SCHOLASTIC JOURNALISM WEEK Photojournalism Writers and Reporters Have Helped Shape History, but So Have Photojournalists Histboy Bradleyr Wilsony

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SCHOLASTIC JOURNALISM WEEK Photojournalism Writers and reporters have helped shape history, but so have photojournalists HistBoy Bradleyr Wilsony

AT THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-65, photography was a new process. In the mid- 1800s, the average person was not used to seeing a photographic portrait much less images from the battlefront. Photojournalism got its start when people such as Mathew Brady documented the Civil War by lugging, on horseback, cameras that weighed many pounds. A few years later, Jacob Riis made a difference in the lives of the citizens of New York City by publishing How the Other Half Lives. Soon photographic evidence became the rule for publications dealing with social problems. It was not until the 1890s, however, that the halftone process, rather than an artist’s wood etching, enabled the publication of realistic-looking photographs. That process inaugurated an era of photojournalism, and these “visual surrogates of reality” became an Aintegral aspect of campaigns for social reform. In the 100-plus years since, the ment the war. He hired other photog- technology has changed — we have raphers, set up field units in several moved from an era of chemical- states and used large-format cameras Understanding based photography into the digital and traveling darkrooms pulled by the history of photography and era — but the mission of photojour- horse teams. Brady and his assistants photojournalism nalists has not. As Robert Frank said, took at least 3,500 photographs of will increase stu- “There is one thing the photograph the war, some of the earliest exam- dents’ apprecia- must contain, the humanity of the ples, not only of documentary and tion for their ability to present visu- moment. This kind of photography is war photography specifically. but al stories. The realism. But realism is not enough — also of photojournalism. summaries on there has to be vision and the two these pages can together can make a good photo- Jacob Riis be used as a basis A Danish immigrant, Jacob Riis for individualized graph.” (1849-1914) had a knack for report- research, especial- Pioneers who have led the way in ly on the Internet, photography include the following: ing. He wrote about what he saw on or to help devel- the streets in the slums of New York op a unit for pho- Mathew Brady City. His stories in How the Other Half tography classes After learning the daguerreotype Lives used 17 halftones and 19 hand or introductory Dorothea Lange’s most famous journalism classes. process, an early photographic photograph, “Migrant Mother,” drawings based on his photos. By process, Mathew Brady (1823-1896) was part of a documentary of the portraying a part of the city few Great Depression commissioned built a portrait business with gal- by the federal government . acknowledged existed, Riis opened leries in New York and Washington. people’s eyes to the deplorable living At his galleries the public could view conditions for many in the city. His photographs of famous people of the writing and photographs helped day. When the Civil War broke out, change the city for the better. Brady got official approval to docu-

