former ambas¬ By appointment only sador to Finland, is cu rrently the chief Drive Safely™ U.S. negotiator for dismantlement of nuclear weapons at ACDA.

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Real (301) 593-9675, FAX: (301) management service for Northern SHORT OR LONG-TERM estate prices are where they were in 299-6860. Mention FS Journal Virginia properties. Expertise and RENTAL MOREHEAD, NC the late 80's, interest rates the when querying. personal attention to detail are the RESORT: 4 BR, 4 BA, furnished lowest in 20 years-now may be a YEAR-ROUND hallmarks of our established firm. townhouse, 3 levels, on inland good time for you to buy. I have CONTEMPORARY on 19.49 References provided, JIM FAHEY, waterway. Family environment. provided exclusive representation to wooded acres, magnificent view 9520 B Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA Pool, tennis, private pier with slip. many Foreign Service employees from 64 foot deck; cathedral ceilings 22031 (703) 691-2006, Fax (703) Near golf courses. Weekly $800 as a buyer agent. For important with thermodome, Central heat/air, 691-2009. Monthly $1500 Lease, Deposit, No information on the benefits of buyer insulated; 3 BR 3BA, den; minutes MANOR SERVICES: Former pets. (919-781 -1778) SARANTOS, PO agency send for a free report Box 18842, Raleigh, NC 27619. from R.T. Jones golf, easy drive to federal law enforcement agent available from MARILYN CANTRELL, SHORT TERM RENTALS Washington, $189,500. Shown by letting his 10-year residential GRI, Associate Broker at Mary appointment, write IVAN IZENBERG, management company expand Foreign Service Associates can Price-Howell Properties, 6402 P.O. Box 88, Berkeley Springs, WV upon retirement. Best tenant provide fully furnished apartments Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, 25411 or call (304) 258-4554. screening. Frequent property just 5 minutes from the new FSI VA 22042. (703) 533-3333, Fax WHATCOM COUNTY, inspection. Mortgages paid. Repairs. facility and one block from SA-15. (703) 538-6092. WASHINGTON: The perfect Close personal attention. We're We have efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, ELEGANT APARTMENTS AT retirement locale, located halfway small but very effective. FS and and some 2 bedrooms, usually well RIVER PLACE. Arlington, VA; between Seattle and Vancouver, military references. Lowest rates. within your per diem. They are fully Efficiencies one-, two- bedrooms, BC in dazzling scenic setting with Best service, TERSH NORTON, BOX furnished with kitchens, cable TV, two blocks from metro, FSI. Bike or islands to the west and mountains 42429, Washington, D.C. 20015, telephone, linens, and all utilities Metro to Pentagon. Superior to the east. Whether your pursuits (202) 363-2990. included. Write FOREIGN SERVICE furnishings, immediate phone and are physical or intellectual, GOING OVERSEAS? We ll rent ASSOCIATES, P.O. Box 12855, CATV, microwave, linens and many Whatcom county can provide them: and manage your home for you. Arlington, VA 22209 or call or FAX amenities. Site has spa, rates within golf, tennis, boating, fishing, biking, Our staff of experienced 1-703-636-7606. Children are your per diem. Call (301) 279-6392 always welcome. Send us your skiing, theater, university courses, professionals specialize or fax SOJOURNER HOUSING at (301) etc. Contact Kathy Shropshire of EXCLUSIVELY in property dates. 762-7692 for brochure or FAIRHAVEN REALTY for information at management. Since we dont do B N B: Completely renovated reservations. 592 Trout Lake Dr., Bellingham, WA sales, managing your home always and furnished 1890 Victorian FLORIDA: Enjoy the best of Residence in historic downtown St. 98226 Tel: (206) 676-4683. comes first. With computerized living all year. Former FSO PAUL AUSTIN, TX: Lakeway homes accounting, thorough inspections Augustine, FL. 5BR, ea W/BA and BYRNES, PRUDENTIAL FLORIDA and careful tenant screening, balcony. Parking. Fully licensed. and homesites outside of Austin on REALTY, 100 N. Tamiami Tr., nobody provides more personal Established clientele. (904) 65-mile-long Lake Travis. Three Sarasota, FL 34236, can help with care and attention to you and your 427-6695. 