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Quaid-I-Azam University Parliamentary Democracy QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN: 1988-1999 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY QURAT-UL-AIN BASHIR ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN SPRING 2015 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation presently submitted bearing the title “Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan: 1988-1999” is the result of my own research and has not been submitted to any other institution for any other degree. Qurat-ul-Ain Bashir Ph. D. Candidate SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Ph. D. Candidate Qurat-ul-Ain Bashir (Reg. No. 03120813002) has completed her dissertation titled “Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan: 1988-1999” under my supervision. I recommend it for submission in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Prof.Dr. Javed Haider Syed Dedicated to the innocence of poor people of Pakistan, who are victims in the hands of power players, who struggle for democracy but celebrate the takeover by army A house divided against itself cannot stand. Ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors to bullets. Abraham Lincoln Source: “Abraham Lincoln Quotes - BrainyQuote”. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/abraham_lincoln.html[Accessed on: December 24, 2011] CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VIII LIST OF SHORT NAMES FOR IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IX-X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI-XII ABBREVIATIONS XIII-XVIII GLOSSARY XIX-XXI ABSTRACT XXII Chapter 1 Introduction 1-27 Chapter 2 Pakistan under 1947-1988: Challenges 28-72 Chapter 3 First Tenure of Benazir Bhutto: 1988-1990 73-114 Chapter 4 First Tenure of Nawaz Sharif: 1990-1993 115-183 Chapter 5 Second Tenure of Benazir Bhutto: 1993-1996 184-233 Chapter 6 Second Tenure of Nawaz Sharif: 1996-1999 234-293 Chapter 7 Conclusion 294-306 BIBLIOGRAPHY 307-332 VII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Diagram 1.1 294 VIII LIST OF SHORT NAMES FOR IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES Name Referred as Aftab Ahmad Kahn Sherpao Sherpao Asif Nawaz Janjua Janjua Assad Durrani Durrani Benzir Bhutto Benazir Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari Leghari General Zia-ud-din Butt General Butt Ghulam Ishaq Khan Ishaq Khan H. S. Suhrawardhy Suhrawardhy Khawaja Nazimuddin Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Liaquat Mian Manzoor Watto Watto Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali Jamali Moeen Ahmed Qureshi Qureshi Mouvli Tamizuddin Tamizuddin Muhammad Khan Junejo Junejo Murtaza Ali Bhutto Muratza Najam Sethi Sethi Nawaz Sharif Nawaz Pervez Musharraf Musharraf Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Jinnah IX Shahbaz Sharif Shahbaz Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman Mujib Waheed Kaker Waheed Yosuf Raza Gillani Gillani Yunus Habib Habib Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Bhutto X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who were so generous with their time and expertise, but it is Prof. Dr. Javed Haider Syed, my supervisor and mentor, that I am deeply indebted and whom I must thank first. It was his kindness that he allowed me the opportunity of his supervision, in spite of his academic responsibilities. It was only possible through his special guidance that I was able to explore and select such a dynamic and challenging topic for research. His valuable help in adopting appropriate research methodology and vision has always been a source of inspiration to me. I wish to express my appreciations to all the Parliamentarians and civil-military bureaucracy who led me through the years of history that they witnessed themselves. They went out of their way in providing me with necessary details of the topic which enabled me to study the topic objectively. Due to their interviews I was finally able to formulate my own personal opinion and visionary perspective regarding the topic. I acknowledge their patience in answering my hard questions. I am especially thankful to Principal Staff Officers of all the politicians for arranging interviews for me. I am also thankful to my elder sister Roshni Bashir who was tremendously supportive in every possible way and deserves my special regards. My mother (may her soul rest in peace), who passed away just fifteen days before my admission to M. Phil, inspired me to work harder as her absence always reminded me her wish that I should go for higher studies. I could not find words to thank her enough. And, of course, I want to thank my father especially. XI In the end I wish to extend my gratitude to those who are better than me in intellect and capabilities but the life was kind enough to give me the opportunity. I must also be grateful to those who were supportive in such a gracious manner that they remained unnoticed. The expertise in the thesis belongs to those listed above. Any errors are mine. Qurat-ul-Ain Bashir XII ABBREVIATIONS AIML All India Muslim League AKMC Azad Kashmir Muslim Conference AL Awami League ANP Awami National Party APC All Party Conference APMO All Pakistan Mohajir Student Organization APNS All Pakistan Newspapers Society AQP Awami Qiadat Party BNM (H) Balochistan National Movement (Hasil Group) BNM (M) Balochistan