rated 27 of her photographs into moment,” Cartier-Bresson is known “Executive Order 9066,” an exhibit for his ability to find these occasions about the Japanese internment. and preserve them. Each of his New York Times critic A.D. images is a complete composition Coleman called Lange’s photographs within a single frame of film, and it “documents of such a high order that cannot be cropped or altered with- they convey the feelings of the vic- out destroying the whole. In 1947, tims as well as the facts of the crime.” Lincoln Kirstein compared his Her best known work, “Migrant method to “the preoccupied intensi- Mother,” is one of her most powerful ty of a fisherman playing to land a images. It conveys a depth of emo- big catch or a boxer landing a knock- tion uncommon in most photo- out.” He was one of the founders of graphs. While working for the U.S. the Magnum group. government, she documented the lives of everyday Americans. She also Robert Capa shot powerful portraits and docu- Known for his war photography, mented the lives of everyday people Robert Capa’s (1913-1954) most in the Middle East and in the Far East. famous photos are those of the Spanish civil war. Firm in his belief Alfred Eisenstaedt Wounded Union Margaret Bourke-White that “if your pictures aren’t good “My god, it’s unbelievable,” soldiers get med- One of the world’s first and most enough, you aren’t close enough,” ical attention after declared Alfred Eisenstaedt (1989- a battle at famous photojournalists, Margaret Capa put himself in the middle of the 1995) of his life’s work. Called the Savage's Station, Bourke-White (1904-1971) created action. He documented the first father of photojournalism, Eisen- Va., during the the photo essay, which uses a series wave of D-Day invasion forces in American Civil stædt was among the first to use a War on July 3, of pictures to tell a story. She docu- France and jumped with paratroop- 35mm camera, which he used to take 1862. Gen. George mented the Great Depression and ers into Germany during World War candid photographs under available McClellan's forces World War II. During World War II II. He was killed in Vietnam by a land made a stand after light. “It’s more important to click Confederate she was the only female photogra- mine. “ He was one of the founders of with people than to click the shut- troops followed pher permitted in war zones by the the Magnum group. ter,” he said. Born in West Prussia, them in at close Army. Her first published photo- pursuit. (AP David Douglas Duncan now Poland, he was one of the origi- Photo/Mathew B. graphs, depicting campus scenes, nal four photographers for Life. Brady) appeared in the Cornell University Born in Kansas City, David “I have found that the most newspaper. In India, she photo- Douglas Duncan (1916-) first got a important element in my equipment graphed Mohandas Gandhi and taste of spot news while attending is not an expensive camera or a recorded the establishment of the the University of Arizona. He heard unique lens but patience, patience, Indian state and then the riots that on the radio that Tucson’s largest patience,” Eisenstaedt said. “If you preceded and followed the partition hotel was on fire. He rushed down- don’t know how to stand knee-deep of Pakistan from India. Bourke-White town with his 39 cent Bakelite cam- in water for hours or sit broiling in was in India interviewing Gandhi a era and snapped his first photograph the sunshine while mosquitoes buzz few hours before he was assassinated of a frantic man retrieving a suitcase around your head, remaining in 1948. She died of Parkinson’s dis- from the burning hotel. The next day absolutely motionless yet relaxed ease. he read in the newspaper that the and alert, you are finished before you man he had photographed was John start. It is a question of temperament Henri Cartier-Bresson Dillenger whose suitcase had been more than technique.” An aspiring painter and student of filled with guns and stolen money. literature, Henri Cartier-Bresson While roaming as a free-lance Dorothea Lange (1904-) realized early in his life how photographer after graduating from While best known for her work the new, small and light 35mm cam- college, Duncan photographed every documenting the Great Depression eras made it possible to capture stage of a fishing exhibition for giant for the Farm Securities Admin- motion and still have a well-com- turtles. His pictures appeared in istration (FSA), Dorothea Lange posed image. He was influenced by National Geographic magazine. He (1895-1965) was an accomplished the contemporary movement known joined the Marines and earned hon- documentary photographer of many as surrealism, which encouraged ors such as the Legion of Merit, a significant events. She documented artists and writers to explore the Purple Heart, two Distinguished Japanese internment camps during meaning that lay hidden below the Flying Crosses, six Battle Stars and World War II. The true impact of surface of everyday life. three Air Medals. Lange’s work was not felt until 1972 Using his camera to identify what After retiring from the military, he when the Whitney Museum incorpo- has come to be called the “decisive covered the conflict between the

Arabs and the Jews in Palestine. He images are gorgeous and beautiful, covered the Korean war and depict- but they often express human suffer- ed the horror and heroism of combat ing. “What I want in my pictures is TIMELINE