18-hole golf courses, World of property anywhere in Florida, CALL Arlington or Fairfax County home Tennis Center, 400-slip marina, PAUL toll free, 1-800-766-1610. BACK FOR TRAINING? Virginia Sq. Metro station at 3601 MAIL ORDER DOMESTIC HELPER: Filipina LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are the Fairfax Drive, Arlington, Virginia domestic seeks immediate Washington Metro Area short-term 22201. AVON: For free catalog mailed employment. With legal B1 visa rental specialists. Excellent ATTORNEY, FORMER to you, write: STEPHANIE Y. HUGHES, sponsor. Extraordinarily good with locations. Wide price range. In FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER: 713 Grandview Drive, Alexandria, young children.. Good health, single Virginia walk to FSI. In D.C. and Extensive experience with tax VA 22305. with no children. 7 years experience Maryland walk to Metro. Large problems peculiar to the Foreign DIRECTUNK USA, INC.: is a with US Foreign Service personnel. selection of furnished and equipped Service. Available for consultation, professional problem solving service Contact JOHN KAUFMANN at (703) efficiencies, one-bedrooms, tax planning, and preparation of for the American expatriate. We can 516-1527 during working hours. two-bedrooms and some furnished returns, M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING assist with your stateside problems REMODELING: W.D. Jane, a houses. Many welcome pets. For PARROTT & PILGER, Suite D, 307 such as DMV, IRS, flower and gift Foreign Service spouse-owned brochures & info: EXECUTIVE Maple Avenue, West, Vienna, VA orders, vendor liaison, etc. Save business serving the MD, VA & HOUSING CONSULTANTS, INC., Short 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, Fax: money by faxing 410-268-6025, D.C. area, offers design, additions, Term Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., (703) 281-9464. detailing your request. Provide electrical, plumbing, renovations, Suite 1020 East Bethesda, MD COMPLETE TAX & American Express number and carpentry. Licensed, bonded, 20814. (301) 951-4111. Reserve ACCOUNTING SERVICES: return fax. Request brochure and insured. Call RICHARD MERLO (301) early! Avoid disappointment! Specialize in Foreign Sen/ice and gift list, and order your Christmas 585-0914 or fax (301) 588-9019. WASHINGTON D.C., overseas contractor situations, flowers now! ARLINGTON: Personalized VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA 2200 E. FSOs & FAMILY! Give a truly BOOKS relocation, short, or long term. We Patrick Lane, #27, Las Vegas, NV American gift this Holiday season; specialize in walk-to-Metro sales 89119, (702)795-3648. genuine handcrafted NATIVE BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS: We and furnished rentals. Arlington CPA SPECIALIZING IN AMERICAN jewelry & crafts, made have thousands in stock, do Villas, 1-1/2 blocks from Metro, OFFSHORE U.S. TAXPAYER with sterling, turquoise, buckskin & special-orders daily, search for luxurious studio, one, two, three ISSUES. 35 years experience. Now, more! HIGHEST QUALITY. out-of-print books. Visa or bedroom. Fully furnished, year-end tax planning A MUST due Reminiscent of the "Old West" and Mastercard, THE VERMONT BOOK washer/dryer, microwave, cable, to changes resulting from the the "New". Call or write for free SHOP, 38 Main Street, Middlebury, linens. AMERICAN REALTY GROUP, REVENUE RECONCILIATION ACT OF information (please include your fax VT 05753. 915 N. Stafford St., Arlington, VA 1993. First time personal tax number), LONESOME PONY 850 N. YOUR PERSONAL 22203. (703) 524-0482 or (703) analysis - NO CHARGE. Electronic Randolph St. #2103 Arlington, VA BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM 276-1200. Children welcomed. Pets filing. All states. JOHN D. NEBEKER, 22203, (703) 812-9527. HOME: Order any U.S. book in on approval. CPA, P.O. Box 32228, Tucson, AZ BEADS, BEADS, BEADS! print. Store credit available. 