National Movement (Mengal Group) BNP Balochistan National Party CBR Central Board of Revenue CCI Council of Common Interests CDNS Council of Defence and National Security CEC Chief Executive Committee C-in-C Commander in Chief CNN Cable News Network COAS Chief of the Army Staff Con ML Council Muslim League Conv ML Conventional Muslim League COP Combine Opposition Party CPNE Council of Pakistan Newspapers Editors CSP Civil Services of Pakistan CTBT Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty XIII CWOG Common Wealth Observer Group DG Director General DMG District Management Group DSP Deputy Superintendent of Police EBDO Elective Bodies (Disqualification) Order ECMT European Community Monitoring Team FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Areas FGCM Field General Court Martial FIA Federal Investigation Agency FSF Federal Security Force GDA Grand Democratic Alliance GHQ General Head Quarters HJ Hizbe Jehad HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan IB Intelligence Bureau ISDF Islamic Democratic Front IDF Islamic Deeni Front IFC International Finance Cooperation IJI Islami Jamhoori Ithad I J M Islami Jamhoori Mahaz I J T Islami Jamiat Talba IPG Independent Parliamentary Group ISI Inter-Services Intelligence JCSC Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee J I Jammat-e-Islami XIV JMP Jamiat Mashaikh Pakistan JUAH Jamiat Ulema-i-Ahle Hadith J U I Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam J U I ( F ) Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam (Fazal-ur-Rehman Group) JUI (H) Jamait ul Ulema-i-Islam (Hazarvi Group) JUI (Ha) Jamait ul Ulema-i-Islam (Haqiqi Group) J U I ( S ) Jamait-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (Samiul Haq Group) JUM Jamiat Ulema e Mashaiq JUP Jamait-e-Ulema-e-Pakistan JUP (N) Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Pakistan (Noorani Group) JUP (Ni) Jamiat- Ulema-e-Pakistan (Niazi Group) JUP (S) Jamait-e-Ulema-e-Pakistan (Sahebzada Group) JWP Jamhoori Wattan Party KT Khaksar Tehrik LFO Legal Framework Order LOC Line of Control MDM Muttahida Dini Mahaz MJAH Markazi Jamaat Ahle Hadith MJSA Markazi Jamaat Sawad-i-Azam ML (Q) Muslim League (Qaiyum Group) MLPP Muslim League Parliamentary Party MNA Member of National Assembly MPA Member of Provincial Assembly MQM (A) Mohajir Qaumi Movement (Altaf Group) XV MQM (H) Mohajir Qaumi Movement (Haqiqi) MQM Mohajir Qaumi Movement MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy MSFR Ministry of State and Frontier Regions MUF Muttahida Ulema Forum NAP National Awami Party NAP (W) National Awami Party (Wali Group) NDA National Democratic Alliance NDA National Democratic Alliance NDF National Democratic Front NDI National Democratic Institute for International Affairs NDP National Democratic Party NFC National Finance Commission NIP Nizam-i-Islam Party NPP National Peoples Party NPP National Peoples Party NPT National Press Trust NTDP National Tribunal for Disadvantaged Persons NWFP North West Frontier Province OIC Organization of Islamic Countries OSD Officers on Special Duty P A I Pakistan Awami Ittehad PAT Pakistan Awami Tehrik PCNP Pakistan Christain National party XVI PCNP Pakistan Christian National Party PCO Provisional Constitutional Order PCP Pakistan Christian Party PDA Pakistan Democratic Front PDP Pakistan Democratic Party PIF Pakistan Islamic Front PKMAP Pakhtun Kawah Milla Awami Party PKMAP Pakhtun Kawah Milla Awami P a r t y P L F People’s Lawyers Forum PMKP Pakistan Mazdoor Kisan Party P M L Pakistan Muslim League P M L Pakistan Muslim League PML (C) Pakistan Muslim League (Chatta Group) PML (J) Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah) PML (J) Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo) PML (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) PML (P) Pakistan Muslim League (Pagaro) PML (Q) Pakistan Muslim League (Qasim Group) PML Pakistan Muslim League PNA Pakistan National Alliance PNP Pakistan National Party PNSF Pakistan National Students Federation PODA Public Offices (Disqualification) Order PONM Pakistan Oppressed National Movement PPO Press and Publication Ordinance XVII PPP Pakistan People’s Party PPP (SB) Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed Bhutto) PSF Pakistan Solidarity Front PSF Peoples Students Federation PTC Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation P T I Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf PTV Pakistan Television PYO People’s youth Organization RCO Revival of 1973 Constitution Order RP Republican Party SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAP Special Action Programme SDP Sindhu Desh Party SGS Societe General Surveillance T I Tahrik-i-Istaqlal TNFJ Tahrik-e-Nafazi Fiqah Jafria TUP Tehrik Ulema-i-Pakistan USA United States of America UAE United Arab Emirates UDF United Democratic Front UF United Front WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority XVIII GLOSSARY Ahle Tashih People belonging to Shia sect of Islam Amer Bil Ma’roof wa Nahi Anal Munkar’ Enjoy good and forbid evil Amir Leader Amir-ul-Momineen Leader of the Faithful Bait-ul-Mal State Treasury Dako Raj Lawlessness Danda Force Hafeez-i- Quran A person who has memorized complete Quran by heart Jihad Islamic holy war Junta A Military government that has taken power by force Khudai Khidmatgars Literal meaning Servants of God.
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