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Sepúlveda Weighs in on “The King’S Great Matter”

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A Semi pelagian in King Charles's Court: Juan Gines de Sep(llveda on Nature, Grace, and the Conquest of the Americas by Katie Marie Benjamin E ' Col6n-Emeric b /teL~ ~ WarrenSmith Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University December, 2017 ABSTRACT A Semipelagian in King Charles's Court: Juan Gines de Sepulveda on Nature, Grace, and the Conquest of the Americas by Katie Marie Benjamin Date: ~C. 22, ZOtr Approved: ryisl · ,~ An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2017 Abstract In 1526, a Spaniard in the papal court of Clement VII addressed a treatise against Luther’s Bondage of the Will, calling it On Fate and Free Will and arguing good works are not only possible before one receives God’s grace but a necessary prerequisite to that grace. The position, which acknowledges a human need for grace but assigns the beginning of salvation to human effort, is one church historians conventionally refer to as semipelagianism. The Spaniard, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, went on to serve Charles V as royal historian, and to defend the latter’s conquest of the Americas and subjugation of those contintents’ indigenous populations at the Valladolid debates in 1550–1551. The logic by which he did so is generally attributed to a high view of plenary papal authority in the temporal world, combined with an Aristotelian hierarchy of being that conveniently labeled the indigenous peoples of the Americas “natural slaves.” This dissertation uses Sepúlveda’s published treatises in order to trace his treatment of themes such as natural reason, natural law, divine law, human free will, and divine grace, in order to demonstrate that Sepúlveda's logic in his defense of the conquest was actually rooted precisely in the semipelagian theology he deployed in his writings against Luther. He argued that the indigenous peoples of the Americas were barbarians and appropriately labeled according to Aristotle's natural slave category, but he began with the theological conviction that they had failed to embrace what natural reason iv alone could teach them about God, and failed moreover to “do what is in one” by turning to God and obeying the divine law as revealed in nature, all of which Sepúlveda took to be prerequisite for the receipt of grace. The indigenous peoples of the Americas were not barbarians in Sepúlveda’s mind because they belonged to Aristotle’s natural slave category, but “natural slave” was a useful term he deployed to further describe those who had failed to take the initiative for their salvation, as required by the semipelagian theology he deployed against Luther. v Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Summary of the Investigation ................................................................................ 11 1.2 Sepúlveda’s Reception and Criticism as a Theologian .................................. 27 1.2.1 Before Second Democrates ............................................................................................. 28 1.2.2 After Second Democrates ................................................................................................ 31 1.3 Sepúlveda Studies in the last Century ................................................................. 37 1.3.1 A Sepúlveda “Renaissance”: Ángel Losada (1917–1995) ................................. 41 1.3.2 Losada’s Wake, 1940–1995 .......................................................................................... 60 1.3.3 Ad fontes (1995–Present) .............................................................................................. 73 1.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 76 2. Sepúlveda’s Education and Training ............................................................. 80 2.1 The Search for an Axis .............................................................................................. 82 2.2 The Son of Alcalá ......................................................................................................... 90 2.2.1 Cisneros and the tres vías Reformation .................................................................... 91 2.2.2 Sepúlveda’s Formation in the Arts ............................................................................. 98 2.2.2.1 Peter of Spain and the Summaries of Logic ................................................................... 100 2.2.2.2 Tomás de Mercado (1523–1575) ..................................................................................... 106 2.3 Sigüenza ....................................................................................................................... 128 vi 2.3.1 The Precepts of the Decalogue as Divine and Natural Law........................... 139 2.3.2 Infidel Dominion ............................................................................................................. 146 2.3.3 The Role of the Natural Law in Human Salvation ............................................. 161 2.3.3.1 Nature and Grace: A Pattern in the Summa Theologiae .......................................... 165 2.3.3.2 Romans 2, the Gentiles, and the Natural Law.............................................................. 171 2.3.3.3 The Imprint of the Natural Law in Human Hearts .................................................... 181 2.3.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 192 2.4 The Royal Spanish College at the University of Bologna ............................ 195 2.4.1 Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525) ............................................................................ 200 2.4.2 The Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517) ............................................................... 205 2.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................... 212 3. Sepúlveda’s Controversy with Luther: Natural and Divine Law in On Fate and Free Will ................................................................................................................ 218 3.1 Joaquín J. Sánchez Gázquez: Sepúlveda’s Semipelagian Theology ......... 223 3.2 Sepúlveda instructs Luther on “what is in one” ............................................ 228 3.3 Erasmus’s Diatribe [1524] and Sepúlveda’s De Fato [1526] .................... 261 3.3.1 Erasmus and Spain ........................................................................................................ 262 3.3.2 The Respective Catholicisms of Erasmus and Sepúlveda .............................. 267 3.4 Conclusion: Sepúlveda on quod in se est ......................................................... 269 4. Natural and Divine Law among the Barbarians: Sepúlveda’s Exhortation to Charles V [1529]...................................................................................... 272 4.1 Overview of the Exhortation’s context and content ..................................... 276 vii 4.2 The Rectitude of Human Nature according to the Exhortation ............... 285 4.3 The Potential for Human Depravity in the Exhortation ............................. 296 4.4 The Relationship of Divine and Natural Law in the Exhortation ............ 302 4.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................... 311 4.5.1 Charles V and the Defense of Europe ..................................................................... 312 4.5.2 The Place of the Exhortation among Sepúlveda’s writings ........................... 321 5. Divine and Natural Law in Marriage and Divorce: Sepúlveda Weighs in on “The King’s Great Matter” ...................................................................................... 327 5.1 The King’s Great Matter ......................................................................................... 330 5.2 Cardinal Cajetan: Three Comments on Henry VIII ....................................... 337 5.3 Sepúlveda against the Henrician Court ............................................................ 346 5.4 Sepúlveda and the Various Kinds of Law ......................................................... 360 5.5 Sepúlveda and the Succession of Mary Tudor ................................................ 378 5.6 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................... 383 6. Sepúlveda and the New World ...................................................................... 390 6.1 Luna Nájera: Military Glory and Papal Supremacy ...................................... 395 6.2 Francisco Castilla Urbano: The “Active” Life .................................................. 405 6.3 Documents on the Legitimacy of a War in the Indies .................................. 412 6.3.1 Inter caetera [1493] ...................................................................................................... 413 6.3.2 The Burgos Debates and the Requirement [1512–13]
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