85751. Phone or FAX (602) 721- plus pendants, findings, stringing SALMAGUNDI BOOKS LTD. 66 Main St, VACATIONS & RESORTS 7718. Buenos Aires office (April and materials, tools, books, and more. Cold Spring, NY 10516. early May) (541) 256-2158, FAX Wherever you may be, BEADZIP PARK CrTY, UTAH: Ski condo (541) 322-5791. can fill all your beadstringing needs. ATTORNEYS/WILLS within 5 mile radius of Park West, FREE TAX CONSULTATION: To receive our 30-page catalog and for overseas personnel. We process Park City and Deer Valley Ski information about PS, our personal WILL KIT! Make your own will, returns as received, without delay. Resorts. Sleeps 6 in 3 BR, 2 BA. shopper service for beadstringers, valid all states. $12.50 postpaid. Preparation and representation by Washer, dryer, stereo, cable T.V., send $5, redeemable with any Order from: EARS #111, 5429 enrolled agents, avg. fee $195 fireplace and outdoor spa. No order, to BEADZIP, 2316-D Sarah Mapledale Plaza, Dale City, VA includes return and TAX Trax, smoking. $155 per night. Contact Lane, Falls Church, VA 22043. 22193-4526. unique, mini-financial planning SCOTT FARQUAR (619) 538-9576. And whenever you are in the FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE review with recommendations. Full B & B MARTINSBURG, WV - Washington area, be sure to visit OFFICER NOW PRACTICING planning available, MILTON E. CARB, Historic Victorian Italianate home, BEADAZZLED, the world's most LAW IN D.CJMD general practice, EA, and BARRY B. DE MARR„ EA, CFP, full English breakfast, Janet & Bill wonderful bead store, open seven wills, trusts, living wills, power of FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro Starr, Innkeepers. (304) 263-7012 days a week at 1422 Connecticut attorney, domestic relations; location 933 N. Kenmore St. #217 Ave. in Washington, DC and 421 N. Gregory V. Powell, FUREY, DOOLAN Arlington, VA 22201 (703) Charles St. in Baltimore, MD. & ABELL, 8401 Connecticut Ave., TAX RETURNS 841-1040, FAX (703) 522-3815. Suite 1100, Chevy Chase, MD ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA: Has PROFESSIONAL & 20815. (301) 652-6880. AFSA TAX COUNSEL: worked overseas, is familiar with WILLS/ESTATE PLANNING: Problems of tax and finance: Never Foreign Service and contract MEDICAL SERVICES by attorney who is a former Foreign a charge to AFSA members for employee situations, has practiced Service officer. Have your will telephone guidance. R.N. Bob before the IRS, computerized tax DR. BARRY LAURENT, D.D.S.: reviewed and updated, or a new Dussell(ex-A.I.D.) at tax work both services, financial planning, member Tyson's Corner. 8292 Old within and without I.R.S. since 1937. one prepared. No charge for initial AICPA, Tax Division and Personal Courthouse Rd, Vienna, VA 22182, consultation. M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, Now solely in practice to assist Financial Mgmt. Division. 30 minute convenient to Rt 7, 123, & Gallows Foreign Service employees and Rd. General & Cosmetic BORING, PARROTT & PILGER, Suite D, FREE CONSULTATION Phone/FAX: (703) 307 Maple Ave., W., Vienna, VA their families. Also lectures on TAX 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 Vienna, Dentistry-Bonding, Bleaching, LAW at FSI every month since 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, FAX VA 22183. Laminates, Crowns, Bridges, Root 1970 at Rosslyn, VA. BOB DUSSELL Canal Therapy, Periodontics. (703)281-9464. (703) 841-0158, FAX (703) Participating with B/C, Delta Dental. 522-5726. Office is 100 feet from (703)893-1603. Walker, Lannon, Personnel Reform Revisited Dec INDEX 1993 Weech, William, Albanian Vignettes Nov TITLE AUTHOR Accidental Secretary, The: A Foggy Bottom Fable, by Jim Anderson Jan Anderson, Jim, The Accidental Secretary: A Foggy Bottom Fable Jan ACDA: The Orphaned Agency, by David Callahan Apr Anderson, Jim, Ask Mr. Ethicsperson Jul Africa's Promise, by Herman H. Cohen Oct Anderson, Jim, The Last Days of Iran-Contra: Pages from the Notes of Charlie Hill May Agony of Dissent: Kenney, Harris, and Walker discuss their reasons for leaving State Nov Anderson, Jim, The Messenger and the Message Nov Albanian Vignettes, by William Weech Nov Ballantyne, R.J., Visa Line Deja Vu Mar Amateur Theatrics in Islamabad, by Teresita Schaffer Aug Bean, Diane R. & Frances T. Jones, Creating a Foreign Immigration Service Jul Analyzing Economies: A Talk with Ambassador Edwin M. Martin Aug Brady, Leslie, Lafayette's Return Mar Anatomy of an Officer Corps, by Anne Stevenson-Yang Mar Buchanan, Thomas R„ Helping Russia Reform Apr Architect's Vision: A Talk with Alan Greenberger Oct Bullington, J.R., Texas