as seen through the eyes of the not that they’ll look like art objects,” 1839 Optical and chemical principles Marines from the First Division. he said. “They are journalistic pic- combined to allow the creation of camera obscura, the first “camera” During his visit to Moscow, Duncan tures. All my pictures. No excep- (actually the result of inventions obtained permission from Premier tions.” that go back as far as the fifth cen- Nikita S. Khrushchev to photograph Salgado rose to international tury B.C.). the art treasures of the Kremlin. His fame with his photographs of famine 1871 Canadian Illustrated News prints first halftone in a magazine. work resulted in the first full-color in the Sahel (1984-85). Then he made 1877 First illustrated daily newspaper, photographs ever made of the interi- an indelible impression on the inter- The Daily Graphic. or of the Kremlin. His photographs national mind with Workers (1986- 1880 The Daily Graphic publishes first are in the collection at the University 92), a documentation of manual halftone in American daily newspaper. of Texas at Austin. labor around the world. And he con- 1900 Frances Benjamin Johnston and tinues to expand his scope even fur- Jessie Tarbox Beals, who followed ther with the six-year project, shortly after Johnston, become first female photojournalists. “Migrations: Humanity in Transi- 1903 Graflax camera introduced in U.S.; tion.” a single-lens reflex camera; it used roll film; National Geographic James Nachtwey magazine,started in 1888, runs first halftone. Images from the Vietnam War and 1910 Speed Graphic introduced; a 4x5 the American Civil Rights movement camera, it had interchangeable had a powerful effect and influenced lenses and two shutters. James Nachtwey’s (1948-) decision 1923 First photograph transmitted by wire. to become a photographer. In 1976, 1924 “Composograph,” first staged and he started work as a newspaper pho- faked news photo, born by com- tographer in New Mexico. In 1980, he bining elements from different photos; first Leica cameras using moved to New York to begin a career 35mm motion picture film and Sebastião W. Eugene Smith as a magazine photographer. extremely fast (f/1.8 or so) lenses. Salgado’s exhibit, Born in Wichita, Kan., W. Eugene One of the few photographers still 1925 Flashbulb invented in Germany. “Migrations: Smith (1918-1978) was respected for to shoot for himself and then to get 1929 Speed Graphic replaces Graflex as Humanity in primary camera of U.S. newspa- Transition,” of his compassionate images and work published or displayed, pers. which this photo uncompromising positions concern- Nachtwey has received numerous is a part, is the 1935 Associated Press establishes wire photo network. culmination of a ing craftsmanship and the social awards, including being named mag- six-year responsibilities of the photographer. azine photographer of the year six 1936 United Press establishes wire photo network. documentary. From his early work as a combat times. 1936 Life magazine publishes first issue. photographer to his photo essay on SOURCES: 1937 Kodachrome color film becomes mercury poisoning of the fishing vil- • Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of available for 35mm still camera; lage of Minamata, Japan, in the early Photography. New York: Abbeville Press, revolutionizes color photography. 1970s, Smith advocated the photog- 1984. 1941 Portable electronic flash becomes • Kobre, Kenneth. Photojournalism: The practical. rapher’s right to direct editorial con- Professionals’ Approach, 4th edition. 1942 Kodacolor color negative film Boston: Focal Press, 2000. trol over the layout of images, cap- introduced. • Parrish, Fred. Photojournalism: An tions and text for publication and Introduction. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth 1947 Polaroid camera invented. exhibition. Group, 2002. 1954 Tri-X black-and-white film marketed • Profotos.com (http://www.profotos.com/ by Kodak. He studied the people he pho- education/referencedesk/masters/) 1960 35mm cameras becoming stan- • The Library of Congress tographed in detail before taking any dard for photojournalists. pictures. “I am constantly torn (http://www.loc.gov/ exhibits/wcf/) 1978 AP introduces electronic dark- between the attitude of the consci- • Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery (http://shel- room. entious journalist, who is a recorder don.unl.edu/HTML/ARTIST/Lange_D/AS.ht 1982 Digital still camera becomes avail- ml) able. and interpreter of the facts, and of • Photo District News (http://www.pdn- 1987 Auto and self-focusing cameras the creative artist, who often is nec- pix.com/legends/) • The WriteSite, ThinkTVNetwork, standard. essarily at poetic odds with the liter- (http://www.writesite.org/html/famous.html ) 1988 Kodak introduces ISO 3200 film. al facts,” he said. • United States Postal Service 1995 Color negative film the standard (http://www.usps.com/ for newspapers. news/2002/philatelic/sr02_023.htm) Sebastião Salgado • Masters of Photography (http://www.mas- 1999 Digital still cameras widespread; After completing his coursework ters-of-photography.com/) high-resolution cameras (5 megapixels) retail for about for a doctorate in economics, $5,000. Salgado (1944-) began his work as a photo reporter in the early 1970s. His

DIRECTIONS Below are several of the most famous photos in world history along with basic caption information. Pick one of these photographs. Research the photographer and the events surrounding the photograph and write a two-page paper about why the photograph made such an impact on society.

