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In Vitro Flowering in Oldenlandia Umbellata L. Journal of Ayurveda

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In Vitro Flowering in Oldenlandia Umbellata L. Journal of Ayurveda Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 9 (2018) 99e103 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine journal homepage: http://elsevier.com/locate/jaim Original Research Article (Experimental) In vitro flowering in Oldenlandia umbellata L. Shuvra Kanta Behera a, Chandrasekaran Rajasekaran a,S.Payasa, Devanand P. Fulzele b, * C. George Priya Doss a, Ramamoorthy Siva a, a School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India b Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Metabolites Section, NABTD Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 094, India article info abstract Article history: Background: Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Indian madder) is an antique Ayurvedic Indian herb and a source Received 10 November 2016 of various anthraquinone derivatives. The red dye from its roots has been used in diverse applications Received in revised form since ancient times. 9 February 2017 Objectives: To establish reliable and effective protocols for in vitro flowering of O. umbellata. Accepted 15 February 2017 Materials and methods: For in vitro flowering, organogenic calli were subcultured onto Murashige Available online 26 November 2017 and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.15e1.0 mg/l) and Benzyladenine(BA) (0.5e1.5 mg/l) with and without 0.4% of coconut milk (CM). Keywords: fl Oldenlandia umbellata Results: The highest number of in vitro owers (22.8%) and best response (92.73%) was achieved on MS Plant dyes medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l NAA + 1.5 mg/l BA with 0.4% CM. It was found that MS medium In vitro flowering devoid of BA promoted best root development (47.3 per calli) as well as response (100%). It was also observed that when embryogenic calli grown in depletion of required nutrition transferred to fresh media induced more flowering. In vivo and in vitro floral comparative analysis revealed that in vitro flower induction was required for short time duration (20.67 days) than in vivo flower. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on in vitro flowering and this study will help to overcome problems associated with flower development and seed production. As a result, this study may be a potent conservation tool to restore innate population size in its natural habitat. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction bronchitis, and bronchial catarrh treatment [5,6] and also consid- ered as good expectorant. In addition, the dye obtained from its Oldenlandia umbellata L., belonging to Rubiaceae is an antique roots is reported as a novel pH indicator [7]. These multiple uses Ayurvedic Indian herb known to yield red dye from its roots [1]. have increased utilization and exploitation of O. umbellata by O. umbellata flowers are white to lilac in axillary or terminal different industries for medicinal and dye extraction purposes [8]. pedunculate umbels, fruits are loculicidal capsule with reticulate Rapid industrialization, urbanization and global warming are the seeds obscurely angled [2]. Heterostylism with distylous flower are major causes in alteration of phenology, which laid tremendous seen in O. umbellate with short styled and long anthers named pressure on natural habitat of O. umbellata. As a result, the natural “Thrum eyed” and short anthers and long styled “Pin eyed” stands of O. umbellata (Fig. 1a) are fast disappearing and listed respectively. Self incompatibility is observed in O. umbellata flowers under threatened category [11]. In addition, the above said causes which fail to produce seeds [3,4]. Due to increased utilization by also influencing the poor or non-flowering and seed formation different industries for medicinal and dye extraction purposes, pattern. O. umbelata grows wild in forests, barren rocky areas, and there is an increased exploitation of O. umbellata [5e10]. The plant there is no propagation system available to replenish these stands has been used in diverse applications, for instance, decoction of [1]. We have reported a reliable protocol for induction of somatic leaves is used to treat poisonous bites, roots are used in asthma, embryogenesis and organogenesis for O. umbellata [8].Wehave also made successful anthraquinones dye production using the root culture of this plant [11]. But there is no report about the in vitro flowering studies on any of the species of Oldenlandia till date. Thus, * Corresponding author. here, an effort has been made to develop an efficient protocol for E-mail: [email protected] fl Peer review under responsibility of Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore. in vitro owering in O. umbellata. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.02.011 0975-9476/© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 100 S.K. Behera et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 9 (2018) 99e103 Fig. 1. a e Oldenlandia umbellata in natural habitat; b e organogenic calli; c e rapid root induction; d e close eup of roots; e e development of bud formation; f e full-fledged flower. 2. Materials and methods 3. Results 2.1. Plant material All the experiments were conducted using slender stem ex- plants. The callus induction and organogenesis was established Plants of O. umbellata, located in the vicinity of the VIT Univer- from our previous report as mentioned in Table 1 [8]. sity campus were used in this study. The taxonomic identity of the Somatic embryogenic calli were subcultured onto a freshly species was confirmed at the Rapinet Herbarium (Tiruchirapalli, prepared MS media supplemented with different concentrations of India). Young emerging leaves, shoot apices, slender stems, and NAA and CM to induce root development. It was observed that roots were collected from these plants, and used as source of within 6 weeks, roots were developed. In our previous report, we explants. have used NAA (0.05e0.3 mg/l) with CM (0.5e1%) for root devel- opment and it was observed that 0.3 mg/l NAA with 1.0% CM 2.2. Initiation of cultures resulted in maximum conversion of embryogenic calli to produce 18.8 roots per calli with 93% of response. In the present study, The calli were established as per our previous report [8]. For treatment with higher concentration of NAA ranging from 0.15 mg embryogenic callus induction, MS medium [12] supplemented with to 1.0 mg/l was carried out. Among the various concentrations used, NAA (0.3 mg/l), BA (0.5 mg/l), and CM (0.1%) was used. NAA (0.7 mg/l), CM (0.4%) alone and with combination resulted in Embryogenic calli were further subcultured on MS medium the highest number of roots (47.2) per embryogenic calli with 100% e fortified with different combination and composition of NAA of response (Fig. 1b d; Table 2). fl (0.15e3 mg/l), BA (1.5e5 mg/l) and CM (1%) was used respectively For in vitro owering, embryogenic calli were transferred to for root and shoot development. fresh media containing varying concentrations of BA, NAA and CM For in vitro flowering, organogenic calli were subcultured onto alone as well as with the combination. It was found that in vitro fl MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA owers were developed within three weeks, when MS media (0.15e1.0 mg/l), BA (0.5e1.5 mg/l) with and without CM (0.4%). supplemented with NAA (0.7 mg/l), BA (1.5 mg/l) and 0.4% All cultures were incubated under 16 h photoperiod provided by CM (Table 3). This combination yielded the highest number of À À fl e 40 W fluorescent tubes (Philips India Ltd, Mumbai), 45 lmol m 2 s 1, owers (22.8) per calli and best response (92.73%) (Fig. 1e f). The at 22 ± 2 C and 65% relative humidity. The cultures were main- in vitro regenerated plants were subjected to hardening (Fig. 1g). tained on similar media compositions and subcultured after every six weeks. 4. Discussion Each treatment consisted of five replications, and the whole experiment was repeated thrice. All data were subjected to one- In vitro flowering facilitates understanding the physiology of way ANOVA using SIGMA-STAT 3.0 Version. Mean separation flower and there are many physio-chemical factors influencing the comparisons were made using HolmeSidak test at P value of in vitro flowering. According to Heylen and Vendrig [13], various >0.05. important factors such as carbohydrates, growth regulators, light S.K. Behera et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 9 (2018) 99e103 101 Table 1 Influence of various growth regulators towards callus induction and organogenesis from slender stem explants of Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Siva et al., 2009). Growth regulator Concentration Duration required % response Duration required for organogenesis % of Organogenesis induction (mg/l) for calli induction Stem Root Stem Root Control e 10 weeks 21.34 ± 1.3 ee ee NAA 3.0 8 weeks 90.45 ± 1.3 ee ee BA 5.0 6 weeks 89.76 ± 0.7 e NAA 0.15 eee6 weeks e 93.42 ± 0.3 CM 1.0% eee6 weeks e 82.47 ± 0.6 NAA þ CM 0.05 þ 1.0% eee6 weeks# e 86.87 ± 0.6 BA 1.5 ee6 weeks e 74.92 ± 0.6 e NAA þ BA 0.3 þ 1.5 ee6 weeks e 67.32 ± 0.5 e NAA þ BA þ CM 0.3 þ 1.5 þ 1.0% ee4 weeks e 97.22 ± 0.4 e e No response; # Root initiation was observed at the end of 4th week.
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