and the World Nov Ask Mr. Ethicsperson, by Jim Anderson Jul Callahan, David, ACDA: The Orphaned Agency Apr Austerity Comes to Bangui: The Important Job No One Will Miss, by Ladd Connell Jul Callahan, David, Balancing Act: Lynn Davis Dec Balancing Act: Lynn Davis, by David Callahan Dec Callahan, David, The Green Portfolio: Tim Wirth and Global Affairs Sep Beware the Investigators, by Ralph Drury Martin Jan Callahan, David, Strobe the Great? The Russia-Policy Tsar Jul Blue Boats of Naples, The, by Charles Stuart Kennedy Jul Clingerman, Polly, Global Gourmet: Moambe Sep Bred on Circuses, by S.J. Hamrick Mar Cohen, Herman J., Africa's Promise Oct British Service: Struggling with Modernization, The, by John J. Eddy Nov Connell, Ladd, Austerity Comes to Bangui: The Important Job No One Will Miss Jul Business Up Front: An interview with Paul Cleveland Nov Curlin, Peggy, Model Women Jan Century at Gibraltar, A, by Henry Mattox Feb Dawson Jr., Horace G. & Walter R. Roberts, The First African-American Diplomat Jan Changing China, by Anne Stevenson-Yang Dec Eddy, John J., The British Service: Struggling with Modernization Nov Chester Bowles: An Idealistic Vision, by Howard B. Schaffer Aug Engle, Harold E., The Cold War's Deadliest Weapon: Information Jun Clinton Foreign Policy Team, The, by David D. Newsom Apr Funk, Sherman M., The Inspector General's Response Mar Cold War's Deadliest Weapon: Information, The, by Walter R. Roberts & Harold E. Engle Jun Forman, Stephen C., Elusive Horizons: Culture and Modernization in Nepal Jun Creating a Foreign Immigration Service, by Diane R. Beam & Frances T. Jones Jul Fraser, Arvonne, The Feminization of Human Rights Dec Death of Crisis-Management Training, The, by Alan W. Lukens Sep Frechette, Myles R. R., Policy Scapegoat Aug Delhi Duck: On the Ambassador's Pond, by Angus Maclean Thuermer Mar Gedda, George, Guatemala's Failed "Auto-Coup" Sep Demystifying Science and Technology, by Eugene Skolnikoff Oct Gedda, George, Massacre at El Mozote Mar Diplomats in History: George H. Boker Aug Gedda, George, Minefield Nicaragua Feb Diplomats in History: George F. Seward Dec Gedda, George, The Power of the Cuba Lobby Jun Diplomats in History: John Stevens and Hawaii, 1893, by Rhoda Hackler Jun Gelbard, Arlene H , The Hillary Syndrome Feb Diplomats in History: Lafayette's Return, by Leslie Brady Mar Gerson, Allan, Trying War Crimes May Diplomats in History: Washington Irving Apr Goodman, Melvin A., A Post-Cold War CIA, Making Reform Stick Jun East is East, by Craig Stevaux Oct Grove, Brandon, Making Peace in Somalia: An Interview With Bob Oakley Apr Elusive Horizons, Culture and Modernization in Nepal, by Stephen C. Forman Jun Hackler, Rhoda, Diplomats in History: John Stevens and Hawaii, 1893 Jun Embassy in Crisis: Interview with Melissa Wells Jul Hamrick, S.J., Bred on Circuses Mar Error of Selection Out, The, by John Harter Jan Hamrick, S.J., Road to Ruin Feb Feminization of Human Rights, by Arvonne Fraser Dec Harter, John, The Error of Selection Out Jan First African-American Diplomat, The, by Horace G. Dawson Jr. Jan Hoffman, Bruce, Holy Terror Nov Gender Bias in Development, by Jodi Jacobson Jan Horan, Hume, Warring Cultures at State Oct Global Gourmet: Foreign Service Cookbooks, by Ann Luppi Von Mehren Apr Jacobson, Jodi, Gender Bias in Development Jan Global 911: Managing an Expanding UN, by Dick Thornburgh May Johnson, Joe B., Make Room for Democracy Apr Green Portfolio: Tim Wirth and Global Affairs, by David Callahan Sep Johnson, Kristen, Sri Lanka: Letter from a Peace Corps Volunteer Mar Guatemala Failed "Auto-Coup," by George Gedda Sep Jones, Frances T. & Diane R. Bean, Creating a Foreign Immigration Service Jul Helping Russia Reform, by Thomas R. Buchanan Apr Kennedy, Charles Stuart, The Blue Boats of Naples Jul Hillary Syndrome, The, by Alene H. Gelbard Feb Khalil, Mohammed, Islam in the New World Order Nov Holy Terror, by Bruce Hoffman Nov Kinney, Stephanie, The Road from Rio Sep Hype Behind Trade Promotion, The, by Edward H. Vazquez Aug Kulick, Gilbert D„ The Mogadishu Potato Caper Feb Inspector General's Response, The, by Sherman M. Funk Mar Lewis, Samuel, The Most Dangerous Game Mar Interview with USIA Director Joseph Duffey, An Aug Livingston, Laura, Mira's