Released prisoner of war Lt. Col. Robert L. Stirm is greeted by his family at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, Calif., as he returns home from the Vietnam War, March 17, 1973. In the lead is Stirm's daughter Lori, 15, followed by son Robert, 14; daughter Cynthia, 11; wife Loretta and son Roger, 12. (AP Photo/Sal Veder)

U.S. President Harry S. Truman holds up an election day edition of the Chicago Daily Tribune, which, based on early results, mistakenly announced “Dewey Defeats Truman” on Nov. 4, 1948. The president told well-wishers at St. Louis’ Union Station, “That is one for the books!” (AP Photo/Byron Rollins)

South Vietnamese National Police Chief Brig Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan executes a Viet Cong officer with a single pistol shot in the head in Saigon, Vietnam on Feb. 1, 1968. Carrying a pistol and wearing civil- ian clothes, the Viet Cong guerrilla was captured near Quang Pagoda, identified as an officer and taken to the police chief. Oklahoma City firefighter Chris Fields Vietnam was divided into the commu- carries a fatally wounded infant after an nist-ruled North and the South, which explosion at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal was supported by the U.S. after Ho Chi Building that happened minutes after 9 Minh ended French colonial rule in 1954. Astronaut Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, the sec- a.m. on April 19, 1995. The explosion The Vietnam War ended with Paris peac- ond man to walk on the moon, poses killed 168 people, making it the deadliest etalks on Jan. 23, 1973. South Vietnam for fellow astronaut Neil Armstrong, mass murder on U.S. soil at the time. A declared unconditional surrender to the who shot this photo during their moon federal jury in June 1997 convicted Viet Cong on April 30, 1975. The surren- walk July 20, 1969. Armstrong and the Timothy J. McVeigh on all counts con- der ended 30 years of war. (AP Apollo 11 lunar module are reflected in nected with the bombing and sentenced Photo/Eddie Adams) Aldrin’s visor. (AP/Neil Armstrong, NASA) him to death. (Photo by and © Charles H. Porter IV–Sygma)

SHORT ANSWER DIRECTIONS 7. Using a pattern of dots chemically transferred onto a Below are 10 multiple-choice questions. Research each printing plate, what revolution, first used in a Canadian question to determine the right answer. Then circle your magazine, enabled the publication of photographs, not choices for the correct answer. artist’s renderings of those photographs? a. wood cut 1. Who was the photojournalist known for bringing to light b. high-speed film how millions of immigrants had to live in overcrowded c. halftone slums and eke out pitiful wages at enslaving jobs in the d. panchromatic film early 1990s? a. Jacob Riis 8. When was the first photograph transmitted electronically? b. Ansel Adams a. 1898 c. Lewis W. Hine b. 1923 d. Alfred Stieglitz c. 1935 d. 1978 2. Who was the photographer who mass marketed photography for amateurs? 9. The earliest documented examples of combining pieces of a. George Eastman individual photographs into a new image started in the b. Stanley Kodak 1920s when newspapers such as the Evening Graphic c. Mathew Brady wanted to show court proceedings. What were these early d. Ansel Adams staged and faked photos called? a. photo illustration 3. Who was one of the photographers hired by the Farm b. composograph Security Administration to record the Depression of the c. halftone 1930s on film? d. tabloid a. Dorothea Lange b. Mathew Brady 10. What did Harold Edgerton of the Massachusetts Institute c. Ansel Adams of Technology invent in the early 1930s to help in his d. John Eastman research? Later the invention gained widespread use in news photography to help photographers take pictures in 4. What magazine started publication in 1936 and began an low-light situations. era of “picture magazines”? The photo on the cover of the a. electric power first issue was taken by Margaret Bourke-White. b. high-speed film a. Look c. flash powder b. Click d. electronic flash c. See d. Life INDEPENDENT QUEST 5. What camera, used widely at the beginning of the 20th Consider the question below. Select a thoughtful answer after century, began an age of photojournalism? Fitted with a reviewing the history of photojournalism. Create a convincing 40-inch telephoto lens, the camera weighed 70 pounds. presentation combining words and visuals to prove your The large and bulky camera used 4-inch-by-5-inch (or choice. Be imaginative as you consdier what photography similar) glass plates. contributes to communication. a. Speed Graphic b. Leica When photojournalism got its start in the 1800s, c. Contax photographers had to carry large, bulky cameras that used d. Graflex low-speed plates requiring long exposures – sometimes several minutes. Now we have digital cameras that do not use film and 6. While the earliest miniaturized camera was the Ermanox, have shutter speeds of 1/8000th of a second or faster. Which which included an f/1.8 lens, it used glass plates. Which development during the last 150 years is the most important camera replaced it and used roll film with as many as 40 development in the history of photojournalism and why? frames per roll? a. Speed Graphic b. Leica c. Polaroid d. Canon 1D

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