Story Sep Interview: Clifton R. Wharton Jr. Jun Lukens, Alan W., The Death of Crisis Management Training Sep Islam in the New World Order, by Mohammed Khalil Nov Martin, Ralph Drury, Beware the investigators Jan Keeping America on the Air, by Hans Tuch May Mason, Dwight N„ Post-Referendum Canada Jul Last Days of Iran Contra, The, by Jim Anderson May Mattox, Henry, History: A Century at Gibraltar Feb Make Room For Democracy, by Joe B. Johnson Apr Meisler, Stanley, The UN's New Role Feb Making Peace in Somalia: An Interview With Bob Oakley, by Brandon Grove Apr Newsom, David D., The Clinton Foreign Policy Team Apr Massacre at El Mozote, by George Gedda Mar Pugh, Allison, Saving the Honduran Harbor: The Oil Spill That Wasn't May Messenger and the Message, The, by Jim Anderson Nov Purdy, Frederick Dunbar, Unwelcome Notoriety in the "Missing" Case Jul Minefield Nicaragua, by George Gedda Feb Rajagopal, Ratha, Tough Tehan Dec Mira's Story, by Laura Livingston Sep Rockeman, K. Joslyn, News of a Death, Long Distance Sep Mission to Moscow: Searching for MIAs and POWs, by Malcolm Toon Ma Roberts, Walter R. & Harold E. Engle, The Cold War's Deadliest Weapon: Information Jun Moambe: Global Gourmet, by Polly Clingerman Sep Schaffer, Howard B., Chester Bowles: An Idealistic Vision Aug Model Women, by Peggy Curtin Jan Schaffer, Teresita, Amateur Theatrics in Islamabad Aug Mogadishu Potato Caper, The, by Gilbert D. Kulick Feb Shorr, David, The New Shape of the CSCE Dec More Than a Move, An Interview with the current and former directors of FSI Oct Simpson, Howard R., Normandy Landscape June 1944 Jul Most Dangerous Game, The, by Samuel Lewis Mar Skolnikoff, Eugene, Demystifying Science and Technology Oct Mukden Affair, The: Oral Histories of the Internment in China, 1948-49 Aug Steveaux, Craig, East is East: Reflections of a Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand Oct New Shape of the CSCE, The, by David Shorr Do: Stevenson, Jonathan, Robert Oakley: Seeking a Solution Feb News of a Death Long Distance, by K. Joslyn Rockeman Se- Stevenson-Yang, Anne, Anatomy of an Officer Corps Mar Normandy Landscape June 1944, by Howard R. Simpson Jul Stevenson-Yang, Anne, Changing China Dec Passports and Politics: In Search of the Alpha Files, by Robert C. Toth Jun Thornburgh, Dick, Global 911: Managing an Expanding UN May Personnel Reform Revisited, by Lannon Walker D: Thuermer, Angus Maclean, Delhi Duck: On the Ambassador's Pond Mar Policy Scapegoat, by Myles R. R. Frechette Au Thuermer, Angus Maclean, Stamp Act Oct Post-Referendum Canada, By Dwight N. Mason Jul Toon, Malcolm, Mission to Moscow: Searching for MIAs and pows May Post-Cold War CIA, A: Making Reform Stick, by Melvin A. Goodman Jun Toth, Robert C., Passports and Politics: In Search of the Alpha File Jun Power of the Cuba Lobby, The, by George Gedda Jun Tuch, Hans N., Keeping America on the Air May Relying on Professionals, An Interview with Brian Atwood Ma Vazquez, Edward H., The Hype Behind Trade Promotion Aug Road from Rio, The, by Stephanie Kinney Se Von Mehren, Ann Luppi, Global Gourmet: Foreign Service Cookbooks Apr Road to Ruin, by S.J. Hamrick Fe Von Mehren, Ann Luppi, The Spoken Record: Oral History and the Foreign Service Aug Robert Oakley: Seeking a Solution, by Jonathan Stevenson Feb George F. Seward Dec Romania's Unwanted Children: Interview with Virginia Carson Young Sep IMMIGRATION: Saving the Honduran Harbor: The Oil Spill That Wasn't, by Allison Pugh May Creating a Foreign Immigration Service, by Diane R. Bean & Frances T. Jones Jul Spoken Record, The: Oral History and the Foreign Service, by Ann Luppi Von Mehren Aug PROFILES: Sri Lanka: Letter from a Peace Corps Volunteer, by Kristen Johnson Mar Making Peace in Somalia: An Interview With Bob Oakley, by Brandon Grove Apr Stamp Act, by Angus Maclean Thuermer Oct Relying on Professionals: An Interview with Brian Atwood May State's First Resource: People, Don Oberdorfer interviews Richard Moose Nov Interview: Clifton R. Wharton Jr. Jun Strobe the Great? The Russia-Policy Tsar, by David Callahan Jul Embassy in Crisis: Interview with Melissa Wells Jul Texas and the World, by J.R. Bullington Nov Analyzing Economies: A Talk with Ambassador Edwin M. Martin Aug Tough Tehan, by Ratha Rajagopal Dec Romania's Unwanted Children: An Interview with Virginia Carson Young Sep Trade Promotion and the Foreign Service, An Interview With Susan Schwab Jan More Than a Move: An Interview with the current and former directors of FSI Oct Tying War Crimes, by Allan Gerson May An Architect's Vision: A Talk with Alan Greenberger Oct UN's New Role, The, by Stanley Meisler Feb Business Up Front: An interview with Paul Cleveland Nov Unwelcome Notoriety in the "Missing" Case, by Frederick Dunbar Purdy Jul Balancing Act: Lynn Davis, by David Callahan Dec Wanderings of the Foreign Service Institute Oct STATE: Warring Cultures at State, by Hume Horan Oct The Accidental Secretary, by Jim Anderson Jan Visa Line Deja Vu, by R.J. Ballantyne Mar Passports and Politics: In Search of the Alpha File, by Robert C. Toth Jun SUBJECT Saving the Honduran Harbor: The Oil Spill That Wasn't, by Allison Pugh May DEVELOPMENT: Austerity Comes to Bangui: The Important Job No One will Miss, by Ladd Connell Jul Gender Bias in Development, by Jodi Jacobson Jan Strobe the Great? The Russia-Policy Tsar, by David Callahan Jul Model Women, by Peggy Curlin Jan Death of Crisis-Management Training, The, by Alan W. Lukens Sep Postcard from Abroad: Sri Lanka, by Kristen Johnson Mar Green Portfolio: Tim Wirth and Global Affairs: The, by David Callahan Sep Elusive Horizons: Culture and Modernization in Nepal, by Stephen C. Forman Jun Warring Cultures at State, by Hume Horan Oct East is East: Reflections of a Peace Corps Volunteer in Thailand, by Craig Stevaux Oct State's First Response: People, Don Oberdorfer interviews Richard Moose Nov FAMILY: UNITED NATIONS: The Hillary Syndrome, by Arlene H. Gelbard Feb The UN's New Role, by Stanley Meisler Feb Mira's Story, by Laura Livingston Sep Global 911: Managing an Expanding UN, by Dick Thornburgh May News of a Death, Long Distance, by K. Joslyn Rockeman Sep Trying War Crimes, by Allan Gerson May Albanian Vignettes, by William Weech Nov Road from Rio, The, by Stephanie Kinney Sep Changing China, by Anne Stevenson-Yang Dec USIA: Tough Tehan, by Ratha Rajagopal Dec Keeping America on the Air, by Hans N. Tuch May FOREIGN POLICY: A Post-Cold War CIA: Making Reform Stick, by Melvin A. Goodman Jun Trade Promotion and the Foreign Service, An Interview With Susan Schwab Jan The Cold War's Deadliest Weapon: Information, by Walter R. Roberts and Harold E. Engle Jun Minefield Nicaragua, by George Gedda Feb Interview: USIA Director Joseph Duffey Aug Road to Ruin, by S.J. Hamrick Feb BOOKS & THE ARTS INDEX The Most Dangerous Game, by Samuel Lewis Mar January: I've Seen The Best Of It, by Joseph W. Alsop with Adam Platt, reviewed by Robert A. Pastor Bred on Circuses, by S.J. Hamrick Mar Intermediaries in International Conflict, by Thomas Princen, reviewed by Andrew L. Steigman Make Room For Democracy, by Joe B. Johnson Apr Inside An Embassy: The Political Role of Diplomats Abroad, by Ed. R. W. Miller, reviewed by Don Norland ACDA: The Orphaned Agency, by David Callahan Apr Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America, by Garry Willis, reviewed by Craig Stevaux Helping Russia Reform, by Thomas R. Buchanan Apr February: Yellow Ribbon: The Secret Journal of Bruce Laingen, by Bruce Laingen, reviewed by T. Greene Mission to Moscow: Searching for MIAs and POWs, by Malcolm Toon May Eclipse: The Last Days of the CIA, by Mark Perry, reviewed by Melvin A. Goodman The Power of the Cuba Lobby, by George Gedda Jun Preventing Crime in America and Japan, by Robert Y. Thornton with Katsuya Endo, reviewed by R. Winner Post-Referendum Canada, by Dwight N. Mason Jul A Violation of Trust, by Joseph S. Salzburg, reviewed by Daniel Newberry Hype Behind Trade Promotion, The, by Edward Vazquez Aug After the Wars: Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Central America, Indochina, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Guatemala's Failed "Auto-Coup," by George Gedda Sep Africa, Edited by Anthony Lake, reviewed by John D. Stempel Africa's Promise, by Herman J. Cohen Oct March: Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Avereli Harriman, by Rudy Abramson, reviewed by C. Texas and the World, by J.R. Bullington Nov Maechling Jr. Islam in the New World Order, by Mohammed Khalil Nov Stalemate: The War of Attrition and Great Power Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1967-1970, by David Korn, The Feminization of Human Rights, by Arvonne Fraser Dec reviewed by Talcott W. Seelye The New Shape of the CSCE, by David Shorr Dec International Economic Policies and Their Theoretical Foundations, Edited by John M. Letiche, reviewed by FOREIGN SERVICE: Lawrence J. Kennon Speaking Out: Beware the Investigators, by Ralph Drury Martin Jan April: Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942-1992, by Jane The Error of Selection Out, by John Harter Jan Hamilton-Merritt, reviewed by Robert H. Miller Robert Oakley: Seeking a Solution, by Jonathan Stevenson Feb Conflict and Crises: A Foreign Service Story, by Roy M. Melbourne, reviewed by Daniel Newberry The Inspector General's Response, by Sherman M. Funk Mar Breaking Barriers, A Memoir, by Carl T. Rowan, reviewed by Jack H. Shellenberger Massacre at El Mozote, by George Gedda Mar May: Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics, by Daniel P. Moynihan, reviewed by D. Newberry The Last Days of Iran-Contra: Pages from the Notes of Charlie Hill, by Jim Anderson May American Ambassadors in a Troubled World: Interviews with Senior Diplomats Edited by Dayton Mak and Ask Mr. Ethicsperson, by Jim Anderson Jul Charles Stuart Kennedy, reviewed by Andrew L. Steigman Unwelcome Notoriety in the “Missing" Case, by Frederick Dunbar Purdy Jul June: Twice Around the World: Some memoirs of Diplomatic Life in North Vietnam and Outer Mongolia by Policy Scapegoat, by Myles R.R. Frechette Aug John Colvin, reviewed by Thomas Corcoran Demystifying Science and Technology, by Eugene Skoinikoff Oct July: High Noon in Southern Africa by Chester A. Crocker, reviewed by Thomas A. Shannon Wanderings of the Foreign Service Institute, A Photo Essay Oct Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean by Robert Pastor, reviewed by The Messenger and the Message, by Jim Anderson Nov Cresencio Arcos The British Service: Struggling with Modernization, by John H. Eddy Nov Tropic of Deceit by Christopher Larson, reviewed by Hume Horan Agony of Dissent: Kenney, Harris, Walker discuss their reasons for leaving State Nov The Man Who Stayed Behind by S. Rittenberg and Amanda Bennett, reviewed by Anne Stevenson-Yang Personnel Reform Revisited, by Lannan Walker Dec August: The Coming-of-Age of Washington Opera, a review of the Washington Opera and other area HISTORY: operas, by Hans Tuch The First African-American Diplomat, by Horace G. Dawson Jr. Jan Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan by Richard Finn, reviewed by Charles Schmitz The Mogadishu Potato Caper, by Gilbert D. Kulick Feb Masterworks of Man & Nature: Preserving Our World Heritage edited by Mark Swadling, reviewed by Daniel A Century at Gibraltar, by Henry Mattox Feb Newberry Visa Line Deja Vu, by R.J. Ballantyne Mar September: The Turn by Don Oberdorfer, reviewed by Charles Maechling Jr. Delhi Duck, by Angus Maclean Thuermer Mar Birth of A New World: An Open Moment for International Leadership by Harlan Cleveland, reviewed by Lafayette's Return, by Leslie Brady Mar Arnold Schifferdecker Washington Irving Apr October: The Other Balkan Wars: A 1913 Carnegie Endow. Inquiry in Retrospect reviewed by Raz Bazala John Stevens and Hawaii, 1893, by Rhoda Hackler Jun Around the Cragged Hill: A Personal Political Philosophy by George Kennan, reviewed by John D. Stempel Normandy Landscape, by Howard R. Simpson Jul Berlin Witness: An American Diplomat's Chronicle of East Germany's Revolution by G. Jonathan Greenwald, Blue Boats of Naples, by Charles Stuart Kennedy Jul reviewed by Kenneth J. Dillon Amateur Theatrics in Islamabad, by Teresita Schaffer Aug The Turks of Central Asia by Charles Warren Hostler, reviewed by Daniel Newberry Spoken Record: Oral History and the Foreign Service, The, by Ann Luppi Von Mehren Aug November: Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State by George P. Shultz, reviewed by Mel Chester Bowles: An Idealistic Vision, Howard B. Schaffer Aug Goodman Mukden Affair: Oral Histories of the Internment in China, 1948-49, The Aug December: A Chamber Music Capital, a review of Washington chamber music by Max Kraus George H. Boker Aug Letters Home: A War Memoir Europe 1944-1945, by John C. Ausland, reviewed by Ward Thompson Stamp Act, by Angus Maclean Thuermer Oct Finland and the U.S.: Diplomatic Relations through 70 Years ed. by R. Rinehart, reviewed by J. Goodby Tough Tahan BY RATHA RAJAGOPAL

unung Tahan, the highest and river were totally ours. The river The fifth day included a lot of rock G mountain in peninsular Malay¬ was clear and had a silvery shine to it. climbing; it was my most exciting day. sia stands tall at 2,187 meters. Thanks to my friends’ fishing skills, we I had never rock-climbed so extensively I contemplated the 65-kilo¬ had steamed fish with pasta for dinner. and was amazed that I could do it with meter trail to the top. It winds through The third day of the climb was a my rucksack. Many times I had to pull low-altitude primary jungle, across riv¬ relaxed six-hour trek that included seven myself up by the sheer strength of my ers, up a narrow and broken 1,500 river crossings. The river was low with arms and legs. I have a fear of heights, meter ridge to a cool mountain plateau. clear water, but that did not stop me and there was no way I could look back It would be a tough climb, but I ex¬ from clinging to my friends for support or down while climbing the rock-face pected nothing less. I was lucky to be and confidence as we crossed on logs and treading along the ridges. Our climbing with two experienced climb¬ placed across the wide river. campsite was called Padang, which ers, an American and a Britisher, means “field.” Among all the I was also glad that my mcksack surrounding rocks and small veg¬ weighed only 16 kilograms as I etation, there it lay, a square weighed a mere 50. patch of grass. We started off from Tamen Day six was the summit day. Negara Park to the first camp¬ We were finally on our way to site, reaching the camp about the top of Tahan. Ironically, I felt five hours later. I dropped my bored and restless as I climbed rucksack—it suddenly seemed higher. When I finally reached to have increased its weight by the top after a four-hour climb, many kilos—and stripped off I was too indifferent to celebrate. my camouflaged pants. I let out What an anti-climax! a scream—the first slimy leech The return trek was at a faster fat with my blood was on my pace. We cleared Wray’s Camp left shin, and there were an and reached Teku, which was additional six on my other leg. crowded with other campers. It After that excitement, it was was a holiday weekend in Ma¬ back to business—cooking dinner, a On this day, we met the “Orang Asli,” laysia. I could not wait to get back to the task I looked forward to at the end of a similar to aborigines, who greeted us park and home to Singapore. I had been long day. Finally my tired feet and body with smiles. I was impressed with the long enough in the jungle. My feet were made their way to the tent. I hoped that children who ran up the slopes. After sore, my arms and legs were scratched, the next eight days would be easier. much climbing along the rocky ridge, my shoulders were bruised, leech bites The next day we moved for eight we reached Camp Teku. Looking at the itched, and I was sun-burned, but I was hours over two hills and 11 “bumps.” I jungle from the campsite, I was intimi¬ filled with a sense of achievement. ached all over and felt discouraged dated as it looked so strong and power¬ Mountain ridges, river rapids, virgin because I was slower than my two ful. I felt dwarfed by nature and yet jungle, turquoise and violet butterflies, companions. I was actually taking 15- awed by God’s creation. a swarm of bees, hornets whizzing by, second breaks after every minute of the The next day we psyched ourselves these will always be in my memories. It uphill climb. It was a relief to reach for a steep climb to Wray’s Camp, not was worth it. Gunung Rajah, the last stop on the my favorite campsite. You had to walk tough and painful ascent, before we downhill for ten minutes to reach a tiny Ratha Rajagopal is a Foreign Service went slightly downhill to the campsite. creek to collect drinking and bathing national working in the General Ser¬ I loved the entire scene, the campsite water. It poured that night. vices Office in Singapore.

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